Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 8

It’s not that much bigger.

English Grammar Profiler


It should be no higher than a normal home.
It’s not any thicker than a cable.
What’s C2 Level English Grammar? The contents are so great a mystery that she did not mention them.
New Year is as good a time as any to quit smoking.
The C2 English level is the best and highest level of English
and possibly higher than many native English speakers. If C2 adjectives + nouns
you are still wondering what C2 grammar is, then you will
be happy to see the following long list of categorized Negation can be followed by superlative structures before nouns.
grammar points linked with explained examples.  This is
the English grammar you should know at the C2 level because C2 students have He never expected I would be the slightest bit interested.
proven they can use it in thousands of tests.  It is rare grammar generally, but if We don’t have the faintest idea what to do with them.
you want to be an expert, it’s a good idea to practice these structures and the
vocabulary naturally listed with them. Vocabulary usually used in other parts of speech can also become adjectives
before nouns to give emphasis.

I’ll stay until the very end.


How are adjectives used at the C2 level?
His major role was in a film.
‘C2 adjectives‘ is not just a list of vocabulary that C2 students can use.  The
adjectives are used in combination with infinitives, comparative clauses, noun Single adjectives or lists of adjectives can premodify or postmodify nouns in
phrases etc. to allow a greater amount of detail. focussing devices:

C2 adjectives with infinitives The only thing is that I do not drive.


Charities local, national and international will benefit.
At the C2 level, English users can express modality and give emphasis using
infinitives after adjectives in complex ways such as with negation and
comparative clauses:
How does the C2 level use adverbs?
You must make sure not to miss anything. When it comes to C2 adverbs, we are not talking about adverbs that only C2
It is not uncommon to see them. students can use.  We are talking about the rarer positions they can be put into,
I’m not so naive as to think it doesn’t happen. and the fine meanings they carry there too.

C2 comparing with adjectives C2 adverbs in the middle position.


Comparative clauses can be modified to various degrees, and the scale of
comparison can be limited with complex C2 English grammar.
C2 grammar has an increasing range of adverbs after auxiliary verbs and before The programs focus almost exclusively on buildings.
the main verb, sometimes including modal adverbs such as ‘indeed’ and ‘surely.’ How quickly they forget! 
There also can be rare adverbs of indefinite frequency, split infinitives and Do you like it? Definitely.
adverbs that distance the writer from what they say.

They would eventually become the government. How to use clauses at the C2 level


It would normally take a day.
C2 non-finite clauses
Companies must indeed change.
Somebody must surely know. Contrast can be expressed with subordinating conjunctions introducing past-
My wife is permanently living in Thailand. participle clauses:
They are persistently asking the same question.
He was always playing soccer. Though separated by thousands of kilometres, India and Germany
They were constantly being interrupted. have had an influence on each other.
You’re going to absolutely love it.
This effect is apparently caused by the nervous system Background explanations can take the form of non-finite perfect passive
subordinate clauses or complements of prepositions:
C2 adverbs + inversion
I feel like the luckiest person in the world, having been born at this time.
At the C2 level, users can invert present and past perfect (have|has|had) and the
A month after having been laid, the eggs hatch.
modal (must) auxiliary verbs with the subject after fronted adverbs as focusing
devices, and then use conjunctions to introduce clauses in the same sentences. 
Complex subordinators with non-finite clauses can be used to make
This also often includes negation.
comparisons.

Not only have they been coming from the east, but they’re coming from


She studied the bracelet as if trying to estimate its fair market value.
the northern side as well.
There are different sizes as if to suggest a kind of perspective.
Hardly had he arrived when she told him to take off his shoes.
Not only must we be prepared, but we must also be ready for the C2 conditional clauses
challenges.
Never must we forget them. Infinitive clauses can also be used with conditional structures.  In formal
contexts, the hypothetical subjunctive ‘were’ can be used with or without
C2 adverb phrases inversion replacing ‘if’.  This is also the case with ‘for + noun phrase’.  These are
similar to the ‘second conditional sentences ESL students might be familiar with.
Adverbs can be both pre-modified by other adverbs and followed with
Auxiliary verbs such as ‘should’ and ‘had’ can also be inverted to replace ‘if’ in
complements.  And used in shorter less formal comments.
the subordinate clause. Notice that every main clause contains the modal verb C2 ‘focus’ with relative & cleft clauses
‘would’.
Here are C2 level English examples of the unusual arrangement of the elements
of a sentence for focus.  ‘Many’ can be inverted.  The pronoun ‘one’ + relative
 If it were to happen, everything would be history.
clause in the subject position and the typical ‘it cleft clause’ are often used to
Were you to handle this problem, there would be no doubt you’re the
emphasise the subject.  ‘Question words’ as the subjects of cleft clauses is also
man we want.
possible.
None of us would be here if it weren’t for you.
Were it not for the asteroid, humans would not be the dominant
Many are the times that I sat in pain.
species. 
The one that comes in the box makes your face red.
Had I known that it would be that simple, I would
The ones that make you look older are engaging.
have done it years ago.
It’s individuals who are to blame.
 I would be pleased should you attend.
Where they differ is in their levels.
Why they didn’t shave is unknown.
The ‘first conditional’ or ‘future conditional’ sentences appear at lower levels,
How you choose to leave this world is up to you. 
but they are rare using ‘shall’ instead of ‘will’.  It is more British than American
too.
C2 exclamative & imperative clauses

