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Full Notes Rajasthani School Class 12
Full Notes Rajasthani School Class 12
Rajasthani school originated in Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh in the present
time, such as Mewar, Bundi, Kota, Jaipur, Bikaner, Kishangarh, Jodhpur (Marwar),
Malwa, Sirohi between the 16th and early 19th centuries.
Scholar Anand Coomaraswamy in 1916 coined the term ‘Rajput Paintings’.
Paintings were painted on waslis—layered, thin sheets of handmade papers glued
together to get the desired thickness.
Camel and squirrel hair were used in brushes.
By the impact of Apabhransha style Rajasthani school came into being and was called as
Rajasthani, Rajput or Hindu school of painting.
In the beginning the paintings of this school remain confined to different kings for their
amusement. The artist initially prepared the precious paintings for royal court but
gradually paintings reach the common folk.
THEMES
By the sixteenth century, Vaishvanism in the cults of Rama and Krishna had become
popular in many parts of western, northern and central India as part of the Bhakti
movement.
The 12th century by Jayadeva, who is believed to have been the court poet of Lakshmana
Sen of Bengal, Gita Govinda, the ‘Song of the Cowherd’, is a lyrical poem in Sanskrit,
evoking shringara rasa, portraying the mystical love between Radha and Krishna through
worldly imageries.
Bhanu Datta, a Maithil Brahmin who lived in Bihar in the fourteenth century, composed
another favourite text of artists, Rasamanjari, interpreted as the ‘Bouquet of Delight’.
Rasikapriya, by Keshav Das translated as ‘The Connoisseur’s Delight’, is replete with
complex poetic interpretations and was composed to incite aesthetic pleasure to elite
courtiers.
MEWAR SCHOOL
The Mewar School is widely associated with an early dated set of Ragamala paintings
painted at Chawand in 1605 by an artist named Nisardin.
The reign of Jagat Singh I (1628–1652) is recognised as the period when pictorial
aesthetics got reformulated under virtuoso artists Sahibdin and Manohar, who added
new vitality to the style and vocabulary of Mewar paintings.
Sahibdin painted the Ragamala (1628), Rasikapriya, Bhagvata Purana (1648) and the
Yuddha Kanda of Ramayana (1652), a folio of which is discussed here.
Manohar’s most significant work is that of Bal Kanda of Ramayana (1649). Another
exceptionally gifted artist, Jagannath, painted the Bihari Satsai in 1719, which remains
a unique contribution of the Mewar School.
Other texts like Harivamsha and Sursagar were also illustrated in the last quarter of the
seventeenth century.
Mewar painting in the eighteenth century increasingly became secular and courtly in
ambience.
RAJASTHAN WAS AFFECTED BY THE MUGHALS BUT MEWAR DID NOT COME
UNDER THEIR CONTROL UP TO THE LAST.
This was the reason the Rajasthani school developed in PUREST FORM IN MEWAR.
JODHPUR SCHOOL
In Jodhpur school the presence of Mughals since the 16 th century, influence of their
visual aesthetics.
One of the earliest sets painted in Pali is a Ragamala set by artist Virji in 1623.
A productive period of painting was ushered in by Maharaja Jaswant Singh (1638–1678)
in the mid–seventeenth century.
The last phase innovative of Jodhpur painting coincided with the reign of Man Singh
(1803–1843) where significant sets painted during his time are the RAMAYANA (1804),
DHOLA-MARU, PANCHATANTRA (1804) AND SHIVA PURANA.
BIKANER SCHOOL
Rao Bika Rathore established one of the most prominent kingdoms of Rajasthan,
Bikaner, in 1488.
In the reign of Anup Singh, Ruknuddin was the master artist, painted significant texts,
such as the RAMAYANA, RASIKAPRIYA AND DURGA SATPSATI.
Ibrahim, Nathu, Sahibdin and Isa were other well-known painters in his atelier.
A PREVAILING PRACTICE IN BIKANER WAS TO SET UP STUDIOS CALLED MANDI,
WHERE A GROUP OF ARTISTS WORKED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF A MASTER
KISHANGARH SCHOOL
Widely held among the most stylised of all Rajasthani miniatures, Kishangarh paintings
are DISTINGUISHED BY THEIR EXQUISITE SOPHISTICATION AND DISTINCT FACIAL
TYPE EXEMPLIFIED by arched eyebrows, lotus petal shaped eyes slightly tinged with
pink, having drooping eyelids, a sharp slender nose and thin lips.
Mid–seventeenth century under the patronage of Man Singh artists were already working
in the Kishangarh court.
KRISHNA LILA THEMES became personal favourites for the rulers of Kishangarh.
Sawant Singh’s most celebrated and outstanding artist was Nihal Chand and composed
paintings on Sawant Singh’s poetry that portrayed the theme of divine lovers—Radha and
Krishna.
JAIPUR SCHOOL
SUBJECT MATTER
Both religious and romantic themes are painted beautifully in miniature paintings of
Rajasthan.
