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Test Bank for Microbiology Fundamentals: A

Clinical Approach, 4th Edition Marjorie Kelly


Cowan Heidi Smith
For full download at: https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-microbiology-fundamentals-
a-clinical-approach-4th-edition-marjorie-kelly-cowan-heidi-smith/

Student name:__________
TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
1) A scientist studying helminths is working with bacteria.

⊚ true
⊚ false

2) Current evidence indicates that bacteria and archaea existed on earth for approximately 2
billion years before eukaryotes appeared.

⊚ true
⊚ false

3) A scientific theory, like the theory of evolution, is just our best guess at explaining a
scientific phenomenon, but a theory cannot be considered fact.

Version 1 1
⊚ true
⊚ false

4) Many chronic conditions are found to be associated with microbial agents.

⊚ true
⊚ false

5) All microorganisms are considered pathogens.

⊚ true
⊚ false

6) The term sterile means free of all life forms.

⊚ true
⊚ false

7) Members of the same species share many more characteristics compared to those shared
by members of the same kingdom.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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8) Once an organism is assigned to a particular taxonomic hierarchy, it is permanent and
cannot be revised.

⊚ true
⊚ false

9) Viruses are not classified in any of Whittaker's five kingdoms.

⊚ true
⊚ false

10) The names of the three domains are: Bacteria, Protista, and Eukarya (Eukaryota).

⊚ true
⊚ false

11) One distinguishing characteristic of the archaebacteria is that they live in extreme
environments.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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12) Microbes have been found existing in salty, acidic lakes.

⊚ true
⊚ false

13) All proteins are enzymes.

⊚ true
⊚ false

14) The most important outcome of polypeptide intrachain bonding and folding is the unique
shape of the protein.

⊚ true
⊚ false

15) Nucleic acids have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of organization.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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16) If a hypothesis is accepted, then the findings become a scientific law.

⊚ true
⊚ false

17) The acceptance or rejection of a hypothesis is based on a series of educated guesses and
opinions. Once the opinion is widely accepted it becomes a theory.

⊚ true
⊚ false

18) Despite the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus, bacteria and archaea are cells with a
complex organizational structure.

⊚ true
⊚ false

19) Most microorganisms that are found in and on humans do not cause harm and can
sometimes benefit the host.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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CHECK ALL THE APPLY. Choose all options that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
20) The major groups of microorganisms studied by microbiologists include ______.

A) bacteria
B) plants
C) helminths
D) algae
E) fungi
F) viruses
G) archaea
H) protozoa

21) Select all answers that are roles played by microorganisms in our environment.

A) Carry out photosynthesis


B) Biological decomposition
C) Nutrient recycling
D) Complex relationships with animals but not plants

22) Select statements that apply to the theory of evolution to test your understanding of
evolution.

A) Has undergone years of testing


B) Is a new untested hypothesis
C) Has not been disproven
D) Lacks supportive evidence
E) Is a well-established natural phenomenon

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23) Which of the following are correctly matched?

A) Bacteria—no nucleus
B) Bacteria—true nucleus
C) Archaea—true nucleus
D) Archaea—no nucleus
E) Eukaryotes—true nucleus
F) Eukaryotes—no nucleus

24) Select the main groups of macromolecules found in living things.

A) Nucleic acids
B) Oxygen
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Lipids
E) Proteins
F) Carbohydrates

25) Select the nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides that make up RNA.

A) Guanine
B) Uracil
C) Thymine
D) Adenine
E) Cytosine

26) Select the nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides that make up DNA.

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A) Guanine
B) Uracil
C) Thymine
D) Adenine
E) Cytosine

27) Select characteristics exhibited by all cells.

A) Cytoplasmic membrane
B) Nucleus
C) DNA
D) Ribosomes
E) Cell wall
F) Organelles

28) Select all areas that comprise the main aspects of the science of taxonomy.

A) Classification
B) Genetics
C) Nomenclature
D) Analysis
E) Identification

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
29) When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms, the process is called _____.

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A) bioremediation
B) genetic engineering
C) epidemiology
D) immunology
E) taxonomy

30) Which of the following is not considered a microorganism?

