American Language Hub 5 Students Book Key

Answer key American Language Hub Level 5 Student’s Book
Welcome 1.1 Dress for success

GRAMMAR VOCABULARY
A A
1 where the conversation class is Students’ own answers
2 I’m going
3 Have you READING
4 I’ll have been A
5 don’t have to Students’ own answers
6 must not
7 used to B
8 taught Relaxed clothes could make you feel more creative.
9 get used to A uniform could give people a sense of belonging and duty.
10 was learning Bright clothes boost positivity.
B C
2 A lot of problems when learning a language come from 1 bright colors
lack of confidence not lack of ability. 2 Casual Fridays
3 It’s best to get personal recommendations when finding 3 name-brand
the English courses. 4 ’Athleisure’ clothing
4 When you first learn a language you should spend a great 5 dress clothes / a well-made suit
deal of time on grammar. 6 Uniforms
5 Childhood A childhood is a good time to start learning
D
a language.
Students’ own answers
6 There’s never enough time time enough when you’re
working and learning at the same time. GRAMMAR
7 Most the people feel demotivated at some point when
A
learning a new language.
1 object 2 subject
8 Every language languages has its own unique pronunciation
and grammar and you can’t easily compare them. B
9 Languages are neither fixed nor and completely stable but 3 It wasn’t surprising that Tara came in first place.
are constantly changing. 4
The fact that the team won the tournament shows how
good the manager is.
C
5 Where you go to college is your choice.
6 To tell a lie about something so important was wrong.
VOCABULARY
C
A a 2 b 1 c 5 d 6 e 4 f 3
1 highly 2 deeply 3 of 4 knowledge 5 target
6 positive E
B
1 up-to-date; last-minute 2 six-bedroom; old-fashioned SPEAKING
3 community spirit; street parties Students’ own answers
C LISTENING
Students’ own answers A
PRONUNCIATION
A B
1 2 3 / 4 / 1 Invest in timeless classics
2 Buy oversized clothes (and take them in)
B 3 Learn to sew
1 He’s improveda lot despite havinga few problems. 4 Mix and match (parts of different outfits)
2 We wentoutat nightalot to see the city. 5 Go shopping in your closet
3 Plentyof people find it difficult at first. 6 (When selling clothes online, take the time to) make your
4 Hundredsof people came to see her talk. sales page look good
7 (When buying clothes online), look out for newbie sellers
1 TRENDS 8 Buy (cheap second-hand clothes) from thrift stores
9 Haggle (to get the price down)
UNIT OPENER
1–3 Students’ own answers
American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

Published by Macmillan Education, a division of Springer Nature Limited. © Springer Nature Limited, 2020. This page may be photocopied and used within the class. 1
C B
1 b 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 c 6 a a 3
b 1, 2, 7 (Paragraph 6 also mentions ‘every song ever
D recorded’, but it isn’t the main paragraph topic.)
Students’ own answers c 4
d 5, 6, 7
VOCABULARY
A C
1 a very little money to spend 1 Old: outdated, anachronistic, obsolete, old hat
b not big enough New: funkier, state-of-the-art, novel
2 a smooth without seams or obvious joins 2 Fringe products vs mass-market blockbusters
b changing or continuing very smoothly The durability of trends over decades vs short-term ups and
3
a available to buy on a store shelf; made to fit a downs of the latest fads
particular customer 3 bad, the opposite of cool
b sold for general use; designed for a particular customer feel sheepish about: embarrassed by – the opposite of look
back fondly at
B 4
die-hard fans: somebody who refuses to accept change;
1 am contrasts with almost everybody
b l 5 abandoned it vs persevere with it
2 al 6 Positive: enduring, quirky, authentic
b m Negative: gimmick
3 a l, l 7 diminutive: very short or small, contrasts with large-sleeved
b m, m intangible: not able to be touched or measured, contrasts
with physical
C
1 wound 2 drain 3 run 4 peanuts 5 catches E
6 snapped Students’ own answers
D GRAMMAR
1 stressed or irritated
A
2 wasting money
1 F 2 F 3 F
3 over a longer period
4 a small amount of money B
5 gets your attention 1 We only use than when it is followed by what we are
6 bought and sold very quickly comparing something with. Examples: newer, funkier, a little
more enduring
E
2 We always use more/most with -ly adverbs.
1 seamless 2 run 3 tailor-made; off-the-rack 4 wind
Example: more fondly.
F 3 We don’t use the when there’s already a determiner such
Student’s own answers as this or my. Example: our very deepest needs. The word
the is optional when there’s no noun (e.g. These trends are
PRONUNCIATION (the) clearest).
B
C
1 I saw a nice suit yesterday for 40% off.
1 a much greater extent than
2 You’reonly saving money if you buy something you need.
2 a slightly thinner than usual phone
3 I just worea jacket from an old suit.
3 more than meet
4 They had no idea I was wearing sweatpants.
5 Areauction sites the best place to pick up cheap clothes? E
6 Avoid stores in a trendy area orone with a lot of students. Students’ own answers
7 Many sales clerks areauthorized to offer discounts.
SPEAKING
SPEAKING HUB Students’ own answers
A–C
LISTENING
A
1.2 Trendsetting
READING B
2, 3, 4, 7, 8
A

C 5 To turn a prediction (… there’ll (probably) be …) into a

1 F (They are in different places.) promise (… there will be …).
2 F (She learned everything by taking risks and 6 To focus on the positive verb, which agrees with people’s
making mistakes.) assumption.
3 T 7 To draw attention to the positive verb form – to reassure
4 T Adam that he’ll be OK.
5 F (She only focuses on the people who want to join 8 To emphasize how grateful he is.
her community.)
6 F (There are years of hard work behind her success.) C
7 T 1 That’s one of the most popular vlogs on the web.
2 When you reach one million subscribers, it will be worth it!
D 3 Is it possible to be a trendsetter and an influencer?
SPEAKING HUB
VOCABULARY A–D
A Students’ own answers
1 amateurish 2 re-editing 3 tech-savvy 4 user-friendly
5 hyper-influential 6 largish 7
8 disaster-prone 9 unmute
super-lucky
1.3 Diet and lifestyle
Veganuary
B
A
1 unmute; re-edit
2 hyper-influential; super-lucky
3 amateurish B
4 largish Veganuary is a campaign in the UK that encourages people
5 disaster-prone; tech-savvy; user-friendly to eat only vegan food (non-meat and non-dairy products)
in January.
C
1 unlearn C
2 goodish 1 grocery stores 2 cheese 3 environmental
3 social media-savvy 4 everybody 5 week 6 78,000
4 spammy (comments)
5 smartphone-friendly (videos) AUTHENTIC ENGLISH
6 reconsider A
7 super-exhausted Students’ own answers
E B
Students’ own answers To express it’s a good idea to attempt something you haven’t
done before.
PRONUNCIATION
A C
1 One of the most common mistakes that new vloggers and Suggested answers
podcasters make is to expect everything to be perfect. 2 Why doesn’t he give it a shot? It might be easier than
2 But after a while, it got a lot easier! he thinks.
3 … if nobody cared after a year, I’d give up. And it did take a 3 Give it a try, see how you feel.
while to get noticed. 4 She should take a stab at it – what’s the worst that
4 … you’ve found your niche and you’ve created some could happen?
excellent content.
D
5 Every Wednesday at ten o’clock, there will be a new video
on my channel.
6 I suppose in many people’s eyes, I am an overnight success. The big pitch
7 I felt awkward at first, too, but you do get used to it.
8 Dora Cho, thanks so much for joining me today.
A
1 Sam is the café owner and he spends most of his day
B making coffee and doing calculations. And his favorite
Suggested answers part – talking to his customers.
1 To draw attention to the superlative adjective. 2 Emily is a yoga teacher and health guru, Malcolm is a retired
2 To emphasize how much easier it got. professor, Amanda is a journalist and Harry is Sam’s assistant
3 To focus on the positive verb form, which confirmed in the café.
Dora’s expectations.
4 To emphasize that Adam has achieved two important
things, not just one.

B 2 CREATIVITY
1 unprepared for
2 grow her current business UNIT OPENER
3 three 1–3 Students’ own answers
4 yoga and food
5 her profits will equal her costs in the first year 2.1 The story behind it
SPEAKING SKILL VOCABULARY
A A
Emily is feeling nervous and can’t think of the exact words she Students’ own answers
needs so she speaks in an indirect manner to buy herself time
B
to answer.
1 overrated; groundbreaking
B 2 hilarious; repetitive; awesome
1 ‘… expand my business into something more sustainable, 3 unconventional; pretentious
you know, a yoga retreat where people can stay for 4 iconic; thought-provoking
a few days.’ 5 appalling; tedious; sensational; acclaimed
2 ‘… you know, the physiological withdrawal of toxins from
D
the body.’
1 a painting
C 2 a (comedy) movie
1 In sentence 1 she may be looking for the right words to 3 a sculpture / an installation
explain her idea. In sentence 2 she may want to make the 4 a photograph
explanation sound more impressive. 5 a musical / a dance performance
D E
Students’ own answers Students’ own answers
SPEAKING HUB LISTENING

A–D A
B
Unit 1 Review Suggested answers
GRAMMAR 1 Background of the painting; background of the artist –
the review tells us the guest speakers have ‘specialist
A knowledge’; the story behind the painting – there are many
1 that there aren’t holes in the knees subjects in the composition; the show title suggests a
2 What people think about your clothes puzzle; the reason why the painting is special – the review
3 what’s on the inside mentions that guest speakers have a personal connection.
4 to look good on the outside 2 When and where was the piece of art painted? Why does
5 following fashion gives the guest speaker like it? Why is the painting of special
6 that you spend more than you can afford interest? Who are the subjects in the painting? How did the
7 How much I spend painting affect the guest speaker’s life?
B D
1 d 2 a 3 d 4 b 5 c
1 The Infanta
2 The King and Queen
VOCABULARY
3 The artist (Velázquez)
A
1 d 2 e 3 f 4 b 5 a 6 c E
B
1 tight 2 off-the-rack; tailor-made 3 wound 4 run PRONUNCIATION
5 snapped 6 peanuts 7 breeze
A
1 Yes, we can see her entourage on the right ( ), but to the
C
1 ultra-cool 2
accident-prone 3 childproof / child-friendly
left ( ), we can see the artist himself, standing next to a
4 tech-savvy 5 user-friendly 6 flowery 7 muddy
gigantic canvas.
2 So, it’s a portrait of the King and Queen ( ), not the
8 childish
Infanta ( ).

