INTERMEDIATE

Zoology
Practical Manual
Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education
Telugu Akademi,
Hyderabad.
Intermediate Practical Manual

Zoology
Authors
K. Jaganmohan Rao Dr. A.V. Prasad
Senior Lecturer (Retd.) Lecturer in Zoologyy
Govt. Degree College Narayana Junior College
Rajole Hyderabad

Ahmedullah Qureshi P. Padmaja

Principal Junior Lecturer in Zoology
Govt. Junior College Govt. Junior College (Old)
Kondapur, Medak Malakpet, Hyderabad

Editor
Prof.V. Vanita Das
Department of Zoology
Osmania University
Hyderabad

Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education

Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad
Telangana
 Zoology PracticalManual:Authors: K.Jaganmohan
Rao. Ahmad.
Intermediate:
ureshi, Dr.A.V.Prasad, P. Padmaja;
Edjtor:
Prof.V. Vanitha Das; Reprint: 2020
76+ iv.
Pp. xii+

Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education

Hyderabad

Printing, Publication and Distribution rights

Exclusively with Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad

First Edition: 2013

Reprint: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020
Copies: 7000

All rights whatsoever in this book are strictly reservedandno portion of

it may be reproduced by any process for any purpose without the
written permission of the copyright owners.

Price Rs. 24-00

Printed in India
Laser Typeset by P.V. Ramana Designers, Hyderabad
Printed at M/s Padmaja Printers Pvt.Ltd., Hyderabad
 AcademicReview Committee
Sri Syed Omer Jaleel
State &
Commissioner, Intermediate
Education, Telangana
Education
State Board of Intermediate
Secretary, Telangana

Smt.B.Sheshu Kumari
-
Member

Director, SCERT Telangana State

Reddy Member
Sri A. Satyanarayana
Director, Telugu Akademi

Educational Research and Coordinating Committee

Training Wing, TSBIE Telugu Akademi

Sri A. Satyanarayana Reddy, MA., M.Ed.

Sri B. Upendar Reddy
Reader Director

Smt K. Vasundhara Devi Dr. M. Manikya Lakshmi, M.A., Ph.D.

Asst. Proffessor Deputy Director (Rtd.)

Smt. K.Glory Sathyavani, M.Sc.,M.Ed.

Research Assistant (Zoology)
 Telugu Akademi Note

Medium at the level of Higher

The role played by the Telugu Akademi in stabilizing Telugu
has rendered needful services by
Education since its inception (1968) is well known. TheAkademi
Translations, Popular Series, Monographs,
publishing number of Text Books, Reference Books,
etc., over the years. Many among
the above mentioned books
Dictionaries, Glossaries, Readings
were reprinted per the demand.
also as
Akademi has been revising and updating its publications in accordance with the prescribed
Text Books for Intermediate in Telugu
syllabi, as and when necessary. Telugu Akademi publishing
is
Akademi has entered a new phase of
Medium since its inception. From 1998 onwards the Telugu
the work of preparation and publication
activity with the Board of Intermediate Education entrusting
of Intermediate Text Books in English Medium.
The Board of Intermediate Education has also assigned the work of printing and publishing
the restructured curriculum from the
the Text Books of Intermediate Vocational Courses as per
academic year 2000-2001. Accordingly, the Intermediate vocational Text Books are also being

published by the Telugu Akademi.

The Practical Manuals of 1" year and 2nd year of Intemediate course are also being published
Akademi as and when the Board of Intermediate has entrusted the task. In this course
of
by Telugu
action, this Intermediate Practical Manual is prepared by Board of Intermediate Education according
to the new revised syllabus which is being implemented from the academic year 2012 - 14.

We thank the authors, editors and all the other experts who are involved in the preparation
of these Practical Manuals. We also appreciate the Academic Co-ordinators of the Telugu Akademi

for taking necessary steps to publish this manual in time.

We hope that the present manual will serve the teaching and student community. We invite

suggestions and observations from the readers for the betterment of this book in terms of
standardization and comprehension.