A) Mosquito
B) Protozoan
C) Bacterium
D) Virus
E) Fungus

31) All microorganisms are best defined as organisms that ______.

A) cause human disease


B) lack a cell nucleus
C) are infectious particles
D) are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
E) can only be found growing in laboratories

32) Which activity is an example of biotechnology?

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A) Bacteria in the soil secreting an antibiotic to kill competitors
B) A microbiologist using the microscope to study bacteria
C) Egyptians using moldy bread on wounds
D) Escherichia coli producing human insulin
E) Public health officials monitoring diseases in a community

33) Living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the unaided eye are termed _____.

A) bacteria
B) viruses
C) parasites
D) microorganisms
E) prokaryotes

34) The microorganisms that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and wastes are
called _____.

A) decomposers
B) prokaryotes
C) pathogens
D) eukaryotes
E) fermenters

35) Cells, like bacteria and archaea, that do not have a nucleus in their cells have traditionally
been called _____.

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A) decomposers
B) prokaryotes
C) pathogens
D) eukaryotes
E) fermenters

36) The first cells appeared about ______ billion years ago.

A) 5.2
B) 4.6
C) 3.8
D) 2.9
E) 1.5

37) Which of the following is not a human use of microorganisms?

A) Making bread
B) Treating water and sewage
C) Manufacturing copper wire
D) Mass producing antibiotics
E) Cleaning up oil spills

38) Using microbes to detoxify a site contaminated with heavy metals is an example of
_____.

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A) biotechnology
B) bioremediation
C) decomposition
D) immunology
E) epidemiology

39) Disease-causing microorganisms are called _____.

A) decomposers
B) prokaryotes
C) pathogens
D) eukaryotes
E) fermenters

40) The most prevalent worldwide infectious diseases are _____.

A) AIDS-related diseases
B) diarrheal diseases
C) malaria diseases
D) measles
E) respiratory diseases

41) Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from
the other major groups of microorganisms?

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A) Cause human disease
B) Lack a nucleus
C) Cannot be seen without a microscope
D) Contain genetic material
E) Lack cell structure

42) Helminths are _____.

A) bacteria
B) protozoa
C) molds
D) parasitic worms
E) infectious particles

43) Which group of microorganisms is composed only of hereditary material wrapped in a


protein covering?

A) Viruses
B) Bacteria
C) Parasites
D) Fungi
E) Helminths

44) Which statement correctly compares the sizes of different microorganisms?

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A) Bacteria are larger than viruses
B) Bacteria are larger than eukaryotic microorganisms
C) Eukaryotic microorganisms are smaller than viruses
D) Archaea are larger than eukaryotic microorganisms but smaller than bacteria

45) The Dutch merchant who made and used quality magnifying lenses to see and record
microorganisms was _____.

A) Francesco Redi
B) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
C) Louis Pasteur
D) Joseph Lister
E) Robert Koch

46) Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish that ______.

A) microbes are found on dust particles


B) a specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease
C) life forms can only arise from preexisting life forms
D) a specific microbe should be classified in a specific kingdom
E) microbes can be used to clean up toxic spills

47) The surgeon who advocated using disinfectants on hands and in the air prior to surgery
was _____.

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A) Joseph Lister
B) Ignaz Semmelweis
C) Robert Koch
D) Louis Pasteur
E) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

48) Sterility refers to ______.

A) being pathogen free


B) having an absence of spores
C) having an absence of any life forms and viral particles
D) being pasteurized
E) being homogenized

49) Which scientist showed that anthrax was caused by the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis?

A) Joseph Lister
B) Ignaz Semmelweis
C) Robert Koch
D) Louis Pasteur
E) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

50) If you were a microbiologist in 1950, which of the following scientific principles would
you already know?

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A) Aseptic techniques could reduce the number of wound infections in the surgical
setting.
B) Biofilms can form on implanted objects in the human body and be responsible for
infection.
C) Enzymes found in bacteria can be used to cut DNA.
D) Very little DNA is transcribed into RNA that is then translated into proteins.