B B
1 Actually, Mondrian wasn’t American ( ), he was Dutch ( ). 1 hit a wall
2 Although I like his landscapes ( ), his portraits ( ) are 2 trust your instincts
much better. 3 Bouncing ideas off someone
3 Why don’t we watch a movie ( ) instead of going to 4 immerse yourself in
the gallery( )? 5 working from a blank canvas
4 I don’t think it’s tedious ( ). I just think it’s overrated ( ).
5 It was painted in 1656 ( ) – you said 1666 ( ). C
6 A: You study art history, don’t you? Students’ own answers
B: No, I study fine art ( ), not art history ( ).
LISTENING
C A
Students’ own answers 1 Always carry a pen and paper and write down ideas
2 Set your alarm early and try to have ideas as you wake up
SPEAKING 3 Get into a regular routine
A–D 4 Immerse yourself in other things
Students’ own answers 5 Bounce ideas around with someone else
6 Impose some restrictions
READING 7 Trust your instincts
A–B
Students’ own answers B
4, 6
C
1 f 2 e 3 g 4 a 5 c 6 b
C
(not used d, h) Students’ own answers
PRONUNCIATION
D
Suggested answers A
They had to secure funding. They had to recruit the team. 1 2 3 4 5 6
They had to deal with unstable ground. They had to make a
B
very detailed plan. They had to try new technology. They had
1 fall 2 fall 3 rise 4 fall
to rebuild some of the foundations because of bad weather.
SPEAKING
E
Students’ own answers A–D
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
A
simple past: 2 A
past progressive: 4 Students’ own answers
past perfect: 1
C
past perfect progressive: 3
1 world famous 2 open-minded 3 highly-motivated
simple past passive voice: 6
4 thick skinned 5 self-employed, part time
past perfect passive voice: 5
6 well paid 7 late-night
B
E
1 simple past; simple past passive voice
2 past perfect; past perfect passive voice
3 past progressive; past perfect progressive READING
D A
SPEAKING HUB B
Suggested answer
A–D
All four people started their careers after meeting someone
by chance.
2.2 Creative people

VOCABULARY
A
1 b 2 b 3 a 4 b 5 a 6 b 7 a 8 b 9 b 10 b

C 3 There’s nowhere quite like Dubai when it comes to shopping. /

Suggested answers There’s nowhere else where you have the range of stores. /
1 She didn’t have an American accent and most roles There’s nowhere on earth like Dubai for nightlife.
probably needed one. 4 There’s nowhere quite like New York, when it comes to
2 No. He became a lawyer, but he probably had to give it up skyscrapers. / There’s nowhere else in the US where you can
to go on tour. see so many musicals. / There’s nowhere on earth like New
3 He was probably fairly independent and ambitious. He left York for bookstores.
college to move to Hollywood and he got frustrated about 5 There’s nowhere quite like Italy when it comes to
not getting the roles he wanted. food. / There’s nowhere else where you experience so
4 She was probably self-taught. She didn’t have any formal much culture.
training and she started painting as a hobby. 6 There’s nowhere quite like Brazil, when it comes to beaches. /
There’s nowhere else on earth like Brazil during Carnival. /
D There’s nowhere else where people are so fanatical
Students’ own answers about soccer.
GRAMMAR C
1 past
2 came true; didn’t come true
Art critics
A
C Students’ own answers
B
SPEAKING HUB 1 He likes the artist’s provocative use of colors.
A–D 2 Amanda thinks the artist is making a statement on feelings
Students’ own answers of isolation in the digital age.
Malcolm thinks the artist is exposing how superficial
connections are.
2.3 Art and design The male customer thinks that the artist is commenting on
City design festival the current political situation, but that the message doesn’t
A really matter. The reactions it provokes are more important.
Students’ own answers 3 The male customer’s opinion is the most popular.
4 The ‘art’ isn’t really art. The squares painted on the wall were
B just samples painted on by Sam or Harry to test what color
Suggested answers to paint the wall.
1 The first picture is of a colorful art installation behind
Liverpool Street Station in London. SPEAKING SKILL
The second picture is an art installation in Granary Square in A
London made up of four giant tiled gates. 1 Sam has interrupted Amanda when she was giving her
2 Both form part of the London Design Festival. opinion; Amanda wants to finish her point.
2 We use expressions like this when we are in a debate or
C
argument and are interrupted by another speaker and want
1, 3, 4, 6 and 7
to finish our point.
D Strategies 1 and 4 are used to manage the exchange in
1 makes art easier for people to understand and enjoy Exercise A.
2 twenty
B
3 bouncy castle
1 d 2 c 3 a 4 b 5 e
4 found in your bathroom and kitchen
5 a minority C
AUTHENTIC ENGLISH
A SPEAKING HUB
unique A–B
B
Suggested answers
2 There’s nowhere quite like London, when it comes to parks. /
There’s nowhere else where you have the diversity of
London. / There’s nowhere else where so many languages
are spoken.

Unit 2 Review C
1 Aequorea; Nautilus
VOCABULARY 2 Lilypad; Aequorea; Nautilus
A 3 Lilypad; Aequorea
1 hilarious 2 sensational 3 tedious 4 groundbreaking 4 Lilypad
5 repetitive 6 unconventional 5 Nautilus
6 Lilypad
B 7 Lilypad; Aequorea
1 Immerse 2 Bounce; fresh 3 Draw 4 hit 5 stimulate
6 run; Trust D
C GRAMMAR
1 g 2 d 3 f 4 h 5 c 6 a 7 e 8 b A
Students’ own answers Suggested answers
1, 2 Between now and 2100
GRAMMAR
3 In 2100
A 4 Now (we’re on the brink) / the very near future (witnessing)
1 joined 5 Some time in the future (after the Lilypad is finished)
2 performed 6 A point in the future (‘at the end of a work week’) looking
3 were doing / did back at an earlier period of time (‘all week’)
4 had been rehearsing / rehearsed 7 Around a series of points in the future, i.e. whenever the
5 had been given / was given rooms disappear underground
6 was playing / played 8 The very near future
7 brings/brought 9 Over a period of time in the future, i.e. during
8 remember your vacation
9 was 10 At the same time (‘while’ ) as another process in the future
10 peeked (‘you’ll also get some practical lessons’ )
11 applauded
12 felt B
a 3, 9 b 1 c 6 d 2 e 7, 10 f 4, 5, 8
B
1 were going to be 2 would change SPEAKING
3 was supposed to be 4 were supposed to finish Students’ own answers
5 due 6 about
LISTENING
3 PROGRESS A
Suggested answers
UNIT OPENER 1 It may make buildings look more attractive. A more
1–3 Students’ own answers practical use might be to use color-changing paint on the
outside of buildings to reduce electricity consumption
3.1 Progressive design (e.g. white paint reflects more sunlight and therefore
keeps buildings cooler without air-conditioning; dark paint
VOCABULARY absorbs sunlight and keeps buildings warmer).
A 2 Most useful in extreme situations where a damaged tire
Students’ own answers can’t be easily changed/repaired, or where a damaged tire
is especially dangerous (e.g. racing cars, airplanes, vehicles
B
for exploring the surface of other planets, etc).
1 never 2 more 3 plant 4 air 5 lead to 6 harmless
3 They may generate heat to keep your feet warm, or light to
D help you see and be seen in the dark. Perhaps you could
Students’ own answers charge your phone by going for a run, which would be
good motivation to stay fit.
READING 4 This will dramatically improve the fuel efficiency of
A planes, with benefits in terms of cost and sustainability.

Students’ own answers Shape-changing wings may also be safer than traditional
wings (without so many moving parts).
B
1 b 2 c 3 a
B
1 c 2 a 3 c 4 c

C D
1 P (‘I bet you can’t wait … your bike’); L (‘can you?’) 1 e 2 c 3 d 4 b 5 a
2 P (‘Just imagine you’re …’; ‘The fibers in your hat’);
L (‘Amazing, isn’t it?’) E
3 E (‘absolutely love’; ‘incredibly useful’); P (‘You wear your 1 F (Professor Martinelli believes life for the average person is
hat …’); L (‘Would that be OK?’) getting better.)
4 L (‘Did you say …?’; E (‘I’m so sorry – this is really 2 F (Declinism is a feeling that things are getting worse.)
embarrassing’; ‘That would be amazing …’) 3 T
5 L (‘Do you mind waiting …?’); P (‘… make an exception, 4 T
just for you’) 5 F (We tend to notice the ‘noisiest, worst-behaved’ members
6 L (‘Would that be better? Will you be paying by …?’); of groups we don’t belong to.)
E (‘Thanks so much for …’; ‘I really appreciate it’) 6 F (She says it didn’t occur to her that her parents were worried.)
7 T
D
Students’ own answers F
PRONUNCIATION
PRONUNCIATION
A
1 a (flattery) A
2 c (empathy) 1 progress, increases, decreased
3 c (empathy) 2 extracts
4 a (flattery) 3 reject
5 a (exceptionalism) 4 rewrite
6 a (exceptionalism) 5 attributes, conduct
6 attribute
VOCABULARY 7 conflict, suspect
A B
1 to warm 2 to simplify 3 tightening 4 ensures
1 rebel, rebel
5 strengthens 6 to formalize
2 convert, converted
B 3 upgrade, upgrade
1 warm 2 simple 3 tight 4 sure 5 strong 6 formal
4 imports, exports, import, export
5 frequent, frequent
C
1 strengthen; lengthen; shorten GRAMMAR
2 finalize; visualize; equalize A
3 empty; smooth; narrow 1 had 2 could 3 ever 4 did 5 only 6 am 7 Never
4 purify; solidify; simplify
5 endanger; enable; enlarge B
a 4, 5, 7 b 2, 3 c 5 d 1
D
1 Strengthen 2 visualize 3 narrow 4 Simplify D
5 Smooth/Simplify 6 lengthen Students’ own answers
SPEAKING HUB SPEAKING

A–E A–B
READING
3.2 Better … or worse? A
LISTENING Students’ own answers
A B
Students’ own answers Suggested answers
1 A combination of volunteering (e.g. to help a charity) and
B tourism (e.g. traveling to interesting places)
1 d 2 b 3 e 4 a 5 c 2 It gives them a chance to travel to interesting places and
help other people at the same time.
C

C 3 Hong Kong, China and Denmark

Suggested answers 4 positive
Deep costs:
perpetuates the myth that people in poor countries need AUTHENTIC ENGLISH
help; does more harm than good; fake projects A
Deep benefits: land, fertilizers, fresh water
spread a more positive and realistic image; many
B
voluntourists go on to become committed life-long volunteers;
Suggested answers
Highly-skilled volunteers … can indeed bring real benefits;
2 My face is washed, my teeth are brushed and my hair
a genuinely positive impact both on the volunteers and the
is combed.
communities they serve.
3 … she was always on time, she always worked hard and
D she always helped her workmates.
Suggested answers 4 … it has ruined the education system and it has ruined the
1 to create the illusion that the teenagers were doing all health system.
the work 5 I told the shop assistant I wanted to exchange the item, to
2 she realized her work had been pointless; the work was obtain a refund or to speak to the manager.
potentially dangerous since they had no experience 6 I know what you said. You know what you said. The whole
3 your attitude or outlook will affect how you benefit from class knows what you said.
the experience
C–D
E Students’ own answers
Fueling the future
VOCABULARY A
1 do – do more harm than good
B
2 take – take the time
1 T
3 bring – bring benefits
2 F (Amanda doesn’t understand the appeal of owning a
4 take – take the opportunity
sports car.)
5 perpetuate – perpetuate the myth
3 F (Malcolm believes freedom and the open road are the
C main positives of car ownership.)
Students’ own answers 4 F (Amanda says that the sale of new petrol/gas vehicles
will be banned in the UK by 2040.)
SPEAKING HUB 5 T
6 T
A–D
7 F (Malcolm isn’t going to let Amanda test drive his car.)
SPEAKING SKILL
3.3 Sustainability A
Seaweed farming 1 What do you think about
2 Am I right
A
3 What’s your view
Suggested answers
4 weren’t we
a There is a man standing up rowing a boat full of seaweed.
5 mustn’t it
b A man in a black T-shirt and shorts snorkeling is picking
6 What’s up
seaweed from the seabed.
c There is seaweed laid on ground to dry. The sea, fishing B
boats and island are in the background. Suggested answers
d A man in the water is holding up the seaweed to 2 Amanda is asking for agreement.
show viewers. 3 Malcolm is inviting Harry to share his opinion.
e There is a group of young children and white sacks of seaweed. 4 Harry is using a question tag to get agreement
In the background there are lots of boats on the water. from Amanda.
5 Malcolm is using a question tag to get agreement from
B
the others.
1 b 2 d 3 a 4 c 5 e
6 Sam has noticed a change in attitude from Malcolm and is
C inviting him to speak.
1 They’ve discovered how to convert seaweed into ethanol.
C
2 Seaweed could actually help us resolve some of our most
pressing global issues.

