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    THESE NOTES ARE NOT MY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. THEY ARE SIMPLY, EASY TO LEARN POINTS OF THE TOPICS FROM THIS CHAPTER FROM THE TEXTBOOK. ALL INTELLECTUAL CREDIT BELONGS TO AUTHOR.

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    THESE NOTES ARE NOT MY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. THEY ARE SIMPLY, EASY TO LEARN POINTS OF THE TOPICS FROM THIS CHAPTER FROM THE TEXTBOOK. ALL INTELLECTUAL CREDIT BELONGS TO AUTHOR.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    2K views4 pages

    Kerala Towards Modernity NOTES

    Uploaded by

    Kit
    THESE NOTES ARE NOT MY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. THEY ARE SIMPLY, EASY TO LEARN POINTS OF THE TOPICS FROM THIS CHAPTER FROM THE TEXTBOOK. ALL INTELLECTUAL CREDIT BELONGS TO AUTHOR.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 4

    Kerala towards Modernity

    ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS
    OR
    EUROPEANS FIGHT FOR TRADE MONOPOLY

    ● Europeans came by the end of the 15th century.


    ● The Chinese and Arab traders were followed by Portuguese, Dutch, French
    and English traders.
    ● They fought over the monopoly of black pepper trade.
    ● They were all expelled, except for the British , from South India after the
    Battle of Colachel.

    ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY IN KERALA

    ● Captain Keeling of the East India Company signed a trade agreement with
    Zamorin of Kozhikode.
    ● They built a fort in Anchuthengu, which became an important military
    centre of the British.
    ● The Attingal Revolt of 1721 was the first revolt in Kerala against the British.
    ● Malabar and later, Travancore came under British rule through the
    Sreeranga Pattanam Treaty.

    RESISTANCES AGAINST BRITISH

    1. Pazhassi Revolt
    ● In Malabar, Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam led the resistance against the
    British.
    ● He used guerilla warfare against them with the help of other leaders, like
    the Wayanad Kurichias.
    2. Veluthampi and Paliathachan reacted against British interference in
    their internal affairs.
    ● They made an armed resistance at the British Resident Macaulay.

    KERALA IN THE WORLD MARKET / WORLD TRADE


    OR BRITISH TRADE CHANGES IN KERALA
    ● Britishers got access to Kerala’s goods at cheap prices which they sold in
    the market at high rates
    ● They amended existing trade laws and introduced unified coinage systems.
    ● Transportation networks like roads and railways were improved for
    movement of goods.
    ● Ports were built in Kochi, Kozhikode and Alapuzha.

    PLANTATIONS AND TRADITIONAL INDUSTRIES

    ● British set up plantations of cash crops like tea, coffee and rubber in large
    scales.
    ● Traditional industries of coconut, coir, handloom etc were developed too.
    ● Alappuzha became the hub of the coconut oil industry.
    ● Tile and Beedi factories were also set up.

    RISE OF MODERN INDUSTRIES

    ● Modern industries were set up in the 20th century in Kochi and


    Travancore.
    ● They received technical and financial support from the British.
    ● For example: Tata Oil Mills in Kochi.
    ● Nedungadi Bank was the first bank set up in Kerala.

    BRITISH INFLUENCE IN CULTURE

    ● Printing arrived in Kerala with the Europeans.


    ● Jesuit Missionaries published grammar texts and dictionaries.
    ● Mr. Gundert published the first Malayalam newspapers called
    “Rajyasamacharam” and “Pashchimodayam”.
    ● Educational programmes by missionaries brought education to everyone,
    regardless of caste and religion.
    ● Land rulers helped in building schools and colleges and released “The
    Proclamation of Free Primary Education”.
    ● The British also reformed law in Kerala.
    ● Modern medicine , like the smallpox vaccine was introduced.
    ● Patrilineal inheritance was made law.
    SOCIAL REFORM MOVEMENTS IN KERALA

    ● THE CHANNAR WOMEN : They fought for right to cover their upper
    body.
    ● UNDER SRI NARAYANA GURU, Lower caste people gained right to
    perform poojas in temples.
    ● He also gave importance to education as the way to social change.
    ● THE VAIKOM SATYAGRAHA:
    ● They fought for the right to travel.
    ● The lower castes got permission to travel the roads around Vaikom temple.
    ● STRUGGLE FOR TEMPLE ENTRY FOR ALL CASTES:
    ● The Temple Entry Proclamation granted access for all castes to enter
    temples.

    NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN KERALA

    MALABAR

    ● The Malabar Conference was the first step to discuss political issues.
    ● The Khilafat Movement led to fights with the British.
    ● During the Civil Disobedience Movement, people broke the law to make
    salt and boycotted Kadhi.
    ● Peasant workers fought against the Janmi system and British imperialism.

    TRAVANCORE

    ● The Malayali Memorial was submitted to seek equal representation in


    government jobs.
    ● The Ezhava Memorial raised the problems faced by the Ezhava community.
    ● The Muslim and Ezhava communities fought for reservations in
    government jobs.
    ● The Punnapra-Vayalar protest was led by the working class against
    administrative reforms.
    KOCHI

    ● The Electricity Agitation was the beginning of struggle for Responsible


    Government.
    ● The formation of “Cochin Rajya Praja Mandalam” strengthened the
    protests.

    WOMEN IN THE MOVEMENT

    ● Women actively participated in protests and boycotts and raised their voice
    against injustice.
    ● The first Women’s Conference was organised in 1931.
    ● Some prominent women leaders were: Kuttimalu Amma and Akkamma
    Cherian.

    THE FORMATION OF UNIFIED KERALA

    ● The common language was the unifying factor that brought the Malabar,
    Kochi and Travancore together in the Kerala Congress Committee.
    ● The Unified Kerala Resolution was passed, and made Kerala a single,
    united state.
    ● Kerala became a state on November 1, 1956 after the protest for states
    based on common language.

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