51) Taxonomy does not involve _____.

A) nomenclature
B) classification
C) taxa
D) identification
E) common name

52) Which scientific field is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of
organisms?

A) Nomenclature
B) Taxonomy
C) Phylogeny
D) Woesean classification
E) None of the choices are correct.

53) The orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa is called _____.

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A) classification
B) identification
C) nomenclature
D) experimentation
E) biotechnology

54) Which of the following is a taxon that contains all the other taxa listed?

A) Species
B) Phylum
C) Kingdom
D) Genus
E) Family

55) The smallest and most significant taxon is _____.

A) genus
B) species
C) kingdom
D) family
E) phylum

56) Select the correct descending taxonomic hierarchy:

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A) family, order, class
B) family, genus, species
C) genus, species, family
D) class, phylum, order
E) kingdom, domain, phylum

57) Which of the following is a scientific name?

A) Gram-positive streptococcus
B) Staphylococcus
C) Streptococcus pyogenes
D) Anthrax
E) Streptobacilli

58) When assigning a scientific name to an organism, ______.

A) the species name is capitalized


B) the species name is placed first
C) the species name can be abbreviated
D) both genus and species names are capitalized
E) both genus and species names are italicized or underlined

59) The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called _____,

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A) biotechnology
B) genetics
C) recombinant DNA
D) phylogeny
E) taxonomy

60) Which area of biology states that living things undergo gradual, structural, and functional
changes over long periods of time?

A) Morphology
B) Phylogeny
C) Evolution
D) Genetics
E) None of the choices is correct.

61) A scientist studying the sequence of nucleotides in the rRNA of a bacterial species is
working on ________.

A) determining evolutionary relatedness


B) bioremediation
C) recombinant DNA
D) nomenclature
E) determining if that species is the cause of a new disease

62) The scientist(s) who proposed organisms be assigned to one of three domains is(are)
_____.

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A) Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur
B) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
C) Carl Woese and George Fox
D) Robert Whittaker
E) Francesco Redi

63) Which scientific name is written correctly?

A) Staphylococcus aureus
B) staphylococcus aureus
C) Staphylococcus Aureus
D) Staphylococcus aureus
E) STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

64) Organic chemicals always have a basic framework of the element _____ bonded to other
atoms.

A) carbon
B) nitrogen
C) oxygen
D) hydrogen
E) phosphorous

65) Most biochemical macromolecules are polymers, which are chains of ______.

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A) hydrophobic molecules
B) electrolytic molecules
C) repeating monomers
D) repeating carbohydrates
E) hydrogen bonds

66) All of the following are monosaccharides except _____.

A) glucose
B) glycogen
C) fructose
D) ribose
E) deoxyribose

67) All of the following are polysaccharides except _____.

A) glycogen in liver and muscle


B) agar used to make solid culture media
C) a cell's glycocalyx
D) cellulose in certain cell walls
E) prostaglandins in inflammation

68) All of the following are lipids except _____.

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A) cholesterol
B) starch
C) phospholipid
D) wax
E) triglyceride

69) What part of a phospholipid forms hydrophobic tails?

A) Fatty acids
B) Glycerol
C) Phosphate
D) Alcohol
E) All of the choices are correct.

70) A fat is called ______ if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single bonded to two other
carbons and two hydrogens.

A) unsaturated
B) polyunsaturated
C) monounsaturated
D) saturated
E) None of the choices are correct.

71) The lipid group that serves as energy storage molecules is _____.

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A) prostaglandins
B) waxes
C) phospholipids
D) steroids
E) triglycerides

72) The lipid group that is the major component of cell membranes is the _____.

A) prostaglandins
B) waxes
C) phospholipids
D) steroids
E) triglycerides

73) The building blocks of an enzyme are _____.

A) nucleotides
B) glycerol and fatty acids
C) monosaccharides
D) phosphate, glycerol, and fatty acids
E) amino acids

74) Which is not true about enzymes?

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A) They are found in all cells.
B) They are catalysts.
C) Their shape determines their function.
D) They can be denaturated by heat and other agents.
E) They have high-energy bonds between phosphates.

