CAT Forklift GP40N1 Schematic, Service, Operation & Maintenance Manual

CAT Forklift GP40N1 Schematic,

Service, Operation & Maintenance
Manual
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**CAT Forklift GP40N1 Schematic, Service, Operation & Maintenance Manual**
Size: 67.7 MB Format: PDF Language: English Brand: CAT Caterpillar Type of
Machine: Forklift Type of Manual: Schematic, Service Manual, Operation &
Maintenance Manual Model: CAT GP40N1 Forklift Date: 2018 Content: Operation
& Maintenance Manual GP40N1 GP45N1 GP50CN1 GP50N1 GP55N1 DP40NM1
DP45NM1 DP50CNM1 DP50NM1 DP55NM1 99730-8B130 (222 Pages) Service
Manual GP40N1 GP45N1 GP50CN1 GP50N1 GP55N1 DP40NM1 DP45NM1
DP50CNM1 DP50NM1 DP55NM1 99739-8B120 (624 Pages) Engine Harness
Schematic Main Harness MC Gasoling Type Schematic 99739-8E100-00 Engine:
GK45: FOREWORD 99739-8E100-01 Engine: GK45: ENGINE GENERAL
99739-8E100-02 Engine: GK45: ENGINE TUNE-UP 99739-8E100-03 Engine:
GK45: ENGINE MECHANICAL 99739-8E100-04 Engine: GK45: ENGINE
LUBRICATION 99739-8E100-05 Engine: GK45: ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM
99739-8E100-06 Engine: GK45: ENGINE CONTROL 99739-8E100-07 Engine:
GK45: ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM 99739-8E100-08 Engine: GK45: ENGINE
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 000005-21C Parking Brake Leak Down Test This part
manual inlcude all spare parts number you need inside this model, for you easier in
fixing your forklift replace new spare part hight performance. This service manual is
a guide for servicing Cat Lift Trucks. For your convenience the instructions are
grouped by systems as an easy reference. This Original Instructions (Operator's)
Manual describes operating procedures, daily checks and simple maintenance for
safe usage of your Cat lift truck. SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 1 GENERAL
INFORMATION 1.1 Model View 1.2 Models Covered 1.2.1 Lift Truck
Nomenclatures and Definitions 1.3 Serial Number Locations 1.4 Dimensions 1.5
Technical Data 1.6 Performance CHAPTER 2 COOLING SYSTEM 2.1
Specifications 2.2 Structure 2.3 Removal and Installation 2.3.1 Fan Belt Removal
2.3.2 Suggestions for Removal 2.3.3 Installation 2.4 Inspection and Adjustment
2.4.1 Fan Belt Inspection 2.4.2 Fan Belt Tension 2.4.3 Connecting Hoses 2.4.4
Coolant 2.4.5 Radiator Cap CHAPTER 3 ELECTRIC SYSTEM 3.1 Chassis
Electrical Devices Wiring Outline 3.1.1 Harnesses Layout 3.1.2 Components
Layout 3.2 Structure 3.2.1 Console Box 3.2.2 Major Electrical Components 3.2.3
Table of Lamps 3.3 Console Box 3.3.1 Disassembly 3.4 Battery Maintenance 3.4.1
State of Charge and Electrolyte Specific Gravity (S.G.) Adjustment 3.4.2 Specific
Gravity Reading and State of Charge 3.4.3 Charging Precautions 3.5 Instrument
Panel 3.5.1 Instrument Panel Screen Element 3.5.2 Basic Screen Display 3.5.3
Basic Operation 3.5.4 When An Error Occurs 3.5.5 Warning Lamps 3.5.6 Optional
Functions 3.5.7 Hour Meters 3.5.8 Troubleshooting 3.6 Wire Color 3.6.2 List of
Wire Colors 3.7 Troubleshooting 3.7.1 Starter System 3.7.2 Gauges 3.7.3 Lighting
System 3.8 Electrical Schematic CHAPTER 4 CONTROLLERS 4.1 Outline 4.2
Main Functions 4.2.2 Instrument Panel 4.2.3 VCM (Vehicle Control Module)1-M
4.2.4 ECM (Gasoline Engine Control Module) 4.2.5 Remote Input/Output Units
4.2.6 GSE Connector 4.3 Service Tool Functions 4.3.1 Service Tool Menus 4.3.2
Service Tool Box 4.4 Mast Interlock System 4.4.1 Function 4.4.2 VCM1-M
Controller, Mast Interlock System Checking Procedure 4.4.3 Active Test Inspection
Procedure 4.5 Driving Interlock System 4.5.1 Function 4.5.2 Driving Interlock
System Checking Procedure for Powershift T/M Lift Trucks 4.5.3 Active Test
Inspection Procedure 4.6 Seat Belt Warning Lamp 4.6.1 Function 4.6.2 Seat Belt
Warning Lamp Checking Procedure 4.7 Parking Brake Warning Buzzer and Lamp
4.7.1 Function 4.7.2 Parking Brake Warning Buzzer/Lamp Checking Procedure
4.7.3 Parking Brake Warning Buzzer/Lamp Checking Procedure with Key in OFF
Position 4.8 Harness Codes 4.9 Controller Details 4.9.1 VCM1-M Controller 4.9.2
Seat Switch/Seat Belt Switch 4.9.3 Parking Brake Switch 4.9.4 Direction Lever