Director
Telugu Akademi
 Foreword

of science subjects cannot

The importance of Laboratory Practicals in the teaching
be over-emphasized. Laboratory Practicals provide unique
a opportunity for students to
understand clearly and assimilate theoretical concepts
which may seem complex or dry when
are an invaluable tool in enhancing
the
taught in the classroom. Practicals, like field work,
and the spirit of
richness of the learning experience. On the one hand they promote creativity
evaluate evidence. On
questioning by drawing out the skills ofinterpretation and the ability
to

the other hand, they foster logical thinking because of the emphasis on systematic procedures
to be followed, correct methods of handling data as well as accurate and authentic reporting

of observations.
The Board of Intermediate Education, has recognized the need for Laboratory
Practicals for Intermediate science students since its inception. Further, an attempt is being
made to constantly update the syllabus, not only in theory, but also in practicals, to reflect the
the
changing needs of the day. While the textbooks in science subjects were revamped over
years inaccordancewith the NCERT syllabus, the syllabus in practicals too is being
modified for students of both lst year and 2nd year Intermediate from the academic year
2013-2014. Itis hoped that the new syllabus will make practicals more exciting and interesting
for students and will maximise their learning experience. Practical training would also benefit
students by honing their creative skils, critical thinking and communication skills, thereby
making the students more competent and confident to face the challenges ahead. The present
Laboratory Manual provides in a succinct manner the guidance required for conducting the
various experiments in the laboratory. The Manual will be a useful tool for students and will
supplement the efforts of the teachers in making practicals a challenging the thrilling experience.
I thank the authors, editors and the members of ERTW who are involved in the
preparation of these practical manuals. Constructive suggestions are solicited for the
improvement of these lab manuals in terms of standardization and comprehension.

Secretary
Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education
 Preface
The Board of Intermediate Education, has been striving hard to provide
both in theory and
quality education at the Intermediate level. It has updating the syllabus
practicals in accordance with the changes in*+2' syllabus at the natioral level for the benefit of our
Intemediate Students.
The theory part of syllabus for 2012-2014 has already been revised. In view of th
of
importance of practical examination, the BIE has taken up the task ofrevision and publication
practical manuals in Physical and Life Sciences for the benefit of inter students. As such the practical
manual in Zoology has boen prepared in lucid and simple style to meet the needs of students of all
categories. Utmost care has been taken to present correct and well labelled diagrams which depict
their essential charactes.
The efforts of Dr. A.V. Prasad a senior Lecturer in Zoology are to be complemented for
drawing all the diagrams in excellent style in short time in the manual.
The revised practical syllabus in Zoology has been divided into 3 parts.

They are:
Part-I, includes models/ displays/ charts/projections instead ofdissections. This part
includes major organ systems of earthworm, cockroach and human being.

Note: As per the direction ofcentral govemment all dissections were deleted from the
practical syllabus in orderto conserve some speciesof animals.

Part-II, includes simple experiments in Physiology

Part-II1, includes all types of spotters.

We trust that this manual will be very much useful to the inter students in the preparation
oftheir records and farewell in their practical exams.
We will be very much indebted to receive useful and constructive suggestions and
corections ifany from the leamed lecturers and the students for further improvement in the next
edition

Editor
 CONTENTS

First Year
******.
Introduction..
2
Compound Microscope.. * * * * * * * * 4
Amoeba (Whole mount) . ***

* * * * * * * * * * *

Euglena (Whole mount)..

* * * * * * * 6
Paramoectum (Whole mount)D ***

Hydra (Whole mount)... *****

Liver Fluke. ****

*********
9
Squamous Epithelium *****

10
Columnar Epithelium..
********** ****-
T.S. of Cartilage
*... 122
T.S of a Bone..***o*
13
Blood Snear of a Mammal
* 14
Striated Muscle...
15
Smooth Muscle.
16
Euspongia.
***

*****

Aurelia Jelly Fish) 17

Metridiuun/ Adamsta (Sea anaemone) * * * * * * . 18

Taenia solium (Pork tape worm). *********************

19

Ascaris Male (Male round worm) ********. 20

Ascaris Female (Female round worm). ************ 21
Nereis (Sand worm) ******** 22
Hirudinaria (Leech). *orer >A**3***7*3*+***** '*** **** * 23
Earthworm. ************ 24

Scolopendra (Centipede).. **** 25

Julus (Milltpede). ****** 26
27
Palaemon (Fresh water prawn). a****** *******..

