Lisa Nowak
Lisa Nowak
org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
Lisa Nowak
1 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
Board of Inquiry voted unanimously to reduce her in rank to Flight Medal (2)
commander and to discharge her from the Navy under other Space career
than honorable conditions after 25 years of service. As of 2017,
it was reported that she was working in the private sector in NASA astronaut
Texas. Previous Test naval flight
occupation officer
Early life and education Rank Commander, United
States Navy
Lisa Marie Caputo was born in Time in 12d 18h 36min
Washington, D.C., on May 10, 1963, to space
Alfredo F. Caputo, a computer
Selection 1996 NASA Group
consultant, and Jane L. Caputo, a
biological specialist.[1][2] Caputo and her Missions STS-121
two younger sisters, Andrea and Marisa, Mission
grew up in Rockville, Maryland.[3] In insignia
1969, she watched the Apollo 11 Moon
Caputo as an mission and became interested in the space program. While growing up, she
Annapolis followed the Space Shuttle program, particularly the introduction of female
midshipman astronauts in 1978,[4] and paid frequent visits to the National Air and Space
Museum.[5]
Caputo was educated at Luxmanor Elementary School,[3] Tilden Middle School, and Charles W.
Woodward High School in North Bethesda, Maryland. In the January of her junior year of high
school, she told her mother that she was going to become an astronaut.[5] She was a Girl Scout,[6]
and a member of the Société Honoraire de Français, which required students to maintain an A
average in French and a B average in all other subjects.[7] She competed on the math team and
served on her class student council. She played field hockey and competed in track and field
athletics. In 1981 she was named Student Athlete of the Year, a school award granted to the student
who excelled most in both sports and academics, and graduated as co-valedictorian.[8] In her final
year of high school, Caputo was accepted by Brown University, a private Ivy League university in
Providence, Rhode Island, and by the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. Her
parents thought Brown was the best choice, but Caputo felt that she had more chance of achieving
her goal of becoming an astronaut by going to the Naval Academy.[8]
Women were first admitted to Annapolis in 1976,[9] and by the time Caputo entered as a plebe in
1981, there were women in each of the four classes, but were only 6 percent of the student body.[10]
Female cadets were still harassed by some male classmates in 1981, and occasionally a male
professor would inform a class that he did not think women belonged there.[11] As a student, she
competed on the track team.[12] She graduated on May 22, 1985,[13] with a Bachelor of Science
degree in aeronautical engineering, and was commissioned as an ensign in the United States
Navy.[12]
Navy career
For her first assignment, Caputo chose a six-month secondment to the Johnson Space Center,
where she worked as an aerospace engineer at its branch at Ellington Air Force Base near Houston,
Texas. During this time, there were six Space Shuttle launches. "What impressed me", she later
said, "was the whole idea that everybody was so into what they were doing and excited that each of
2 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
Caputo's NFO training continued at the Electronic Warfare School at Corry Station in preparation
to fly electronic warfare aircraft. She then went to the Naval Air Station Lemoore, where she
qualified to operate the electronic systems on the LTV EA-7L Corsair II.[16] On April 6, 1988, she
married an Annapolis classmate, Richard T. Nowak, at the Naval Academy Chapel with Catholic
rites, and changed her last name to "Nowak".[17][18] Her next assignment was to Electronic Warfare
Aggressor Squadron 34 (VAQ-34) at Naval Air Station Point Mugu, California, where she flew on
both the Corsair II and the Douglas ERA-3B Skywarrior, supporting the U.S. Pacific Fleet on
reconnaissance mission exercises.[19][20] She qualified as a mission commander and electronic
warfare lead.[21]
In 1990, Nowak entered the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, where she
earned both a Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering and a degree in aeronautical
and astronautical engineering in September 1992,[19] writing a thesis on Computational
Investigations of a NACA 0012 Airfoil in Low Reynolds Number Flows.[22] She gave birth to a son
in February 1992.[20] After graduate school, she transferred to the restricted line as an Aerospace
Engineering Duty Officer. She was selected to attend the United States Naval Test Pilot School at
Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, after she applied six times.[23][24] She graduated in
June 1994, and then became an aircraft systems project officer at the Air Combat Environment
Test and Evaluation Facility and at Strike Aircraft Test Squadron at Patuxent River. As a naval
flying officer/flight test engineer, she participated in the development of the F/A-18 Hornet and
EA-6B Prowler. Her next assignment was to the Naval Air Systems Command, where she was
involved in the acquisition of new systems for naval aircraft.[19][23] During her career in the Navy,
Nowak logged over 1,500 hours of flight time in more than 30 different aircraft and was awarded
the Defense Meritorious Service Medal, the Navy Commendation Medal and the Navy Achievement
Medal.[19]
NASA career
Astronaut training
On June 15, 1995, NASA announced that it was selecting a new group of astronauts.[25] As a naval
officer, Nowak could not apply directly, like a civilian could, but had to submit her application to a
review board that would then approve it and forward it on to NASA, which it did.[26] NASA
3 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
Nowak and her family moved to Texas, where they built a house in Clear Lake City. Her husband,
another naval flight officer, left active duty in 1998 but continued to fly in the United States Naval
Reserve. He found a job as a space communications contractor with Barrios Technology, an
aerospace company, and worked at the Johnson Space Center as a flight controller at the mission
control center.[31]
In early 2001, Nowak became pregnant with twins.[32] At the Astronaut Office, Nowak specialized
in the operation of the Space Shuttle's robotic arm. She also served with the CAPCOM Branch, the
astronauts that worked with the mission control center as the primary communicators with the
spacecraft.[31] She performed this duty during the STS-100 mission in April 2001, when the crew of
the Space Shuttle Endeavour installed a robot arm in the International Space Station (ISS).[33] In