4.9.5 Speed Sensor 4.9.6 T/M Solenoid 4.9.7 Unload Solenoid 4.9.8 Lift Lock
Solenoid 4.9.9 Warning Buzzer 4.9.10 Warning Buzzer Relay 4.9.11 Warning
Buzzer Circuit 4.9.12 Instrument Panel 4.10 Error Codes and Troubleshootings
4.10.1 Error Code Display 4.10.2 Diagnosis Table (F Code) 4.10.3 Error Codes
and Troubleshooting 4.11 Locations of Sensors and Switches CHAPTER 5
POWER TRAIN 5.1 Removal and Installation (MC Models) 5.1.1 Removal of
Engine and Transmission Assembly 5.1.2 Removal of Engine and Transmission
Assembly (for Gasoline-Engine Lift Trucks) 5.2 Removal and Installation (FC
Models) 5.2.1 Removal of Engine and Transmission Assembly CHAPTER 6
POWERSHIFT TRANSMISSION 6.1 Structure and Functions 6.1.1 Transmission
6.1.2 Torque Converter 6.1.3 Control Valve 6.1.4 Hydraulic System Schematic of
Powershift Transmission 6.2 Removal and Installation 6.2.1 Removal 6.2.2
Installation 6.3 Control Valve 6.3.1 Disassembly 6.3.2 Reassembly 6.4 Input Shaft
Assembly 6.4.1 Disassembly 6.5 Oil Pump Assembly 6.5.1 Disassembly 6.5.2
Reassembly 6.6 Inspection and Adjustment 6.6.1 Oil Pressure Measurement 6.6.2
Clutch (Inching) Pedal Adjustment 6.6.3 Inching Cable, Adjustment 6.7
Troubleshooting 6.8 Tightening Torque 6.9 Service Data CHAPTER 7 FRONT
AXLE AND REDUCTION DIFFERENTIAL 7.1 Structure 7.1.1 Front Axle 7.1.2
Reduction Differential 7.2 Removal and Installation 7.2.1 Front Wheels 7.3 Front
Axle 7.3.2 Reduction Differential 7.4 Disassembly and Reassembly 7.4.1 Front
Axle 7.4.2 Reduction Differential 7.5 Troubleshooting 7.6 Service Data CHAPTER
8 REAR AXLE 8.1 Structure and Functions 8.1.1 Rear Axle in General 8.1.2
Structure of Each Component 8.1.3 Steering Cylinder 8.2 Removal and Installation
8.2.1 Rear Wheel and Rear Axle Assembly 8.3 Disassembly and Reassembly
8.3.1 Wheel Hub, Disassembly and Reassembly 8.3.2 Knuckle (King Pin),
Disassembly and Reassembly 8.3.3 Steering Cylinder, Disassembly and
Reassembly 8.3.4 Tie Rod, Disassembly and Reassembly CHAPTER 9 BRAKE
SYSTEM 9.1 Structure 9.1.1 Brake System 9.2 Disassembly and Reassembly
9.2.1 Master Cylinder 9.2.2 Wheel Brakes 9.2.3 Wheel Cylinder 9.3 Inspection and
Adjustment 9.3.1 Automatic Adjuster Test 9.3.2 Manual Adjustment 9.3.3 Parking
Brake Cable Adjustment 9.3.4 Brake Pedal Adjustment 9.3.5 Brake Lines Bleeding
9.3.6 Braking Performance Test 9.3.7 Parking Brake Lever 9.4 Troubleshooting 9.5
Service Data CHAPTER 10 STEERING SYSTEM 10.1 Structure and Functions
10.1.1 Steering System 10.1.2 Steering Valve 10.1.3 Steering Column 10.2
Disassembly and Reassembly 10.2.2 Steering Wheel and Steering Valve,
Removal and Installation 10.2.3 Steering Wheel 10.2.4 Steering Valve 10.2.5 Tilt
Lock Lever 10.3 Steering Valve 10.3.1 Disassembly 10.3.2 Reassembly 10.4
Troubleshooting 10.5 Service Data CHAPTER 11 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 11.1
Structure and Functions 11.1.1 Outline 11.2 Hydraulic Circuit Diagram (For Models
With MC Control Valve) 11.3 Hydraulic Circuit Diagram (For Models With FC
Control Valve) 11.4 Hydraulic Tank 11.5 Hydraulic Pump (Gear Pump) 11.6
Control Valve 11.7 Flow Regulator Valve (for Models with FC Control Valve Only)
11.8 Down Safety Valve 11.9 Lift Cylinder 11.10 Tilt Cylinder 11.11 Disassembly
and Reassembly 11.11.1 Hydraulic Pump 11.11.2 Lift Cylinder 11.11.3 Tilt Cylinder
11.11.4 Flow Regulator Valve 11.11.5 Piping 11.11.6 Suction Strainer and Return
Filter 11.12 Inspection and Adjustment 11.12.1 Hydraulic Tank 11.12.2 Control
Valve 11.12.3 Descent Test 11.12.4 Forward Tilt Test 11.13 Troubleshooting
11.13.2 Hydraulic System Cleaning After a Component Failure 11.14 Service Data
11.15 MC Control Valve 11.15.1 Structure and Operation 11.15.2 Control Valve,
Removal and Installation 11.15.3 Disassembly and Assembly 11.16 FC Control
Valve 11.16.1 Structure and Operation 11.16.2 Disassembly and Assembly
CHAPTER 12 MAST AND FORKS 12.1 Simplex Mast 12.1.1 Mast System 12.2
Structure and Functions 12.2.1 Simplex Mast (5A15C to 5A33C) 12.2.2 Mast
Operation 12.3 Removal and Installation 12.3.1 Mast and Lift Bracket Assembly
12.4 Disassembly and Reassembly 12.4.1 Simplex Mast Disassembly 12.4.2
