BOOK

BE THE ONE
TO EXECUTE
YOUR TRUST.
 - 10 Maxims of Law -
 A workman is worthy of his hire. Exodus 20:15; Lev.19:13; Matt.10:10; Luke 10:7; and II Tim.
2:6. Legal maxim: It is against equity for freemen not to have the free disposal of their own
property.
 All are equal under the Law. Law of God — Moral and Natural Law; Exodus 21:23-25; 24:17-
21; Deut. 1:17, 19:21; Matt. 22:36-40; Luke 10:17; and Col.3:25. Legal maxim: No one is
above the law. Commerce, by the Law of Nations, ought to be common, and not to be
converted into a monopoly and the private gain of a few.
 In Commerce Truth is Sovereign. Exodus 20:16; Ps. 117:2; John 8:32; and II Cor. 13:8. Legal
Maxim: To lie is to go against the mind. Oriental Proverb: Of all that is good, sublimity is
supreme.
 Truth is expressed by means of an affidavit. 5:4-5; Lev. 6:3-5; Lev. 19:11-13; Num. 30:2;
Matt. 5:33; and James 5:12.
 An unrebutted affidavit stands as the Truth in Commerce. 1 Pet. 1:25; Heb. 6:13-15. Legal
Maxim: He who does not deny, admits.
 An unrebutted affidavit becomes the Judgment in Commerce. 6:16-17. Any proceeding in a
court, tribunal, or arbitration forum consists of a contest, or “duel” of affidavits wherein the
points remaining unrebutted in the end stand as the truth and the matters to which the
judgment of the law is applied.
 A matter must be expressed to be resolved. Heb. 4:16; Phil. 4:6; and Eph. 6:19-21. Legal
maxim: He who fails to assert his rights has none.
 He who leaves the field of battle first loses by default. Book of Job; and Matt. 10:22. Legal
maxim: He who does not repel a wrong when he can, occasions it.
 Sacrifice is the measure of credibility. One who is not damaged, put at risk, or willing to
swear an oath on his commercial liability for the truth of his statements and legitimacy of his
actions has no basis to assert claims or charges and forfeits all credibility and right to claim
authority. Acts 7, Life and Death of Stephen. Legal maxim: He who bears the burden ought
also to derive the benefit.
 A lien or claim can be satisfied only through rebuttal by counter-affidavit point-for-point,
resolution by jury, or payment. 2-3; Matt. 4; and Revelations. Legal maxim: If the plaintiff
does not prove his case, the defendant is absolved.
Legal maxims
Accusare nemo se debet nisi coram deo. No one is bound to accuse himself except before God.

Acta exteriora indicant interiora secreta. Outward acts indicate the thoughts hidden within.

Actio non datur non damnificato. An action is not given to one who is not injured.

Actio non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea. An act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is guilty.

Actore non probante, reus absolvitur. If the plaintiff does not prove his case, the defendant is acquitted.

Actori incumbut onus probandi. The burden of proof rests on the plaintiff.

Actus Dei nemini est damnosus. An act of God is injurious to no one.

Actus me invito factus non est meus actus. An act (by me) against my will is not my act.

As recte docendum oportet primum inquirere nomina, quia rerum cognito a nominibus rerum dependent.
In order rightly to comprehend a thing, it is necessary first to inquire into the names, for a right knowledge
of things depends on their names.

Aedificatum solo solo cedit. What is built on the land goes with the land.

Aequitas est aequalitas. Equity is equality.

Aequitas Uxoribus, liberis, creditoribus maxime favet. Equity most favors wives, children, and creditors.

Aequum et bonum est lex legum. What is equitable and good is the law of laws.

Affirmanti, non neganti, incumbit probatio. The proof is incumbent on the one who affirms, not the one
who denies.

Aliud est possidere, aliud esse in possessione. It is one thing to possess, another to be in possession.

Ambiguis casibus semper praesumitur pro rege. In doubtful cases the presumption is always in favor of the
King.

Animus hominis est anima scripti. The intention of the person is the soul of the instrument.

Assignatus utitur jure auctoris. An assignee is clothed with the rights of the principal.

Aucupia verborum sunt judice indigna. Quibbling over words is unworthy of a judge.