October 2001, she gave birth to twin daughters. Nowak and her husband alternated their work
schedules so one of them was always with the children. This arrangement lasted until Richard was
recalled to active duty in 2002 to participate in Operation Enduring Freedom, which effectively left
Nowak a single mother with three young children.[34]
On December 12, 2002, NASA announced the crew for STS-118, a mission scheduled for November
2003. Scott Kelly would be the mission commander, Hobaugh the pilot, and the mission specialists
would be Nowak, Scott Parazynski, Dafydd Williams, and Barbara Morgan.[35] The Space Shuttle
4 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
Columbia disaster on February 1, 2003, killed seven astronauts on the STS-107 mission, including
three from Nowak's 1996 astronaut class. It was NASA's practice to provide the families of
astronauts who had died with a personal casualty assistance officer, and Nowak performed this
duty for the family of her close friend Laurel Clark.[36] Clark's widower, Jonathon Clark, a former
NASA flight surgeon, recalled that:
She did everything. She went through everything: Navy paperwork, finances, bills, bank
accounts. She took care of [Clark's son] Iain during the months afterward. She saw what
it was like to lose one of her best friends and for Iain to lose a mother. And the thing is,
while Lisa was doing this, she was not at home with her kids. She has two very young
children and she is here twelve to fourteen hours a day under the most difficult
circumstances. I have to think it was hugely stressful.[37]
When Nowak and Oefelein returned to Houston they began an extramarital affair, which they
attempted to conceal.[39] As serving Navy officers, they could have been charged with conduct
unbecoming an officer and a gentleman, which includes adultery, under the Uniform Code of
Military Justice.[41][42] Oefelein's wife filed for divorce in February 2005 after discovering emails
between him and Nowak.[43] Their divorce was finalized in May 2005. Oefelein moved into a small
apartment, to which he gave Nowak a key. She left personal effects there, and she soon became a
familiar sight to other residents of the complex.[44]
Space flight
NASA announced in December 2003 that STS-121 would be commanded by Steven Lindsey, with
Mark Kelly as pilot and Michael Fossum and Carlos Noriega as mission specialists.[38] On
5 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
November 18, 2004, NASA announced that Nowak and her classmate
Stephanie Wilson would join the STS-121 crew as additional mission
specialists.[45] They were assigned the task of manipulating the robotic
arms of the Space Shuttle and the ISS.[46] The STS-121 mission was
originally scheduled for March or April 2005, but was soon postponed
to July owing to difficulty implementing all the changes required.
During the launch of Space Shuttle Discovery for STS-114 in July
2005, debris separated from the external tank, the very problem which
had caused the loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia, and STS-121 was
further postponed until a solution to the problem could be found.[47]
In February 2006, the mission was rescheduled for a launch window
between May 3 and 22,[48] but in March multiple problems forced a
further postponement until July.[49]
Nowak floats on the
A prelaunch reception was held for Nowak at the Kennedy Space
middeck of the Space
Center Visitor Complex, and she was joined by her parents, her
Shuttle Discovery.
husband Richard and three children, family members, and friends
from school, Annapolis and the Navy.[50] Among the personal effects
she packed for the flight was a small owl figurine of the mascot of Luxmanor Elementary School, a
koozie from Tilden Middle School, a banner from Charles W. Woodward High School, an
Annapolis Class of 1985 flag, and her grandmother's engagement ring.[51]
On July 1, 2006, the STS-121 crew ate the traditional prelaunch cake decorated with the mission's
insignia and boarded Discovery at Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B. Nowak was the
last crew member to enter the spacecraft,[52] taking her seat as the flight engineer on the flight
deck immediately behind Lindsey and Kelly.[53] At 15:42, the launch was scrubbed due to
thunderstorm activity in the area.[52] A second launch attempt the following day was also canceled
due to inclement weather.[54] STS-121 successfully launched on July 4 at 14:38.[55] It was the first
time a Space Shuttle launch had taken place on Independence Day.[56][57]
After she entered orbit, Nowak felt nauseated, a symptom of space adaptation syndrome. The first
day in space was devoted to inspecting the orbiter for possible damage, as the crew had noticed
debris falling off the external tank during liftoff. Nowak deployed the robotic arm to inspect the
wing tips, nose and underside of the spacecraft using digital and video cameras and laser scanning.
After six and a half hours of examination,[56][58][59] all that was found was a white splotch on the
nose cap. NASA engineers were initially concerned that this might be the result of a high-velocity
impact, but after closer examination they determined it to be bird droppings. Some discoloration
found on the leading edges was attributed to hydraulic fluid spills.[58]
After Discovery docked with the ISS, Wilson and Nowak used the robotic arm to unload the
Italian-built Leonardo Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM). The 3,400 kilograms (7,400 lb)
of equipment and supplies it contained included the Minus Eighty Lab Freezer for use in scientific
experiments and a 640-kilogram (1,400 lb) Oxygen Generation System to allow the ISS to support
up to six crew members.[58] Nowak carried out her assigned tasks, but other crew members noted a
reluctance to assist with tasks that were not assigned to her and for which she had not trained.[60]
While Discovery was docked with the ISS, the STS-121 crew conducted three spacewalks. The
women were not considered for this activity; when NASA trimmed the space suit budget in the
1990s, small sizes were omitted. Women astronauts were assigned to other tasks like operating the
robotic arms.[61] From the Destiny laboratory on the ISS, Nowak operated the robotic arm whose
6 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
Homecoming
7 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
Shipman said that after arriving, she became aware of someone following her to an airport satellite
parking area. When she got into her car, she heard running footsteps and quickly locked the door.
Nowak slapped the window and tried to open the car door, asked for a ride, then started crying.