Simplex Mast Reassembly 12.5 Removal and Installation of Mast Rollers and
Strips without Removing 12.5.1 Simplex Mast 12.6 Inspection and Adjustment
(Simplex Mast) 12.6.2 Forks 12.6.3 Chain Tension Inspection and Adjustment
12.6.4 Checking Chain Elongation 12.6.5 Adjusting Clearance Between Lift
Bracket Roller and Inner Mast 12.6.6 Mast Roller Clearance Adjustment 12.6.7
Mast Strip Clearance Inspection and Adjustment 12.6.8 Tilt Angle Adjustment
12.6.9 Right and Left Lift Cylinder Stroke Inspection and Adjustment 12.7
Troubleshooting (Simplex Mast) 12.8 Service Data (Simplex Mast) 12.9 Duplex
Mast 12.9.1 Mast System 12.10 Structure and Functions 12.10.1 Duplex (Dual
Full-Free Panoramic) Mast (5B15C to 5B33C) 12.10.2 Mast Operation 12.11
Removal and Installation 12.11.1 Mast and Lift Bracket Assembly 12.12
Disassembly and Reassembly 12.12.1 Duplex Mast Disassembly 12.12.2 Duplex
Mast Reassembly 12.13 Removal and Installation of Mast Rollers and Strips
without Removing 12.13.1 Duplex Mast 12.14 Inspection and Adjustment (Duplex
Mast) 12.14.1 Inspection and Adjustment (Duplex Mast) 12.14.2 Forks 12.14.3
Chain Tension Inspection and Adjustment 12.14.4 Checking Chain Elongation
12.14.5 Adjusting Clearance Between Lift Bracket Roller and Inner Mast 12.14.6
Mast Roller Clearance Adjustment 12.14.7 Mast Strip Clearance Inspection and
Adjustment 12.14.8 Tilt Angle Adjustment 12.14.9 Right and Left Lift Cylinder
Stroke Inspection and Adjustment 12.15 Troubleshooting (Duplex Mast) 12.16
Service Data (Duplex Mast) 12.17 Triplex Mast 12.17.1 Mast System 12.18
Structure and Functions 12.18.1 Triplex (Triple Full-Free Panoramic) Mast (5C15C
to 5C33C) 12.18.2 Mast Operation 12.19 Removal and Installation 12.19.1 Mast
and Lift Bracket Assembly 12.20 Disassembly and Reassembly 12.20.1 Triplex
Mast Disassembly 12.20.2 Triplex Mast Reassembly 12.21 Removal and
Installation of Mast Rollers and Strips without Removing 12.21.1 Triplex Mast
12.22 Inspection and Adjustment (Triplex Mast) 12.22.2 Forks 12.22.3 Chain
Tension Inspection and Adjustment 12.22.4 Checking Chain Elongation 12.22.5
Adjusting Clearance between Lift Bracket Roller and Inner Mast 12.22.6 Mast
Roller Clearance Adjustment 12.22.7 Mast Strip Clearance Inspection and
Adjustment 12.22.8 Tilt Angle Adjustment 12.22.9 Right and Left Lift Cylinder
Stroke Inspection and Adjustment 12.23 Troubleshooting (Triplex Mast) 12.23.1
Troubleshooting (Triplex Mast) 12.24 Service Data (Triplex Mast) 12.24.1 Triplex
Mast CHAPTER 13 SERVICE DATA 13.1 Maintenance Schedule 13.2
Maintenance Note 13.2.1 Brake System 13.2.2 Cooling System 13.2.3 Electric
System 13.2.4 Engine System 13.2.5 Frame and Chassis 13.2.6 Fuel System
13.2.7 Hydraulic System 13.2.8 Ignition System 13.2.9 Intake System 13.2.10
Front End Section 13.2.11 Steering and Axle System 13.2.12 T/M and Drive
System 13.2.13 Wheels and Tires 13.2.14 General 13.3 Tightening Torque for
Standard Bolts and Nuts 13.4 Periodic Replacement Parts 13.4.2 Location of
Periodic Replacement Parts 13.5 Lubrication Instructions 13.5.1 Lubrication Chart
13.5.2 Fuel and Lubricant Specifications 13.5.3 Adjustment Value and Oil
Quantities 13.6 Special Service Tools 13.6.1 Special Service Tools (Standard
Tools for Both MC and FC LiftTrucks) 13.6.2 Special Service Tools (for FC Lift
Truck Only) 13.6.3 Special Service Tools (for Powershift Transmission)
OPERRATION MANUAL CHAPTER 1 SAFETY RULES AND PRACTICES 1.1
SAFETY SIGNS AND SAFETY MESSAGES 1.2 WARNING SYMBOLS AND
LEVELS 1.3 OPERATOR QUALIFICATIONS 1.4 SAFETY GUARDS 1.5
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR OPERATING LIFT TRUCK 1.6
DAILY INSPECTION 1.7 OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITY 1.8 GENERAL 1.9 NO
RIDERS 1.10 TRAVELING 1.11 LOADING 1.12 DOCKBOARDS (BRIDGE
PLATES), TRUCKS AND RAILROAD CARS 1.13 SURFACE AND CAPACITY
1.14 FUEL HANDLING 1.15 INSTALLATION OF ATTACHMENTS 1.16 IN CASE
OF TIP-OVER 1.17 TRANSPORTING LIFT TRUCK 1.17.2 APPROACH ANGLE,
DEPARTURE ANGLE AND GANGWAY 1.17.3 HOISTING (LIFTING) UP THE
TRUCK 1.18 FUNCTION TESTS 1.19 TRACTION BAR 1.20 POSITION OF DATA
AND CAPACITY PLATES AND DECALS 1.21 DATA AND CAPACITY PLATES