Certum consilium debet esse testantis. The testators purpose should be definite. That is, an inheritance
cannot to fix upon an indefinite person such as “whoever comes first to my funeral.”

Charta non est nisi vestimentum donationis. A deed is nothing else than the vestment (or clothing) of a gift.
Chirographum non extans praesumitur solutum. When the evidence of a debt is not in existence, it is
presumed to have been discharged.

Civitas ea autem in libertate est posita qua suis stat, non ex alieno arbitrio pendet. That state enjoys
freedom which relies upon its own strength and does not depend upon the authority of another.

Cogitationis poenam nemo patitur. No one is punished for his thoughts.

Commercium jure gentium commune esse debet et non in monopolium et privatum paucorum quaestum
convertendum. Commerce, by the law of nations, ought to be common and not converted into a monopoly
and the private gain of a few.

Confessio facta in judicio omni probatione major est. A confession made in court is of greater effect than
any proof.

Conscientia dicitur a con et scio, quasi scire cum Deo. Conscience is so called from con and scio, to know, as
it were, with God.

Consensus facit legum. Consent makes law. A contract constitutes law between the parties agreeing to be
bound by it.

Constitutiones tempore posteriores potiores sunt his quae ipsas praecesserunt. Later laws prevail over
those that preceded them.

Constitutem esse eam domum unicuique nostrum debere existimari, ubi quisque sedes et tabulas haberet,
suarumque rerum constitutionem fecisset. It is a settled principle that what ought to be considered the
home of each of us is where he has his dwelling, keeps his records, and has established his business.

Convicia si irascaris tua divulgas; spreta exolescunt. If you are moved to anger by insults, you arepas then
abroad; if despised, they die out.

Corpus corporatum ex uno potest consistere. One person may constitute a corporation.

Cujus is est solum, ejus est usque ad coelum. The person who owns the soil owns up to the sky. One who
owns the surface of the ground owns, or has an exclusive right to everything that is on it above it to an
indefinite height.

Culpa lata dolo aequiparatur. Gross negligence is equivalent to fraud.

Da mihi factum, dabo tibi ius. Give me the facts, I will give you the law.

Da tua dum tua sunt, post mortem tunc tua non sunt. Give the things which are yours while they are yours;
after death they are not yours.

De facto jus oritur. From fact springs law; law arises from fact.

Derivativa potestas non potest esse major primitiva. Power that is derived cannot be greater than that from
which it is derived.

Deus solus haeredem facere potest, non homo. God alone, and not man, can make an heir.
Disseisinam satis facit qui uti non permittit possessorem, vel minus commode, licet omnino non expellat.
A person commits disseisin if he does not permit the possessor to enjoy, or makes the possessors enjoyment
less useful, even if the disseisor does not expel the possessor altogether.

Dolo malo pactum se non servaturum. An agreement induced by fraud will not stand.

Dolus et fraus una in parte sanari debent. Deceit and fraud should always be remedied.

Eam domum unicuique nostrum debere existimari, ubi quisque sedes et tabulas haberet suarumque
rerum constitutionem fecisset. (It is decided that) for each of us it should be considered his home where
each has his residence and records and has set up the management of his affairs.

Ei incumbit probation qui dicit, non qui negat. The burden of the proof rests on the person to who affirms,
not the one who denies.

Ejus est nolle, qui potest velle. A person who can will (exercise volition) has a right to refuse to will
(withhold consent).

Ejus est non nolle qui potest velle. A person may consent tacitly who can consent expressly.

Equitas sequitur legem. Equity follows the law.

Ex maleficio non oritur contractus. A contract does not arise out of an illegal act.

Ex malis moribus bonae leges natae sunt. Good laws are born from evil morals.

Ex nudo pacto non oritur action. No action arises on a contract without consideration.

Expressio unius est exclusio alterius. The expression of one thing is the exclusion of another.

Exterus non habet terras. An alien holds no lands.

Extraneus est subditus qui extra terram, i.e. potestam regis, natus est. A foreigner is a subject who is born
out of the territory – that is, the jurisdiction – of the King.

Ex turpi contractu non oritur action. No action arises from a wrongful contract.