Shipman rolled down the window a couple of inches after which Nowak sprayed the pepper spray
into the car. Shipman drove off to the parking lot booth where she called the police. Several
Orlando Police Department Airport Division officers arrived minutes later with the first officer
observing Nowak throwing a bag into the trash at a parking shuttle bus stop. Nowak was
subsequently arrested at Orlando International Airport on charges of attempted kidnapping,
battery, attempted vehicle burglary with battery, and destruction of evidence.[76][77][82][83]
In a handwritten request for a restraining order against Nowak after her arrest, Shipman referred
to Nowak as an acquaintance of her boyfriend, but did not identify Oefelein. She claimed that
Nowak had been stalking her for two months.[84] Nowak told investigators she was involved in a
relationship with Oefelein, which she described as being "more than a working relationship but less
than a romantic relationship".[85] Citing evidence of elaborate planning, disguises and weapons,
police recommended she be held without bail.[85][86][87]
Arraignment
Two fellow astronauts flew to Florida in T-38 jets for Nowak's arraignment:[88] Captain
Christopher Ferguson, the senior active duty Naval Officer in the NASA Astronaut Corps at the
time, went as Nowak's commanding officer, and Lindsey, the commander of Nowak's shuttle
8 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
mission, went as Chief of the Astronaut Office, the senior astronaut at NASA.[89][90] On February
6, 2007, both appeared before a judge on her behalf. The state's assistant attorney, Amanda
Cowan, argued that the facts indicated a well-thought-out plan to kidnap and perhaps to injure
Shipman.[76] In arguing for pre-trial release, Nowak's attorney remarked, "One's good works must
count for something."[76] Nowak was ordered released on $15,500 bail under the condition she
wear a GPS tracking device and not contact Shipman, but before Nowak could be released, Orlando
police charged Nowak with attempted first-degree murder and announced she would not be
released on bail. Her lawyer alleged that police and prosecutors, unhappy that Nowak had been
granted bail, pressed more serious charges solely to keep her in jail.[90][91] In the second
arraignment Nowak was charged with attempted first-degree murder with a deadly weapon, for
which the judge raised bail by $10,000. After posting bail, Nowak was released from jail.[86]
Shipman dropped her request for a protection order on February 15.[92]
Reactions
On February 6, 2007, Nowak was placed on 30-day leave by NASA.[93] She returned to Houston on
a commercial airline flight on February 8,[94] and upon arrival was reportedly taken immediately
under police escort to the Johnson Space Center for medical and psychiatric evaluation. Nowak's
assignment to NASA as a serving Navy officer was terminated by the space agency on March 7,
2007.[95][96][97] There was widespread public reaction to her arrest, concerns being expressed
about NASA's astronaut selection and screening processes.[98][99] Some commentators opined that
NASA's presentation of astronauts as heroes was part of the problem.[100][101]
In response to concerns over Nowak's mental health, NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin
commissioned the NASA Astronaut Health Care System Review Committee, an independent panel,
to examine how well NASA attended to the mental health of its astronauts.[102] Patricia Santy, a
former NASA flight surgeon and the author of the book Choosing the Right Stuff: Psychological
Selection of Astronauts and Cosmonauts, described a culture among the Astronaut Corps to avoid
discussing physical and psychological issues with medical personnel, due to the perception that any
issues could jeopardize one's career and flight status.[103] Policies at NASA were changed in a
variety of ways: flight surgeons would receive further training in psychiatric evaluation,[104] and a
new "Astronaut Code of Professional Responsibility" was issued.[105][106] Behavioral health
evaluations would be included in the astronauts' annual flight physicals.[104]
Evidence
On April 10, 2007, Florida prosecutors released more material in the case. The previous week, the
trial judge had agreed to unseal some of the documents that described items found in Nowak's car
after her arrest. Among these items were a handwritten note on USS Nimitz stationery listing
Shipman's flight information and one on "Flight Controller's Log" paper listing more than 24
items, including sneakers, plastic gloves, contacts, cash, an umbrella, and black sweats.[107] A
floppy disk contained two photographs of Nowak riding in a bicycle race, and 15 images depicting
an unidentified woman in different stages of undress. An evidence report dated March 15 indicated
that nearly all of the photographs and drawings depicted scenes of bondage. Also found were
$585.00 and £41.00 (GBP) in cash and four brown paper bags with 69 orange pills that were not
publicly identified. Investigators also examined two USB flash drives found in the car. They
contained family pictures, digital movies, and NASA-related materials. Investigators concluded
9 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
that the information on the disk and USB drives did not have any direct relationship to the alleged
kidnapping attempt.[108]
Oefelein had provided Nowak with a cell phone to communicate with him. Phone records show
that she called him at least twelve times, and sent seven text messages the day after he returned
from his Space Shuttle flight on December 22, 2006, that he did not retrieve until December 24,
when they had a seven-minute conversation. During December and January, over one hundred
calls were made, although it is unclear who called whom. Under questioning by NASA and military
investigators, Oefelein reportedly stated that he had broken off the relationship with Nowak. He
did, however, have lunch with her in his apartment at least once in January, they continued to train
together for the bicycle race, and they went to the gym together.[109][110]
On May 11, 2007, authorities released a surveillance video from the Orlando International Airport
terminal showing Nowak waiting for nearly an hour, standing near the baggage claim, then
donning a trench coat and following Shipman after she retrieved her bags.[111]
Developments
On February 6, 2007, Nowak pleaded not guilty to the charges of attempted murder and attempted
kidnapping. On March 2, Florida prosecutors filed three formal charges against Nowak: (1)
attempted kidnapping with intent to inflict bodily harm or terrorize, (2) burglary of a conveyance
with a weapon, and (3) battery. The prosecutors declined to file the attempted murder charge that
had been recommended by Orlando police. She was ordered to wear an electronic monitoring ankle
bracelet as a condition of her release.[112][113] A pre-trial hearing was held on July 17, 2007, and
further hearings were to be held on September 19, to argue defense motions to suppress some of
the evidence obtained on the day of her arrest.[109][114][115] On August 12, 2007, Nowak asked to