AND DECALS 1.21.2 DATA PLATE 1.21.3 IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS 1.21.4
CAUTION DRIVE DECAL (IN CASE OF TIP-OVER DECAL) 1.21.5 WARNING
DRIVE DECAL (TRAINED AND AUTHORIZED) 1.21.6 PINCH POINT DECAL
1.21.7 CAUTION FORK DECAL 1.21.8 MAST WARNING DECAL 1.21.9
CAUTION DRIVE DECAL (OPERATION) 1.21.10 RADIATOR WARNING DECAL
1.21.11 COOLING FAN WARNING DECAL 1.21.12 ADJ LPG WARNING DECAL
1.21.13 LPG LATCH WARNING DECAL 1.21.14 LPG FUEL WARNING DECAL
CHAPTER 2 OPERATING CONTROLS AND FUNCTIONS 2.1 APPLICATIONS
2.2 APPLICATION FOR CAT LIFT TRUCKS 2.3 PROHIBITED APPLICATIONS
FOR CAT LIFT TRUCKS 2.4 MAIN COMPONENTS 2.5 METERS, INDICATORS
AND WARNING LIGHTS 2.5.2 LCD 2.5.3 OPERATION BUTTONS 2.5.4 !
MULTIPURPOSE WARNING LIGHT 2.5.5 MALFUNCTION INDICATOR
LIGHT-ENGINE CHECK WARNING 2.5.6 OIL PRESSURE WARNING LIGHT
2.5.7 CHARGE WARNING LIGHT 2.5.8 PARKING BRAKE WARNING LIGHT
2.5.9 SEAT BELT WARNING LIGHT 2.5.10 METER DISPLAY 2.5.11 WATER
TEMPERATURE GAUGE 2.5.12 FUEL GAUGE 2.5.13 TRANSMISSION
POSITION 2.6 MALFUNCTION AND WARNING INDICATIONS 2.6.2 MAST
INTERLOCK WARNING 2.6.3 LPG LEVEL WARNING/LPG RACK LOCK
WARNING 2.6.4 TORQUE CONVERTER FLUID TEMP WARNING 2.6.5
RADIATOR LEVEL WARNING 2.6.6 AIR CLEANER WARNING 2.6.7 SERVICE
REMINDER DISPLAY 2.6.8 DISPLAYS WHEN MALFUNCTION OCCURS 2.7
DRIVER RECOGNITION MODE 2.8 LPG REMAINING TIME MANAGEMENT 2.9
SWITCHES 2.9.2 HORN BUTTON 2.9.3 REAR RIGHT GRIP WITH HORN
BUTTON 2.9.4 IGNITION SWITCH 2.9.5 LIGHTING AND TURN SIGNAL
SWITCHES 2.9.6 MAXIMUM SPEED CHANGE SWITCH (OPTION) 2.9.7
THROTTLE SENSITIVITY ADJUST SWITCH (OPTION) 2.9.8 BACK-UP
OPERATION LIGHT SWITCH (OPTION) 2.10 OPERATING CONTROLS 2.10.2
SELECTOR LEVER 2.10.3 PARKING BRAKE LEVER 2.10.4 INCHING BRAKE
PEDAL 2.10.5 BRAKE PEDAL 2.10.6 ACCELERATOR PEDAL 2.10.7
CARGO-HANDLING CONTROL LEVERS 2.10.8 ANSI/ITSDF STANDARDS FOR
LIFT TRUCK CLAMP ATTACHMENTS 2.10.9 STEERING CHARACTERISTICS
CHAPTER 3 OPERATING THE LIFT TRUCK 3.1 OPERATION 3.2 INSPECTION
BEFORE OPERATING 3.3 LIFT TRUCK OPERATING PRECAUTIONS 3.4
PRECAUTIONS FOR COLD AND HOT WEATHER 3.5 OPERATIONAL
PROCEDURES 3.6 LPG LIFT TRUCK STARTING 3.7 PROCEDURE FOR JUMP
STARTING EFI ENGINES 3.8 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION 3.9 LOADING 3.10
TRANSPORTING LOADS 3.11 UNLOADING 3.12 CLIMBING 3.13 STOPPING
AND PARKING THE LIFT TRUCK 3.14 FORKS 3.15 SEAT ADJUSTMENT 3.15.1
SUSPENSION SEAT OPERATOR'S WEIGHT ADJUSTMENT 3.15.2 FORWARD
AND BACKWARD CONTROL LEVER 3.15.3 BACKREST INCLINATION
ADJUSTMENT 3.15.4 LUMBAR ADJUSTMENT 3.15.5 SWIVEL SEAT 3.16 SEAT
BELT 3.17 TOP PANEL 3.18 TILT STEERING WHEEL 3.19 SERVICE RELEASE
LATCH 3.20 RADIATOR COVER 3.21 REARVIEW MIRROR (OPTION) 3.22 LPG
CYLINDER (TANK) HOLDER CHAPTER 4 GENERAL CARE AND
MAINTENANCE 4.1 WET CELL BATTERY CARE AND MAINTENANCE 4.2
BATTERY SPECIFIC GRAVITY 4.3 DAILY INSPECTION 4.4 OPERATOR'S
DAILY CHECKLIST (SAMPLE) 4.5 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION 4.5.1
ENGINE OIL LEVEL 4.5.2 REFILLING ENGINE OIL 4.5.3 ENGINE COOLANT
LEVEL 4.5.4 REFILLING ENGINE COOLANT 4.5.5 COOLING SYSTEM
BLEEDING INSTRUCTIONS 4.5.6 BRAKE FLUID LEVEL 4.5.7 REFILLING
BRAKE FLUID 4.5.8 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID LEVEL 4.5.9
REFILLING AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID 4.5.10 HYDRAULIC OIL
LEVEL 4.5.11 REFILLING HYDRAULIC OIL 4.5.12 STEERING WHEEL PLAY
4.5.13 WHEEL AND TIRE 4.5.14 TIRE REPLACEMENT 4.5.15 CHECKING MAST
4.5.16 CHECKING LIFT CHAIN 4.5.17 FORK INSPECTION 4.5.18 FORK REPAIR
4.5.19 CHECKING HORN 4.5.20 CHECKING LIGHTS 4.5.21 CHECKING
CARGO-HANDLING CONTROL LEVER(S) 4.5.22 CHECKING BRAKE PEDAL
4.5.23 PEDAL FREE PLAY 4.5.24 CHECKING PARKING BRAKE LEVER 4.5.25
CHECKING TOP PANEL LOCK 4.5.26 FUSES 4.5.27 CHECKING AIR CLEANER
4.5.28 CHECKING FAN BELT 4.5.29 DRAINING OF TAR FROM THE
VAPORIZER 4.5.30 PRECAUTIONS FOR USING LPG 4.5.31 RECOMMENDED
LPG FUEL TYPE 4.5.32 CYLINDER (TANK) SIZE 4.5.33 LPG CYLINDER (TANK)
REPLACEMENT 4.5.34 REFILLING LPG CYLINDERS (TANKS) 4.5.35
PERIODIC MAINTENANCE AND LUBRICATION SCHEDULE 4.5.36 PERIODIC
CAT Forklift GP40N1 Schematic, Service, Operation & Maintenance Manual