SPEAKING HUB C
1 Amanda a (Amanda claims that video games can be
A–D
helpful, but only uses one study to support her
argument – Dr Carter’s study has thousands of participants.)
2 Amanda b (Amanda says she knows people whose diet has
Unit 3 Review made them smarter. This is not a strong argument.)
VOCABULARY 3 Amanda c (Amanda says that high achievers exercise and
are smart. She claims that they are smart because they
A exercise, but doesn’t provide any evidence for this claim.)
1 accumulate; biodegradable 2 consume; renewable
3 emissions 4 neutral; offset D
B
1 enlarge 2 purified 3
warm 4 strengthening PRONUNCIATION
5 formalize 6 tighten 7 (has) equalized
A
C 1 To answer the questions, I’m joined today by two experts:
1 make 2 point 3 comes 4 take 5 make 6 take Dr. Ramona Carter, a leading neuroscientist, and Amanda
7 doing 8 take Saraha, a life coach and the author of How to be smarter.
2 So for example, if you do a lot of Sudoku, the math puzzle
GRAMMAR where you write the numbers in boxes, it’s most likely that
A you will just become better at playing that game.
3 Recently, we’ve seen a lot of media stories about super
1 Fifty years from now, the world will have changed been
changing completely. foods, food that you should eat to boost your brain power.
2 My life’s about to get getting a lot more complicated. /
B
My life’s about getting a lot more complicated. / My life’s 1 To answer the questions, I’m joined today by two experts:
gotten about getting a lot more complicated. Dr. Ramona Carter, ( ) a leading neuroscientist, ( ) and
3 Correct
Amanda Saraha, ( ) a life coach and the author of How to
4 Correct
be smarter.
5 Correct
2 So for example, if you do a lot of Sudoku, ( ) the math
6 Your eyes will hurt after you’ll have been studying all night.
puzzle where you write the numbers in boxes, ( ) it’s most
7 Prices are set setting to fall by 10% over the next year.
likely that you will just become better at playing that game.
3 Recently, we’ve seen a lot of media stories about super
B
1 By no means do I believe you should resign.
foods, ( ) food that you should eat to boost your brain power.
2 Under no circumstances may this box be opened.
C
3 Not once have you thanked me for all the work I did.
Suggested answers
4 Only after we had complained three times did the waiter
1 I like to do some exercise, such as going for a run, before
bring our food. I start work in the mornings.
5 No sooner had I put out the washing than it started to rain.
2 My friend, now in his 70s, is definitely one of the smartest
6 No way would I ever consider going back to college.
people I know.
7 Not since we were students have I worked this hard.
3 I try to do some meditation, an exercise where
I concentrate on my breathing, because it helps me relax.
4 INTELLIGENCE
VOCABULARY
UNIT OPENER
A
1 c 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 c 6 b
4.1 Brain training B

LISTENING The conceptual metaphor: ‘light is compared with intelligence
or knowledge.’
A
1 Of course, everyone would like to be more intelligent, but
David
is it really possible? And if so, how can we make ourselves
B brighter? (= more intelligent)
1 playing games (brain-training games or video games) 2 A team from Cambridge actually tried to shed some light on
2 exercise the impact of playing brain training games. (= explain it,
3 food provide some knowledge about it)
4 resting your brain / daydreaming / meditation 3 As Dr Carter says, we may still be in the dark about the
science behind it, but I personally believe that the food we
eat has a huge effect on every aspect of our lives. (= don’t
have the knowledge)

C D
Suggested answers Suggested answers
1 c 1 Suppose people were able to upload information into
2 b their brains, …
3 a 2 Ignore the potential danger of AI and …
4 a 3 Should brain implants only be affordable for the
super rich, …
SPEAKING 4 Were I to be offered a brain boosting implant, …
A–C
Students’ own answers E
READING
SPEAKING HUB
A–B Students’ own answers
C 4.2 Thinking and thought

Method of READING
augmentation Examples of benefits
A
1 Interfacing with Recording, storing and sharing Students’ own answers
the brain information
2 Stimulating the brain Repairing brains and improving B
their function and capabilities They think it helps people to identify individuals who would
3 Enhancing the brain Helping us learn faster, enhancing be likely to cooperate with the group.
with implants our memories and providing us
with a cognitive boost C
Suggested answers
D Text 1: General readers (it may have been written for a
1 Within the next 10 to 20 years. magazine): to entertain and reassure readers.
2 By implanting a chip into their retinas that connects to a Text 2: Psychology students or academics (it may have been
camera, pictures can be sent to the brain. written as an academic paper): to present findings about the
3 They learned that the right kind of stimulation could boost evolutionary purpose of embarrassment.
memory.
4 It may change people’s personalities and people with
E
implants may be vulnerable to being hacked. Students’ own answers
E VOCABULARY
1 conduct 2 norms 3 hypothesize 4 speculate
GRAMMAR 5 participants 6 findings 7 experiment 8 conclude
A 9 demonstrate
1 Suppose that a computer could interface with a brain,
it could record information, store it and even use this C
information for some other purpose – such as sharing it Students’ own answers
with others. GRAMMAR
2 Assuming that the technology continues to improve, this
could be the beginning of a permanent cure for blindness. A
3 … should AI turn against humans, we would need to be 1 past 2 past 3 past 4 to have
smart enough to fight back. C
4 … were brain-boosting implants to be successfully
developed, they would raise several difficult
ethical questions. SPEAKING
5 Ask many people about what’s happening right now in this
A–B
field and they will tell you they are completely in the dark.
6 … had the government banned this kind of research,
the technology to help blind people would not be LISTENING
under development.
A
B Students’ own answers
a past participle b base form c infinitive d suppose
e assuming f and

B B
1 Highly intelligent people lack common sense. Suggested answers
2 They find it difficult to socialize. 2 the 60s
3 They feel under pressure to live up to expectations. 3 a fairy tale
4 postcard
C 5 a nightmare
1 An intelligent person who is absent-minded and lacks 6 disaster movie
common sense.
2 They try to discuss the wrong topics, they correct people’s C
mistakes and they try to start debates. They are very Students’ own answers
self-conscious.
3 They don’t ask questions and they try to skip the basics Hearing colors
when they learn something new. A
D–E
1 NG
VOCABULARY 2 T
A 3 T
1 troubleshooting 2 overthinking 3 eureka moment 4 F (It looked like a microphone on a headband.)
4 curious 5 wishful thinking 6 absent-minded 5 F (The woman appeared on the screen first.)
7 common sense 8 eccentric 6 T
C SPEAKING SKILL
PRONUNCIATION 2, 4, 1, 6, 3, 8, 5, 7
A B
a 1 b 2 c 7, 8 d 3, 4, 5, 6
1 (falling)
2 (fall-rising) SPEAKING HUB
3 (fall-rising)
4 (falling) A–D
5 (fall-rising) Students’ own answers
B
1 (fall-rising)
Unit 4 Review
2 (falling) VOCABULARY
3 (falling) A
1 If you’re not learning something, you’re wasting your time.
SPEAKING HUB (time = money)
A–D 2 Don’t show that you’re bright or people will expect big
Students’ own answers things. (light = intelligence or knowledge)
3 Always keep moving, but never go backwards. (life = a journey)
4.3 Life-changing tech 4 Invest in your friendships above all else. (time = money)
5 If you want to win an argument, attack first and attack hard.
Sound and vision (argument = war)
A–B 6 Keep people in the dark about your goals until you
Students’ own answers succeed. (light = intelligence or knowledge)
C
3 B
1 experiments 2 conducted 3 participants 4 concluded
D 5 speculated 6
hypothesized 7 the norm 8 findings
1 artist 2 curious 3 sense 4 engineers 5 chip 9 demonstrated
6 light 7 transforms 8 note
C
AUTHENTIC ENGLISH 1 h 2 f 3 d 4 g 5 a 6 e 7 c 8 b
A
Suggested answer
Because it uses technology that would seem new to most
people and like something from a sci-fi movie/novel.

GRAMMAR 5 I’ll be made fun of

6 I’m being yelled at
A
Suggested answers B
1
Were all vehicles automated, there would be a lot fewer a 3 b 2, 4 c 1 d 5
traffic accidents.
2
Should companies start selling robots to do the housework, D
they would be very popular. Students’ own answers
3
Imagine if robot teachers were employed at schools and
students didn’t learn how to interact with people. PRONUNCIATION
4
Supposing humans could marry robots, it could lead to a A
decrease in the population. 1 f 2 d 3 b 4 c 5 a 6 g 7 e
5
Had factories not started using robots, there would be
more jobs available. B
6
Suppose robots develop conscious thought, they could 1 b 2 a 3 a 4 b
decide to disobey their makers. C
1 were 2 could 3 to have 4 had saved
SPEAKING
5 not have eaten 6 had 7 have spent 8 could
Student’s own answers
5 GAMES READING
UNIT OPENER A
1–3 Students’ own answers Urban games encapsulate the best elements of computer
games and transfer them to the real world, adding social and
physical dimensions to activities.
5.1 21st century games
LISTENING B
1 b 2 d 3 a 4 c 5 a 6 b
A
Students’ own answers C
a 4, 8 b 3 c 2, 7 d 1 e 9 f 5, 6
B
1 Part 1: measuring cylinder; metal bar; combination lock; cork D
Part 2: vase; jug of cooking oil; chest of drawers; electric Students’ own answers
scales; bath towel; sugar cubes
Part 3: screws; cup; glass ball VOCABULARY
2 Part 1: How to get the key out of the measuring cylinder A
(by working out the lock combination). The problem is 1 collaborating 2 allies 3 prevails 4 coordinate
that there’s a bar across the top with a combination lock 5 overcome 6 rival 7 cooperate
attached, and the cylinder is attached to the wall.
Part 2: How to fill the measuring cylinder with water/oil; C
how to get the oil out of the jug; how to open the third Students’ own answers
drawer (which has no handle); how to use the sugar cubes.
SPEAKING HUB
The problem is that the jug is fixed to the shelf and the vase
is too big to fit inside. A–D
Part 3: How to open the drawer; how to work out Students’ own answers
the lock combination; how to transfer the oil to the
measuring cylinder. 5.2 Serious gaming
C LISTENING
1 a 2 b 3 b 4 a 5 c 6 b A
D
Puzzle A: Play once: TAKE the money. Play many times:
GRAMMAR
one of the best strategies is to SHARE first, then copy your
A opponent’s previous move (but it isn’t always the best).
2 We’re probably being listened to Puzzle B: your favorite contestant
3 It must have been written Puzzle C: Point C
4 We should have been given Puzzle D: Nowhere. A new road would make the
problems worse.

D B
1 T to get people to use stairs at subway stations, to encourage
2 F (Game theory uses mathematical models to good habits in school classrooms, for charities to retain and
find solutions.) build membership, to encourage physical activity in general/
3 F (The favorites in talent shows have reportedly been specialized healthcare, to make television shows more
eliminated many times in real life.) appealing, in business to improve employee performance
4 T
5 F (The new route would have twice as much traffic.) C
1 F (Many companies are already tapping into gamification.)
PRONUNCIATION 2 T
3 F (The majority of people probably didn’t realize that
A
gamification has been used on them.)
/eıt/ /ət/
4 F (The major benefit is that it fosters a sense of community.)
cooperate accurate 5 T
complicated appropriate 6 F (An interactive show was developed by a
fascinating
production company.)
eliminated
7 T
B 8 T
D
VOCABULARY Students’ own answers
A VOCABULARY
1 implying 2 acknowledge 3 conclude 4 urge
A
5 instruct 6
assert
1 e 2 c 3 g 4 a 5 f 6 b 7 d
C–D
Motivation: 2, 3, 4
GRAMMAR Manipulation: 1, 5, 6, 7
A
D
1 assumed to be 2 said to be 3 are rumored to 4 She’s
expected 5 is reported to have
SPEAKING HUB
B
It + passive voice + that clause A–D
It + passive voice + infinitive Students’ own answers
assume, expect, report, rumor, say
D
5.3 Win or lose
Suggested answers Would you risk it?
1 When we don’t know or don’t care who said or thought A
something; when we’re reporting the speech or thoughts Students’ own answers
of people in general.
2 Rumors are spread by a lot of people, so it doesn’t make B
sense to say that a particular person did it. 1 The person wins £10.
3 It’s shorter than the version with it + passive reporting verb + 2 The person doesn’t win any more money.
that clause. The human subject (rather than impersonal it)
also makes it less formal. C
b
SPEAKING
Students’ own answers D
1 twenty 2 five 3 ten
READING
E
A Most people take a risk. Professor Paul Dolan explains that the
Suggested answers pain of losing £10 feels greater than the joy of finding £10.
Tricks: targets; points; competitions; reminders; ads; rewards You would have to find £20 to offset the pain that you feel by
Other situations: buying particular products and services, losing £10.
eating healthily, keeping active, learning a language / a new
skill, posting updates on social media, visiting new places (e.g. AUTHENTIC ENGLISH
restaurants, museums), working harder in your job
A
pounds

