WORK SHEET

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

1. Explain “dynamic equilibrium” with an example.

2. List the differences and similarities between physical and chemical equilibrium.
3. What is entropy and state the SI unit. What criteria is required for a process to be
spontaneous in:
an isolated system ______________________________________________
a closed system ________________________________________________

4. What does the symbol G (ΔG) stand for? State the equation for ΔG.
5. What does the computed value for ΔrG (at constant T) say about the spontaneity of the
given processes? (For simplicity’s sake, the subscript “r” for reactions will be omitted henceforth)
CO(g) + H2(g)  C(s) + H2O(g) at 600 K ΔG600 = -52 kJ/mol __________________
H2O(l)  H2O(g) (boiling of water) at 298 K ΔG298 = 8,6 kJ/mol __________________
2CO(g) + 2H2(g)  CH3COOH(g) at 300 K ΔG300 = -110 kJ/mol _________________
6. How can you understand whether the system is at equilibrium or not?
List all factors that can stress the equilibrium.
7. Define the term “equilibrium constant in terms of concentration”.
Which factors affect the equilibrium constant?
8. Can the pressure be used to shift the position of equilibrium in every reversible
reaction? Explain your answer.
9. Write the equilibrium constant expressions (in terms of concentrations), Kc for the
equilibrium given below. Give the unit for Kc for the equilibrium shown below (express the
equilibrium concentrations in mol/dm3 or mol/L).
a) 4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) ⇌ 2N2(g) + 6H2O(g) b) C(s) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + H2(g)
c) NH4Cl(s) ⇌ NH3(g) + HCl(g) d) FeO(s) + CO(g) ⇌ Fe(s) + CO2(g)
e) BaCO3(s) ⇌ BaO(s) + CO2(g) f) Al(s) + 6H+(aq) ⇌ 3H2(g) + 2Al3+(aq)
g) 3H2(g) + N2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) h) aA + bB ⇌ pP + rR where a = 1; b = p = 2; r =3
10. For the reversible reaction presented by the equation: H2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ 2HCl(g)
explain why the forward reaction slows down at time while the reverse ones speeds up?
When will the rate of reverse reaction stop rising? What would you expect to happen after?
11. How is the equilibrium position of this reaction affected by the following changes?
C(s) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + H2(g) rH > 0
a) lowering the temperature b) adding H2O to the equilibrium mixture
c) removing CO from the equilibrium mixture d) increasing the pressure
e) changing the temperature from 298 K to 300K f) addition of a catalyst
12. In which case, altering at least one of the factors affecting the equilibrium, no shifting
of equilibrium occurs?
13. Consider the reaction: CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH
The enthalpy change is – 92 kJ per mole. Predict whether the reactants or products will be
favoured by the following changes and explain for every single change:
a) increased pressure b) removal of the product, CH3OH
c) addition of hydrogen d) changed temperature at 400K to 600K
e) removal of reactant CO f) addition of a catalyst
14. 2CO2(g) ⇌ 2CO(g) + O2(g) rH = 566 kJ/mol
Predict for the above reaction whether the reactants or products will be favoured by the
following changes and explain for every single change:
a) decreasing the temperature c) compressing the container d) removal of CO

15. For the given equilibria; 3H2(g) + N2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) ΔrH =  92,4 kJ/mol
Select three ways of increasing the yield of ammonia.
A. changing the temperature from 300 K to 150 K D. removal of N2
B. removal of ammonia (NH3) as it forms E. lowering the pressure
C. increasing the temperature F. addition of hydrogen

16. Select ALL ways that will favour a high yield of SO3 for the given equilibrium:
SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)
A. Lowering the temperature D. Decreasing pressure
B. Removal of O2 E. Adding a catalyst
C. Addition of O2 to the eq. mixture F. Removal of the product SO3

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS WITH ONE OR MORE CORRECT RESPONSE/S

 For which of the given reactions, taking place in a closed container, the pressure
increasing will cause the equilibrium shifting towards direct reaction?
А. CO2(g) + H2(g) ⇌ CO(g) + H2O(g) B. COCl2(g) ⇌ CO(g) + Cl2(g)
C. HCl(g) + NH3(g) ⇌ NH4Cl(g) D. 2NO(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g)

 According to Le Chatêlier’s Principle, additions of which of the following substances will

the equilibrium of the following endothermic reaction NOT shift to the right?
CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ Ca2+(aq) + 2HCO3(aq)
A. CaCO3 B. CO2 C. Ca2+ D. Ar

 Aqueous solutions of iron(III) chloride and potassium thiocyanate are mixed together
and the following equilibrium mixture is set up:
FeCl3(aq) + KCNS(aq) ⇌ Fe(CNS)2+(aq) + 3Cl(aq)
yellow red
The resulting mixture is red. Addition of what reagents will change the colour of the mixture
to yellow?
А. Iron(III) chloride B. Water
C. Potassium thiocyanate D. Diluted hydrochloric acid
 When heat is applied to a system (reversible reaction) at equilibrium.....
A. the system releases the heat.
B. the system absorbs the heat.
C. the endothermic reaction favours.
D. more product(s) is/are formed.