MAINTENANCE AND LUBRICATION SCHEDULE FOR EMISSION CONTROL

SYSTEM 4.5.37 LUBRICATION CHART 4.5.38 RECOMMENDED LUBRICANTS
4.5.39 RECOMMENDED SAE VISCOSITY CHART 4.5.40 PUTTING LIFT TRUCK
IN STORAGE 4.6 SIDE SHIFT 4.6.1 OVERVIEW OF SIDE SHIFT 4.6.2 MAIN
TERMS USED IN THIS SECTION 4.6.3 SAFETY RULES AND PRACTICES 4.6.4
SIDE SHIFT CONTROL LEVER OPERATION 4.6.5 SIDE SHIFT OPERATION
4.6.6 DAILY CHECKS AND SIMPLE MAINTENANCE CHAPTER 5
SPECIFICATIONS 5.1 MODEL IDENTIFICATION 5.1.1 MODEL VARIATION
(LONG MODEL CODE) BREAKDOWN 5.2 MAIN TRUCK 5.2.1 MAIN TRUCK -
2C7000 AND 2C8000/2C8000-SWB 5.3 MAST 5.3.1 2C7000 AND
2C8000/2C8000-SWB 5.4 FUEL AND OIL CAPACITY 5.5 ENGINE 5.6 ENGINE
OIL CAPACITY 5.7 NOISE LEVEL
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Prisoner in Turkey
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Title: A Prisoner in Turkey

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A PRISONER IN

TURKEY ***
ON ACTIVE SERVICE SERIES
A PRISONER IN TURKEY

By the Same Author

POEMS IN CAPTIVITY

THE BODLEY HEAD

 THE KARA HISSAR
The Armenian Church appears just to the right of the large white
building in the centre of the picture, at the foot of the crag

A PRISONER IN TURKEY
 By JOHN STILL

London: JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD, W.

New York: JOHN LANE COMPANY. MCMXX

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY R. CLAY AND SONS, LTD.,

BRUNSWICK STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E. 1, AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.

FOREWORD

This book, like most books, consists both of facts and opinions. In
order to fortify the facts, and so that it may be clearly seen that the
opinions are justified, a number of extracts from the “Report on the
Treatment of British Prisoners of War in Turkey,” which was
presented to Parliament in November, 1918, are included here by the
special permission of the Controller of His Majesty’s Stationery
Office. So few people read Government publications that this course
seems necessary.
In this official report it is stated that out of 16,583 British and Indian
prisoners “Believed Captured,” 3,290 are dead, and 2,222 untraced
and almost certainly dead. But this report was compiled before the
end of the war and is admittedly incomplete. I do not know the
actual statistics, which must by now be available, nor do I know
where to obtain them. But, as stated in the book, we in Turkey
believed that about 75 per cent. of the British rank and file perished
within two years of being captured. It may be that we were unduly
pessimistic; it is very sincerely to be hoped that we were, and on the
whole it seems probable. But I leave the figure unaltered in the text,
for it was our sincere belief after very difficult and laborious
enquiries made secretly. In the official report the figures show that
of a total of 4,932 British believed captured, no less than 2,289 are
either dead or untraced. This amounts to 46 per cent. It would be
interesting to know the final figures.
The extracts taken from the report have been selected because they
are either general in character or have special reference to Angora or
Afion Kara Hissar, the two camps I knew personally.
I am indebted to three fellow-prisoners for the photograph
reproduced as a frontispiece to this book, for the piece of music, for
reading the MS., and for reading the proofs.