If we don’t share ideas, how shall we discuss these problems? ‘How’ as an intensifier can also be fronted. Negation with imperatives and the
pronoun ‘you’ can make instructions stronger or give warnings.  Imperative ‘let’
Other complex subordinating conjunctions can also be used to introduce with third-person pronouns can be used to transfer responsibility.
conditional clauses:
How I wish I could do that!
So long as they keep to themselves, it makes no difference to me. Don’t you tell me to calm down!
The building is left to the city on the condition that it will never be Let them find him.
demolished.
I’m here to protect your information in the event that someone tries to
steal it. other C2 conjunctions
More specific explanations in a subordinating clause can be added with
Alternative conditions can be expressed with the ‘whether or not structure.  In
complex conjunctions.
the following example, it means ‘it doesn’t matter which possibility is true
because something negative will happen anyway.’
It’s strange in that it is a team and individual sport.

Whether we like it or not, motivation comes and motivation goes.
Surprising information or contrast can be added to the second phrase or clause.
It’s simple yet effective. Demonstrative ‘that’ and ‘those’ can be used for emotional distance or
The book is useless and yet you come all the way back to Berlin to get it. disapproval.

That kind of pressure is not helpful.
C2 determiners You need to get rid of those unwanted pounds.

C2 possession

More than one possessive ‘s can be used in a noun phrase. C2 focus


C2 quantity
Read the vehicle’s owner’s manual for important information.
The quantity determiner ‘many’ before an indefinite article can be used for
The possessive ‘s can be used without a following noun by the C2 English level. emphasis or focus.

It was Luke‘s and his father‘s before him. Many a time, life doesn’t seem fair.
I’ve spent many an hour talking with them.
The possessive apostrophe without s can be used for zero plural singular nouns
ending in s. Quantity pronouns can also be used in the subject position for focus.

We don’t know this species‘ closest relative. Much has been said about the election.
A lot depends on your answer.
Demonstrative ‘this’ can be used in noun phrases with possessive pronouns to
highlight something. C2 fixed expressions

The possessive pronoun ‘myself’ can be used in a fixed discourse marking


The students have noticed this war of his.
phrase to give a personal opinion or for focus.
In this world of theirs, nothing is bad.

As for myself, I have some ideas about where we went wrong.


C2 demonstratives

Demonstrative ‘this’ can also be used for immediacy in a narrative. At the C2 level, more than one fixed expression can be fronted for focus.

I read the story, and there was this guy who went to jail for a crime he All of a sudden, out of nowhere, a van appeared.
didn’t commit.
There’s this girl at school named Stacey… C2 co-ordinating negative clauses
In addition to all the other focus points mentioned in other categories, ‘nor’ and Finally, scheduled events in the future from a past point can be expressed with a
‘neither’ with inversion can also be used by the C2 level for focus. past form of ‘BE’ + ‘due to’.

It’s none of my business, nor is it any of yours. My contract was due to expire two weeks later.
I will never give them that and neither should you. The band were due to play four shows across the UK this September.

C2 future
Modality
C2 future simple
can’t | couldn’t + very well + INFINITIVE
‘Shall’ can be used for predictions or in formal contexts.  ‘Shall’ or ‘will’ can be
used for long-term intentions. would sooner + INFINITIVE

verb + adverb + verb + adverb + verb


We shall have no peace until she goes.
We shall have no liability to you. modal verb + YET
I will never leave you.
may | might + as well
I will always love you.
‘AS’ + pronoun + ‘USED’ + to-infinitive
C2 grammar includes future perfect simple questions and future perfect
WOULD + adverb (wide range)
continuous assumptions about the present.
adjective + NOT TO + infinitive (be careful not to disturb them)
How will we have made this friend feel?
used not to
We know you guys will have been working hard today.
IF clause + SHALL clause
C2 students can invert ‘will’ after an ‘only when’ + present simple clause.
ADVERBS as RESPONSE TOKENS
Only when you really care, will they leave their fears behind.
NEED I SAY MORE? (modality question)

Similarly, conditional ‘should’ can be inverted in a clause + a ‘would’ clause to ‘HAVE’ to have + PAST PARTICIPLE
express possible future outcomes in formal or polite contexts.
Try as ‘someone’ might