have her GPS ankle bracelet removed,[116] to which the judge agreed on August 30.[117] On August
28, the trial judge unsealed a court document indicating that Nowak intended to pursue an insanity
defense. According to documents submitted by her lawyer, Nowak was evaluated by two
psychiatrists who diagnosed her with obsessive–compulsive personality disorder, Asperger
syndrome, a single episode of major depressive disorder and a "brief psychotic disorder with
marked stressors" at the time of the incident.[118][119][120]
The trial judge suppressed Nowak's initial (pre-Miranda) statements to police, as well as all
evidence found in her vehicle, on November 2, 2007, citing police misconduct in their initial search
and questioning.[121] The prosecution appealed that ruling on November 8. A hearing on that
appeal occurred on October 21, 2008.[122][123] On December 5, 2008, the Florida Fifth District
Court of Appeal held that her statements were taken in violation of her Miranda rights, but that
the search of her car was still valid under the inevitable discovery exception to the search warrant
requirement because the police would have inevitably found the evidence in the normal course of
the investigation, even without her illegally obtained statements. The case was sent back for trial. A
pre-trial status hearing was scheduled for June 22, 2009. On April 1, 2009, the judge ordered
Nowak to undergo two psychiatric evaluations before June 12, 2009.[124][125][126]
On May 15, 2009, it was reported that Nowak would not claim insanity if her case ever went to
trial. Nowak's attorney withdrew a previous motion filed in 2007, which would have left open the
opportunity to use an insanity defense in the case.[127] On October 7, 2009, a judge in Orlando
ruled in favor of allowing Nowak's attorneys to take a second deposition from Shipman to inquire
whether Nowak actually pepper-sprayed Shipman. A medical report by paramedics raised some
10 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
questions according to Nowak's attorneys as to the factual basis for it. If it was found not to have
occurred, Nowak's attorneys wanted the criminal charges related to the assault and battery to be
dropped before trial began. The trial was scheduled for December 7, 2009. On November 10, 2009,
Nowak entered a guilty plea to felony burglary and misdemeanor battery as part of a plea deal. She
was sentenced to a year's probation and the two days already served in jail, with no additional jail
time.[76][128][129][130] In March 2011, Nowak petitioned the court to seal the record of her criminal
proceedings, citing harm to her family and their livelihood.[131] The motion was granted.[132]
After NASA
After the incident in Orlando, the Navy insisted on Nowak and
Oefelein being returned to the Navy from NASA because they
had violated the Navy's rules prohibiting adultery.[133] Naval
officials waited for Nowak's kidnapping case to be resolved
before taking further action against her.[134] She remained on
active duty with the Navy and was subsequently ordered to
work on the staff of the Chief of Naval Air Training (CNATRA)
at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas. There, she was
involved in the development of flight training curricula for
broad use throughout the Navy.[135] Nowak received the NASA Nowak (standing, far right) with 21
Space Flight Medal on August 22, 2006, and on June 5, other women astronauts and the
2007.[136][137][138] Nowak and her husband Richard divorced in first female Director of the Johnson
June 2008, and she was given full custody of their three Space Center (2012)
children.[127][139]
A Naval Board of Inquiry consisting of Rear Admirals Mark S. Boensel, Eleanor V. Valentin and
Timothy S. Matthews voted on August 19, 2010, to recommend Nowak be separated from the Navy
with an other than honorable discharge and reduction in rank from captain to commander. The
panel's recommendation had to be reviewed by the Naval Personnel Command, and ultimately it
would be determined by the Secretary of the Navy.[140][141][142][143] On July 28, 2011, Assistant
Secretary of Navy Juan M. Garcia III confirmed the panel's sentence.[144] Nowak's conduct, Garcia
said in a statement, "fell well short" of what is expected of Navy officers and "demonstrated a
complete disregard for the well-being of a fellow service member".[145] She retired from the Navy
with an other than honorable discharge and the rank of commander on September 1, 2011.[139][145]
Astronaut Michael Coats, the director of the Johnson Space Center from 2005 to 2012,[146] recalled
that Nowak struggled after leaving the Navy, as the notoriety of her case kept potential employers
from hiring her.[133] In 2017, People magazine reported that Nowak was living quietly in Texas,
where she was working in the private sector. Her attorney stated: "She's doing well."[147]
In popular culture
Many found Nowak's story fascinating, and it has been adapted for television, a film, and a 2007
episode of Law & Order: Criminal Intent that was inspired by Nowak's story and featured a love
triangle among astronauts.[148] A 2008 Molly Lewis song, "Road Trip", recounts the details of early
news reports about Nowak's trip from Houston to Orlando.[149] The 2017 Austra music video for "I
Love You More Than You Love Yourself" references the actions leading up to Nowak's final arrest,
with bandleader Katie Stelmanis playing the role of Lisa Nowak.[150] Nowak was also the subject of
11 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
a play, Starcrosser's Cut, which opened in Los Angeles in June 2013.[151] In 2019, the film Lucy in
the Sky (starring Natalie Portman) was produced, loosely based on Nowak's story.[152]
Notes
1. Moore 2020, p. 11.
2. Campion, Ed; Herring, Kyle (May 1, 1996). "NASA Selects Astronaut Class of 1996" (https://ww
w.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/1996/96-84.txt) (Press release). NASA. 96-84. Retrieved
September 6, 2020.
3. Fanning 2007, pp. 25–27.
4. "Preflight Interview: Lisa Nowak" (https://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/preparingtravel/sts121_int
erview_nowak.html). NASA. August 11, 2005. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210610
022904/https://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/preparingtravel/sts121_interview_nowak.html) from
the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
5. Fanning 2007, pp. 29–30.
6. Astronaut Fact Book (https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/740566main_current.pdf)
(PDF). NASA. January 2005. p. 9-1. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180711002100/ht
tps://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/740566main_current.pdf) (PDF) from the original on
July 11, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
7. "Constitution" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070713235346/http://www.frenchteachers.org/hq/
shf/SHF%20Constitution.pdf) (PDF). Société Honoraire de Français of the American
Association of Teachers of French. Archived from the original (http://www.frenchteachers.org/h
q/shf/SHF%20Constitution.pdf) (PDF) on July 13, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2006.