As a religious subject matter artist chosen the episode from Bhagwat Puran, Ramayan,
Geet-Govind, Sur-Sagar etc.
And as romantic themes artist illustrated Ragamala paintings, Rasik Priya,
Ramchandrika and Nayak-Nayika bhed.
Barah-masa is also painted beautifully in Rajasthani miniature painting.
RADHA AND KRISHNA IS BEAUTIFULLY PAINTED IN BOTH RELIGIOUS AND
ROMANTIC THEMES.
The painters was also beautifully depicted court scene, battle scene, hunting scene and
royal portraits.
1. In Rajasthani miniature painting artist use bright and brilliant colours such as red,
orange, bright green and blue
2. Male and female figures have long nose, oval shaped face, elongated fish like eyes and the
female figures painted slim flexible and tall like creeper.
The male figure used to wear loose fitting garments, pataka and turban on their
head.
Female figure used to wear loose skirt, choli and transparent chunri.
3. In rajasthani paintings birds and animals have been drawn in decorative style where is
elephant, horse are drawn naturally under the influence of Mughals.
4. Trees are ornamental, flowers have been drawn in bunches.
5. Hills and mountains have been depicted in Persian style.
6. Figures have been drawn in group in a dramatic fusion.
7. To show night scene only the colour of sky has been changed. Moon and stars have
been painted on them and other things are as usual like day scene.
8. RAGA-MALA PAINTINGS ARE DISTINCT FEATURES OF RAJPUT MINIATURE PAINTING,
WHICH ARE PAINTED ENORMOUSLY. RAGA-MALA PAINTINGS ARE PICTORIAL
REPRESENTATION OF INDIAN RAGA AND RAGINI.
Artist- Sahibdin
Technique- Tempera
Description-
Maru Ragini is a painting from the series of Ragamala paintings made by Sahibdin the court
painter of Mewar. In this painting the king with his queen is riding a camel in a yellow
desert background. Both the king and queen are wearing highly ornamental dress and
jewelleries.
Background is painted in light washes of green colour. The camel is leading by an attendant
who carries a stick on his hand. Two escorts are moving on the foreground, who are carrying
sticks in their hands, swords and daggers in their sashes. A hunting dog is running ahead of
two escorts. The sky is deep blue. The dresses of all the figures painted in a manner so that
it looks transparent. Some inscriptions are written in Devnagari characters on the top of the
painting.
CHAUGHAN PLAYER
Artist- Dana
Technique- Tempera
Description-
The two horses in the upper section of the painting are galloping towards each other, while
the horses in the lower section are moving in the opposite direction. They all are dressed in
Rajput costume. The group is trying to tackle a ball with their long polo stick.
The horses are painted in different colours. The ladies have rounded forehead, their eyes are
elongated and their skirts are spreads out like bell with the movement of their action. A little
foliage in the foreground is rendered in stylized manner against a flat green background. The
painting is full of dynamic movement.
KRISHNA ON SWING
Artist- Nuruddin
Technique-Tempera
Subject Matter- This painting, is an illustration of Rasikapriya which presents a stark and
simple composition with minimal and suggestive representation of architecture and
elements of landscape.
An architectural pavilion in the upper part of the painting pictorially qualifies that space as
the ‘palatial interior’, while few trees on the green
grassland suggest ‘outdoors and pastoral’
landscape. The cult of Radha and Krishna was
very popular in the kingdoms of Rajasthan.
Krishna is coloured with blue and all female figures are light yellow. All the figures are
dressed in Rajput costume. Background of this painting is light blue and foreground is light
washes of green.
Artist- Nihalchand
Technique- Tempera
Description-
This is one of the well known painting of Rajasthani miniature from a small state of
Kishangarh. The exaggerated facial type of Kishangarh, which becomes the distinctive and
salient stylistic feature of the Kishangarh School,
is believed to have been derived from the
attractively sharp facial features of Bani Thani.
This painting of Bani-Thani is a highly stylized
portrait of Radha made during the kingship of
Raja Sawant Singh.
Artist- Guman
Technique- Tempera
Description-
This painting of Ramayana by Guman, made between 1740 and 1750, is a classic example
of a continuous narrative. This painting is depicts a scene from Ramayan, when Bharat
come to Chitrakut to meet Rama with his three mothers. (After the passing away of
Dashratha, overcome with grief and filled with remorse, Bharat along with the three
mothers, sage Vasishtha and courtiers visits Rama to persuade him to return to Ayodhya).
Artist Guman begins the narrative from the left and ends it on the right. There are all
together forty-nine figures are composed in different groups in this painting.
A scene is reflecting the episode of Bharat to take back Rama to Ayodhya from Chitrakut. In
the right lower corner Rama listening to Vashishtha about his father's death. Another
composition in middle Rama meets his mothers accompanied by Lakshman and Sita. In
another composition Rama meets to his three mothers.
All female figures are in white saris except Sita. She is wearing a red sari. Jungle scene is
depicting behind of this composition. A prospectively drawn house is depicting in the
background. The use of different shades of green colour is speciality of this painting.