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    Mirjeta Zymeri
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    The document discusses the development of quantum mechanics and the quantum model of the atom. It summarizes that Bohr's early atomic model had limitations, but Erwin Schrodinger later formulated the Schrodinger equation which treated electrons as waves. The solution of this equation yielded quantum numbers that describe electron behavior and define atomic orbitals. The four quantum numbers - principal, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin - together provide an electron's unique address and allow prediction of orbital shapes and sizes.

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    The document discusses the development of quantum mechanics and the quantum model of the atom. It summarizes that Bohr's early atomic model had limitations, but Erwin Schrodinger later formulated the Schrodinger equation which treated electrons as waves. The solution of this equation yielded quantum numbers that describe electron behavior and define atomic orbitals. The four quantum numbers - principal, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin - together provide an electron's unique address and allow prediction of orbital shapes and sizes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    15 views26 pages

    Quantum Numbers and Shapes of Orbitals

    Uploaded by

    Mirjeta Zymeri
    The document discusses the development of quantum mechanics and the quantum model of the atom. It summarizes that Bohr's early atomic model had limitations, but Erwin Schrodinger later formulated the Schrodinger equation which treated electrons as waves. The solution of this equation yielded quantum numbers that describe electron behavior and define atomic orbitals. The four quantum numbers - principal, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin - together provide an electron's unique address and allow prediction of orbital shapes and sizes.

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    of 26

    THE QUANTUM NUMBERS

    &
    SHAPES OF ORBITALS
    CHAPTER # 2
    ATOMIC STRUCTURE
    DRAWBACKS OF BOHR’S
    ATOMIC MODEL
    • Objections were being made on Bohr’s
    atomic model about:
    – the movement of electrons in 3D space
    – spectra of poly electronic atoms.

    • Bohr’s atomic model failed to justify


    these objections.

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    Erwin Rudolf Schrödinger
    o In 1926, Erwin Rudolf
    Schrödinger, gave the
    idea that of wave
    motion of electron

    o Nobel Prize in Physics


    in 1933

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    Schrödinger Equation
    o He formulated an equation called “the
    Schrödinger equation”, in which electrons
    are treated as moving with wave like
    motion in 3D space around the nucleus.
    o The solution of Schrödinger Equation
    gave a set of numerical values.

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    “The Quantum Numbers”
    o Explained the arrangement and
    movement of electrons, spectral lines of
    poly electronic atoms and gave an
    acceptable model of an atom.

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    The 4 Quantum Numbers -
    An Electron’s Address
    o Principal Quantum Number (n)
    oSpecifies the main energy level (orbit)
    o Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
    oInformation about the sub energy level
    (orbital)
    o Magnetic Quantum Number (m)
    oSpatial orientations of an orbital
    o Spic Quantum Number (s)
    oSpin movement of electrons

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    Principal Quantum Number (n)
    o Size & Energy of an
    orbit/shell
    o n=1, 2, 3, 4,….
    o Greater value of n
    represents Bigger orbits
    with high energies
    o Distance from the
    nucleus also increases.

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    Principle Quantum Number (n)
    Total No. of Electrons in an orbit = 2n2

    Name of Total No. of Electrons


    Value of n
    Shell 2n2
    n=1 K 2(1)2 = 2
    n=2 L 2(2)2 = 8
    n=3 M 2(3)2 = 18
    n=4 N 2(4)2 = 32

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
    o Each energy level is divided into sub
    levels.
    o l defines the shape of sub energy
    level/orbital
    Sub No. of
    l Name
    level electrons
    0 s Sharp 2
    1 p Principal 6
    2 d Diffused 10
    3 f Fundamental 14
    Prepared By: Sidra Javed
    Relationship between n & l
    l = 0  (n-1)

    No. of
    Orbit n l Orbitals
    electrons

    K 1 0 1s 2
    L 2 0, 1 2s, 2p 2+6 = 8
    M 3 0, 1, 2 3s, 3p, 3d 2+6+10= 18
    N 4 0, 1, 2, 3 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f 2+6+10+14=32