Facta sunt ptentiora verbis. Deeds (or facts) are more powerful than words.

Facta tenant multa quae fieri prohibentur. Deeds contain many things that are prohibited to be done.

Factum infectum fieri nequit. What is done cannot be undone.

Facturi quod ad justitiam pertinent secundum legem, et consuetudinem Angliae. (one is bound) to do
justice according to the law and custom of England. This was once a art of judicial oaths.

Falsa grammatica non vitiat chartem. False grammar does not vitiate a charter.

Falsus in uno, falsusin omnibus. False in one thing, false in everything.

Fatetur facinus qui judicium fugit A person who flees judgement confesses guilt.

Favorabiliores rei potius quam actors habentur. Defendants are rather to be favored than plaintiffs.

Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas. Happy is he who could apprehend the causes of things.

Fera vagans est nullius in rebus. A wandering beast belongs to no one.

Fictio cedit veritati; fictio juris non est ubi veritas. Fiction yields to truth; where the truth appears, there is
no fiction of law.

Fidas servanda est. Faith must be observed. An agent must not violate the confidence reposed in him or her.

Filius est nomen naturae, sed haeres nomen juris. “Son” is a name of nature, but “hier” a name of law.

Fraus omnia corrumpit. Fraud corrupts all.

Idem non esse et non apparere. It is the same thing not to exist and not to appear.

Id quod nostrum est sine facto nostro ad alium tranferri non potest. What belongs to us cannot be
transferred to another without our act (or deed).

Ignorantia juris non excusat. Ignorance of the law does not excuse.

Impius et crudelis judicandus est qui libertati non favet. A person is to be judged impious and cruel who
does not favor liberty.

Impossibilium nulla obligatio est. There is no obligation to perform impossible things.

Improba possessio firmum titulum possidendi praestare nullum potest. Taking over a property dishonestly
can give no valid claim of possession.

In ambiguis casibus semper praesumiter pro rege. In doubtful cases the presumption is always in favor of
the king.

Incerta pro nullis habentur. Things uncertain are considered as nothing.

In criminalibus probationes debent esse luce clariores. In criminal cases, the proofs ought to be clearer than
light.

Index animi sermo. Speech is the index of the mind.

In exposition instrumentorum, mala grammatica, quod dieri potest, vitanda est. In the construction of
instruments, bad grammar is to be avoided as much as possible.

Infans non multum a furioso distat. An infant does not differ much from a lunatic.

In favorem vitae, libertatis, et innocentiae omnia praesumuntur. All presumptions are in favour of life,
liberty, and innocence.

In genere quicunque aliquid dicit, sive actor sive reus, necesse es tut probat. In general, whoever alleges
anything, whether plaintiff or defendant, must prove it.

In judicio non creditor nisi juritas. In court no one is trusted except those sworn.

In jure omnis definitio periculosa est. In law every definition is dangerous.

In propria causa nemo judex. No one can be judge in his own cause.

Intra fortunam debet quisque manere suam. Everyone is bound to live within his means (or abide by his
fate).
In verbus non verba sed res et ratio quaerenda est. In wording, it is not the words but the substance and
the meaning that is to be sought.

Ira furor brevis est. Anger is a short insanity.

Ira hominis non implet justitiam Dei. The wrath of a man does not fulfil the justice of God.

Judex ante oculos aequitatem semper habere debet. A judge ought always to have equity before his eyes.

Jus ex injuria non oritur. A right does not arise from a wrong.

Jus non patitur ut idem bis solvatur. The law does not permit that the same thing be twice paid.

Jus publicum privatorum pactis mutari non potest. A public right cannot be altered by the agreements of
private persons.

Justitia non novit patrem nec matrem, solum veritatem spectat Justitia. Justice knows no father nor
mother; justice looks to truth alone.

Justitia firmatur solium. By justice the throne is strengthened.

Justitia est virtus excellens et Altissimo complacens. Justice is an excellent virtue and pleasing to the Most
High.

Le contrat fait la loi. The contract makes the law.

Legem terrae amittentes perpetuam infamiae notam inde merito incurrunt. Those who lose the law of the
land thereby justly incur an eternal stigma of infamy.