B B
1 f 2 a 3 c 4 e 5 d 6 b 1 steer 2 coaxing 3 act 4 spurred 5 inclined 6 tap
Suggested answers C
1 Did you enjoy your vacation?
1 motivate 2 manipulate 3 dissuade 4 discourage
f It was absolutely amazing! I’ve just got back, actually.
5 exploit 6
tempt 7 influence 8 trigger
2 Are you ready yet?
a I’m almost ready. I’m just putting on my make-up. GRAMMAR
3 Is your dad any better?
A
c Yes, thanks. He should be home on the weekend.
1 My car must have been moved.
4 Are you coming out with us tonight?
2 Leo can always be relied on.
e I’m afraid, I can’t. I have to work late.
3 I’m worried about being seen.
5
Did you have any luck with the tickets for the
4 We were made to leave our phones outside.
Beyoncé concert?
5 I’m going to have/get my car fixed.
d No, they were all sold out. It’s a shame, really.
6 It was nice to be / have been invited.
6
I’m sorry, are you talking to me?
7 How did the vase get broken?
b Yes, I was asking if you’re doing anything nice on
the weekend? B
C 1 My proposal wasn’t considered to be good enough. /
Students’ own answers My proposal wasn’t good enough to be considered.
2 Hardly anyone was expected to come to the party.
How sure are you? 3 The company is reported to have received hundreds
A of complaints.
Students’ own answers 4 The driver is alleged to have been going too fast at the time.
5 The city council is rumored to be planning to build a
B new hospital.
1 Entertainment 6 The letter is believed to have been written by the kidnappers.
2 She hates Geography and thinks it’s better to get your bad
subjects out of the way earlier.
3 He doesn’t agree with it. He thinks it’s best to go for your
6 DISCOVERIES
stronger categories first to try and build up a lead. UNIT OPENER
4 He rustles his newspaper and coughs. 1–3 Students’ own answers
5 If Emily and Harry get the answer correct, they get two turns
but if they get it wrong Amanda and Sam get two extra turns. 6.1 Challenging journeys
6 She says Sport doesn’t look like it would be Malcolm’s
strongest category.
READING
7 Which footballer / soccer player won the Ballon d’Or in 2017? A–C
8 Messi. No. Students’ own answers
SPEAKING SKILL D
Killed by indigenous people: For: Kalapalos tribe saw
1
A
them walking into the territory of a dangerous tribe.
1 Harry is signaling agreement with what Sam has said.
Against: no bones were found.
2 We do this when we want to indicate that we agree with
Died of exhaustion or starvation: For: opinion of former
2
what another person says and build a rapport with them.
traveling companion; might have become ill.
B Stayed in the jungle: For: Fawcett’s papers; archaeologists
3
1 a 2 a 3 b 4 b found evidence of similar cities. Against: did not take wife
and two children with him.
C
Students’ own answers E
SPEAKING HUB
VOCABULARY
A–C
1 provisions 2 impenetrable 3 embark on
4 uncharted territory 5 at the heart of 6 globetrotters
Unit 5 Review 7 long-haul 8 off the beaten path
VOCABULARY
C
A
1 rival 2 collaborate 3 coordinates 4 cooperating
5 allies 6 overcome 7 prevails

GRAMMAR 4 $900: the amount of money Adam wanted to raise

for charity.
A
5 41 places beginning with z in Great Britain: Dixe Wills
1 must 2 may well 3 could/might/may 4 can’t/couldn’t
decided to visit all of them.
5 adjective 6 adverb
6 140: bus lines in Buenos Aires.
C 7 14 hours: the number of hours Daniel Tunnard was
Students’ own answers sometimes traveling at a time.
8 $55: how much it cost Daniel to travel on the bus lines.
SPEAKING
D
B
PRONUNCIATION
VOCABULARY
A
A
1 b 2 d 3 c 4 a
B
B
1 (fall-rising)
are up for
2 (fall-rising)
come up against
3 (fall-rising)
find out about
4 (falling)
brush up on
get away from C
keep (yourself ) away from Students’ own answers
switch off from
look back on SPEAKING HUB
get around to A–C
C
1 inseparable 2 can’t 3 verb
6.2 Inquisitive minds
D READING
1 find out about 2
come up against 3 Getting away from
4 would be up for 5 look back on 6 switch off from A
7 brush up on 8 getting around to Students’ own answers
E–F B
Students’ own answers 2
LISTENING C
A 1 c 2 d 3 b 4 d 5 c 6 a
D
1 Traveling with a goal or some self-imposed restriction
GRAMMAR
2 Three
3 Share their adventure, do something for charity or to write A
a book 1 moving 2 to stay 3 to slip 4 to catch
4 Time to plan 5 to report 6 telling
5 His dedication
C
6 Enjoy yourself
a 1 b 6 c 4 d 3 e 5 f 2
C
1 24 hours: Adam Leyton challenged himself to visit as
SPEAKING
many countries as possible in 24 hours using public
transportation. LISTENING
2 12 countries: the number of countries Adam visited in
A
a day.
Garrett Morgan
3 22 minutes: Adam had only 22 minutes to get from the
Hungarian border to the Austrian border.

C B
Suggested answers 1 a supernova, a person breathing in a wood on a cold winter
Questions morning, an oak tree
What else did Morgan invent? 2 A carbon atom in an acorn was created in a star billions
What parts of his life do I want to research further? of years ago. The carbon atom got thrown out into the
Notes universe in a supernova explosion. The carbon atom in
Garrett Morgan the acorn could have been breathed out by a person that
Bio walked through the wood hundreds of years ago. The
• inventor, entrepreneur carbon atom got into some ancient oak tree through the
• 1877–1963 action of photosynthesis.
• African-American C
Achievements 1 F (An oak tree is made up of only carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
• Hair straightener ➔ made him financially secure and hydrogen and a few other things.)
• Gas mask ➔ saved people in tunnel, sold to police and fire 2 T
• Traffic light ➔ used all over the country, saved thousands of 3 F (four and a half billion years)
lives, admired for his community spirit. 4 T
Summary 5 F (Atoms will be thrown back into space and probably
• Garrett Morgan was a prolific inventor, saved lives and condensed into a new world billions of years in the future.)
helped the community. I’d like to find out more about his
earlier life and less-known inventions. D
1 combine 2 ecosystem 3 complicated/complex
D–G 4 rocks 5 temporary
AUTHENTIC ENGLISH
VOCABULARY
A
A Summarizing information
1 d 2 h 3 i 4 e 5 g 6 j 7 a 8 c 9 b 10 f
B
C Suggested answers
Students’ own answers Repetition: ‘ there are oak trees and grass and mosses and
PRONUNCIATION ferns, and countless animals and plants all living together in
a tangled ecosystem’; ‘It’s got a history that goes back billions
A of years. In fact, a history in terms of the building blocks of
Today, / I’d like to talk about someone who I particularly carbon, the protons that goes back right to the origin of the
admire. / In my opinion, / he’s far and away one of America’s universe. And in billions of years’ time … into a new world
greatest inventors. / His innovations have fixed everyday billions of years in the future.’
problems / but also probably saved thousands of lives. / In
addition, / he was one of the first African-American inventors Dynamic words: ‘ It got thrown out into the universe …’;
to gain public recognition for his work. / His name was Garrett ‘… collapsed as part of a dust cloud’; ‘… the Earth is vaporized
Morgan / and he was a prolific inventor and entrepreneur / they’ll be thrown back out into space and probably condensed …’
who lived between 1877 and 1963. And while you may Summarizing: ‘ So, when you look at it like that, it’s really not
not all know his name, / you’re likely to have experienced that complicated at all.’
his innovations. / C
One of Morgan’s early successes was actually an accident. / Students’ own answers
He was repairing a sewing machine in his shop / when he
noticed that some oil he was using had straightened the hairs Getting answers
on a cloth. A–B
SPEAKING HUB
A–D C
Students’ own answers 1 her (new) book 2 best-known physicists 3 give a lecture
4 making documentaries 5 best-seller chart
6.3 World of knowledge SPEAKING SKILL

Connecting with nature A
A how would you
Students’ own answers Amanda is asking a question in an indirect, tactful way
because the subject is delicate.

B E
1 c 2 d 3 b 4 a 5 e Students’ own answers
C GRAMMAR
SPEAKING HUB It was myself that I was really trying to convince.
The version in the article uses a different word order. It starts
A–B with it + was and ends with an adjective clause with that.
Students’ own answers The writer is emphasizing a contrast between ‘my climbing
partner’ and ‘myself’.
Unit 6 Review B
VOCABULARY His lack of words finally allowed me to shake off the
a
A morning’s nerves.
1 globetrotters 2 embark 3 summits c I watched that murky half-light before …
4 impenetrable terrain 5 heart 6 uncharted 7 path d Moments like this are hard to describe.
e In situations like this it occurs to me how often I put my life
B in the hands of strangers.
1 on 2 about 3 from 4 on 5 to 6 for g Just as Bastal disappeared over a rise I lost my footing.
7 with 8 from
D
1 d 2 f 3 a 4 g 5 c 6 h 7 j 8 b 9 e 10 i
SPEAKING
GRAMMAR Students’ own answers
A
1 could/might/may have been killed
VOCABULARY
2 could/might/may have been captured A
3 couldn’t/can’t have been abducted 1 frustrated 2 humbled 3 hysterical 4 devastated
4 might/must have been caused / might well have 5 grumpy 6 indifferent 7 superior 8 courageous
been caused 9 resilient 10 disgusted
5 may/might well have been swept
C
6 could/might/may have gone
B
1 encouraging 2 studying 3 to make 4 to introduce
LISTENING
5 to help A
7 EXTREMES B
UNIT OPENER 1 T
1–3 Students’ own answers 2 F (The other driver pulled the cyclist free.)
3 NG
F (Arjun just lifted part of the car.)
7.1 Beyond the limits 4
5 T
READING 6 T
A 7 F (Theoretically you could push yourself further.)
Students’ own answers 8 F (The bicyclist made a full recovery.)
B
tentative/nervous, reassured/calm, panic, focused, between
dread and calm, exhilaration, melancholy
C
1 c 2 e 3 a 4 g 5 b 6 d
D
1 dread 2 melancholy 3 exhilaration 4 companionable
5 dour

C 8 being a saturation diver (C)