8. Fanning 2007, pp. 32–33.
9. Fiegl, Amanda (July 2009). "Up in Arms Over a Co-Ed Plebe Summer" (https://www.smithsonia
nmag.com/history/up-in-arms-over-a-co-ed-plebe-summer-30290895/). Smithsonian Magazine.
Retrieved September 4, 2020.
10. Fanning 2007, p. 40.
11. Foster 2011, pp. 39–40, 46.
12. "Lisa Nowak :: Notable Graduates" (https://www.usna.edu/Notables/astronauts/1985nowak.ph
p). US Naval Academy. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201109110425/https://www.us
na.edu/Notables/astronauts/1985nowak.php) from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved
September 3, 2020.
13. Fanning 2007, pp. 50–51.
14. Fanning 2007, pp. 52–53.
15. Fanning 2007, p. 54.
16. Fanning 2007, pp. 61–63.
17. Fanning 2007, pp. 64–66.
18. O'Hare, Peggy; Langford, Terri (February 6, 2007). "Nowak recalled as being driven, generous"
(https://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/Nowak-recalled-as-being-driven-generous-15
36464.php). Houston Chronicle. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210130153758/http
s://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/Nowak-recalled-as-being-driven-generous-15364
64.php) from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
12 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
13 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
14 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
61. Koren, Marina (March 27, 2019). "The Original Sin of NASA Space Suits: They were never
designed to fit everyone perfectly" (https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/03/nasa-s
pacesuit-women-spacewalk/585805/). The Atlantic. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
62. Fanning 2007, pp. 154–155.
63. Currie & Peacock 2002, pp. 26–30.
64. Fanning 2007, pp. 159–161.
65. Fanning 2007, pp. 174–175.
66. Fanning 2007, pp. 176–181.
67. "Statement From the Family of Lisa Nowak" (https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=285
4804). ABC News. February 8, 2007. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160618161340/
http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=2854804) from the original on June 18, 2016.
Retrieved February 6, 2007.
68. Kluger, Jeffrey (February 8, 2007). "Houston, She's Got Some Problems" (http://content.time.co
m/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1587281,00.html). Time. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
69. Sunseri, Gina (May 3, 2007). "Before Alleged Assault, Ex-Astronaut Nowak Was on the Outs at
NASA" (https://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=3112215&page=1). ABC News. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20200927105601/https://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=3112215
&page=1) from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
70. Fanning 2007, pp. 194–195.
71. Fanning 2007, p. 210.
72. Trinidad, Katherine; Cloutier-Lemasters, Nicole (January 29, 2007). "NASA Assigns Crew for
Japanese Lab and Canadian Robotics Mission" (https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/jan/
HQ_0716_STS123_Crew.html) (Press release). NASA. 08-16. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
73. Lundy, Sarah (May 2, 2007). "Former astronaut Lisa Nowak's attitude cost her mission" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20070929105244/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/local/florida/orl-mno
wak0207may02%2C0%2C2172150.story?coll=sfla-news-florida). Orlando Sun-Sentinel.
Archived from the original (http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/local/florida/orl-mnowak0207may
02,0,2172150.story?coll=sfla-news-florida) on September 29, 2007. Retrieved May 15, 2007.
74. Fanning 2007, p. 183.
75. "Astronaut held in jail for attempted murder" (https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11116-astr
onaut-held-in-jail-for-attempted-murder/). New Scientist. February 6, 2007. Retrieved April 25,
2021.
76. Newman, Maria; Hauser, Christine (February 6, 2007). "Astronaut Charged with Attempted
Murder" (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/06/us/06cnd-astronaut.html). The New York Times.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080308181155/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/06/us
/06cnd-astronaut.html) from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2007.
77. "Astronaut Nabbed in Bizarre Kidnap Plot" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080419000338/htt
p://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/06/national/main2438514.shtml). CBS News. February
6, 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/06/national/main2
438514.shtml) on April 19, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
78. Moore 2020, pp. 1–2.
79. Reed, Travis (September 19, 2007). "Former astronaut wants evidence thrown out" (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20071026011659/http://apnews.myway.com/article/20070919/D8ROJMJ00.h
tml). AP News. Associated Press. Archived from the original (http://apnews.myway.com/article/
20070919/D8ROJMJ00.html) on October 26, 2007. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
15 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
80. Schneider, Mike (June 29, 2007). "Lawyer: Ex-astronaut didn't wear diaper" (http://www.nbcne
ws.com/id/19508417). NBC. Associated Press. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2014120
6230159/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19508417) from the original on December 6, 2014.
Retrieved September 20, 2007.
81. Fanning 2007, pp. 211–213.
82. Orlando Police Department (February 6, 2007). "Second charging affidavit, Orlando Police" (htt
ps://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070206151713/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/space/or
l-pdf-nowakaffidavit,0,1599643.acrobat?coll=orl-home-headlines). Orlando Sentinel/Orlando
Police. Archived from the original (http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/space/orl-pdf-nowakaf
fidavit,0,1599643.acrobat?coll=orl-home-headlines) (PDF) on February 6, 2007. Retrieved
June 24, 2009.
83. Orlando Police Department (March 12, 2007). "Orlando Police Department forensic
examination report" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070615222101/http://www.khou.com/image
s/0704/nowak1.pdf) (PDF). Orlando Police/KHOU.com. Archived from the original (http://www.k
hou.com/images/0704/nowak1.pdf) (PDF) on June 15, 2007. Retrieved April 15, 2007.
84. "Astronaut's love: mission out of control" (https://www.smh.com.au/world/astronauts-love-missi
on-out-of-control-20070208-gdpfig.html). The Sydney Morning Herald. Associated Press.