Leges autem a victoribus dicentur, accipiuntur a victis. Laws (or conditions) are pronounced by conquerors,
accepted by the conquered.

Leges vigilantibus, non dormientibus subveniunt. The laws aid those who keep watch, not those who sleep
(that is, vigilant, not the negligent).

LEGIS INTERPRETATIO LEGIS VIM OBTINET. The interpretation of law obtains the force of law.

Legum omnes servi sumus, ut liberi esse possimus. We are slaves to the law, in order to be free.

Libertas omnibus rebus favorabilior est. Liberty is more favoured than all things.

Literae scriptae manent. Written words last.

Magna culpa dolus est. Great fault (or gross negligence) is equivalent to fraud.

Mala grammatica non vitiate chartam; sed in expositione instrumentorum mala grammatica quoad fieri
posit evitanda est. Bad grammar does not vitiate a deed; but in the construction of instruments, bad
grammar, as far as possible, is to be avoided.

Manifesta probatione non indigent. Obvious facts are not in need of proof.

Maxime ita dicta quia maxima es tejus dignitas et certissima auctoritas, atque quod maxime omnibus
probetur. A maxim is so called because its dignity is chiefest and its authority is the most certain, and
because it is most approved by all.

Maxime paci sunt contraria vis et injria. The greatest enemies to peace are force and wrong.

Mercis appellation homines non contineri. Under the name of merchandise human beings are not included.
Nec super eum ibimus, nec super eum mittemus, nisi per legale judicium parium suorum. Nor shall we go
upon him, nor send upon him, except by the lawful judgement of his peers; we will not go against him or
send against him except by the lawful judgement of his peers.

Nefarius est per formulas legis laqueos innectere innocentibus. It is vicious to lay snares for the innocent
through forms of law.

Ne in crastinum quod possis hodie. Put not off until tomorrow what you can do today.

Neminem Laedit qui jure suo utitur. A person who exercises his own rights injures no one.

Nemo commodum capere potest de injuria sua propria. No one can derive benefit from his own wrong.

Nemo nascitur Artifex. No one is born an expert. Wisdom in the law is acquired only through diligent study.

Nemo potest facere per alium quod per se non potest. No one can do through another what he cannot do by
himself.

Nemo praesens nisi intelligat. One is not present unless he understands.

Nemo sine actione experitur, et hoc non sine breve sive libello conventionali. No one goes to trial without an
action, and no one can bring an action without a writ or bill.

Nemo videtur fraudare eos qui sciunt et consentiunt. No one is considered deceiving those who know and
consent.

Nihil commune habet proprietas cum possession. Ownership has nothing in common with possession.

Nihil facit error nominis cum de corpore constat. An error in the name is nothing when there is certainty as
to the person.

Nihil fit a tempore, quamquam nihil non fit in tempore. Nothing is done by time, although everything is done
in time.

Nil facit error monius cum de corpore vel persona constat. An error in the name is immaterial when the body
or person is certain.

Nil similis insano quam inebrius. Nothing more strongly resembles a madman than a drunken man.

Nome nest quasi rei notamen. A name is, as it were, the distinctive sign (or signifier) of a thing.

Non consentit qui errat. A person who errs does not consent.

Non est arctius vinculum inter homines quam jusjurandum. There is no closer (or firmer) link among men
than an oath.

Non est lex sed servitus, ad ea teneri quibus non concenseris. It is not law but servitude to be bound by what
you have not consented to.

Non ex opinionibus singulorum, sed ex communi usu, nomina exaudiri debent. Names of things ought to be
understood according to common usage, not according to the opinions of individuals.

Non videntur rem amittere quibus propria non fuit. They are not considered as losing a thing if it was not
their own.
Nulla curia quae recordum non habet potest imponere finem neque aliquem mandare carceri; quia ista
spectant tantummodo as curias de record. No court that does not have a record can impose a fine or commit
any person to prison; because those powers look only to courts of record.

Nulla lex, nulla injuria. No law, no wrong.

Nullus alius quam rex possit episcopo demandare inquisitionem faciendam. No other than the king can
command the bishop to make an inquisition.

Nullus liber homo capiatur, aut imprisonetur. Let no free man be taken or imprisoned.