Aranea (Spider) ************************ o ************

*********** ************ 28
Palamnacus (Scorplon). a**4 29
Slk Moth. ***************** ****** **** *** 30

Apls indica (Honey bee). ************************ ** ********** 31

Pila (Apple Snail).. +******* ******* ** ******* 32

Unio (Fresh water mussel}. ****
33
Asterias (Star Fish)........ ***
* ***** . 34
Earthwom: Digestive system. ***
**********
35
Earthworm: Nervous system.. ************** *** *** *********. 36
Earthworm: Spermathecae..**** *** ***
37
 ****
Cockoach: Mouth Parts ... ****" 38
Cockroach: Digesttve system. 39
*******.**
Cockroach: Nervous system.... ****' ' ' * ' ' 40

Second Year
T.S. of Stomach. *****neg*s., 41

T.S. of Intestine (Mammalian) .. ******* ****** 42

LS. of Kidney (Mammalian).. 43
******ittn, 44
T.S. of Liver (Mammalian)..
. . . 45
T.S. of Pancreas (Mammalian).
T.S. of Testis (Mammalan). ****
*******t*s, 46

T.S. of Ovary (Mammalian) . ****

47
. . 48
Scoliodon (Dog Shark/ Dog Fish).
. . 49
Labeo rohita (Rohu).
Catla catla (Botche). 50
Cihinus mrigala (Yerra mosu or Mrigal) . . . 51

Rana tigrina (Frog). .. 2

*********
.53
Hydrophis (Sea Snake).
****** 04
Naja naja (Cobra)...
Vipera russelli (Russel's Viper).... 55
Columba livia (Kabutar/ Rock Pigeon) 56
Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit), ******. 57
. . . 8
Ball and socket Joint . * * *

59
Hinge Joint (Ginglymoid)
60
Pivotal Joint.
Gliding Joint (Arthroidal Plane Joint)
62
Demonstration of digestion of starch by salivary amylase.. *****

Identification of the presence of starch in the given samples.. * * * *

4
Identification of the presence of glucose in the given samples... ******

Identification of the presence of lipids/ fats in the given samples

Identification of the presence of albumen in the given samples. * * * * * * * "
67
68
Human being: Digestive system.
69
Human being: Arterial system.
* * * * ' * * * * *
0
Human being: Venous system..
* * * * * *

Human being: Male urinogenital system..

***** ***
(2
Human being: Female urinogenital system..

Appendix . 73
Practical Syllabus for Zoology 6
**********

Scheme of Valuation .
 Introduction
Science is asystematic study based on facts and observations. It involves curiosity, inquisitiveness
and unbiased analysis. Most of the practical work is done in a Laboratory. It provides an
opportunity to a person with a scientific frame ofmind to see and study variousaspects ofan
object under observation. Hence, a Zoology student has to attend Laboratory, work-out with
utmost sincerity and inquisitiveness. Laboratory provisionsshould be handled with care. At the
end ofthe Laboratory period, working space should be left clean. Laboratory exercise to be
performed should be read in advance and one is expected to attend to the practical class with
well preparation. Spotters should be identified with important characteristics ofthe specimen.

Instruments to be carried by the student to the practical class

The items to be caried regularly by a student to the
Zoology practical class are Pencil, Eraser
-

Scale, Observation note book and Record sheets/ Book.

Record of work
After the completion of every practical work, the observations and their
salient features should
be noted and drawn on practical record sheets. The
the preparation of record work.
following suggestions would prove useful in
1. Date is written on the top left hand corner
of the page.
2. Classification and name of the animal are written at the
top right hand cormer of the sheet.
3. All the parts of the diagram must be labelled.
another. Labelling lines should never cross one
4. Every diagram must have a caption below it (eg. T.S. of
5. The description is written on a new Pancreas)
page (Interleaf), facing the diagram.
 Intermediate Practical Manual

| Compound Microscope|

It is the most indispensable instrument in a Biology laboratory. Of the many types of microsen
opes,
compound microscope is very commonly used.

Compound Microscope
The compound microscope is built around a strong basal foot and a vertical limb. The foo
supports the vertical limb. A round, rectangular or square stage is fixed to the limb. It is provide
with clips to hold the slide in position. A movable or fixed sub-stage is situated directly below the
stage. It is provided with an iris diaphragm and condenser lens. Iris diaphragm is a wheel shaped
metal disc to regulate the aperture through which light rays reach the condenser and are passed to
an object.Amovable concave mirror is fixed at the lowermost part or the limb to focus a convergine
cone of light rays at the level of specimen.

Body ofthe microscope is composed ofa tube. At the upper end ofthe tube, is an eye piece
which can be changed for lower or higher values of magnifications. At the lower end ofthistubeis
a revolving nose piece with about three objectives viz., low power, high power and oil immersion.
These magnifications range from 3.2x to 100x. The conventional low power objective is 10x. Tube
ofthe microscope is vertically movable with the help ofcoarse and fine adjustment screws. Coarse
adjustment moves the tube rapidly while fine adjustment screw does it gradually.