February 8, 2007. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210519111002/https://www.smh.co
m.au/world/astronauts-love-mission-out-of-control-20070208-gdpfig.html) from the original on
May 19, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
85. "Astronaut granted bond on attempted murder charge" (http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/02/06/ast
ronaut.arrested/index.html). CNN. February 7, 2007. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202
01114194709/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/02/06/astronaut.arrested/index.html) from the
original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
86. Watson, Traci (February 7, 2007). "Astronaut posts bail after being charged with attempted
first-degree murder" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080414080656/http://www.usatoday.com/n
ews/nation/2007-02-05-astronaut-arrested_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA). USA Today. Archived from
the original (https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-02-05-astronaut-arrested_x.htm?PO
E=NEWISVA) on April 14, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2007.
87. Orlando Police (February 5, 2007). "Orlando Police Department charging affidavit" (http://www.
floridatoday.com/assets/pdf/A96043925.pdf) (PDF). Florida Today. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20070207234552/http://www.floridatoday.com/assets/pdf/A96043925.pdf) (PDF)
from the original on February 7, 2007. Retrieved February 6, 2007.
88. Curtis, Henry Pierson (February 7, 2007). "Astronaut's victim claims she was stalked" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20071031030225/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/orl-mastmain0707feb07,
0,4924087.story). Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original (http://www.orlandosentinel.com/
orl-mastmain0707feb07,0,4924087.story) on October 31, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2007.
89. Fanning 2007, pp. 12–13.
90. Curtis, Henry Pierson (February 6, 2007). "Space shuttle astronaut arrested at OIA on
attempted kidnapping, battery charges" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070208053338/http://w
ww.orlandosentinel.com/news/space/orl-bk-nasaastronaut0507feb05,0,6104316.story?coll=orl-
home-headlines). Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original (http://www.orlandosentinel.com/
news/space/orl-bk-nasaastronaut0507feb05,0,6104316.story?coll=orl-home-headlines) on
February 8, 2007. Retrieved February 6, 2007.
16 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
91. "NASA Astronaut Lisa Nowak Charged With Attempted Kidnapping, Released on Bail" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20070208022536/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C25041
5%2C00.html). Fox News. Associated Press. February 6, 2007. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,250415,00.html) on February 8, 2007. Retrieved
February 6, 2007.
92. "Petition Against Nowak Is Dropped" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200930080223/http://gm5-
lkweb.newscyclecloud.com/news/20070218/petition-against-nowak-is-dropped). USA Today.
Associated Press. February 18, 2007. Archived from the original (http://gm5-lkweb.newscyclecl
oud.com/news/20070218/petition-against-nowak-is-dropped) on September 30, 2020.
Retrieved September 30, 2020.
93. Mould, David; Beutel, Allard; Hawley, Eileen; Rostohar, James (November 25, 2007).
"Statement Regarding the Status of Lisa Nowak" (https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/fe
b/HQ_0723_nowak_statement.html) (Press release). NASA. 07-23. Retrieved February 4,
2021.
94. Fanning 2007, p. 232.
95. Mould, David; Jacobs, Bob; Hawley, Eileen; Rostohar, James (March 7, 2007). "Statement
Regarding the Status of Lisa Nowak" (http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/mar/HQ_07026
_Nowak_Status.html) (Press release). NASA. 07-26. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
96. "NASA fires astronaut Lisa Nowak" (http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17502655). NBC News. 2007.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150627080710/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17502655
/) from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
97. Stone, Andrea (March 7, 2007). "In Houston, concern for Nowak—and little affection for
reporters" (https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-02-07-astronaut-houston_x.htm). USA
Today. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070323011827/http://www.usatoday.com/news/
nation/2007-02-07-astronaut-houston_x.htm) from the original on March 23, 2007. Retrieved
March 9, 2007.
98. "NASA chief: We didn't recognize Nowak was troubled" (http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/space
/03/01/griffin.nowak/index.html). CNN. March 2, 2007. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
070304073530/http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/space/03/01/griffin.nowak/index.html) from the
original on March 4, 2007. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
99. "Terms of endearment buried in e-mails" (http://www.nbcnews.com/id/22261045). NBC News.
2007. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160112061353/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/222
61045/) from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
100. Borenstein, Seth (February 9, 2007). "Astronaut Culture Stresses Achievement" (http://www.nb
cnews.com/id/17053852/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/astronaut-culture-stresses-achiev
ement/). NBC News. Associated Press. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023091404023
5/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna17053852) from the original on September 14, 2023.
Retrieved September 8, 2020.
101. "NASA Astronaut Lisa Nowak Charged With Attempted Murder in Bizarre Love Triangle" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20080115090439/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,250415,00.ht
ml). Fox News. February 7, 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2
933,250415,00.html) on January 15, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
102. Watson, Traci (July 27, 2007). "Report uncovers allegations of astronauts drunk on flights" (http
s://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2007-07-26-astronauts-drinking_n.htm). USA Today.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080222095743/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science
/space/2007-07-26-astronauts-drinking_n.htm) from the original on February 22, 2008.
Retrieved August 29, 2007.
17 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
103. Hylton, Hilary (February 8, 2007). "Why Astronauts Don't Like Shrinks" (http://content.time.com/
time/health/article/0,8599,1587495,00.html). Time. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
104. "NASA Astronaut Health Care System Review Committee February – June, 2007 Report to the
Administrator" (http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=24868). SpaceRef. July 2,
2007. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
105. "NASA Unveils New Astronaut Code Of Conduct – Includes Sections On Personal Behavior,
Relationships" (http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c65cc512-2c7c-4ce
b-afc3-90f825f0a5fe). Aero News Network. October 23, 2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org
/web/20210519110219/http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c65cc512-2c
7c-4ceb-afc3-90f825f0a5fe) from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
106. "Astronaut Code of Professional Responsibility" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161222210318/
http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios//AstronautCodeEarthFINAL.pdf) (PDF). NASA. Archived from the
original (http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios//AstronautCodeEarthFINAL.pdf) (PDF) on December 22,
2016.