75) Which amino acid contains sulfur atoms that form covalent disulfide bonds in its tertiary
structure?

A) Valine
B) Cysteine
C) Serine
D) Alanine
E) Tyrosine

76) What type of bonds are formed between adjacent amino acids?

A) Glycosilic
B) Ester
C) Peptide
D) Disulfide
E) Phosphate

77) The alpha helix is a type of _____ protein structure.

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A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
E) None of the choices is correct.

78) One nucleotide contains _____.

A) one phosphate
B) one pentose sugar
C) one nitrogen base
D) All of the choices are correct
E) None of the choices are correct.

79) Which pertains to DNA but not to RNA?

A) Contains ribose
B) Contains adenine
C) Contains thymine
D) Contains uracil
E) Contains nucleotides

80) ATP is best described as _____.

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A) an enzyme
B) a double helix
C) an electron carrier
D) the energy molecule of cells
E) All of the choices are correct.

81) You are trying to identify a chemical that consists of adenine, ribose, and three
phosphates. What is this chemical?

A) DNA
B) RNA
C) ATP
D) Phospholipid

82) A student forgot to label a beaker containing a DNA solution and a beaker containing a
glucose solution. If chemical analysis was performed to identify the contents of each beaker,
which of the following would be found in the beaker of DNA but not in the beaker with glucose?

A) Amino acids
B) Hydrogen and oxygen atoms
C) Nitrogen and phosphorus
D) Fatty acids
E) Carbon atoms

83) Purines and pyrimidines are components in the building block units of all _____.

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A) nucleic acids
B) carbohydrates
C) polysaccharides
D) amino acids
E) enzymes

84) Which of the following is not a pyrimidine?

A) Uracil
B) Adenine
C) Thymine
D) Cytosine
E) All of these are pyrimidines.

85) During protein synthesis, _______ RNA is made as a copy of a gene from DNA.

A) transfer
B) messenger
C) ribosomal
D) All of the choices are correct.

86) Characteristics shared by all cells include _____.

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A) a membrane serving as a cell boundary
B) the possession of genetic information
C) the presence of cellular fluid
D) All of these choices are correct.

87) The purine _______ always binds with the pyrimidine _______ in DNA and RNA.

A) guanine; cytosine
B) cytosine; guanine
C) adenine; guanine
D) thymine; guanine

88) Which of the following statements is correct regarding the relationship between humans
and microbes?

A) The majority of microorganisms that colonize humans are pathogenic


B) Microorganisms are benefited from their colonization of humans, whereas humans are
unaffected by the relationship
C) Humans are colonized by bacteria and fungi, but not viruses
D) Not only do the majority of colonizing bacteria cause no harm to humans, the
relationship is beneficial for both microbe and human host

89) Which list correctly ranks the microorganisms from largest to smallest?

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A) Zika virus,Bacillus anthracis,Aspergillis sp., Helminth
B) Aspergillis sp., Zika virus,Bacillus anthracis, Helminth
C) Bacillus anthracis, Helminth,Aspergillis sp., Zika virus
D) Helminth,Aspergillis sp.,Bacillus anthracis, Zika virus
E) Helminth,Aspergillis sp., Zika virus,Bacillus anthracis

90) The Nobel Prize was awarded to Kary Mullis in 1993 for inventing what technique to
amplify and subsequently analyze DNA?

A) Polymerase chain reaction


B) The central dogma of biology
C) Restriction enzyme analysis
D) Human microbiome project
E) Small RNA analysis

91) Which of the following statements correctly determines the process when following the
scientific method?

A) Formulate question, conduct research, propose hypothesis, test hypothesis


B) Propose hypothesis, test hypothesis, formulate question, conduct research
C) Formulate question, propose hypothesis, test hypothesis, conduct research
D) Conduct research, formulate question, propose hypothesis, test hypothesis

92) Which of the features listed below isnot found in all cells?

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A) Cytoplasmic membrane
B) Ribosomes
C) DNA
D) Nucleus

93) Organisms were classified into kingdoms as they were defined. Which list reflects the
order of discovery of the kingdoms as we know them today?