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    n l
    4f (14 electrons)
    Increasing Energy & Size
    n=4 , N shell 4d (10 electrons)
    4p (6 electrons)
    4s (2 electrons)

    n=3 , M shell 3d (10 electrons)


    3p (6 electrons)
    3s (2 electrons)

    2p (6 electrons)
    n=2 , L shell
    2s (2 electrons)
    n=1 , K shell
    1s (2 electrons)

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    Magnetic Quantum Number (m)
    o Explains the effect of an orbital in
    magnetic field i.e. the orientation of an
    orbital
    o Orbitals split up into degenerate
    orbitals (having same energy & size) in a
    magnetic field
    o Each degenerate orbital can hold up to 2
    electrons

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    Relationship between l & m
    m = -l  0  +l
    Degenerate No. of
    l m
    orbitals electrons
    l = 0, s 0 1 2
    l = 1, p -1, 0, +1 3 2+2+2 = 6
    -2, -1, 0, +1, 2+2+2+2+
    l = 2, d 5
    +2 2 = 10
    2+2+2+2+
    -3, -2, -1, 0,
    l = 3, f 7 2+2+2 =
    +1, +2, +3
    14
    Prepared By: Sidra Javed
    n l m
    l=3, 4f m=-3 m=-2 m=-1 m=0 m=+1 m=+2 m=+3

    l=2, 4d
    Increasing Energy & Size

    n=4 , N shell m=-2 m=-1 m=0 m=+1 m=+2

    l=1, 4p m=-1 m=0 m=+1


    l=0, 4s
    m=0
    l=2, 3d m=-2 m=-1 m=0 m=+1 m=+2
    n=3 , M shell
    l=1, 3p m=-1 m=0 m=+1
    l=0, 3s
    m=0

    l=1, 2p
    m=-1 m=0 m=+1
    n=2 , L shell
    l=0, 2s m=0
    n=1 , K shell l=0, 1s
    m=0

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    Spin Quantum Number (s)
    o Direction of spin of an electron
    o Electron which rotates around the
    nucleus also rotates around its own axis
    o This is called self rotation
    o Either Clockwise (50%) or anticlockwise
    (50%)
    o s = -1/2 (↑) for clockwise
    o s = +1/2 (↓) for anticlockwise
    Prepared By: Sidra Javed
    Spin of electron
    Associated with magnetic field
    Prepared By: Sidra Javed
    Orbital Diagrams
    o We often represent an orbital as a square
    and the electrons in that orbital as arrows.
    o The direction of the arrow represents the spin of
    the electron.

    Unoccupied Orbital with Orbital with


    orbital 1 electron 2 electrons

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    4f14
    4d10
    4p6
    N shell 4s2
    Increasing Energy

    3d10
    3p6
    M shell
    3s2

    2p6
    L shell
    2s2

    1s2
    K shell
    Prepared By: Sidra Javed
    Orbit
    o The circular path of
    an electron around
    the nucleus is called
    an orbit.
    o The orbit or shells
    are denoted by K, L,
    M, N etc

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    Electron Cloud

    A cloud showing
    the probability of
    finding the
    electron in terms
    of charged cloud
    around the nucleus
    is called Electron
    Cloud.

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    Atomic Orbitals: s, p, d, f
    o Atomic orbitals are regions of space
    where the probability of finding an
    electron about an atom is highest.
    o s orbital  spherical shape
    o p orbital  dumb-bell shape
    o d orbital  clover leaf shape
    o f orbital  double clover leaf

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    s orbital - spherically symmetric
    l= 0 and m =
    0

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    p orbital - dumbbell shaped
    l = 1 m = -1,0,+1

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    d orbital shapes
    l= 2 m = -2,-1,0,+1,+2

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    f orbital shapes
    l=3 m = -3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2, +3

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed


    The End

    Prepared By: Sidra Javed

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