Mechanical operation
a) Microscope is placed in maximum diffuse light
b) Light is adjusted by turning the mirror towards the source of light and also by moving the sub-
stage up and down, as well as with the help of iris diaphragm.
C) A prepared slide is placed on the stage. Object is adjusted just over the stage aperture.
d) The object is located and focused with a low power objective using coarse adjustment.
e) If higher magnification is desired, nose-piece is turned to next higher power objective. Fine
adjustment can be used freely at this stage, while the use of coarse adjustment is to be
avoided.

High power objective and subsequent higher powers are used only when object is properiy
mounted under coverslip.

Precautions
1. Before and after the use, all the lenses and metal parts including stage should be cleanea. i
lenses are cleaned with tissue paper or muslin cloth.

22. Operating screws, condenser, iris diaphragm, mirror and stage or stage clips shouid aalways
be handled carefully.
 Zoology 3

Eye piece

Draw tube
Coarse
adjustment knob

Fine adjustment Body

knob

Nose piece
Arm

Objective lens

Clip Stage

Substage
Condenser
Iris Diaphragm
Inclination joint Mirror
Pillar Foot

Compound Mieroscope
 Intermediate Practical Manual

|Amoeba (whole mount)]

Clussification
Phylum Protozoa
Class Rhizopoda

Food vacuole Pseudopodium

Nucleus

**

***Rnnti t t
nttthlil

Ectoplasm

:
Endoplasm
w i w : i

****stii TTlfsirdvitni
tinnsttiti
Contractile vacuole

Identifying Characters
Amoebaproteus is a fresh water microscopic organism commonly called proteus animal.
I t i s irregular in shape and covered with a delicate membrane called the plasmalemma.
The iregular shape is due to continuous formation offinger like pseudopodia called lobopodia
which help in locomotion and ingestion.
The cytoplasm is divided into outer non-granular ectoplasm and inner granularendoplasm
A large round nucleus, a spherical contractile vacuole and many food vacuoles are present im

the cytoplasm.
 Zoology
-
5

Euglena (Whole mount)|

Classification
Phylum Protozoa

Class :Phytomastigophora

Stigma
Contractile vacuole

Myoneme

Chromatophore

Nucleus

Flimmers

Endoplasm

Ectoplasm
Pellicle

Identifying Characters
It is a fresh water, microscopic organism.
It
imparts green colour to the surface when it occurs in large number
Itiscovered by pellicle, having
spiral striations called myonemes.
The anterior end has an opening called
cytostome which leads into a gullet called cytopharynx.
Cytopharynx opens into reservoir.
In ectoplasm near the reservoir a single contractile vacuole is present. It is surrounded by
accessory vacuoles.
Single round nucleus and chromatophores are present in
A stigma is
endoplas1m.
present close to the cytopharynx.
Near the base of the
longer flagellum there is a photoreceptor called paraflagellar
body.
 Intermediate Practical Manual

Paramecium (Whole mount)

Classification
Phyn Protozoa
Class Ciliata

food vacuole
cytopyge
forming
circulating8

oral groovee

mntw(
togto cytostome
mlcronucleus
macro.
penniculus
MUAAILLSA cflia
trichocysts
nucleus
endoplasm

ectoplasm
KKLLALAALLAL pellicle
contractle vacuole
radiating contractile
forming
canals vacuole

Identifying Characters
animal, hence popularly known as slipper
r It is a fresh water microscopic sipper shaped
animalcule.
the posterior end is pointed.
The anterior end ofthe body is rounded and
encloses its body.
Athin fim membrane, the pellicle
the body. Each cilium arises froma basal granule
Small bristle like cilia are present all around
in ectoplasm.
is It leads into cytostome
On the ventral surface, an oral groove present.
other is a
One is a bean shaped macronucleus and the
There are 2 nuclei in the endoplasm.
round micronucleus.
one at each end.
Two contractile vacuoles are present,
vacuoles are present in the endoplasm.
Many food
 Zoology

| Hydra (Whole mount)

Classification
Cnidaria
Phylum
Class Hydrozoa

Tentacles

Mouth

Bud

Aboral disc
Substatum

Identifying Characters
Itisacylindrical fresh water polyp
Its aboral end is enclosed by a flat disc called basal disc which helps in fixing the body with

substratum.
The oral end of the body has a conical hypostome with a mouth at its apex.
Surrounding the mouth there are 6-10 hollow tentacles which help in locomotion and capturing
food.
In adult hydra, buds and gonads are seen.
It isa diploblastic animal.
Inside the body there is a single cavity called gastro vascular cavity or coelenteron.
Intermediate Practical Manual

Liver fluke

Classification
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda

Mouth

Oral sucker

Acetabulum

Cuticle

Identifying Characters
It is commonly called liver-fluke.
In the adult stage, it lives in the bile ducts of sheep. cows, pigs and rarely in man.
It measures 25-30 mm in length.