A) Monera, protista, fungi, plants and animals


B) Plants and animals, protista, monera, fungi
C) Fungi, monera, plants and animals, protista
D) Protista, fungi, monera, plants and animals
E) Monera, plants and animals, protista, fungi

94) Carl Woese and George Fox developed the three-domain system of taxonomy based on
what molecular discovery?

A) Variations in the ribonucleic acid of the small ribosomal subunit of organisms


B) Mutations in enzyme proteins
C) Genetic analysis showing that bacteria and archaea are identical
D) Molecular analysis of genes showing that eukaryotes evolved from bacteria, and
bacteria evolved from archaea

95) The term used to describe the broad field of science that involves human manipulation of
microbes for use in industrial processes is _____.

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A) biotechnology
B) bioremediation
C) recombinant DNA technology
D) biodegradation

96) The Dutch linen merchant _______ ground glass lenses to detailed specifications so that
he was able to develop a microscope for observing and describing living microscopic
animalcules.

A) Leeuwenhoek
B) Pasteur
C) Lister
D) Koch

97) Select the characteristic that is exhibited by viruses.

A) Viruses are independent living cellular organisms.


B) Viruses are much more complex than cells.
C) Viruses are composed of both DNA and RNA.
D) Viruses are parasitic particles that invade host cells.
E) Viruses lack a protein coat.

98) Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets are examples of ________ protein structure.

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A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary

99) Disulfide bonds are involved in maintaining ________ protein structure as well as the
________ level of protein structure exhibited by complex proteins such as antibodies.

A) tertiary; quaternary
B) quaternary; tertiary
C) secondary; quaternary
D) secondary; tertiary
E) primary; secondary

100) Choose the term that describes the formal system of identifying, arranging, and naming
organisms.

A) Nomenclature
B) Identification
C) Classification
D) Taxonomy
E) Hierarchy

101) Which of the following choices is a correct way to denote the binomial name of a
microorganism?

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A) Staphylococcus aureus
B) Staphylococcus Aureus
C) staphylococcus Aureus
D) staphylococcus aureus
E) Staphylococcus aureus

102) Choose the statement or characteristic that best describes the Woese-Fox taxonomic
system to test your understanding of taxonomy.

A) Three distinct cell lines called domains


B) Five kingdoms
C) Plants, animals, and microorganisms
D) Prokaryotes versus eukaryotes

103) When classifying organisms, early taxonomists did NOT rely on which of the following?

A) Analysis of the organism's shape (morphology)


B) Analysis of structural and organizational characteristics of the organism
C) Analysis of metabolic (nutritional) characteristics of the organism
D) Genetic analysis of the organism

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SECTION BREAK. Answer all the part questions.
104) NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the
questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

Ms. Smith is a 29-year-old patient at the outpatient psychiatric clinic. While completing her
assessment you notice her hands are red, raw, and show signs of recent bleeding. She explains
that she washes all her clothes in bleach, and uses the chemical to clean her hands several times a
day. She states “I need to sterilize myself and my environment of all germs so I do not get sick.”
While developing her nursing plan of care, you educate her about the importance of bacteria to
the health and well being of not only humans, but also our planet.

104.1) Microorganisms have inhabited the Earth for billions of years, and can be found
inhabiting a variety of environments. In fact, microbes performing anoxygenic
photosynthesis led to the oxygenation of early Earth’s atmosphere. These ancient
organisms were _____.

A) bacteria
B) eukaryotes
C) viruses
D) prions

104.2) The RN applies therapeutic communication techniques to assess of Ms. Smith’s


understanding of the principle of sterility. Her statement of “I need to sterilize myself and
my environment of all germs so I do not get sick” would be best followed by which of the
following questions by the RN?

A) How does being in an unsterile environment make you feel?


B) Can you tell me more about what sterility means to you?
C) How does washing your hands with bleach make you sterile?
D) Can you tell me more about why you are afraid of germs?