1 a (correlation): It was a different car that ran over the bicyclist 9 saturation divers (C)
2 b (causation): As soon as she’d freed the bicyclist, I put the car 10 the fact that they’re well-paid (C)
down again. The use of past perfect after as soon as (rather
D
than simple past, which is also possible here) strongly
suggests a cause-effect relationship.
3 a (correlation): There’s no suggestion that the cell phone VOCABULARY
caused the explosion. They carried the bicyclist ‘to safety’
A
before calling the ambulance, which suggests they were
1 b 2 a 3 b 4 a 5 b 6 b
some distance away from the car.
4 b (causation): There’s no doubt that the bicyclist escaped B
serious injury thanks to Arjun’s heroic actions. 1 competition: meaning a is uncountable;
5 a (correlation): Arjun says that he’s had a bad back for several meaning b is countable
months, but we don’t know whether it started hurting condition(s): meaning a is always plural
before, during or after the accident.
6 b (causation): I was in too much pain to lift the car. GRAMMAR
Structures with too or not enough + to + base form show a A
clear cause-effect relationship. 1 What you should do is get a long-term job.
7 b (causation): He didn’t notice the pain until the adrenaline had 2 All you’ll need is a ladder and a bucket.
worn off. The use of past perfect after ‘until’ strongly suggests
a cause-effect relationship. SPEAKING
8 b (causation): But in high-stress situations, …, it’s often possible Students’ own answers
to go much higher. That’s why so many world records are LISTENING
broken at such events.
9 a (correlation): … after a few weeks in the hospital, she said A–B
if it hadn’t been for my actions, she might not be alive today. Students’ own answers
In other words, she survived as a result of Arjun’s actions.
C
We don’t know whether her stay in the hospital also saved
Suggested answers
her life.
Do focus on the image you want to convey about yourself;
D Don’t pretend to be something you’re not.
Students’ own answers Do justify your choice; Don’t say obvious answers like ‘T-Rex’.
Do describe a weakness you’ve overcome; Don’t claim to have
PRONUNCIATION no weaknesses.
A Do think beyond the obvious applications and explore the
1 couldn’t it 2 aren’t you 3 isn’t it 4 doesn’t it 5 was it properties of the object; Don’t say ‘a paperweight’.
6 can we 7 aren’t I 8 shall we Do work out a plan; Don’t say any old number that pops into
your head.
C Do remind the interviewer that you’re a real person; Don’t forget
Students’ own answers to bring your story back to how you’re suitable for the job.
Do say you don’t have enemies, talk about weaknesses that
SPEAKING HUB
are strengths and show you can see yourself through others’
A–D eyes; Don’t leave it as ‘I don’t have enemies’.
D
7.2 Extreme jobs Suggested answers
• Yes. The interview is for a job as a marketing designer, so
READING they are likely to be looking for someone creative rather
A than practical/sensible.
Students’ own answers • Yes. He avoided the obvious answer and justified his choice.
• Yes. He described a past weakness and how he overcame it.
B • Yes and no. The ‘paperweight’ answer was too obvious, but
a 3, 5 b 2 c 1, 4, 6 the other three answers were more creative.
• Yes (mostly). He made fair estimates and worked through
C a logical process. His answer was right on the edge of the
1 people in general (E) target ‘ballpark figures’, but this is probably OK.
2 a job in Antarctica (A) • Yes and no. He described something real and personal. He
3 people in general (including the writer) (E) implied that he has skills that could be useful in business
4 people in general (excluding the writer) (E) (i.e. coping with difficulty, leadership skills). However, he
5 being a window cleaner (C) didn’t explicitly show how his experiences are relevant to
6 (more) than being a window cleaner (A) the job, which is a missed opportunity.
7 (exception) to types of weather that you need to work in (A) • Yes. He answered this question well.
E B
1 b 2 c 3 a 4 c 5 a 6 c 7 b Suggested answers
1 Why Maria married Tony, I’ll never know.
F 2 Whether he’d gotten the job or not, he didn’t know.
Students’ own answers 3 In about twenty minutes, I’ll be there.
4 Three hundred dollars it cost me.
VOCABULARY
5 How you put up with your boss, I just don’t know.
A 6 All of a sudden, it started to snow.
Alternative answers in parentheses 7 An absolute fortune it must have cost.
1 immensely/remarkably 8 In the corner, an old woman sat quietly.
2 utterly
3 relatively Hello from the Andes
4 somewhat/remarkably A
5 somewhat/noticeably Students’ own answers
6 altogether
7 radically/noticeably B
8 practically It’s Sam’s cousin Fred. He is calling Sam from his trekking
9 outright holiday/vacation in the Andes.
B C
1 immensely 2 utterly 3 relatively 4 somewhat 1 He bumped into his old friend Daniel.
5 noticeably 6
altogether 7 outright 8 practically 2 The time he was in Spain and bumped into a neighbor.
9 radically 3 an old bus, might breakdown
4 a sheer drop
D 5 The driver was very experienced.
Students’ own answers 6 going for dinner
PRONUNCIATION SPEAKING SKILL
A A
1 Almost any other answer is much better … 1 The speaker wants to go back to a previous topic.
2 So don’t just say any old number that pops into your head. 2 The speaker wants to change the topic.
3 … on a desert island, without any other people …
(unstressed) B
4 … the sense of freedom would be really exhilarating. 1 guess who
5 … would really get my creative juices flowing. 2 Well, funny you should ask.
6 It’s been really challenging … (unstressed) 3 That reminds me of the time
4 Well, yeah
B 5 which brings me back to what I was saying
1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b
SPEAKING HUB
SPEAKING HUB
A–C
A–D Students’ own answers
Unit 7 Review
7.3 Push your limits VOCABULARY
Driving on the edge A
A 1 e 2 d 3 h 4 a 5 j 6 i 7 b 8 c 9 f 10 g
B
B 1 application 2 conditions 3 sick 4 applications
1 The Peruvian Andes 5 competitions 6 competition 7 sick 8 condition
2 It would seem to be a very dangerous and stressful job.
C
C 1 f 2 c 3 h 4 a 5 g 6 d 7 b 8 e
1 steep slopes 2 hero 3 abrasive 4 thousand/1,000
5 in a rush 6 career
AUTHENTIC ENGLISH
A
the secret

GRAMMAR C
1 The writer is quite skeptical about these treatments.
A
Some examples:
1 because; that
Introduction: ‘… we’ve noticed that some therapies doing
2 not; is/’s
the rounds at hotel spas right now sound suspiciously basic.’
3 until; that
(Here she uses the adverb suspiciously to show skepticism;
4 not; it
also doing the rounds is a colloquial phrase that reinforces
5 was; that
her skeptical attitude.)
6 was; that
Introduction: ‘Surely oxygen therapy is just breathing,
7 that/who; not
right?’ (Here she uses a rhetorical question to comment
B on the topic, showing she is skeptical of the value of this
1 All What I’m trying to say is you should be careful. treatment.)
2 What you should avoid to do doing is to pretend you don’t Paragraph 3: ‘The practice is supposed to exercise the
have weaknesses. mind as well as reduce stress by bringing you back to
3 What I did was stretched stretch my arms to calm my nerves. nature.’ (Here she uses the structure supposed to to show
4 Correct skepticism about the effects.)
5 What happened next was that some people call called Paragraph 4: ‘Does lying fully clothed on a bed while
an ambulance. wrapped in a bag of carbon dioxide sound fun? Didn’t think
6 All they did was is watch TV. so, but in the Czech Republic it’s all the rage.’ (Here she
uses some colloquial asides and humor to show a skeptical
8 WELL-BEING attitude to this treatment.)
The use of asides, e.g. you know, well, that’s right, perhaps;
UNIT OPENER ironic phrases in quotes, e.g. plant hydrosol ionizing mist,
1–3 Students’ own answers stimulating breeze; choice of vocabulary, e.g. plant-derived
lactic acids and exfoliators; contrasts, e.g. peat enzymes
8.1 Health and wellness and berries; choice of adverbs, e.g. supposedly boost and
VOCABULARY structures, e.g. is meant to, all combine to show the writer’s
skeptical attitude in an entertaining style.
A 2 The article is mainly written to entertain, but it also informs
Suggested answers the reader about the treatments.
1 Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, fingers/skin
2 Knee, ankle, wrist, elbow, shoulder, knuckles, hips D
3 Fingers, toes, teeth, hair, ribs, finger nails, toe nails, bones, Students’ own answers
veins, arteries, taste buds, moles, knuckles, eye lashes
4 to head (= to be in charge of a group or organization; [in SPEAKING
soccer] to hit the ball with your head); to elbow your way Students’ own answers
through/to/towards (= to get somewhere by using your
LISTENING
elbows to push through a crowd of people); to knee (= to
hit someone with your knee); to stomach (= to put up with A
something); to hand (= to give something to someone); Students’ own answers
to eye (= to look at); to nose around (= to try to find out
B
information about someone or something); to shoulder
1 amount of activity done, amount of sleep, breathing,
(= to take on a task)
temperature, glucose levels in blood, heart rate
B 2 a smart watch, a smart swimsuit, a smart bottle to remind
1 d 2 f 3 e 4 i 5 b 6 g 7 h 8 c 9 a people to take their medication, a smart thermometer that
suggests a diagnosis
D
1 She is writing an article about it.
READING 2 The technology can make people aware of health
A problems, give them the big picture and remind them to
Students’ own answers take medication.
3 He thinks it is information overload; people can become
B obsessed about tracking.
1 halotherapy
2 carbon dioxide dry bath D
3 forest bathing, So Sound lounger, dry bath, carbon dioxide Students’ own answers
4 forest bathing, halotherapy
5 oxygen therapy

GRAMMAR problems they could have; visualize completing things

successfully; think about smaller goals rather than get
A
distracted by the big picture.
1 Wellness technology is technology with which we can
improve our health and well-being. D
2 I’ve just read several news stories about people whose lives 1 Helping the team get over their fear of failure; helping them
may have been saved because their smart watch alerted see the positive side of failure.
them to a problem. 2 Getting to know individuals so she understands how to get
3 I’m meeting the person [who is] writing the article with me the most out of them; learning what the best approach is
for lunch today. for each player.
4 It’s basically a thermometer which a smartphone can be
attached to. E
5 This device has an automated diagnosis feature where it 1 They had been losing a lot of games (‘going through a
checks the symptoms of the person to whom it’s attached losing streak’).
against a database. 2 a coach shouting at the players
3 Bill doesn’t like being nagged or shouted at – he gets so
B angry with the coach that he becomes distracted and plays
1 whose worse. He prefers a supportive style of coaching.
2 whereby
3 whom F
4 informal; example: sentence 4 Students’ own answers
5 formal; example: sentences 1 and 5
6 informal; example: sentence 3 VOCABULARY
A
C 1–4 Body idioms
1 in which 2
with which 3 whereby
5–8 Food idioms
4 whose 5 for whom
9–12 Sports idioms
D
B
4 get cold feet 8 not everyone’s cup of tea
PRONUNCIATION 12 give it their best shot
A C
1 So check out my brand new smart watch! 1 j 2
h 3 c 4 d 5 e 6 i 7 a 8 l 9 g 10 f
2 You’ll never guess what … I’ve just been commissioned to 11 b 1 2 k
write an article about wellness technology.
3 For example, on this smart watch take this handy heart D
rate tracker. Students’ own answers
4 And if you forget, it starts flashing red.
PRONUNCIATION
B A
Students’ own answers 1 I had a gut feeling.
SPEAKING HUB 2 It’s time to throw in the towel.
3 He was really making a meal of it.
A–C 4 Keep an eye out for the others.
Students’ own answers 5 You have to take what she says // with a grain of salt.
B–C
8.2 Sports and wellness Students’ own answers
LISTENING
SPEAKING
A
Students’ own answers A–C
B
1 Positive thinking: thinking about successfully completing READING
one step at a time A
2 Self-talk: talking to yourself with positive language to build Students’ own answers
confidence and belief
B
C He ate: grapefruit, lettuce, carrots, gluten-free bread, melon,
1 long-term injuries gluten-free cupcakes, honey, kefir, natto, kombucha tea.
2 They help the athlete: visualize their performance; imagine He had to avoid: anything containing gluten, e.g. bread,
doing the steps in the right way; stop worrying about cereal, pasta, cakes, cookies.

C C
1 He wanted to test if it had an impact on his ability at sports, 1 nutritional 2 claims 3
evidence 4 consumers/buyers
because other athletes have found that it has. 5 words 6 unregulated 7 benefits
2 He was frequently hungry, he got bored with the
foods he was eating and he didn’t like some of the AUTHENTIC ENGLISH
gluten-free products or some of the probiotic food he tried. A
3 It didn’t seem to have any effect on his performance. He duped, fooled
recommended that athletes who need to go gluten-free
should work with a sports nutritionist. B
1 d 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 f 6 e
D
Suggested answers
GRAMMAR 1 Well, it was interesting.
A 2 Well, they’re not being very honest.
The first occurrence of some is followed by a noun; the second 3 Well, it isn’t very clean.
occurrence of some is not followed by a noun – it refers to
Healthy display
some athletes.
A
1 are not 2 are
B
C 1 tablespoon 2 Greek 3 unsweetened 4 wholemeal
1
more is a determiner; several is a pronoun and = 5 chips 6 pre-heat 7 separate 8 mix 9 mixture
several packages 10 whisk 11 batter 12 twenty/20
2
some, some are determiners; both is a pronoun and = both
grapefruit and melon C
3 some is a determiner; much is a pronoun and = much natto He thought the temperature was in Celsius not Fahrenheit.
VOCABULARY SPEAKING SKILL

A A
didn’t you
Look Smell Taste Texture
Sam uses a question tag to make sure Harry has understood
appetizing cheesy tangy crisp the recipe.
fizzy pungent bland crunchy
slimy sour moist B
murky cheesy sticky 1 b
cloudy acidic soggy 2 c
mild creamy 3 c
gritty 4 a
slimy 5 b
fizzy
SPEAKING HUB
C A–C
SPEAKING HUB
A–C Unit 8 Review
Students’ own answers VOCABULARY
A
8.3 Health hacks 1 rash 2 pressure 3 fractured 4 sore 5 sprained
6 pulled 7 rate
Is it good for you?
A B
Students’ own answers 1 d 2 a 3 j 4 f 5 h 6 c 7 k 8 b 9 i 10 g
11 l 1
2 e
B
source of fiber; low in salt; high in vitamin D; source of C
calcium; gluten-free; good; 100% natural; OK for veggies; high 1 crunchy 2 slimy 3 bland 4 mild 5 tangy
fiber; nature is power; high in Omega 3; no refined sugars; no 6 fizzy 7 sticky
added nonsense; low sugar; no added salt