Should they come, that would be a tricky situation for us.   not only | never | nor + must + (inversion)
I would be pleased should you attend.
couldn’t have + PAST PARTICIPLE
however | whoever | whatever + may + seem NEGATIVE CLAUSE + nor | neither

must not have been ‘He’s not that much better’ (not that much + COMPARATIVE)

SHALL (formal & predictions) slightest | faintest + NOUN

BE + not + ADJECTIVE + to-INFINTIVE NO | NOT ANY + comparative

OUGHT (negative OR questions) BE + not + ADJECTIVE + to-INFINTIVE

‘BE’ + to infinitive | ‘BE’ + due to infinitive ‘NOT A’ + noun

didn’t dare OUGHT (negative OR questions)

MUST + modal adverb will (not) have been verbING

how can (reflections) didn’t dare

ought to (semi modal) If it hadn’t been for / had it not been for + modal

If it hadn’t been for / had it not been for + modal If only + past perfect simple negative

Negation Nouns
can’t | couldn’t + very well + INFINITIVE SELF-word (hyphenated prefix)

Don’t get me wrong BE + at + NOUN + to INFINITIVE

IN THE LEAST give vent to | vent their anger

adjective + NOT TO + infinitive (be careful not to disturb them) on the verge of

used not to BE + of NOUN PHRASE

ADVERBS as RESPONSE TOKENS ample | anecdotal | convincing | documentary | supporting + EVIDENCE

not only | never | nor + must + (inversion) ‘little or no’ + NOUN (complex noun phrase)

NEGATIVE QUESTION NOUN + of + his | hers | theirs

must not have been Many are the + NOUN + RELATIVE CLAUSE
this + NOUN PHRASE + of + POSSESSIVE PRONOUN of having been born

‘s (ELLIPTED NOUN)

2 possessive noun ‘s Past


past perfect continuous passive | past perfect continuous questions | If it hadn’t
singular noun ending in S + possessive ‘ (-s’) been for / had it not been for + modal | If only + past perfect simple negative
|NOT ONLY + present perfect continuous (inversion) + BUT
There’s this + noun phrase (immediacy in a narrative)
 
3 ways MINUTE is used in English grammar

-ANCE noun suffix ‘HAVE’ to have + PAST PARTICIPLE

EACH … THE OTHER(S)


couldn’t have + PAST PARTICIPLE | must not have been
‘NOT A’ + noun
IF IT WERE NOT FOR | HARDLY HAD + inversion
Many a NOUN

attributive only time adjectives past continuous + adverb (range) | (always | constantly) + past
continuous
‘major cities’, ‘very beginning’ (major | very + noun)

the + slightest | faintest + noun


Prepositions
BE + at + NOUN + to INFINITIVE
Passives
within + limits | reach | reason
verb + adverb + verb + adverb + verb
4 part complex phrases
to be being
Having been + PAST PARTICIPLE
past perfect continuous passive
VERB + OBJECT + PARTICLE + PREPOSITION + OBJECT
Having been + PAST PARTICIPLE
of having been born
have + OBJECT + INFINITIVE

‘NOT A’ + noun
Present
present perfect progressive passive
NOT ONLY + present perfect continuous (inversion) + BUT
I am asking | wanting (polite) future perfect simple question

Only when + PRESENT SIMPLE + will INVERTED SUBJECT OUGHT (negative OR questions)

present continuous + adverbs of indefinite frequency how can (reflections)

Pronouns Verbs
assert Let’s look at english grammar c2 with verbs.

‘AS’ + pronoun + ‘USED’ + to-infinitive


lexical verb + THE USE OF
A LOT | MUCH (subject pronouns)
give vent to | vent their anger
HERS | THEIRS (subject)
subjunctive THAT clauses
THAT + adjective + noun + OF + possessive pronoun
phrasal verb + clause ‘work out how you did it’
NOUN + of + his | hers | theirs
verb + adverb + verb + adverb + verb
THE ONE(S) THAT + clause (focus)
VERB + yet to INFINITIVE
(SUBJECT) CLEFT CONSTRUCTION WITH ‘it’
to be being
Many are the + NOUN + RELATIVE CLAUSE
assert
his (PRONOUN)
would hate to INFINITIVE

VERB + OBJECT + PARTICLE + PREPOSITION + OBJECT


Questions
How + ADJECTIVE + is that?
If you would like to see more advanced grammar at the lower C1 level, click here
NEED I SAY MORE? (modality question) for our full list.

past perfect continuous questions


Finally, although all the links above go to many more detailed pages about
alternative question (ellipsis) grammar and vocabulary, other examples can be found at the English Grammar
Profile.
NEGATIVE QUESTION

You might also like