Physics Project Aam

CONTENT
• Introduction
• Gauss law
• Applications of gauss law
• Amperes law
• Applications of Ampere’s law
INTRODUCTION
GAUSS
Carl Friedrich Gauss, original name Johann Friedrich Carl
Gauss, (born April 30, 1777, Brunswick [Germany]—died
February 23, 1855, GOTTIGEN, Hanover), German
mathematician, generally regarded as one of the greatest
mathematicians of all time for his contributions to number
theory, geometry, probability theory, planetary astronomy
the theory of functions, and potential theory (including
electromagnetism.
GAUSS ‘S LAW IN ELESTROSTATICS;
Gauss's law for electricity states that the electric fluxΦ
across any closed surface is proportional to the net
electric charge q enclosed by the surface; that is, Φ = q/ε0,
where ε0 is the electric permittivity of free space and has a
value of 8.854 × 10–12 square coulomb per newton per
square meter.
AMPERE;
André-Marie Ampère, (born January 20, 1775, Lyon
France—died June 10, 1836, Marseille), French physicist
who founded and named the science of electrodynamics,
now known as electromagnetism. His name endures in
everyday life in the ampere, the unit for measuring electric
current.
Ampere’s law in magnetism;
Ampere’s Law is one of the important lawof
Electromagnetism. It is finding the expression for any
closed-loop path. It states that the sum of the length
elements times the magnetic field in the direction of the
length element will be equal to the permeability times the
electric current.
The integral form of the law is as below:
∮Bds=μ0I
Where μ0 is the permeability of free space and ‘I’ is

current.
GAUSS’S LAW
According to Gauss law, the total flux linked with a
closed surface is 1/ε0 times the charge enclosed by
the closed surface.
Φ = q/ ε0
For example, a point charge q is placed inside a cube of
the edge ‘a’. Now, as per Gauss law, the flux through
each face of the cube is q/6ε0.
It explains the electric charge enclosed in a closed surface
or the electric charge present in the enclosed closed
surface.
The Gauss theorem

The net flux through a closed surface is directly
proportional to the net charge in the volume enclosed by
the closed surface.
Φ = → E.d → A = qnet/ε0
In simple words, the Gauss theorem relates the ‘flow’ of
electric field lines (flux) to the charges within the enclosed
surface. If no charges are enclosed by a surface, then the
net electric flux remains zero.
This means that the number of electric field lines entering
the surface equals the field lines leaving the surface.
Proof of Gauss’s Theorem

Let’s say the charge is equal to q.
Let’s make a Gaussian sphere with radius = r.
Now imagine surface A or area ds has a ds vector
At ds, the flux is:
dΦ = E (vector) d s (vector) cos θ
But , θ = 0
Hence , Total flux:
Φ = E 4 π r2
Hence, σ = 1 / 4πɛo q / r2 × 4π r2
Φ= q / ɛo
As per the Gauss law, the total flux associated with a
sealed surface equals 1/ε0 times the charge
encompassed by the closed surface.
Electric Field due to Infinite Wire
Let us consider an infinitely long wire with linear charge

density λ and length L. To calculate electric field, we
assume a cylindrical Gaussian surface. As the electric
field E is radial in direction, the flux through the end of the
cylindrical surface will be zero.
It is because the electric field and area vector are

perpendicular to each other. As the electric field is
perpendicular to every point of the curved surface, we can
say that its magnitude will be constant.
The surface area of the curved cylindrical surface is 2πrl. The electric
flux through the curve is
E × 2πrl
According to Gauss’s Law,
The direction of the electric field is radially outward if

linear charge density is positive. On the other hand, it will
be radially inward if the linear charge density is negative.
Electric Field due to Infinite Plate Sheet
Let us consider an infinite plane sheet, with surface

charge density σ and cross-sectional area A. The position
of the infinite plane sheet is as below:
The direction of the electric field due to an infinite charge

sheet is perpendicular to the plane of the sheet. Let us
consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface, whose axis is
normal to the plane of the sheet. We can evaluate the
electric field E from Gauss’s Law as according to the law:
From a continuous charge distribution charge q will be the
charge density (σ) times the area (A). Talking about net
electric flux, we will consider electric flux only from the two
ends of the assumed Gaussian surface. We can attribute it
to the fact that the curved surface area and an electric
field are normal to each other, thereby producing zero
electric flux. So the net electric flux is
Φ = EA – (– EA)
Φ = 2EA
Then, we can write
The term A cancels out which means electric field due to

an infinite plane sheet is independent of cross-sectional
area A and equals to:
Electric Field due to Thin Spherical Shell
Let us consider a thin spherical shell of surface charge

density σ and radius “R”. By observation, we can see that
the shell has spherical symmetry. Therefore, we can
evaluate the electric field due to the spherical shell in two
different positions:
• Electric field outside the spherical shell

• Electric field inside the spherical shell
Amperes’ Law
Ampere’s law is one of the useful law which relates the net
magnetic field along the closed loop to the electric current
which passes through the loop.
The definition states that the line integral of the magnetic
field around some arbitrary path will be proportional to the
net electric current enclosed by such path.
The integral form of the law is as below:
∮Bds=μ0I
Where μ0 is the permeability of free space and ‘I’ is

current.
For Ampère’s Law, all currents must be steady. So,

currently does not change with time. Also, only currents
crossing the area inside the path must be considered and
will have some contribution to the magnetic field.
One may use the right hand’s rule to determine its
directions and signs. The total magnetic circulation will be
zero if the magnetic field is normal to the selected path at
any point.
This result is independent of size and shape of the close
surface area.
APPLICATIONS OF AMPERE’S LAW

Solenoid
A solenoid is a helical coil whose diameter is less than its length, and it is a type of
electromagnet. When the current is allowed to flow through a solenoid, it produces a constant
magnetic field near it in a volume of space, even though the solenoid can produce a uniform
magnetic field. Yet, an iron core is generally added to increase the magnet’s strength.
In a normal solenoid, the core or the centre inside the solenoid has the magnetic field in
consolidated form, while the field outside of the solenoid is weaker. The calculation of a
magnetic field for a solenoid, such that the current that the solenoid is carrying is ‘I’, is done
using the formula:
B=nl
In the expression above, n represents the number of turns per unit length of the solenoid.
A few of the uses of a solenoid in real life are:
• It is used as an electromagnet in the inductor, solenoid valves, antennas, etc.

• It is used in the manufacturing of locking systems, such as doorbells and a few medical
types of equipment.
• It is also used in computer component manufacturing, such as computer printers, etc.

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CONTENT

Where μ0 is the permeability of free space and ‘I’ is

The Gauss theorem

Proof of Gauss’s Theorem

Electric Field due to Infinite Wire

Let us consider an infinitely long wire with linear charge

It is because the electric field and area vector are

According to Gauss’s Law,

The direction of the electric field is radially outward if

Let us consider an infinite plane sheet, with surface

The direction of the electric field due to an infinite charge

Then, we can write

The term A cancels out which means electric field due to

Electric Field due to Thin Spherical Shell

Let us consider a thin spherical shell of surface charge

• Electric field outside the spherical shell

The integral form of the law is as below:

Where μ0 is the permeability of free space and ‘I’ is

For Ampère’s Law, all currents must be steady. So,

APPLICATIONS OF AMPERE’S LAW

• It is used as an electromagnet in the inductor, solenoid valves, antennas, etc.

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