 Which of the following statement/s is/are correct?

A. The value of Kc gives us the rate of reaction.
B. Kc is dimensionless quantity.
C. Kc depends on the temperature.
D. When Kc is very large, there are more products formed.

 For a catalytic reaction described by the equation: A2(g) + B2(g) ⇌ 2AB(g) ΔrH > 0
the change in pressure will have no affect on the equilibrium position because ...
A. all participants are all gases.
B. this reaction is endothermic.
C. it has equal (total) number of moles on both sides in the equation.
D. catalyst is added to the equilibrium mixture.

 Which set of conditions will optimize the yield of ammonia in the Haber process, which
takes place according to the reaction below?
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) ΔrH < 0
A. Low temperature and low pressure B. High temperature and low pressure
C. High temperature and lhigh pressure D. Low temperature and high pressure

 Will the equilibrium be shifted in the given reacting system under the temperature
increasing: 3О2 ⇌ 2О3 ? А. Will shift left B. Will not be shifted C. Will shift right

 Will the equilibrium be shifted in the given reacting system under the hydrogen
concentration increasing Н2 + Cl2 ⇌ 2НCl? A. Will not be shifted
B. Will shift to the reactants side C. Will shift to the product right

 For the following equilibria: 2NO2(g) ⇌ 2NO(g) + O2(g)

 If NO2 were added to the reaction vessel without affecting any other property of the
system, the equilibrium will:
A. shift to the products side B. shift to the reactant side C. not be affected
 If the reaction vessel was compressed without affecting any other property of the system
in that case ....... A. forward reaction will be favour.
B. reverse reaction will be favour. C. the equilibrium should not be affected.
- If the reaction vessel was expanded without affecting any other property of the system,
the equilibrium should:
A. shift right B. shift left C. no change
- If helium were added to the reaction vessel without affecting any other property of the
system, the equilibrium will:
A. shift to the products side B. shift to the reactant side C. not be affected
CALCULATION PROBLEMS (EQUILIBRIA)
1. The reaction between hydrogen and iodine is described by the equilibrium:
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)
In a certain experiment at 700 K, the various concentrations at equilibrium were found to
be: 1,84  10-3 mol/dm3 of hydrogen, 3,13  10-3 mol/dm3 of iodine and 17,7  10-3 mol/dm3
of hydrogen iodide. Calculate Kc for this equilibrium at 700 K.
Result: Kc = 54,39
2. Consider the following reaction: 2NO(g) + Br2(g) ⇌ 2NOBr(g)
0,0832 mol of nitrogen(II) oxide and 0,0416 mol of Br 2 were found in a reaction vessel of
4 L at equilibrium. Calculate the value of Kc for this equilibria if the amount of the product
NOBr was found to be 0,00504 mol.
Result: Kc = 0,352 L/mol

3. For the reaction: PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g), at 25 C the value of Kc is 0,0146 mol/dm3.
If, at equilibrium, the molar concentrations for PCl5 and PCl3 are 0,5 mol/dm3 and 0,2
mol/dm3 respectively, calculate the concentration of chlorine gas.
Result: ce(Cl2) = 0,0365 mol/dm3

4. When gaseous hydrogen and nitrogen monoxide react, produce nitrogen and water
vapour. 0,1 mol of hydrogen, 0,2 moles of nitrogen monoxide, 0,1 mol of nitrogen and 0,4
moles of water vapour exist in 1 dm3 container at equilibrium (127C). Write the
stoichiometric equation for this reaction and calculate the equilibrium constant in
terms of concentrations.
Result: Kc = 40 dm3/mol
5. Phosgene (COCl2) is a colourless gas formerly used as a chemical weapon. It is
produced by the reaction of CO gas with Cl2 as follows,
CO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ COCl2(g)
At 395C in the equilibrium mixture, when the system has 0,025 mol of CO and same
amount of chlorine in 1 dm3 container, the value of equilibrium constant is 1,2103 dm3/mol.
What is the concentration of phosgene gas at equilibrium?
Result: ce(COCl2) = 0,75 mol/dm3

6. The reaction: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g) occurs in a 2 L container at 127 C.

At equilibrium, 0,4 moles of H2 gas, 0,1 moles of I2 and 0,3 moles of HI were found in the
container. Find the value of Kc.
Result: Kc = 2,25

(*) 7. The reaction starts with 2 moles of ammonia in 1L container. When 25 % of NH3
decomposes into H2 and N2 the reaction establishes equilibrium. Calculate Kc for this
equilibrium.
Result: Kc = 0,047 mol2/L2