107. "Judge releases new details in ex-Astronaut's Arrest" (https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2007/04/
11/judge-releases-new-details-in-ex-astronauts-arrest/). Orlando Sentinel. April 11, 2007.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210519111320/https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2007/0
4/11/judge-releases-new-details-in-ex-astronauts-arrest/) from the original on May 19, 2021.
Retrieved March 24, 2021 – via East Bay Times.
108. "Bondage photos found in astronaut's car" (https://www.smh.com.au/world/bondage-photos-fou
nd-in-astronauts-car-20070411-gdpvxo.html). The Sydney Morning Herald. April 11, 2007.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210519111108/https://www.smh.com.au/world/bondag
e-photos-found-in-astronauts-car-20070411-gdpvxo.html) from the original on May 19, 2021.
Retrieved March 24, 2021.
109. Sunseri, Gina (May 11, 2007). "Ex-astronaut Lisa Nowak's lawyer considers insanity plea" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20070525235107/http://abclocal.go.com/ktrk/story?section=local&id=5
296676). ABC13. Archived from the original (http://abclocal.go.com/ktrk/story?section=local&id
=5296676) on May 25, 2007. Retrieved May 15, 2007.
110. Moore, Kimberly C. (April 11, 2007). "More Evidence Released in Nowak Case" (http://www.sp
ace.com/news/ap_070502_nowak_documents.html). Space.com. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20230914040737/https://www.space.com/3684-evidence-released-nowak-case.html)
from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
111. "Ex-astronaut Lisa Nowak's lawyer considers insanity plea" (https://archive.today/20130124081
107/http://abclocal.go.com/ktrk/story?section=local&id=5297758). ABC Local. Associated
Press. May 11, 2007. Archived from the original (http://abclocal.go.com/ktrk/story?section=local
&id=5297758) on January 24, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2007.
112. Cobb, Kim; Carreau, Mark (2007). "Astronaut won't face attempted murder" (http://www.chron.c
om/disp/story.mpl/chronicle/4598826.html). Houston Chronicle. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20081203002225/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/chronicle/4598826.html) from the
original on December 3, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
113. Moore, Kimberly C. (February 18, 2007). "Judge Sets Nowak's Trial Date" (https://web.archive.
org/web/20070315032420/http://www.floridatoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F2007021
7%2FNEWS02%2F702170336%2F1007). Florida Today. Archived from the original (http://ww
w.floridatoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070217/NEWS02/702170336/1007) on March
15, 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
18 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
114. Schweers, Jeff (March 2, 2007). "Hearing in Lisa Nowak case delayed" (https://web.archive.org
/web/20070930030747/http://www.floridatoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070409%
2FBREAKINGNEWS%2F70409009%2F1007). Florida Today. Archived from the original (http://
www.floridatoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070409/BREAKINGNEWS/70409009/100
7) on September 30, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
115. "Ex-astronaut pleads not guilty to attempted kidnap" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-ast
ronaut/ex-astronaut-pleads-not-guilty-to-attempted-kidnap-idUSN2235544320070323).
Reuters. March 23, 2007. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180617090151/https://www.
reuters.com/article/us-usa-astronaut/ex-astronaut-pleads-not-guilty-to-attempted-kidnap-idUSN
2235544320070323) from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
116. Reed, Travis (September 8, 2007). "Former astronaut Nowak wants ankle monitor removed;
Alleged victim says shes still afraid" (https://www.statesboroherald.com/nation/former-astronaut
-nowak-wants-ankle-monitor-removed-alleged-victim-says-shes-still-afraid/). Statesboro
Herald. Archived (https://archive.ph/20210304075219/https://www.statesboroherald.com/nation
/former-astronaut-nowak-wants-ankle-monitor-removed-alleged-victim-says-shes-still-afraid/)
from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
117. Liston, Barbara (August 30, 2007). "Ex-astronaut Nowak allowed to shed ankle bracelet" (http
s://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN3027875220070830). Reuters. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20070903000537/https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUS
N3027875220070830) from the original on September 3, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
118. Green, Amy; Carreau, Mark; Turner, Allan (August 28, 2007). "Nowak insanity defense raises
issues for NASA" (http://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/Nowak-insanity-defense-rais
es-issues-for-NASA-1823124.php). Houston Chronicle. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0200818035349/https://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/Nowak-insanity-defense-rais
es-issues-for-NASA-1823124.php) from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved
September 29, 2020.
119. Moore, Kimberly C. (May 15, 2009). "Ex-astronaut Nowak jettisons insanity defense" (http://arc
hive.tcpalm.com/news/ex-astronaut-nowak-jettisons-insanity-defense-ep-399131058-34743836
1.html/). TCPalm. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181205232906/http://archive.tcpal
m.com/news/ex-astronaut-nowak-jettisons-insanity-defense-ep-399131058-347438361.html/)
from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
120. Kalb, Claudia (November 11, 2009). "Lisa Nowak: What happened to the girl I knew?" (http://w
ww.newsweek.com/lisa-nowak-what-happened-girl-i-knew-76713). Newsweek. Retrieved
June 24, 2017.
121. "Judge: Evidence From Nowak's Car Not Allowed In Court" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080
105203944/http://www.wesh.com/news/14498841/detail.html). WESH Channel 2 NBC.
November 8, 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.wesh.com/news/14498841/detail.htm
l) on January 5, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
122. Lundy, Sarah (September 10, 2008). "Appeal hearing set in astronaut case" (https://archive.tod
ay/20110810201027/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/orl-lisa-nowak-hearing-090908,0,200617
9.story). Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original (http://www.orlandosentinel.com/orl-lisa-n
owak-hearing-090908,0,2006179.story) on August 10, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
123. Lundy, Sarah (October 21, 2008). "Court hears arguments in Lisa Nowak case" (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20081024094120/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/space/orl-lisa-nowak-102
108,0,4558714.story). Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original (http://www.orlandosentinel.
com/news/space/orl-lisa-nowak-102108,0,4558714.story) on October 24, 2008. Retrieved
October 21, 2008.