GRAMMAR 5 T
6 F (Nobody suggests it’s cool.)
A
7 F (Also business teams.)
1 My smartwatch has a feature that whereby you can share
8 F (They say most people behave in a similar way.)
your exercise data with friends. / which shares …
2 There’s an app which in in which you can record your D
fitness data. / which records … / with which you … / which 3 Are we [supposed to] wait?
you can use to … 4 We [have to go] and teach.
3 This is the device that is being used to monitor people’s 5 [Should we] get going?
blood sugar levels. OR This is the device that being used to 6 It’s obvious.
monitor people’s blood sugar levels. / this device can be 7 [Do you] think they’re for us?
used to … 8 [What about you], Jake?
4 The inventor is someone which who/whom people like to 9 [Can we have some more?]
read about. / someone people like to read about. 10 [What are you] [going on about?]
5 I don’t know who’s whose smartwatch this is.
E
6 This is the diet tracking service which I subscribe to. / This is
the diet tracking service to which I subscribe.
PRONUNCIATION
B
A
1 a large number of 2 One 3 both 4 either
1 and stuff like that 2 or whatever 3 and so on
5 Some people 6 others 7 Most people
4 in some way 5 in a sense 6 or something like that
7 kind of 8 some kind of
9 BEHAVIOR
SPEAKING
UNIT OPENER Students’ own answers
READING
9.1 Language and behavior
A–B
VOCABULARY Students’ own answers
A
1 He controlled for age, education, income levels, etc,
C by comparing families where the only difference
1 I would like/need, a car, cost, have no money
was language.
2 dollars, Great!, that’s fantastic, a man (informal)
2 The future feels like part of the present to speakers of some
3 complain, party, badly organized/not good,
languages, while for others it feels more remote.
extremely disappointed 3 We might (in theory) be able to solve the world’s problems
4 man, television, dollars, suspicious, stolen
simply by outlawing words like ‘will’.
5 socialize/spend time with, friends, exhausted, relax, go to sleep
4 overeating, smoking, drinking, debt and lack of
6 glad/happy, because, in a good situation/have the things
physical exercise
that I need 5 attitudes associated with the culture of speakers of
D certain languages
Students’ own answers 6 the language we speak can have a significant impact on
our propensity to save, plan and prepare for the future.
LISTENING 7 The future in English is complex, so it feels overly simplistic
A to class it as a strong FTR language.
Students’ own answers 8 future tense markers like will
B D
1 only one: Lisa Students’ own answers
2 in the room with Lisa
3 to study social pressure and conformity GRAMMAR
4 Working out which line is longer; PTU vs AFC; persuading
A
Lisa to use ‘yummy’ and other slang; eating the other a 2, 9 b 7 c 6 d 5 e 4 f 3 g 8 h 1
group’s doughnuts to test groupthink; humming to see if
Lisa would copy them. C
C
1 F (They were offered $10.) SPEAKING HUB
2 T
3 T A–F
4 F (She doubted what she saw.) Students’ own answers

9.2 Animal behavior C

1 a 2 b 3 b 4 b
READING
A D
B PRONUNCIATION
1 and 2 A
• Chimpanzees have passed the mirror test but can’t apply a 1 dan(t)ce
rule from one game to another. 2 influen(t)ce; some(p)thing
• New Caledonian crows seem to understand cause and 3 leng(k)ths
effect, and are capable of meta-tool use, etc; western scrub 4 young(k)ster; ham(p)ster
jays seem to have episodic memory and can plan ahead.
3 C
• Dogs: design an equivalent of the mirror test using smells. Intrusive stops: influence (/nts/), intense (/nts/), once (/nts/),
• Dolphins: design an equivalent of the mirror test prince (/nts/), strength (/ŋkθ/), warmth (/mpθ/).
using ultrasound. The other words (becomes, things, wins) all end in a voiced
• Corvids: enter the birds’ world to devise experiments to fricative sound (/z/), so we don’t add intrusive stops.
probe the mental processes behind their everyday behavior.
D
1 touch (the) marked area
2 they are looking at themselves VOCABULARY
3 can apply their skills; prior experience gives no advantage A
4 crows are better than chimps 1 e 2 f 3 a 4 c 5 g 6 d 7 b
5 four hours; several days
6 ‘episodic-like’ memory B
1 staring – eyes
D 2 grinning – mouth (and eyes)
Students’ own answers 3 gazing – eyes
4 fidgeting – hands
VOCABULARY 5 beckoned – finger/hand
A 6 lean – back
1 hear; watch; see 2 have; let; make 7 smirked – mouth/eyes/face
8 glared – eyes
GRAMMAR
A D
1 Having 2 touching 3 while 4 being 5 learned Suggested answers
6 aware 7
struck 1 Happy: You can gaze at something/someone and grin
(or smirk).
B Interested: You can raise your eyebrows and nod your head.
a 1, 5; 7 b 4 c 2; 3, 6
You might also lean forward toward the speaker. You might
SPEAKING blink less than usual because your eyes are wide open.
Students’ own answers Bored: You can fidget with something or stare/gaze at
something else (e.g. out of the window). You might also
LISTENING fold your arms.
A 2 You can fold your arms, cross your legs and lean backwards,
Students’ own answers away from the speaker. Smirking also suggests you don’t
like someone. You might also glare to show you’re angry.
B
1 They thought they could cause the food to appear, but in 3 You can point to show what you want and beckon to ask
fact they could just wait and do nothing. the person to come to you. You can nod your head to say
2 They both show how strange behavior can be created from ‘yes’, shake it to say ‘no’ and shrug your shoulders to say
a misplaced belief that we can affect things that are beyond ‘I don’t know’.
our control.
3 By watching soccer games and wearing a soccer jersey and
SPEAKING HUB
scarf; by placing lucky toys on the desk during exams; by A–D
buying lottery tickets at exactly the same time each week. Students’ own answers

9.3 Model behavior Unit 9 Review

All together now VOCABULARY
A A
Students’ own answers 1 dude 2 stoked 3
bucks 4 Awesome 5 mess
6 bummed 7 guy 8 was like 9 chill out 1 0 shady
B
1 A shoal of fish are swarming – changing direction all at the B
same time. 1 Correct
2 Swarming happens across nature – even humans do it. 2 We weren’t let allowed to watch the experiment.
Animals follow the direction of the quickest animal to react. 3 I’ll have my assistant to contact you next week.
4 Correct
C 5 Correct
1 c 2 a 3 c 4 b 6 A crow was seen use using one tool to make another.
D C
Students’ own answers 1 Lean 2 fold 3 fidget 4 smirk 5 nod 6 raise
7 shrug 8 stare 9 blink
E
1 A large number of the students went to the wrong exit. GRAMMAR
2 12 people
A
3 Some of the group influenced the rest of the crowd.
1 You usually have to use one of the two future forms that
AUTHENTIC ENGLISH are available.
2 The research focused on the extremely worrying lack of
A preparation that most people are making for the future.
didn’t 3 Practically all my research into animal behavior shows they
B are smarter than we think.

4 The accident occurred because of the almost complete
Suggested answers
2 We ended up seeing another one.
failure by the organizers to plan for such large crowds to
3 She ended up settling down in Ireland.
attend the event.
5 Both these ways of approaching the problem are flawed.
4 I ended up having to retake the exam.
6 We are aware of only a few of the many ways that animal
5 He ended up losing his job/being fired.
6 We ended up canceling the vacation.
intelligence can be expressed.
Follow the herd B

1 Having eaten 2 attacked 3 Seeming
A 4 Having been told 5 packing 6 having studied / studying
The phrase means to do what most other people do, like a
herd of sheep. This phrase shows that you do not respect 10 SOCIETY
people who do this.
UNIT OPENER
B 1–3 Students’ own answers
1 herd mentality
2 social engagement / hanging out with other people 10.1 Urban problems
3 why we’re so impressed by people choosing a more READING
fun option
4 how to attract more customers to the café
A
SPEAKING SKILL B
A overtourism – crowding at tourist sites
1 you mean 2 Actually 3 might be thinking
4 That was it. 5 to put it another way C
Suggested answers
C Issues caused by the problem
1 backtrack 2 reformulate Damage to sites, strain on the infrastructure, overcrowding.
Ideas for dealing with the problem
D
Limiting the number of visitors (capping admittance, using
1 r 2 b 3 b 4 r 5 r
timed tickets, increasing prices), charging a tourism tax, using
SPEAKING HUB an app to tell tourists which places are busy.
A–C Criticism of these ideas
Students’ own answers Increased prices are elitist, the tourism tax is unfair, limiting
the number of visitors is too extreme.

D C–D
VOCABULARY PRONUNCIATION
A A
1 habitat 2 ruins 3 fund 4 preserve 5 settlement 1 up 2 up 3 down 4 down
6 architectural 7 designate 8 heritage 9 endanger
10 refurbish B
C
Students’ own answers SPEAKING HUB
A–D
GRAMMAR Students’ own answers
A
1 owing to
5 Whereas
2 Moreover 3 namely 4 for instance
10.2 How to change the world
READING
B
A
1 owing to; whereas
2 for instance; moreover
D B
Students’ own answers 2 is the correct summary.
SPEAKING C
1 He says he was born in 1973 and that he teaches students –
A–C
so he is likely to be a university professor.
2 Because politicians and governments don’t interact enough
LISTENING with voters.
3 Purchasing books for public libraries, sending supplies to
A victims of the disaster in Haiti and supporting fair trade.
Students’ own answers 4 He means that people choose to support the issues they
B believe in rather than the issues their party believes in and

Suggested answer that they contact companies or people directly to raise
It can affect how people feel and act, and make them issues rather than going through a politician.
healthier, happier and more productive. It can make them D
feel less stressed. If people feel better, they are more likely to Students’ own answers
interact positively with the people around them.
VOCABULARY
C
1 People prefer to have daylight when they work and A
become less productive when they are more than Suffix Add to … to make … Examples
7.5 meters from a window. Certain kinds of blue lighting -al a noun an adjective political, congressional,
can have a positive effect on people’s moods. dysfunctional, formal,
2 People are more comfortable with curved lines and shapes. personal
Straight lines and angular shapes cause feelings of fear. -ate a noun an adjective passionate
3 Red walls are better for tasks that require attention to detail. -ic a noun an adjective apathetic, civic, public
Blue walls are better for creative tasks. -ical a noun an adjective musical, ethical
4 Lively and interesting facades relax people, but -ive a verb an adjective effective, insensitive, active,
monotonous ones make them anxious. unpersuasive
5 Wide spaces can prevent people from interacting and -hood a noun a noun childhood, neighborhood
prevent a sense of community. -ity an adjective a noun interactivity, security,
community, identity
D -ship a noun a noun citizenship,
Students’ own answers entrepreneurship
VOCABULARY SPEAKING
1 inclination 2 tendency 3 urge 4 reminder
LISTENING
B A
1 e 2 b 3 h 4 c 5 f 6 d 7 a 8 j 9 I 10 g Students’ own answers

B PRONUNCIATION
1 Something in business – possibly a management
A
trainee program
1 (rise-falling)
2 Working for a charity, working in politics, doing social work
2 (falling)
C 3 (rising)
1 Talking to his cousin, who does charity work. 4 (rising)
2 She thinks working for a charity would be poorly paid, 5 (falling)
working as a politician would be boring and doing social
B
work would be very difficult.
3 He should start doing some volunteer work now.
4 He decided to get a high-paying job (as a Wall Street trader) SPEAKING HUB
and donate money to charity, because he worked out he
A–D
could help more people this way.
5 Joanna thinks it’s good advice but they are both uncertain
about giving money away.
10.3 Changing cities
D
1 informal 2 formal 3 informal 4 formal
Mexicable
5 informal formal
6 A
E
1, 3 and 6
GRAMMAR
A C
1 a ramp 2 an elephant 3 one engine 4 most isolated
1 I’ve been 2 Do you have 3 you could
B D
1 I’m not going to work at my dad’s company
1 22 million people live in Mexico City.
2 read it
2 The cable car system was completed in 2016.
3 do some volunteer work
3 The fare on the cable car costs 6 pesos.
4 This number is not mentioned in the video.
C 5 There are 30,000 passengers a day.
1 you could 6 The cars from 4 stations are moved by one engine.
2 I’ve been / Do you have 7 There are 7 stations.
3 (really) rich 8 The cable cars run for over 3 miles.
7 read it
8 I’m not going to work at my dad’s company AUTHENTIC ENGLISH
9 do some kind of volunteer work A
sprawling = covering a wide area
E amazing = very good or pleasant
1 Charity workers should not receive high salaries and they breathtaking = extremely impressive or beautiful
should not get bonuses.
2 Some charity workers are very persistent and I wish they B
weren’t so persistent. 1 a desert 2 the countryside 3 a mountain / mountain range
3 Animal charities often receive the most money, but they 4 a city 5 a village
shouldn’t receive the most money.
Everything’s changing
F A
1 Would you ever go overseas to do volunteer work? If you
went overseas to do volunteer work [so], where would you
go? / Would you ever go overseas to do volunteer work? B
If you went overseas to do volunteer work [did so], where No – Harry likes the idea of the cable car, unlike Emily,
would you go? Malcolm and Sam.
2 Do you think having volunteer work on your résumé makes
a big difference to recruiters or does it not make a big
difference to recruiters [not]?
3 If your company or college allowed you to take a week
off to do volunteer work, would you take a week off to do
volunteer work [do so]?