Nullus liber homo disseisietur de liberto tenemento suo, nisi per legale judicium parium suorum, vel per
legem terrae. No freeman shall be dispossessed of his freehold, save by the lawful judgement of his peers, or
by the law of the land.

Obedientia est legis essential. Obedience is the essence of the law.

Occupantis fiunt derelicta. Things abandoned become the property of the (first) occupant.

Oderunt peccare boni, virtutis amorel oderunt peccare mali, formidine poenae. Good men hate sin through
love of virtue; bad men, through fear of punishment.

Omne ius quo utimer vel ad personas pertinent vel ad res vel ad actiones. Every law that we use pertains to
persons or to things or to actions.

Omnis fructus non iure seminist sed iure soli percipitur. Every fruit (or profit) is realized not by right of the
seed but right of the soil. In the example, a joint farming venture shares the harvest even if only one of the
partners did the planting.

Omnis persona est homo, sed non vicissim. Every person is a human being, but not every human being a
person.

Optimus judex qui minimum sibi. He is the best judge who (leaves) the least to his own discretion.

Pactum est duorum consensus atque convention. An agreement (pactum) is a meeting of minds and action
by two (or more) persons.

Parens est nomen generale ad omne genus cognationis. “Parent” is a general name for every kind of
relationship.

Parum cavet natura. Nature takes little heed.

Pater et mater et puer sunt una caro. The father, mother, and son are one flesh.

Peccata contra naturam sunt gravissima. Offenses against nature are the most serious.

Peccat mens, non corpus, et unde consilium abfuit poena abest. The mind sins, not the body, and where
there was not intent, there is no blame.

Personae vice fungitur municipium et decuria. Towns and boroughs act in the role of persons.

Plus valet unus oculatus testis quam auriti decem. One eyewitness is better than ten earwitnesses.

Populus Anglicanus non suis legibus quas ipse elegerit tenetur obtemperare. The people of England are
bound to obey only their own laws, which they themselves have chosen.

Populus vult decipi – et decipiatur. The public wished to be deceived – and let it be deceived.
Possessio non est iuris, sed facti. Possession is not a matter of law but of fact.

Potestas regia est facere justitiam. The power of the crown consists in the power to do justice.

Praesumptio cedit veritati. A presumption yields to the truth.

Proprietates verborum observandae sunt. The proprieties (i.e., proper meanings) of words are to be
observed.

Quaeritur, ut crescent tot magna voluminal legis? In prompt causa est, crescit in orbe dolus. It is asked, how
so many great (law) volumes grow? The explanation is plain: because fraud grows great in the world.

Quam quisque novit Artem in hoc se exerceat. Let every man employ himself in the pursuit in which he is
proficient.

Quando verba et mens congruent, non est interpretationi locus. When the words and the mind agree, there
is no room for interpretation.

Quid tibi fieri non vis, alteri ne feceris. Do not to another what you would not wish done to you.

Qui excusat, accusat. He who excuses, accuses.

Qui facit per alium facit per se. A person who acts through another acts himself. The acts of an agent are
considered the acts of the principal.

Qui inertibus dat industrios nudat. He who gives to the indolent defrauds the industrious.

Qui intellegit alienum se possidere, mala fide possidet. Somebody who understands that he possesses
something that belongs to another possesses it in bad faith. That is, one would be acting in bad faith if
usucapting a property though knowing the rightful owner.

Qui jure suo utitur, nemini facit injuriam. A person who exercises his proper right harms no one.

Qui non negat fatetur. A person who does not deny admits.

Qui per alium facit per seipsum facere videtur. A person who does anything through another is considered as
doing it himself.

Qui scit se decipi non decipitur. One who knows that he is being deceived is not deceived.

Qui tacet consentire videtur. A party who is silent appears to consent.

Quod ad jus naturale attinet, omnes homines aequales sunt. All men are equal as far as natural law is
concerned.

Quod conscientia vult, ubi lex deficit, aequitas cogit. When the law id lacking, equity compels what
conscience wishes.

Quod differtur non aufertur. That which is deferred is not relinquished (omittance is not quittance).

