Lessons 2-3
Lessons 2-3
#1
Prepared by:
Joseph D. Retumban, ChE, MS EnE
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1. y = c1 x 2 + c2 x + c3
Determine first the number of arbitrary constants: n = 3 (AC: c1, c2, and c3)
y = c1 x 2 + c2 x + c3
y ′ = c1 2x + c2 1 + 0
y ′ = 2c1 x + c2
y ′′ = 2c1 1 + 0
y ′′ = 2c1
y ′′′ = 0
After Rule 1, check if the order of the DE is the same as the number of arbitrary constants
(Rule 2).
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Elimination of Arbitrary
Constants
Example: Find the corresponding differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
1. y = c1 x 2 + c2 x + c3
After Rule 2, check if the DE is free from arbitrary constants (Rule 3).
2. y = ax + bx 2
y = ax + bx 2
y ′ = a 1 + b 2x
y ′ = a + 2bx
y ′′ = 0 + 2b 1
y ′′ = 2b
After Rule 1, check if the order of the DE is the same as the number of arbitrary constants
(Rule 2).
After Rule 2, check if the DE is free from arbitrary constants (Rule 3).
Therefore, y ′′ = 2b is not yet the DE that we want. We still need to eliminate the remaining
arbitrary constant.
3
Elimination of Arbitrary
Constants
Example: Find the corresponding differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
2. y = ax + bx 2
y ′′ = 2b (eliminate b)
y = ax + bx 2 Equation (1)
y ′′ = 2b Equation (3)
y ′ = a + 2bx
y ′ = a + 𝑦′′ x
4
Elimination of Arbitrary
Constants
Example: Find the corresponding differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
2. y = ax + bx 2
y = ax + bx 2 Equation (1)
y = ax + bx 2
y′′ 2
y = y ′ − xy′′ x + x
2
x 2 y′′
y= xy ′ − x 2 y ′′ +
2
x 2 y′′ (Multiply both sides by 2 to eliminate
2 y = xy ′ − x 2 y ′′ + 2 the denominator)
2
x 2 y′′
2y = 2xy ′ − 2x 2 y ′′ + 2
2
2y = 2xy ′ − 2x 2 y ′′ + x 2 y′′
2y = 2xy ′ − 2x 2 y ′′ + x 2 y′′ (Combine like terms)
2y = 2xy ′ − x 2 y′′ (Rearrange the terms)
x 2 y ′′ − 2xy ′ + 2y = 0
Check Rule 2 and Rule 3 again for the solved DE: x 2 y ′′ − 2xy ′ + 2y = 0
❑ Is the DE of 2nd order? Yes!
5
Elimination of Arbitrary
Constants
Example: Find the corresponding differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
3. y = Ae2x + Be−3x
y = Ae2x + Be−3x
y ′ = A e2x 2 + B e−3x −3
y ′ = 2Ae2x − 3Be−3x
y ′′ = 2A e2x 2 − 3B e−3x −3
y ′′ = 4Ae2x + 9Be−3x
After Rule 1, check if the order of the DE is the same as the number of arbitrary constants
(Rule 2).
After Rule 2, check if the DE is free from arbitrary constants (Rule 3).
Therefore, y ′′ = 4Ae2x + 9Be−3x is not yet the DE that we want. We still need to eliminate
the remaining arbitrary constant.
6
Elimination of Arbitrary
Constants
Example: Find the corresponding differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
3. y = Ae2x + Be−3x
2y ′ − y ′′ = −15Be−3x
2y ′ − y ′′ −15Be−3x
=
−15 −15
′
2y − y ′′
= Be−3x
−15
−3x
2y ′ − y ′′
Be = Equation (6)
−15
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7
Elimination of Arbitrary
Constants
Example: Find the corresponding differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
3. y = Ae2x + Be−3x
3y ′ + y ′′ = 10Ae2x
3y ′ + y ′′ 10Ae2x
=
10 10
3y ′ + y ′′
= Ae2x
10
2x
3y ′ + y ′′
Ae =
10
Equation (7)
y = Ae2x + Be−3x
3y ′ + y ′′ 2y ′ − y ′′
y= +
10 −15
5 5
′
6y = y + y′′
y ′′ + y ′ − 6y = 0 (Rearrange the terms)
8
Elimination of Arbitrary
Constants
Example: Find the corresponding differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
3. y = Ae2x + Be−3x
Therefore, the DE is y ′′ + y ′ − 6y = 0.
4. x−a 2 + y 2 = a2
2 x − a 1 − 0 + 2yy ′ = 0
2 x − a + 2yy ′ = 0
2 x − a + 2yy′ 0
=
2 2
′
x − a + yy = 0
After Rule 1, check if the order of the DE is the same as the number of arbitrary constants
(Rule 2).
9
Elimination of Arbitrary
Constants
Example: Find the corresponding differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
4. x−a 2 + y 2 = a2
After Rule 2, check if the DE is free from arbitrary constants (Rule 3).
x − a + yy ′ = 0 still has 1 arbitrary constant.
Therefore, x − a + yy ′ = 0 is not yet the DE that we want. We still need to eliminate the
remaining arbitrary constant.
x − a + yy ′ = 0 (eliminate a)
x − a + yy ′ = 0 Equation (2)
x − a + yy ′ = 0
x − a + yy ′ = 0
x − a + yy ′ = 0
x + yy ′ = a
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Elimination of Arbitrary
Constants
Example: Find the corresponding differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
2
4. x−a + y 2 = a2
x−a 2 + y 2 = a2
−yy ′ 2 + y 2 = x + yy ′ 2
y2 𝑦′ 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2xyy ′ + y 2 𝑦 ′ 2
y 2 = x 2 + 2xyy′
x 2 − y 2 + 2xyy ′ = 0 (Rearrange the terms)
Check Rule 2 and Rule 3 again for the solved DE: x 2 − y 2 + 2xyy ′ = 0
.