Extracts from a Report on the Treatment of British Prisoners of

War in Turkey.

The history of the British prisoners of war in Turkey has faithfully

reflected the peculiarities of the Turkish character. Some of these, at
any rate to the distant spectator, are sufficiently picturesque; others
are due to the mere dead-weight of Asiatic indifference and inertia;
others again are actively and resolutely barbarous. It has thus
happened that at the same moment there have been prisoners
treated with almost theatrical politeness and consideration, prisoners
left to starve and die through simple neglect and incompetence, and
prisoners driven and tormented like beasts. These violent
inconsistencies make it very difficult to give a coherent and general
account of the experience of our men. Almost any unqualified
statement can be contradicted again and again by undoubted facts;
and the whole subject seems often to be ruled by nothing but pure
chance.
Yet on the whole there are two principles which may be detected as
influencing the behaviour of the Turk in this matter, first and last,
one being an affair of deliberate policy, the other instinctive and
customary. Mixed in with a good deal of easy-going kindness, there
is always to be found the conviction that it can matter little what
becomes of the ordinary mass, so long as compliments are paid to
the great. It has doubtless been a real surprise to the Turkish mind,
even in high places, to learn that the rights of the common soldier
are seriously regarded by western opinion—the rights, moreover, of
a few thousand disarmed men who could be no longer used in
battle. This principle has not always been effective, it must be
added, in its application to prisoners of higher rank, as some of the
following pages will abundantly show; but it has seldom failed in the
treatment of the rank and file. These have had small reason in their
helplessness to regard the Turk as that chivalrous and honourable
foe of whom we have sometimes heard.

It need scarcely be said that the level of surgical and medical skill is
low in Turkey. There are good doctors, but not many of them, and it
is only in Constantinople that they are to be found. In the provincial
towns the hospitals are nearly always places of neglect and squalor,
where a sick man is simply left to take his chance of recovery, a
chance greatly compromised by Turkey’s total indifference to the first
rudiments of sanitation. Such hospitals are naturally the last to be
provided with adequate stock or equipment of any kind; and even if
some modern appliance is by fortune forthcoming, it will probably be
beyond the local talent to make use of it. In a very horrible Red
Crescent hospital at Angora, for example, there was at one time
seen an excellent German disinfecting apparatus standing idle
amidst the filth, because no one could tell how it was worked. It is
fair to say that in such places there is no distinction between the
treatment of prisoners and that of Turkish sick or wounded; all suffer
alike by reason of a state of civilisation centuries out of date.

It was characteristic, too, that until the end of 1916, or even later,
the only clearing-station that existed in the city, where the men
discharged from hospital were collected until they could be sent into
the interior, was apparently the common civil prison, a most vile and
filthy place, in which many of our men lay for weeks until the
convenient moment happened to come for removing them. At first
they were lodged there in ordinary cells; later they would occupy the
gallery of a large hall, where their tedium was relieved by witnessing
the vociferous floggings of the criminals on the floor below. This
would seem to be the same prison as that in which certain British
naval officers have at different times undergone most barbarous
punishment (in the name of “reprisals”), by being confined for many
weeks underground, without sight of day, in solitude and severe
privation. As a collecting place for prisoners from hospital it was
superseded in 1917 by a camp at Psamatia, a suburb of the city,
installed in a disused Armenian school and church. This was at first a
dirty and disagreeable place; though supposed to be in some
measure for convalescents, it was always a struggle to get so much
as a wash there; but under a better commandant it was improved
later on.

But before going further we may give what is in effect the substance
of our whole report—the epitome, in unmistakable terms, of the
story of the prisoners’ treatment. The officially announced figures of
the mortality among them, so far as are known up to the present
date, give the exact measure of the meaning of captivity in Turkey.
The total number of officers and men believed to have been taken
prisoners by the Turks from the beginning of the war is 16,583. Of
these 3,290 have been reported dead, while 2,222 remain untraced,
and we must believe that they, too, have almost all perished
unnamed, how or where we cannot tell in any single case. They all
belonged to the force which surrendered at Kut, and it is therefore
certain that they passed living into Turkish hands, but not one word
was ever afterwards heard of any of them. The story we shall now
tell is the only light that can now be thrown upon their fate.[1]

Afion, indeed, has a hideous record for the flogging of prisoners—

punishment which was habitual there, for the most trifling offences,
while the place was under the control of a certain Turkish naval
officer. This man ruled with a cow-hide whip, from which the
offender received a given number of lashes on his bare back. Many
specific instances are known and noted. Fortunately the man’s
behaviour became notorious, and the Turkish Government, under
pressure, removed him early in 1917. He had had time, however, to
add to the burden of the unhappy men from Kut, whose appearance
when they reached Afion is vividly remembered by the prisoners who
were already there. Some of them naked, many half out of their
minds with exhaustion, most of them rotten with dysentery, this
band of survivors was received with deep sympathy by the rest, who
did all they might to restore them, small as their own resources
were. In very many cases it was too late. The sick men were placed
in the camp hospital; but this was a hospital in not much more than
the name, for though there was a Turkish doctor in attendance, with
some rough Turkish orderlies, medicines were non-existent, and a
man too ill to look after himself had a very poor chance. Deaths
were frequent; the dead were buried by their comrades in the
Christian cemetery of the town. All this time, close at hand, there
was a party of British officers imprisoned at Afion, two of whom
were officers of the medical service. Yet all communication between
officers and men was flatly forbidden, under heavy penalty,
throughout the bad time of 1916 and even later. English doctors had
thus to wait inactive, knowing that the men were dying almost daily,
a few yards off, for mere want of proper care.

