MASSIVE ONLINE OPEN COURSE (MOOC) ON ORGANIC

MANURE MAKING
SECOND SEMESTER–PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to
MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY, KOTTAYAM

Submitted by

NANDAKISHORE P R

Reg no. 200021094638

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER
APPLICATION

2020-2023

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATION

SCMS SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
PRATHAP NAGAR, MUTTOM, ALUVA
(AFFILIATED TO MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY, KOTTAYAM)
 SCMS SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT
PRATHAP NAGAR, MUTTOM, ALUVA
(AFFILIATED TO MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY,
KOTTAYAM)

Website: www.scmsgroup.org
Ph No: 0484-2623803
E-mail: [email protected]

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this is the report of the original project work carried out
by Nandakishore p r(Reg No. 200021094638) Department of Computer
applictaion, SCMS School of Technology and Management, Muttom under
my mentorship and submitted for the evaluation of Module:7 (Project
Evaluation) of MOOC on Organic Manure Making on 30.04.2022.

Place: Signature of Mentor

Date
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “MOOC ON ORGANIC

FARMING” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Certificate of MOOC on Organic Farming is my original work and it has not
been previously formed on the basis for the award of any other degree,
diploma or fellowships.

(Signature)
 ABSTRACT

Organic farming is a modern and sustainable form of agriculture that provides

consumers with fresh natural farm products. Organic farming works in
synchronization with nature rather than against it. This objective is achieved
by using techniques to improve crop yields without harming the natural
environment as well as the people who live and work in it.
Organic agriculture offers an exclusive amalgamation of environment-friendly
practices, which require low external inputs, thereby contributing to increased
food availability. Organic farming is gaining worldwide acceptance since
conventional farming gratifies the demand for both food security and food
safety especially during the pandemic year 2020-21 of COVID 19.
For enabling the Under Graduate students to understand the know-how of
organic farming activities and thereby acquire their related skill sets,
Mahatma Gandhi University has implemented the organic farming project as a
part of the MOOC course. In this report, I've included, about organic manure
and how to prepare manure in an organic way using our household organic
waste.
 MOOC ON ORGANIC FARMING
JAIVA KRISHI ARIVUM PADANAVUM

PROJECT II- Organic manure making

 INDEX

Sl.no CONTENTS Pg. no.

1. Introduction 1

2. Waste composting 4

3. Observation 6

4. Photos 7

5. Conclusion 9
 Chapter 1- INTRODUCTION

Meaning and definition of Organic Manure Making

Organic farming is an agricultural system that uses fertilizers of organic origin

such as compost manure, green manure etc. and places emphasis on techniques
such as crop rotation and companion planting. Organic farming generally creates
less soil and water pollution and lower greenhouse gas emissions, and is more
energy efficient. This avoids the use of expensive agrochemicals to produce
plants with better resistance to diseases and pests. Organic manures are
fertilizers that are naturally produced and contain carbon©. These are added to
soil or plants, in order to provide nutrients and sustain growth. A compost
should be prepared as part of this project. It is a mixture of ingredients used to
fertilize and improve the soil. It is commonly prepared by decomposing plant
and food waste.. It is a decomposed organic matter that results from a controlled
aerobic degradation process. Compost has excellent soil conditioning properties
and variable nutrient control.

It enriches the soil, helping retain moisture and suppress plant diseases and
pests. Reduces the need for chemical fertilizers. Encourages the production of
beneficial bacteria and fungi that break down organic matter to create humus,
a rich nutrient-filled material. It improves soil structure through the addition
of carbon and provides plant nutrients. In addition to being a source of plant
nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) it improves
the Physico-chemical and biological properties of the soil.

Objectives
Per capita waste generation in India is estimated to be around 500 grams per
day. A nuclear family of 4-5 members generates 2 to 2.5 kg of waste per
household. Organic waste generated at household levels can be processed at
the source itself. Decentralized waste processing is more practical and cost-
effective than centralized one. It is the responsibility of each individual to
process the waste generated by him/her. The present project is therefore aimed
at training the Under Graduate students of Mahatma Gandhi University to
1
 familiarize themselves with the different biotechnological means to process
household and kitchen wastes into valuable manure at the household level.

Theme of the project

Composting is a biological process in which microorganisms of aerobic
(which require air or oxygen for development) and anaerobic (which function
in absence of air or free oxygen) decompose organic matter.
Conversion of organic wastes generated at the household level to useful
materials like manure is the theme of the project. Kitchen wastes and garden
wastes, generated on a daily basis are to be processed and converted to compost
by using appropriate methods. Depending upon convenience and accessibility,
the students may opt for processing either kitchen waste or garden waste. For
students who operate from their houses, processing kitchen waste may be more
practical. For the others, especially those residing in hostels, processing garden
waste and leaf litter may be preferred.