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104.3) As Ms. Smith progresses with her plan of care, the RN provides education
regarding beneficial applications of microbes. Scientists use microbes to produce drugs,
hormones, and enzymes. This type of biotechnology involves the transfer of foreign
genetic material into a microbe, a process called ________.

A) recombinant DNA technology


B) gene therapy
C) bioremediation
D) polymerase chain reaction

105) NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the
questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

Wanda is a medical assistant and the newest employee of your healthcare team. You notice that
she does not wash her hands in between patient visits. From your microbiology background, you
understand that microbes are not visible with the naked eye. As the only nurse in your small
medical office, you provide education for Wanda on the importance of hand washing.

105.1) Many microbes that inhabit the skin have the potential to cause disease. One such
pathogen isStaphylococcus aureus. The genus name of this organism is most properly
represented as _____.

A) aureus
B) Staphylococcus
C) staphylococcus
D) Aureus

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105.2) Wanda is receptive to the nurse’s teaching. In reinforcing the prevalence of
microbes in our environment, the nurse describes the experiments of Louis Pasteur. Pasteur
hypothesized that microbes were in the air and dust. Through experiments using swan-
necked flasks, he disproved the concept of ________.

A) spontaneous mutation
B) spontaneous generation
C) aseptic theory
D) biogenesis

105.3) Hand washing in the healthcare environment is aimed at reducing the number of
microbes in the medical setting to prevent the spread of infection and disease. Which of
these terms best represents this technique?

A) Sterilization
B) Asepsis
C) Disinfection
D) Antisepsis

105.4) Viruses may also be transmitted to patients, even though they differ from bacteria
in that they are ________.

A) parasitic invertebrate animals


B) infectious proteins
C) metabolically active eukaryotes
D) noncellular particles

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106) NCLEX Prep - Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the
questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

Breonna Jones is 16 years old, 5’4”, and weighs 93 lb. She was admitted to an inpatient medical
unit 2 days ago after collapsing at the local high school. Her parents knew she was skinny and
had lost weight in the past few months, but had no idea that her life was in danger. The medical
team has instituted treatment for anorexia nervosa. As you develop Breonna’s nursing plan of
care, you take into consideration the four major biological molecules that are building blocks of
all cells.

106.1) The nurse implements an extensive nutrition education plan for Breonna,
beginning at the molecular level. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the
four main families of biological molecules referred to as _____.

A) macromolecules
B) monosaccharides
C) polysaccharides
D) micromolecules

106.2) The structure of proteins is complex and unique, and only specific molecules can
interact with their surface features. The natural shape of each protein is termed the native
state. When proteins are exposed to heat, acid, or alcohol, their shape is disrupted and they
become nonfunctional or _____.

A) digested
B) denatured
C) distorted
D) depolymerized

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106.3) You inform Breonna that it is important for her to maintain a diet rich in
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, so that each of these macromolecules can be
metabolized to form a high-energy compound called _____.

A) cGMP
B) RNA
C) ATP
D) NAD

Version 1 38
Answer Key

Test name: Smith 1

1) FALSE

2) FALSE

3) FALSE

4) TRUE

5) FALSE

6) TRUE

7) TRUE

8) FALSE

9) TRUE

10) FALSE

11) TRUE

12) TRUE

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13) FALSE

14) TRUE

15) FALSE

16) FALSE

17) FALSE

18) TRUE

19) TRUE

Most microorganisms associated with the human host do not cause


disease and actually benefit the host with their presence. For example,
our "good" bacteria can prevent the overgrowth of pathogens, preventing
disease.

20) [A, C, D, E, F, G, H]

The microbiology field studies life forms that are not readily observed
without magnification. Some of the included groups can often be
observed with the naked eye, but may spend part of their life cycle as
microscopic forms. Viruses are not cells, but they are microscopic and
can cause infection. Therefore, they too are included in the study of
microbiology.

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21) [A, B, C]

Microorganisms are ubiquitous and are involved in the shaping of


earth’s inhabitants and environment. Microbes are involved in energy
and nutrient flow, and form complex relationships with plants and
animals.