Angora is another camp which began very badly. In the spring of

1917 (it had already been in use for a year and a half) there were
seventy-five prisoners lodged here in two rooms of a very insanitary
house, which caused outbreaks of typhus. There was a brutal
sergeant-major in charge and a free use of the whip. Conditions
have improved as Angora has become the centre of the working
groups engaged in laying the narrow-gauge line towards Yozgad. By
May, 1917, the chief settlement was under canvas, in a healthy
position about twenty miles from the town, moving forward as the
work progressed. A little later we hear of kind treatment on the part
of the Turkish officers. By the end of the year there was rather a
large concentration of British prisoners in this district; and although
they were short of clothing and suffered much from the winter cold
—snow was thick in December—the general treatment was
considerate. The men appear to have considerably impressed the
Turks by their power of bearing up and adapting themselves to hard
circumstances.

The Turkish Government has announced that in its zeal for the
comfort of the British officers in its hands, the finest situations in
Asia Minor have been chosen for their internment; and if a prisoner
of war were in the position of a summer tourist in peace-time this
consideration would be admirable. Yozgad, Kastamuni, Afion-Kara-
Hissar, Gedis, are places of interest and beauty; the mountain
scenery of Central Anatolia is very striking, the summer climate
excellent. Unfortunately this attractive landscape is buried deep in
snow throughout the winter; the cold is intense, the places named
being from three to four thousand feet above sea-level;
communication with the outer world (Afion alone is on the railway)
becomes difficult or almost impossible; and the picturesque towns,
with their streams and valleys and mediæval citadels, have none but
the most primitive provision against the rigour of the season. This
would be so even in the time of peace. The difficulties of life under
such conditions in war-time can hardly be imagined—difficulties
partly due to the general scarcity of necessities, but also much
aggravated by Turkish incompetence and disorganisation. With each
winter the officers have had to face the prospect of something like
famine and destitution, well knowing that they must rely on their
own hampered efforts, if they were to get through.
In writing of them one must, in fact, put aside all idea that the care
of prisoners is the business of their captors. In Turkey it has
amounted to this—that British officers have been sent to live in
places where at least it is very hard to keep body and soul together
—have there been put under various restrictions and disadvantages
—and have then been left to support themselves as best they might.
They have had to pay for practically everything they needed beyond
bare housing, and sometimes even for this.

After Broussa the most conveniently placed camp, so far as officers

are concerned, is Afion-Kara-Hissar, though its direct communication
with the capital by railway did not save the prisoners from severe
privation in the winter of 1917-18. The few things there were to buy
were then at prohibitive cost; and the general state of affairs may be
judged by the fact that on Christmas Day, there being no firewood
and twenty degrees of frost, the officers took their dinner in bed, as
the only place where they could keep a little warm. Afion was one of
the earliest formed prison camps in Turkey. In the spring of 1918
there were 100 British officers here, and 120 Russians. This is too
large a number for the accommodation, and still more for the
resources of the town.
They are lodged in a number of empty houses between the town
and the station, which is about two miles away. These houses are in
two groups, forming the so-called upper and lower camps, though
they are not camps in the sense of being enclosed in any sort of
compound. They seem to be fairly satisfactory in good weather, but
they are very primitive. In the buildings, more or less unfinished, of
the lower camp there was at first no provision for heating and no
glass in the windows. By the early part of 1917 the officers had
arranged a routine for themselves which the vexatious, sometimes
maddening, inefficiency and caprice of the Turk did not seriously
interfere with. They had books and games indoors, fixed hours of
study, and a flourishing run of amateur theatricals. Out of doors they
were cramped, but there were some limited chances of cricket. Once
a week the two camps could visit each other, under escort, and
there was another weekly outing when they could go for country
walks.
The constant trial was not bad treatment, but the stupid and
irritating notions of the commandant and his subordinates on the
score of discipline. The natural indolence, the want of organisation,
the dirty habits and customs of the Turks, their inveterate and
irrational lying, all meant a wearisome wastage of time and temper.
The commandant had the mark of the typically incompetent
manager—a fondness for imposing sudden and teasing regulations,
without the will to enforce them consistently. Thus at one time it was
decreed that everyone must be fully dressed for the 8 a.m. roll-call,
at another that all lights must be out by 9.30 in the evening, at
another that no officer should rest on his bed during the day; such
rules would be rigidly insisted upon for a few days, till the novelty
wore off, and then helplessly abandoned. It is recorded, indeed, that
soon after the “lights out” rule was started, the commandant himself
dropped in at 11 p.m. one night to visit the officers of the lower
camp; he found them all up, stayed for a talk and a glass of Greek
brandy, and made no further allusion to the matter. This is the
amiable side of the Turkish misrule. It is the other that has since
become prominent at Afion, till the place compared badly with other
camps for the stupid tyranny of its control. It is not surprising if the
officers have felt themselves back in an ill-managed nursery, with its
rotation of indulgence and random severity.