Quod enim nullius est id ratione naturali occupant conceditur. For whatever belongs to no one, by natural
reason becomes property of the first taker.

Quod intitio non valet, tractu temporis non valet. What is void in the beginning does not become valid by
passage of time.

Quod meum est sine me auferri non potest. What is mine cannot be taken away without my consent.
Quod non apparet non est. That which does not appear does not exist.

Quod non habet pricipium non habet finem. What has no beginning has no end.

Quod non legitur non creditur. What is not read is not believed.

Quod per recordum probatum non debet esse negatum. What is proved by the record ought not be denied.

Quot homines, tot sententiae. There are as many opinions as there are people.

Recorda sunt vestige vetustatis et Veritatis. Records are vestiges of antiquity and truth.

Regula pro lege, si deficit lex. If the law is inadequate, the maxim serves in its place.

Res generalem habet significationem, quia tam corporea, quam incorporeal, cujuscunque sunt generis
naturae sive specie, comprehendit. The word “things” has a general signification, because it comprehends
corporeal as well as incorporeal objects, of whatever sort, nature, or species.

Res nullius naturaliter fit primi occupantis. A thing that has no owner naturally belongs to the first taker.

Rex non debet esse sub homine, sed sub Deo et sub lege, quia lex facit regem. The king ought to be under no
man, but under God and the law, because the law makes a king.

Roy n’est lie per ascun statute, si il ne soit expressement nosme. The king is not bound by any statute, if he is
not expressly named.

Saepe viatorem nova, non vetus, orbita fallit. Often it is the new track, not the old one, that deceives the
traveller.

Scientia utrimque par pares contrahentes facit. Equal knowledge on both sides makes the contracting parties
equal.

Segnius irritant animos demissa per aurem quam quae sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus. What enters through
the ear rouses us more sluggishly than what is presented to the trusty eyes.

Semper necessitas probandi incumbit ei qui agit. The necessity of proving always rests on the claimant.

Semper sexus masculinus etiam faemininum continent. The masculine gender always includes the feminine
as well.

Sensus verborum est anima legis. The meaning of words is the spirit of the law.

Sermo index animi. Speech is the index of the mind.

Sicut ad quaestionem facti, non respondent judices, ita ad quastionem juris, non respondent juratores.
Inasmuch as the judges do not decide on questions of fact, so the jury do not decide on questions of law.

Sigillum est cera impressa, quia cera sine impression non est sigillum. A seal is a piece of wax impressed,
because wax without an impression is not a seal.

Simonia est vountas sive desiderium emendi vel vendedi spiritualia vel spiritualibus adhaerentia. Contractus
ex turpi causa est et contra bonos mores. Simony is the will or desire of buying or selling spiritualities, or
things pertaining to them. It is a contract founded on a bad cause and against morality.

Si vis pacem, para bellum. If you want peace, prepare for war.

Solicita atque anxia etiam in solitudine mala conscientia est. A bad conscience even in solitude is anxious and
disturbed.
Stabit praesumptio donec probetur in contrarium. A presumption will stand until proof is given to the
contrary.

Sua cuique domus arx esto. Let every man’s house be his castle.

Subrogatio est transfusion unius creditoris in alium eadem vel mitiori conditione. Subrogation is the
substituting one creditor in the place of another in the same or better condition.

Suppression veri, expression falsi. Suppression of the truth (is equivalent to) the expression of what is false.

Testium numerus si non adjicitur, duo sufficient. If the number of witnesses is not prescribed, two are
sufficient.

Titulus est justa causa possidendi id quod nostrum est. Title is the just cause of possessing that which is ours.

Tolle voluntatem et erit omnis actus indifferens. Take away the will, and every action will be indifferent.

Traditio loqui facit chartem. Delivery makes the deed (document) speak.

Verba debent intelligi uta liquid operentur. Words ought to be so understood that they may have some
effect.

Veritas, a quocunque dicitur, a Deo est. Truth, by whomsever pronounced, is from God.

Vigilantibus non dormientibus subvenit lex. The laws aid the vigilant, not those who sleep.

Volenti non fit injuria. There is no injury to one who consents.

Vox emissa volat; litera scripta manet. The uttered voice flies; the written letter remains.