22) [A, C, E]

Evolution is the accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they


adapt to their environments and is an observable phenomenon testable
by science. By the time a scientific principle has been labeled a theory, it
has undergone years and years of testing and not been disproven.

23) [A, D, E]

Bacteria and archaea have been traditionally referred to as prokaryotic


cells. These cell types differ in size, complexity, and function as
compared to eukaryotic cells. While eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus,
bacteria and archaea do not. However, bacteria and archaea are
genetically distinct, so many microbiology researchers are beginning to
refer to them separately rather than lumping them together as
prokaryotes.

24) [A, D, E, F]

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The four main groups of macromolecules in living things are
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. While oxygen and
carbon dioxide are important molecules in living things, they are not
considered macromolecules.

25) [A, B, D, E]

RNA nucleotides contain guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine. They do


not contain thymine.

26) [A, C, D, E]

DNA nucleotides contain guanine, thymine, adenine, and cytosine. They


do not contain uracil.

27) [A, C, D]

All cells have a cytoplasmic membrane, DNA (chromosome),


ribosomes, and cytoplasm. Bacteria and archaea lack a nucleus and
organelles. Animal cells and some protists lack a cell wall.

28) [A, C, E]

The primary concerns of modern taxonomy are still naming, classifying,


and identifying. These three areas are interrelated and play a vital role in
keeping a -dynamic inventory of all organisms whether living or extinct.

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29) B

30) A

31) D

32) D

33) D

34) A

35) B

36) C

37) C

38) B

39) C

40) E

41) E

42) D

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43) A

44) A

45) B

46) B

47) A

48) C

49) C

50) A

51) E

52) B

53) A

54) C

55) B

56) B

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57) C

58) E

59) D

60) C

61) A

62) C

63) A

64) A

65) C

66) B

67) E

68) B

69) A

70) D

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71) E

72) C

73) E

74) E

75) B

76) C

77) B

78) D

79) C

80) D

81) C

82) C

83) A

84) B

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85) B

86) D

87) A

88) D

89) D

90) A

91) A

92) D

93) B

94) A

95) A

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Although humans have been harnessing the work of microorganisms for
thousands of years, new technologies have arisen recently to expand
their use. Biotechnology has created a broad field of science that allows
microbes to create industrial products, foods, and drugs. Genetic
engineering technology, such as recombinant DNA technology, is a part
of the biotechnology field and has permitted the genetic alteration of
microbes and other organisms to create GMOs with unique and desirable
traits. Bioremediation involves microbes using their own metabolic traits
to clean up various wastes in human society.

96) A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek developed the first glass lenses, taking the
initial step into the field of microscopy.

97) D

Viruses are considered to be infectious particles that are simpler than


cells and contain DNA or RNA but never both.

98) B

There are four levels of protein structure. Alpha helices and beta pleated
sheets are two different forms of secondary structure, which form due to
hydrogen bonding between functional groups on the protein surface.

99) A

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Tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins are maintained by different
bond types including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bonds.
Complex proteins such as antibodies are composed of multiple
polypeptide chains bound together as part of the quaternary structure of
the protein.

100) D

Taxonomy is the formal system used to organize, classify, and name


living things. Nomenclature refers to the naming process, whereas
classification refers to the grouping of organisms to indicate
evolutionary relationships. Identification is the process of determining
the traits of organisms for placement in the taxonomic scheme.

101) A

The binomial, or scientific name, of a microorganism must be typed in


italics or underlined if handwritten. In addition, the first letter of the
generic part of the name must be capitalized while the first letter of the
species name is lowercase.

102) A

The Woese-Fox system is comprised of three domains: Bacteria


(Eubacteria), Archaea (Archaeabacteria), and Eukarya (Eukaryota).

103) D

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Today, molecular approaches to taxonomy rely upon the study of an
organism's genetic composition for classification. Early on, only
morphological, structural, and nutritional analysis were means of
taxonomic classification for scientists.

104) Section Break

104.1) A

104.2) B

104.3) A

105) Section Break

105.1) B

105.2) B

105.3) B

105.4) D

106) Section Break

106.1) A

106.2) B

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106.3) C

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