Methodology

Type of compost: Kitchen

Waste
composting

Preparation of inoculum:The solution of waste

decomposing inoculum can be prepared by mixing 2 kg
jaggery in 200ml of water to which the content of a
bottle of the waste decomposer is added. Mix it properly
with a stick. Covered the drum with a cardboard and
repeat the stirring every day once or twice. After five
days, the solution turned creamy and used.
2
Composting process:Plastic bin was taken to make kitchen waste compost.
The composting process started on 01/01/2022. Every day kitchen waste is
added to bin. Wetted the waste with a solution of the waste decomposing
inoculum. Another 20 cm layer of waste added over it and wetted with the
inoculum solution again. The process is repeated. Turned over the pile at one
week intervals and added composting inoculum at each stirring. Maintained the
moisture content of the pile at around 60 percent. The compost was ready for
use in about two months.

3
 Chapter 2- WASTE COMPOSTING

What is waste composting?

Compost is a mixture of ingredients used to fertilize and improve the soil.

It is commonly prepared by decomposing plant and food waste
and recycling organic materials. The resulting mixture is rich in plant
nutrients and beneficial organisms, such as worms and fungal mycelium.
Compost improves soil fertility
in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, urban agriculture, and organic
farming, reducing dependency on commercial chemical fertilizers.The
benefits of compost include providing nutrients to crops as fertilizer,
acting as a soil conditioner, increasing the humus or humic acid contents
of the soil, and introducing beneficial colonies of microbes that help to
suppress pathogens in the soil.
At the simplest level, composting requires gathering a mix
of 'greens' (green waste) and 'browns' (brown waste).Greens are
materials that are rich in nitrogen such as leaves, grass, and food
scraps. Browns are more woody materials that are rich in carbon, such
as stalks, paper, and wood chips.Materials are wetted to break them
down into humus, a process that occurs for months. However,
composting can also take place as a multi-step, closely monitored
process with measured inputs of water, air, and carbon- and nitrogen-
rich materials. The decomposition process is aided by shredding the
plant matter, adding water, and ensuring proper aeration by regularly
turning the mixture in a process that uses open piles or
"windrows." Fungi, earthworms, and other detritivores further break up
the organic material. Aerobic bacteria and fungi manage the chemical
process by converting the inputs into heat, carbon dioxide,
and ammonium.

4
Composting is an important part of waste management, since food and
other compostable materials make up about 20% of waste in landfills,
and these materials take longer to biodegrade in the landfill. Composting
offers an environmentally superior alternative to using organic material
for landfill because composting reduces anaerobic methane emissions,
and provides economic and environmental co-benefits.  For example,
compost can also be used for land and stream reclamation, wetland
construction, and landfill cover.

Different ways of composting

1. Kitchen waste composting
Home composting is the process of using household waste to make
compost at home. Composting is the biological decomposition of organic
waste by recycling food and other organic materials into compost. Home
composting can be practiced within households for various environmental
advantages, such as increasing soil fertility, reduce landfill and methane
contribution, and limit food waste.
In kitchen waste composting kitchen waste into a rich soil of known as
compost fill another container with dry waste like dried leaves, sawdust,
newspaper chunks, packaging material etc. close both containers to avoid
of bugs, flies and worms.
2. Garden waste composting
In garden waste composting compost is made with material such as leaves,
shredded twigs, and kitchen scraps from plants. To gardeners, compost is
considered as “black gold” because of its many benefits in the garden.
Compost is a great material for garden soil. By adding organic matter to the
soil, compost can help to improve plant growth and health.
Garden compost includes vegetable peelings, fruit waste, teabags, plant
pruning’s and gras cuttings. These are fast to break down and provide
important nitrogen as well as moisture. It’s also good to include things such
as carboard egg boxes, scrunched up paper and fallen leaves.

5
 Chapter 3- OBSERVATION
Observation

I . Waste materials and its quantity

Sl Waste materials Quantity

No. used
1. Onion peel Approx. 0.2 Kg

2. Potatoes, bananas, Approx. 0.5 Kg

pumpkin, garlic,
orange etc. peel
were used.
3. Leftovers of food 1.5 Kg

4. Inoculum 2.0 Kg

5. Final quantity of 2.2 Kg

compost

II. Observation

On the 7th day of composting, it becomes brown in color and smells foul and
in slight watery stage.

On the 14th day, it becomes semi solid and smells foul and still in brown color.

6
On the 30 day, it becomes semi solid with dark brown color and smell reduced

On the 52 day, the compost became ready to use. It is in black color and has
solid state with no smell.

Chapter 4- PHOTOS

Worm compost

Food waste

7
Preparation of manure using food waste

Dry leaves

8
9
 Chapter 5- CONCLUSION
Conclusion
Manure making is very important in farming activities. The growth of the
plant and its output is depending on the manure and care that providing to the
plants, manure is basically used as animal waste in the past times. The organic
manures increase the organic matter in the soil. Organic matter in turn releases
the plant food in an available form for the use of corps. They provide organic
acids that help to dissolve soil nutrients and make them available for plants. It
is the best way to reduce food waste and avoid bugs in the surroundings and it
will treat its best way.

10
11