C 5 that was/is that

1 Because they pedestrianized a couple of the roads. 6 That What
2 A cable car 7 double doubled
3 He says he will be gentrified. It will lose its character and 8 possible lowest lowest possible
look the same as everywhere else.
4 £2000 a month B
5 He says it will be fun. It will reduce traffic going over the 1 to start
bridge and encourage tourism. 2 that you will
6 Crime has fallen by about 20% in the past four years. The 3 that they have
area was run down and there was a lot of unemployment. It 4 buying
looks much better now. 5 to spend
7 He was able to set up the café on a government scheme/ 6 that
program to encourage small businesses in the area. 7 what
8 what I really need to know
SPEAKING SKILL
C
A 1 The fact that
Amanda can’t think of other exact examples of how the area has 2 How he spends
declined so she uses all the rest of it to mean other similar things. 3 the problem of purchasing
B 1.2
1 thingy 2 stuff like that 3 odd 4 sort of
5 who knows what else 6 about A
1 a 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 a 6 a
C
1 b 2 a 3 d 4 c 5 a 6 d B
1 deal 2 far 3 a 4 bit 5 very
SPEAKING HUB
C
A–D 1 marginally more than the green dress/one
Students’ own answers 2 considerably more than me/I do
3 half as many people as
Unit 10 Review 4 twice as hard as others to succeed
VOCABULARY 2.1
A A
1 Heritage 2 preserve 3 designated 4 architectural 1 a 2 b 3 c 4 c 5 a 6 c
5 settlement 6 ruins 7 habitat 8 endangered
9 Fund 10 refurbish B
1 had left
B 2 was raining / had been raining
1 a responsibility 2 tendency 3 reminders 4 refusal 3 did not realize
5 an obligation 4 I’d already bought
5 were told
C
6 wasn’t feeling / hadn’t been feeling / didn’t feel
1 formal 2 personality 3 public 4 interactivity
7 left
5 personal 6 community
C
GRAMMAR
1 I had been kept / was kept
A 2 were singing
1 Owing to 2 for instance 3 namely 3 had to walk / had had to walk / ‘d had to walk
4 conversely 5 Moreover 4 had only been working / had only worked
5 had not been told / was not told
B
6 was being decorated
1 d 2 a 3 e 4 c 5 f 6 b
GRAMMAR HUB 2.2

A
1.1
1 was taking 2 going to become 3 would 4 delivered
A 5 about to 6 would be 7 were to be 8 was going
1 what that
B
2 of that
1 was 2 going 3 would 4 were 5 was 6 just
3 not to wear not wearing / that you didn’t wear
4 that he pay paying

3.1 C
1 copy copied
A
2 was were
1 b 2 e 3 d 4 f 5 c 6 g 7 a
3 had have
B 4 had have
1 be testing 2 laid 3 be meeting 4 been working 5 make made
5 built 6 be taking 7 been jogging 8 decides 6 doesn’t wish she was wishes she wasn’t
7 hadn’t didn’t
C 8 haven’t hadn’t
1 is due to
2 on the verge of making 5.1
3 is (just) about to be A
4 are on the brink of 1 Correct
5 set to expire 2 to be being
6 while I’m collecting / while I collect 3 be being
4 Correct
3.2 5 Correct
A 6 made do made to do
1 did anybody/anyone ask me if I passed my driving test
2 had I arrived home than they called me back to the office B
3 do we see players with such natural ability 1 being able to 2 to be forgiven 3 to be chosen
4 is he really smart (but) he’s also incredibly funny 4 being disagreed 5 getting stopped 6 being lifted
5 Tina went to pay her bill did she realize her purse had
C
been stolen
1 was made to sign the document.
6 must/should you open that door
2 get/be thrown out.
B 3 get/have my car cleaned professionally.
1 sooner 2 not 3 by 4 only 5 also 6 Never 4 that window repaired on a Sunday?
5 being/getting told to be here half an hour early.
4.1 6 your car stolen if you leave it there.
A
5.2
1 I dropped my coffee on her carpet
2 brain implants be/become available to everyone A
3 you to practice Sudoku puzzles more 1 to be 2 that 3 have transferred 4
was
4 you become dizzy after taking the medication 5 be planning 6 have been 7 was 8 she
B B
1 Imagine 2 Providing 3 Suppose 4 Assuming 1 to announce
5 Supposing 6 Conduct 2 to be planning
3 to focus
C 4 to have made
1 Act 5 to have been discussing / to have discussed
2 arrived 6 to be looking
3 won’t say / will not say
4 to say C
5 proved / could prove / had proven 1 is believed to be very rich
6 would need is believed (that) he is very rich
7 Had I known / If I had known / If I’d known 2 is reported to have been awarded over one million dollars
8 increases is reported that he was / has been awarded over one
million dollars
4.2 3 is said to know her subject inside out
A is said (that) she knows her subject inside out
1 didn’t make 2 don’t understand 3 were 4 isn’t 4 ‘s story is claimed to be too complex
5 didn’t take 6 wore 7 feel 8 isn’t is claimed that the game’s story is too complex
5 is thought to be complex
B is thought (that) the problem is complex
1 had prepared 2 knew 3 could have gotten 6 assumed to be shy but she’s just quiet
4 hadn’t said 5 could think 6 didn’t have to assumed (that) she is shy but she’s just quiet

6.1 4 I did was ask for your opinion. / I asked for was your opinion
5 I bought was a ladder and a bucket
A
1 may must 8.1
2 might not couldn’t/can’t
A
3 Correct
1 whom 2 whose 3 which 4 to whom 5 whereby
4 must well may / could / might well / must
6 among whom
5 Correct
6 can’t must B
7 must may/might 1 with which 2 into whose 3 into which 4 whose
8 Correct 5 whereby 6 for whom
B C
1 a distinct possibility 2 somewhat likely 1 d 2 f 3 a 4 e 5 b 6 c
3 a remote chance 4 the slightest possibility
5 completely impossible 6 a reasonable chance 8.2
C A
1 I could do with a little help starting this fitness program.
1 well 2 couldn’t 3 there 4 must 5 It 6 might
2 The doctor said I should leave the car at home and do
6.2 more walking.
3
Both of the recreational centers in my area are too far to
A
walk to.
1 b 2 b 3 b 4 a 5 b 6 b 7 a 8 a
4 There was little point in talking to him since he
B wouldn’t listen.
1 finishing 2 to go 3 doing 4 to discuss 5 adjusting 5 One of the techniques is bound to suit you.
6 investing 7 to help 8 explaining 9 steal 6 The cafeteria had two healthier options but I didn’t want
either of them.
7.1
B
A
1 Some people have a gluten-free diet because they
1 was 2 when 3 that/which 4 who/that 5 until
genuinely can’t eat it without getting sick, but many people
B believe that avoiding gluten is just healthier.
1 It was my friend Seb who/that 2 I try to drink a couple of liters of water every day, but I’m
2 it is/it’s the idea of being in the wilderness which/that pretty sure that I don’t drink enough water.
3 It was early in the morning when 3 A lot of people I know are cutting back on sugar and caffeine,
4 It was only when I reached the top that but I don’t want to cut back on either sugar or caffeine.
4 I’ve started following a vegan diet so I like to try vegan
C restaurants, but there are only a few vegan restaurants in
1 was Jane who/that was my area.
2 wasn’t until after we 5 I prefer fruits and vegetables that have been grown
3 It was because we wanted to raise organically to those fruits and vegetables that haven’t.
4 was her over-confidence which/that 6 The government should make companies that produce
5 is my belief that food with a lot of sugar use less sugar to help people have
6 wasn’t you who/that / was somebody else who/that better diets.
7.2 C
A 1 both 2 others/some 3 mine 4 Either
1 What I dislike about the winter is the long nights 5 these/they 6 ones
2 All I want is a normal life
9.1
3 What we’re here to find is a solution to our problems
4 What happened was that we missed the last train A
5 All I did was to ask you a simple question 1 b 2 a 3 a 4 b 5 a 6 b
6 All I remember is that the questions were really difficult
B
B 1 Two of the three
1 I’ve found is (that) working underwater isn’t as bad as it sounds 2 almost all (of ) the little
2 I’m saying is (that) you should think twice before moving 3 one of the very few
to Antarctica 4 Both the writer’s
3 I’m going to do is look for a job as a window cleaner. / What 5 Quite a few of the researchers’ many
I’m going to look for is a job as a window cleaner 6 That they can’t conduct their study in peace
7 man in the white lab coat
8 The belief that language is alive is

9.2 4 Scruffy clothes and casual clothes both contrast with dress
clothes. Scruffy clothes may be dirty or damaged; casual
A
clothes are comfortable clothes, typically in a good condition.
1 Sensing 2 Having already left 3 notifying 4 asked
5 If you stand out from the crowd, you look different from
5 Too 6 handing 7 Having been told 8 successful
everyone else; if you fit in, you look the same as (or similar
B to) everyone else. Both phrasal verbs describe how
1 Having read the article, I understand animal behavior better. people’s clothes may reflect their personalities.
2 Feeling threatened, the octopus hid in the coconut shell. 6 Baggy and oversized both describe clothes that are very
3 If done properly, these experiments can teach us a lot. loose. Oversized clothes are too big for you; baggy clothes
4 Not knowing the answer, I guessed. may be the right size for you, but deliberately designed to
5 Despite never having seen the tool before, the crow used be loose-fitting.
it perfectly. 1.2
6 Too slow to win the race, she came in a close second. 1 proof; resistant 2 savvy 3 ish 4 super 5 prone
6 friendly 7 re
10.1
A 2.1
1 a 2 b 3 b 4 a 5 a 6 b 1 tedious 2 pretentious 3 thought-provoking
4 iconic 5
repetitive
B
1 In any case 2 despite 3 Moreover 4 for instance 2.2
5 Owing to 6 as a matter of fact 1 self 2 open 3 part 4 thick 5 highly 6 well
7 world 8 late
10.2
3.1
A
1 Renewable 2 exploitation 3 neutral 4 offsetting
Dom: Do you Know who I saw the other day?
5 emission 6
consume 7 biodegradable
Ali: No, who did you see?
Dom: Klaus. 3.2
Ali: Do you mean Your old roommate from college? 1 perform 2 room for improvement 3 impressively
Dom: Yeah! I can’t believe it – I saw him again after all these years. 4 hindered 5 significant progress 6 a deadline
Ali: What happened when you saw him?
Dom: He gave me his phone number and he gave me his 4.2
email address. 1 norms 2 speculate 3 hypothesized 4 demonstrate
Ali: Are you Planning to meet up again soon? 5 an experiment 6 findings 7 conducted 8 concluded
Dom: He’s going to be visiting the area again quite soon, so
he’ll give me a ring when he does visit the area again.
4.2
1 common sense 2 eureka 3 eccentric
B 4 absent-minded 5 wishful thinking 6 troubleshooting
1 don’t 2 do so 3 doing that 4 do 5 do it 7 overthinks 8 curious
VOCABULARY HUB 5.1