124. Moore 2020, pp. 266–267.
19 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
20 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
135. Doukopil, Tony (July 10, 2007). "Lisa Nowak's Strange Spacewalk" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20070713230924/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19695788/site/newsweek/). Newsweek.
Archived from the original (https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19695788/site/newsweek/) on July
13, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2007.
136. "Historical Recipient List" (https://searchpub.nssc.nasa.gov/servlet/sm.web.Fetch/Agency_Awa
rds_Historical_Recipient_List.pdf?rhid=1000&did=2120817&type=released) (PDF). NASA.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161202083252/https://searchpub.nssc.nasa.gov/servl
et/sm.web.Fetch/Agency_Awards_Historical_Recipient_List.pdf?rhid=1000&did=2120817&type
=released) (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
137. NASA Johnson Space Center (May 30, 2007). "2007 NASA Honor Awards Ceremony at JSC"
(http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=22730) (Press release). SpaceRef. Retrieved
November 10, 2009.
138. "Nowak-Obelein emails" (https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/nowak_oefelein_email5.p
df) (PDF). NASA. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170217145806/https://www.nasa.go
v/sites/default/files/files/nowak_oefelein_email5.pdf) (PDF) from the original on February 17,
2017. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
139. Moore 2020, p. 263.
140. Moore 2020, p. 251.
141. Black, Caroline (August 20, 2010). "Ex-Astronaut Lisa Nowak May be Dishonorably Discharged
from Navy" (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ex-astronaut-lisa-nowak-may-be-dishonorably-dis
charged-from-navy/). CBS News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160112061354/http
s://www.cbsnews.com/news/ex-astronaut-lisa-nowak-may-be-dishonorably-discharged-from-na
vy/) from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
142. "Navy OKs ex-astronaut Nowak's retirement" (https://archive.today/20120905192118/http://ww
w.navytimes.com/news/2011/07/navy-nowak-astronaut-punishment-072811w/). Military Times.
July 28, 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.navytimes.com/news/2011/07/navy-nowak
-astronaut-punishment-072811w/) on September 5, 2012.
143. "Navy to discharge ex-astronaut in stalking case" (http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/08/ga
n-nowak-discharged-082010/). Navy Times. August 20, 2010. Archived (https://archive.today/2
0130104085021/http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/08/gan-nowak-discharged-082010/)
from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
144. "Ex-astronaut Nowak dropped from the Navy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111008212222/ht
tp://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/07/28/national/main20085167.shtml). CBS News.
Associated Press. July 28, 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2
011/07/28/national/main20085167.shtml) on October 8, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
145. "Ex-astronaut Nowak dropped from the Navy" (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ex-astronaut-no
wak-dropped-from-the-navy/). CBS News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140819230
655/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ex-astronaut-nowak-dropped-from-the-navy/) from the
original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
146. Rostohar, James; Cabbage, Michael (November 16, 2012). "Ochoa Named Johnson Space
Center Director; Coats To Retire" (https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/2012/J
12-020.html). Release J12-020 (Press release). NASA. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
147. Helling, Steve (October 24, 2017). "Astronaut Love Triangle: Lisa Nowak's Life Today" (https://p
eople.com/crime/astronaut-love-triangle-lisa-nowak-life-10-years-later/). People. Retrieved
September 5, 2020.
21 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
References
▪ Currie, Nancy J.; Peacock, Brian (September 2002). "International Space Station Robotic
Systems Operations – A Human Factors Perspective" (https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/p
df/486042main_ISSRoboticsHumanFactorsPerspective.pdf) (PDF). Proceedings of the Human
Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. NASA. 46 (1): 26–30.
doi:10.1177/154193120204600106 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F154193120204600106).
ISSN 1071-1813 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1071-1813). S2CID 109493800 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:109493800). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202111060008
44/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/486042main_ISSRoboticsHumanFactorsPerspec
tive.pdf) (PDF) from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
▪ Fanning, Diane (2007). Out There: The In-Depth Story of the Astronaut Love Triangle Case
that Shocked America. New York: St. Martin's Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-312-94930-3.
OCLC 179690159 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/179690159).
▪ Foster, Amy E. (2011). Integrating Women into the Astronaut Corps: Politics and Logistics at
NASA, 1972–2004. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0195-9.
OCLC 775730984 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/775730984).
▪ Hillman, Elizabeth L. (2008). "Gentlemen under Fire: The U.S. Military and Conduct
Unbecoming" (http://scholarship.law.umn.edu/lawineq/vol26/iss1/1). Law and Inequality. 26 (1):
1–59. ISSN 0737-089X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0737-089X). Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20200814002749/https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/lawineq/vol26/iss1/1/) from the
original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
22 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35
Lisa Nowak - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
▪ Moore, Kimberly C. (2020). Star Crossed: The Story of Astronaut Lisa Nowak. Gainesville:
University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-6654-7. OCLC 1196086096 (https://www.worldca
t.org/oclc/1196086096).
External links
▪ Lisa Nowak Inflight Video Interview – Spaceflight Experience (https://web.archive.org/web/2007
0209064514/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/video/shuttle/sts-121/net56/sts-121_fdh08_02_
56.asf) NASA (Windows Media Player)
▪ Lisa Nowak Inflight Video Interview – Eating and Family Contact (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0070209114443/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/video/shuttle/sts-121/net56/sts121_fd10_2_
56.asf) NASA (Windows Media Player)
▪ Lisa Nowak Inflight Audio – Wake Up Call on Flight Day 4 with Her Response (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20070101155209/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/audio/shuttle/sts-121/wave/fd0
4.wav) NASA (Wav)
▪ NASA Biography (https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nowak_lisa.pdf) March
2007
▪ Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/person/?1020481) on C-SPAN
23 of 23 14/09/2023 13:35