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11
Elimination of Arbitrary
Constants
Example: Find the corresponding differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
Parameter: ω
x t = A cos ωt + α
x′ t = A −sin ωt + α ω+0
x ′ t = −A sin ωt + α ω
x ′ t = −Aω sin ωt + α
After Rule 1, check if the order of the DE is the same as the number of arbitrary constants
(Rule 2).
After Rule 2, check if the DE is free from arbitrary constants (Rule 3).
Therefore, x ′′ t = −Aω2 cos ωt + α is not yet the DE that we want. We still need to
eliminate the remaining arbitrary constant.
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12
Elimination of Arbitrary
Constants
Example: Find the corresponding differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary
x t = A cos ωt + α (Equation 1)
Therefore, the DE is x ′′ t + ω2 x t = 0.
.
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13
Elimination of Arbitrary
Constants
In each of the following, find the ODE by eliminating the arbitrary constants.
1. y = x + aex + be−x
2. cy 2 = x 2 + y
3. y = cx + c 2 + 1
4. y = Ae2x + Bxe2x
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Family of Curves
Illustration:
1. y = mx + m
The equation represents a family of straight lines with slope and y-intercept equal.
For m = 1: y = x + 1
For m = 2: y = 2x + 2
For m = 5: y = 5x + 5
y = mx + m (1 AC: m)
y′ = m
y = mx + m
y = 𝑦′ x + y ′
y = xy ′ + y ′
xy ′ + y ′ − y = 0
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x + 1 y′ − y = 0
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Family of Curves
Illustration:
2. x−1 2 + y−2 2 = a2
The equation represents the family of circles with center at (1, 2) and radius a.
For a = 1: x − 1 2+ y − 2 2 =1
2 x − 1 1 − 0 + 2 y − 2 y′ − 0 = 0
2 x − 1 + 2 y − 2 y′ = 0
2 x − 1 + 2 y − 2 y′ 0
=
2 2
′
x−1 + y−2 y = 0
In finding the differential equation of a family of curves, the following steps can be
taken as a guide:
1. Start the solution by writing the equation of the given curve (i.e. line, circle, parabola,
ellipse, hyperbola, etc.)
2. Rewrite the equation by incorporating the given conditions. These conditions will
decrease the count of the arbitrary constants in the equation of the curve.
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Family of Curves
LINE: Ax + By + C = 0
y = mx + b
y − y1 = m x − x1
x y
+ =1
a b
x−h 2 y−k 2
+ =1
ELLIPSE: a2 b2
2 2
y−k x−h
+ =1
a2 b2
2 2
x−h y−k
− =1
HYPERBOLA: a2 b2
2 2
y−k x−h
− =1
a2 b2
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Family of Curves
Example:
In each of the following problems, find the differential equation which has the given family of
integral curves.
Curve: Line
y = mx + b (2 AC: m and b)
y = mx + b
0=m 0 +b
b=0
y = mx + 0
y = mx (1AC: m)
y = mx
y = y′ x
y = xy′
xy ′ − y = 0
dy
x −y=0
dx
dy
dx x − y = 0 dx
dx
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x dy − y dx = 0
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Family of Curves
Example:
In each of the following problems, find the differential equation which has the given family of
integral curves.
Curve: Circle
2 x − h 1 − 0 + 2 y − k y′ − 0 = 0
2 x − h + 2 y − k y′ = 0
2 x − h + 2 y − k y′ 0
=
2 2
x − h + y − k y′ = 0 (First derivative)
1 − 0 + y − k y ′′ + y ′ y ′ − 0 = 0
1 + y − k y ′′ + y ′ 2 =0 (Second derivative)
x − h + y − k y′ = 0 (Equation 2)
1 + y − k y ′′ + y ′ 2
=0 (Equation 3)
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19
Family of Curves
Example:
In each of the following problems, find the differential equation which has the given family of
integral curves.
x − h + y − k y′ = 0 (Equation 2)
1 + y − k y ′′ + y ′ 2
=0 (Equation 3)
1 + y − k y ′′ + y ′ 2
=0
y − k y ′′ = −1 − y ′ 2
y − k y ′′ −1 − y ′ 2
=
y ′′ y′′
−1 − y ′ 2
y−k =
y′′
1 + y′ 2
(Equation 4)
y−k = −
y′′
x − h + y − k y′ = 0
x − h = − y − k y′
1 + y′ 2
x−h =− − y′
y ′′
1 + y′ 2
x−h = y′ (Equation 5)
y ′′
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20
Family of Curves
Example:
In each of the following problems, find the differential equation which has the given family of
integral curves.
1 + y′ 2 2
y′ 2
+ 1 = y ′′ 2
1 + y′ 2 3 = y ′′ 2
y ′′ 2 − 1 + y′ 2 3 =0
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Family of Curves
Example:
In each of the following problems, find the differential equation which has the given family of
integral curves.
y 2 = ±4ax (1 AC: a)
y 2 = ±4ax
2yy ′ = ±4a
y 2 = ±4ax
y 2 = 2yy′ x
y 2 = 2xyy′
y y 2 2xyy′
=
y y
y = 2xy′
2xy ′ − y = 0
dy
2x −y=0
dx
dy
dx 2x − y = 0 dx
dx
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2x dy − y dx = 0
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Family of Curves
Find the equivalent differential equation for the given family of curves.
4. Family of parabolas with axis parallel to the x-axis and the distance between the
vertex and the focus being 1.
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