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  • JSS 3 Second History Note

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    DANUSMAN HUSSEINA SALISU
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    1) Due to declining rainfall in the Sahara, Muslim traders from North Africa and the Middle East migrated south, introducing Islam to the Hausa states and Bornu Empire in northern Nigeria between the 7th-14th centuries. 2) Rulers in these regions realized the economic, military, cultural, and political advantages of adopting Islam and relating to North and East Africa, promoting the expansion of Trans-Saharan trade. 3) The introduction of camels, high demand for gold in North Africa and Europe, and acceptance of Islam facilitated Trans-Saharan trade through established routes between northern cities like Tripoli and southern empires like Bornu.

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    1) Due to declining rainfall in the Sahara, Muslim traders from North Africa and the Middle East migrated south, introducing Islam to the Hausa states and Bornu Empire in northern Nigeria between the 7th-14th centuries. 2) Rulers in these regions realized the economic, military, cultural, and political advantages of adopting Islam and relating to North and East Africa, promoting the expansion of Trans-Saharan trade. 3) The introduction of camels, high demand for gold in North Africa and Europe, and acceptance of Islam facilitated Trans-Saharan trade through established routes between northern cities like Tripoli and southern empires like Bornu.

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    2K views2 pages

    JSS 3 Second History Note

    Uploaded by

    DANUSMAN HUSSEINA SALISU
    1) Due to declining rainfall in the Sahara, Muslim traders from North Africa and the Middle East migrated south, introducing Islam to the Hausa states and Bornu Empire in northern Nigeria between the 7th-14th centuries. 2) Rulers in these regions realized the economic, military, cultural, and political advantages of adopting Islam and relating to North and East Africa, promoting the expansion of Trans-Saharan trade. 3) The introduction of camels, high demand for gold in North Africa and Europe, and acceptance of Islam facilitated Trans-Saharan trade through established routes between northern cities like Tripoli and southern empires like Bornu.

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    of 2

    Origin and nature of Trans-Saharan trade

    Due to the reduction in the level at which rain fell in the Sahara region many
    people (mainly Muslim traders) from North Africa and Middle East started
    migrating into the present day Northern Nigeria. In the cause of time Hausa land
    and Bornu Empire adopted Islam and this to a large extent encouraged the
    expansion of Trans-Saharan trade in Nigeria.
    However, to properly discuss the expansion of Trans-Sahara trade in Nigeria, it is
    very important to talk about the introduction of Islam in Nigeria.
    Islam and the Tran-Sahara Trade
    Around 7th century Islam started penetrating Bornu Empire and by 11th century
    many people residing within the Empire were already Muslims.
    Between the 11th and 14th century rulers in Bornu Empire and Hausa city states
    realized they have a lot of economic, military, cultural and political advantage to
    enjoy by relating with North Africa and Middle East hence adopted Islam as
    religion of the state.
    For instance, Wangarawa people who are Muslims and mostly traders from
    Western Sudan influenced rulers in Gobir, Katsina and Kano in the 14th century in
    adopting Islam as their kingdom’s religion. Due to this reason Kanem Borno
    Empire and the Hausa city states journeyed to Mecca for pilgrimage, built
    mosques and established Islamic institutions.
    Factors That Promoted Trans-Saharan Trade in Nigeria
    1. Introduction of Camels to North Africa; Traveling through Sahara desert
    was made easy when camels were introduced to North Africa from Asia,
    because the journey takes hundreds of miles (many Weeks) and in the
    desert water is scarce but with the aid of camels that can for days without
    water, it became easy for traders to transport goods on camel backs.
    2. High demand for gold in north Africa and Europe; starting from 11th
    century to 17th century gold was adopted as the legal tender( medium of
    Exchange) in North Africa, Middle East and European countries. And at that
    period two third of the world gold deposit was mined in West Africa region.
    This made many traders look toward West Africa to acquire gold.
    3. Acceptance of Islam; started from 11th century rulers of Bornu Empire and
    the Hausa city states realizing the benefits they could get from North Africa
    and Middle East adopted Islam as the religion of the. Also, trading routes to
    places like Gao in sub-Saharan west Africa allowed for the easy access of
    Muslims missionaries and scholars.
    4. Quest for expansion of sub Saharan kingdoms and desire for luxurious
    goods by local rulers; kings and rulers in sub-Saharan Africa wanted to
    increase dominance of their kingdoms hence, the need to acquire horses
    from North Africa and Europe so as to build formidable kingdom also
    embark on expansionist ambition. Other commodities like leather, textiles,
    slaves and gold were traded by the rulers, many a times in exchange for
    horses.

    Organization of Sub-Saharan Trade


    Sub- Saharan trade was sponsored by kings, rulers and rich business men of
    North Africa.
    Trade route during Trans-Sahara Trade
    1. Route from Tripoli to Borno; due to the Libya’s closeness of Italy, Tripoli
    was made the Northern terminus of the trade route to Borno while
    Borno was made southern terminus of trade route coming from Tripoli.
    2. Route from Sudan to Kanem-Borno; Sudan was another important
    route to Borno especially for traders from the Middle East who pass
    through the East Africa before they reach West Africa.
    3. Route from Fezzan to Kano; Kano was a major supplier of textile. This
    made it an important trade route for traders.
    Commodities traded during the Trans Sahara Trade; gold, salts,
    leather goods, slaves, textile materials, copper, kolanuts, grains, horses,
    ostrich feathers, glassware, ivory, pepper spices, beads etc. were goods
    traded during the Trans-Sahara trade.

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