1.1 A
The prefix means ‘more than’ or ‘better than’.
A
1 dress code 2 setter 3 costume 4 scruffy B
5 stand out from 6 baggy 1 outrun 2 outplayed 3 outweigh 4 outdone
B 5 outsmart 6 outnumber
Suggested answers 5.2
1 A dress code tells people more or less what to wear
1 doubted; would reduce
(e.g. suits and ties, blouses and skirts), while a uniform 2 clarified; she hadn’t offered to do all the work
requires everyone to wear exactly the same clothes. 3 speculated; might have gotten a better grade if I’d studied
2 A trend can be set in fashion, music, etc; after it has started,
4 boasted; she’d been fantastic at the
other people follow it. 5 alleged; Andy had lied on his résumé
3 An outfit and a costume both describe a complete set
of clothes that someone wears together. A costume is 5.2
for somebody who is pretending to be someone else 1 coaxing 2 act 3 tap into 4 steer 5 going nuts
(e.g. an actor) or a traditional set of clothes for a particular 6 spurs 7 inclined
place/time. An outfit is a set of clothes worn for a
particular occasion. 6.1
1 off the beaten path 2 long-haul 3 embark
4 uncharted territory 5
heart; provisions 6 globetrotter

6.2 Writing
1 far and wide 2 side by side 3 safe and sound
4 slowly but surely 5 by and large 6 life or death 1 Writing
7 Time after time 8 heart and soul
A
7.1 Students’ own answers
1 hysterical 2 grumpy 3 devastated 4
frustrated
B
5 courageous 6 indifferent 7 humble 8 superior
1 d 2 c 3 a 4 b
7.2 C
1 land; pressure
2 applications; pressure
3 competition; application(s); competition D
4 land; conditions 1 a, d, e, g 2 c, f 3 b
7.2 E
1 somewhat; outright a 4 Things You Need to Know About Skeuomorphism
2 altogether b
Want to learn more about web design trends? Click here to sign
3 Practically; relatively up for our online course.
4 exceptionally; radically c Have you ever wondered why …? Do you want to …?
Other intensifiers: perfectly, completely, highly, extremely, single d ‘Skeuomorphism’ is mentioned seven times in the text, plus
once in each section heading and in the title.
8.1
e All four headings are questions that might be asked in
1 Tony fractured a muscle/arm/bone when he went skiing
a search.
last year.
f
Have you ever wondered why the best websites look fresh
2 Do you sell anything for a twisted/sore throat?
and smarter than yours? Do you want to learn the most
3 Some studies have claimed that low/slow blood pressure
powerful secret of web design? Then you need to know
may be more common among athletes.
about skeuomorphism.
4 When I was running I may have pulled/dislocated/sprained
g Paragraph 1 contains the search-friendly sentence ‘Here’s a
a muscle.
simple definition’. Paragraph 2 includes the word ‘examples’
5 After intense exercise your skin rash / blood pressure / heart
in the heading, plus two more uses of the word in the
rate is usually higher.
same paragraph.
6 You can buy a number of products over the counter to help
relieve skin fractures/inflammation/rashes.
2 Writing
8.2
1 fizzy 2
acidic 3 appetizing 4 mild 5 pungent
A
6 bland 7 crunchy
1 a classic book or movie
2 Is it as good as everyone says it is? Is it still relevant today?
9.2 3 college students
1 admiring 2 to detect; approaching 3 to follow 4 220–260 words
4 arriving 5
crawling 6 to wait; come 7 sign
B
9.2 Yes. The end of the first paragraph and the final paragraph.
1 gazing 2 fidgeting 3 winked 4 nod 5 leaned
6 grinning 7 beckoned 8 glared C
1 b 2 d 3 e 4 c 5 a
10.1
1 settlement 2
architectural 3 heritage 4 habitat D
5 endangered 6 funding 7 preserve 8 refurbishment 1 Alice, the white rabbit, a snooty caterpillar, the Cheshire Cat,
the Mad Hatter
10.2 2 It is not a typical linear story or a story with logic and moral.
1 community 2 personal 3 active 4 passionately 3 the ‘unbirthday party’
5 childhood 6
apathetic 7 political 8 effective
E
Noun phrases: Fantasy children’s novel Alice’s Adventures in
Wonderland …
Reduced relative clauses: the book, adapted for film and
television and translated into over 100 languages.
Participle clauses: Following the rabbit, she falls down a hole …

3 Writing What went wrong: 25% found the treasure hunts too easy;
minimal overall impact on tourist numbers.
A Recommend copying: printable treasure hunts.
1 Lakeside resident; other residents; to get their support Recommend changing: offer a range of levels; invest more
in marketing.
B
1 d 2 b 3 e 4 a 5 c Case study 2
What worked well: impressive results for
C participating businesses.
1 our neighborhood; our cars; our loved ones; let’s make the What went wrong: frustration with technical problems.
smart decision Recommend copying: Gamification techniques; develop an
2 As you know; As I’m sure you remember; As you can imagine; app (but in two to three years).
I’m sure you’ll agree; I know you are all smart people Recommend changing: involve local businesses in the costs.
3 see attached calculations
4 it also damages our cars; our loved ones may be injured; if B
one serious accident can be prevented a 5, 6 b 3 c 2, 7 d 1 e 4, 8
5 … infused with billions of tiny limestone-producing
bacteria, Bacillus pseudofirmus. While sealed in concrete, 6 Writing
these bacteria remain inert …
6 … although self-repairing concrete is rather expensive …, A
it will save us money … Students’ own answers
D B
Suggested answers Benefit: vital information about climate change; Evidence/
1 Our biggest problem is that we spend too much money examples: rising temperatures affect movements of sea
on electricity. creatures; the sea is able to absorb carbon from the atmosphere
2 Let’s solve this problem together. Benefit: helps ensure food supplies in the future; Evidence/
3 The road surface is so bad that ambulance drivers may example: improvements to fish farming methods will allow
refuse to drive into our neighborhood in an emergency, or countries to support sustainable fishing
the fire department may be unable to drive in to fight a fire.
Benefit: leads to advances in medicine; Evidence/examples:
4 Although this solution may be rather disruptive during the
medicines have already been discovered to help with chronic
building work, I’m sure you’ll agree it will be worth it in the end.
pain, asthma and cancer; scientists believe we are more likely
to discover new medicines in the sea than on land
4 Writing
C
B 1 The first sentence. The writer uses a surprising fact.
Students’ own answers 2 The last sentence of the introduction. The order of the
C points matches the order they are covered in the essay.

3 It includes a transitional expression, the topic of the essay
The words from the beginning and end of the list were more
likely to be recalled. The words from the beginning of the list and what this paragraph is going to say about that topic.
4 Supporting information: examples or references to
had probably been stored in the long-term memory, whereas
the words at the end of the list had probably been stored in studies or reports.
5 The order matches the order they were discussed in
the short-term memory.
the essay.
D
1 Discussion 2
Method 3 Results
7 Writing
4 Conclusion 5 Introduction
A
E 1 Technical skills (including electrical and mechanical
1 a 2 c 3 d 4 b engineering)
2 Ability to cope in extreme conditions; ability to work well
5 Writing on a team; creativity; ability to follow instructions accurately

and intelligently
A 3 Experience of work in glaciology, geology, meteorology
1 It was commissioned by the Littlemarket Tourism Board to or oceanology
investigate how to use urban gaming and gamification to
attract new tourists.
2 and 3
Case study 1
What worked well: 55% liked the treasure hunts; Increased
visitor numbers at some lesser known attractions.

B D
Suggested answers Students’ own answers
She mentions her technical skills (as a lab technician) but
doesn’t mention that they include electrical and mechanical
engineering. This might be covered in her résumé.
9 Writing
A–B
She mentions her ability to cope in extreme conditions, her
ability to work well on a team and her creativity. She hints at
her ability to follow instructions accurately and intelligently C
(quick thinking, patience and precision), but this could 1 c 2 d 3 a 4 b
be clearer.
D
She doesn’t mention any experience of work in glaciology,
Suggested answers
geology, meteorology or oceanology. This might be covered
1 They both describe the experience of one of the two
in her résumé.
groups, using very similar words in each case.
C 2 Similarly and However
investigated, gained, explored, led, demonstrated 3 Paragraph 1 (… a clear causal relationship between vowel
sounds and mood: the repetition of ‘smile vowels’ …) The
D second part explains what the causal relationship was.
Suggested answers
Paragraph 2 (… in neither case were the results conclusive:
1 I negotiated the purchase of raw materials.
the majority of respondents reported no change in mood.) The
2 I persuaded my manager to switch suppliers.
second part explains why the results weren’t conclusive.
3 I led/managed a team of six.
4 I updated our records. Paragraph 3 (This may explain the failure of Wagenmakers
5 I coordinated communications with customers. et al to repeat the effects of the pen experiment: they were
focusing on the wrong type of smile.) The second part
explains why Wagenmakers et al failed.
8 Writing 4 indeed; emphatic do
A 5 Additionally
Suggested answer
Long-term stress causes health problems all over the body.
10 Writing
It can cause pain in our muscles, especially the shoulders, A
neck and head. Having a raised heart rate and raised blood Students’ own answers
pressure for a long time can also be a factor in heart attacks Suggested answers
and strokes. In addition, stress can cause problems with Reasons why living in the city is better
digestion and make people feel sick. more jobs, better facilities, better entertainment, easier travel
Reasons why living in the country is better
B cleaner air, nicer scenery, more outdoor activities, cheaper
Tension and pain in the back, shoulders and head, increase in property
heart rate and blood pressure, inflammation of the arteries,
hypertension, heart attack or stroke, heartburn, acid reflux, B
digestive problems, nausea, stomach ulcers. 1 They think it has a negative impact on cities.
2 It prices people out of the areas where they have lived for
C years, destroys the unique character of different areas and
Summary 1 does not summarize all the points from the only benefits the rich.
article – it only focuses on heart problems. 3 That gentrification makes cities cleaner and safer.
Summary 2 does not summarize all the points from the article
C
and it introduces new information (about relaxing) that was
The counter-argument was introduced with Some people
not in the original article.
argue that …, whereas the rebuttal was introduced with While
Summary 3 does not summarize all the points from the article it is true that …
and does not paraphrase enough – the first sentence of the
text is repeated word for word.


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Answer key American Language Hub Level 5 Student’s Book 

Welcome 1.1 Dress for success

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

C 5 To turn a prediction (… there’ll (probably) be …) into a

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

SPEAKING HUB LISTENING

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

2.2 Creative people

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

C 3 There’s nowhere quite like Dubai when it comes to shopping. /

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

A planes, with benefits in terms of cost and sustainability.

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

SPEAKING HUB SPEAKING

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

C 3 Hong Kong, China and Denmark

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

4.1 Brain training B

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

C 4.2 Thinking and thought

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

GRAMMAR 5 I’ll be made fun of

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

GRAMMAR 4 $900: the amount of money Adam wanted to raise

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

6.3 World of knowledge SPEAKING SKILL

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

C 8 being a saturation diver (C)

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

GRAMMAR problems they could have; visualize completing things

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

VOCABULARY SPEAKING SKILL

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

9.2 Animal behavior C

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

9.3 Model behavior Unit 9 Review

B are smarter than we think.

Follow the herd B

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

B believe in rather than the issues their party believes in and

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

C 5 that was/is that

GRAMMAR HUB 2.2

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

VOCABULARY HUB 5.1

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

C points matches the order they are covered in the essay.

5 Writing on a team; creativity; ability to follow instructions accurately

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

American Language Hub Level 5 Teacher’s Resource Center.

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Answer key American Language Hub Level 5 Student’s Book

C 5 To turn a prediction (… there’ll (probably) be …) into a

C 3 There’s nowhere quite like Dubai when it comes to shopping. /

GRAMMAR 4 $900: the amount of money Adam wanted to raise