Here for the present ceases our information with regard to the
officers’ camps in Asia Minor. There are others—Eskichehir and Konia
—which are reserved for Indian officers only; but of these little is
known beyond the fact that the prisoners enjoy complete local
freedom. Eskichehir was supposed to be the “depôt modèle” of the
empire, and the late Sultan even ordained that the officers there
might keep their swords. But so far as the British officers are
concerned, our sketch will have indicated the main lines of their daily
routine, its security on the whole from the worst forms of coercion,
and on the other hand its exposure to grave risk and hardship. Fully
to understand what their existence is like, one must of course
amplify the picture in many ways, the chief of which is perhaps the
deadly monotony of its isolation. All communication with the world
outside is endlessly uncertain and broken. Between these prisoners
and their friends at home, who only ask to be allowed to send them
the help they need, there lies a mass of corrupt and torpid
inefficiency, a barrier almost impossible to overcome because
incalculable and irrational. The due and punctual censoring of the
prisoners’ mails, for example, has apparently been beyond the
resources of the Turkish Empire. The authorities have never been
able to establish any system by which parcels, letters and books,
might be regularly scrutinised at the various camps. These are all
dealt with at Constantinople, with long and exasperating delays. A
novel for an hour’s reading, say, is delivered to an officer in Asia
Minor; it will instantly be taken from him, returned to the Capital,
and there lost to sight for months before it is discovered to be
inoffensive and allowed to proceed. For a long while the prisoners’
letters were cut down to the barest minimum both in number and
length, because the censor at headquarters could not deal with
more. It appears that it has not been possible to carry out this work
in the camps for the highly Turkish reason that the various
authorities concerned mistrusted each other too deeply.

The housing, feeding, and medical care of the prisoners, the delivery
of their parcels and correspondence, their pay, the exchange of
invalids and others, the inspection of internment camps, and the
thousand and one details of the treatment of prisoners, have been
the subject of constant attention and voluminous correspondence,
hampered not only by the callous obstinacy of the Turkish
Government, but by the failure of Turkish officials even to read the
communications addressed to them.

CONTENTS

PAGE

CHAPTER I
THE DARDANELLES 27

CHAPTER II
CONSTANTINOPLE 41

CHAPTER III
THE ARMENIANS 57

CHAPTER IV
THE WANK 72

CHAPTER V
ANGORA 91

CHAPTER VI
THE FIRST WINTER 109

CHAPTER VII
AFION-KARA-HISSAR 127

CHAPTER VIII
THE ARMENIAN CHURCH 144

CHAPTER IX
THE LOWER CAMP 162

CHAPTER X
THE SECOND YEAR 179

CHAPTER XI
THE LAST YEAR IN AFION 195

CHAPTER XII
OUR ALLIES 208

CHAPTER XIII
THE BERNE CONVENTION 220

CHAPTER XIV
SMYRNA 229

CHAPTER XV
THE SHIP 249
 A PRISONER IN TURKEY

CHAPTER I

THE DARDANELLES

At dawn on the 9th of August, 1915, the 6th Battalion of the East
Yorkshire Regiment received an order to attack the great hill that
towers above Anafarta. The order was late, hours too late, for the
messenger had lost his way; so, although we did not know it at the
time, we had already forfeited our chance, and were launched upon
a forlorn endeavour.
The rampart of hills to the east of us was black against the chill, pale
sky as we moved out across the grey flats that led up to the foot of
Teke Tepe, towering up to nearly 1,000 feet ahead of us. And we
came under fire from our right flank almost from the very start.
The foot-hills of the range were rough with boulders, and deep cut
by rocky ravines. As we moved on and on, up and up, men got lost
in the prickly scrub oak, holly they called it, and it became
increasingly difficult to maintain any sort of formation. But the
enemy’s fire grew in volume as we mounted, poured into us at ever
decreasing range from the right and from the front.
In that hour my admiration for the splendid courage of the men rose
to a pitch of exaltation. They were Yorkshire miners for the most
part, dogged, hard men of the sturdiest breed on earth. Those who
were hit stayed where they fell, and those who were whole climbed
on. The only complaint heard upon that hill-side was that no enemy
could be seen to fire upon. So there was but little reply from our
rifles as we went on up.
About thirty of us reached the top of the hill, perhaps a few more.
And when there were about twenty left we turned and went down
again. We had reached the highest point and the furthest point that
British forces from Suvla Bay were destined to reach. But we
naturally knew nothing of that. All that we knew was that the
winding ravine down which we retreated alternately exposed us to
rifle fire from the enemy above and protected us. Hid us and
revealed us. A sapper major who walked with me, after a long
silence said, “Are you married?” “Yes,” I replied. “It it were not for
that this would be good fun,” said the major. So we agreed that if
one of us got out he should go and see the other’s wife. And it fell to
me to do it; for he was shot through the ankle soon after that, and
an hour later was bayoneted in cold blood by a Turk.
We hoped that the foot of the ravine would bring us out among our
own supports at the bottom of the hill. But the enemy held it.
Five out of all those who had gone up got down again alive.
We reached the point where the ravine ended, and in the scrub
ahead of us we saw a number of men who fired upon us. For a
moment we thought they were our own, firing in ignorance. Then
we saw that they were Turks. We had run into the back of an enemy
battalion which held the lower slopes against our supports. They had
crossed the range at a point lower than that we had attacked, and
had cut in behind our climbing force. We could do nothing but
surrender.
When we held up our hands some dozen or more of the enemy
charged towards us with fixed bayonets. And we began to
experience that strange mixture of nature, so characteristic of the
Turks, from which we and our fellows were to suffer much in the
years to come.