It is greatly flattened and leaf like.

The surface ofthe body is covered by a thin, tough cuticle with backwardly projecting spines
The mouth is at the extreme anterior end and is placed inside a muscular oral sucker.

Behind the oral sucker-øn the ventral side lies another sucker called ventral sucker.
 Zoology

Squamous Epithelium|

Flat irregular cells

Round nucleus

Characteristic Features
. Cells are thin and flattened like tiles on the floor
or
pavement.
2 Nucleus is big. round and centrally located,
therefore the cell surface is bulged.
3 Cells are polygonal or
iregular in outline.
4. Cells are closely attached to each other without inter cellular
space.
5. Itis a single layer of cells resting on basement membrane.
6.
Simple squamous epithelium is seen in the endothelium
peritoneum.
of blood vessels, Alveoli of lungs and
It permits diffusion of
material through it.
10 Intermediate Practical Manual
-

Columnar Epithelium

Tall pillar like cells

Basement membrane
Oval nucleus

Characteristic Features .
1. Cells are taller than breadth. They appear like pillars or columns. 7
2. Each cell has a large oval nucleus near its base.
8.
3 The cells form a single layer which basement membrane.
rest on a

4. Columnar cells form the inner lining of the walls of the

stomach, intestine. gall bladder, ctc.
5. On the free surface of structures concerned with
absorption, micro villi are present which
increase the surface area of absorption. 9.
 Zoology 11

Transverse Section of Cartilage

Perichondrium

Perichondrocyte

Lacuna

Chondrocyte

Chondrin

Nucleus

Identifying Characters
()
. Cartilage is semi-rigid and some what flexible and it is also called gristle.
2. There are small spaces called Lacunae in the Matrix called chondrin.
3. Each lacuna has one to four Chondrocytes.
Cartilage is avascular (without blood vessels).
S. Ground substance of the matrix has two kinds of fibres called elastic and
6.
collagen fibres.
Cartilage is enveloped by a sheath called perichondrium.
7. Perichondrium contains blood vesels, nerve fibers and
8.
perichondroblasts.
Based on the nature of the matrix there are three
types of cartilage.
a) Hyaline Cartilage
b) Elastic Cartilage
c)Fibrous Cartilage
9. The most abundant
cartilage is hyaline cartilage.
12 Intermediate Practical Manual

Transverse Section of a Bone

marrow cavity
Haversian canal

lamellae
A periosteal
concentric

canaliculi Haversian canal

bone cell
in lacuna

Identifying Characters
connective tissue.
. Bone is a kind ofsupporting Id
called periosteum.
thebone has a tough vascular sheath
2. The outer surface of
called endosteum.
bone is lined with a vascular sheath
3 The inner surface ofthe
concentric layers called Lamellae.
Matrix ofthe bone consists ofseveral
A.
lacunae. Each lacuna contains one osteocyte
only.
are present in
Bone cells (osteocytes)
5. lacunae with one another.
the bone lamellae and connect the
Minute canaliculi run through
6 to the marrow cavity are present
in the longbones
Haversian canals running parallel the
7. Many canaliculi and osteocytes constitute
with concentric bone lamellae,
Each Haversian canal
Haversian system or
Osteon. s
Volkmann
Haversian canals are
connected by transverse canals known as
8. Neighbouring
canals.
 Zoology 13

Blood Smear of a Mammal

Polymor
phonuclear
leucocyte
Red blood
corpuscles

o o looo
Oo
Lymphocyte Macrocyte

Identifying CharacterTs
Blood is fluid
a
connective tissue. It is often called red river of life.
2 The liquid component
of blood called plasma, contains formed elements.
3 They are RBCs, WBCs and Platelets.
4.
RBCs are circular, biconcave and without
5
nucleus.
RBCsor erythrocytes contain
Haemoglobin
6.
7.
WBCsor leucocytes are amoeboid in shape.(respiratory pigment).
The muclei
of lecucocytes are either round or lobed
8. Blood platelets are round, oval or disc like. (Polymorphic
nuclei).
9. They play an important role in blood
clotting.
14 Intermediate Practical Manual

( Striated Muscle

Nucleus

Sarcolemma
Light bands

Dark bands

Identifying Characters Ide

.
. Striated muscle cells are elongated and cylindrical.
These are multinucleated (synctial). The nuclei are relatively long and lie in the peripheral 2
2.
3.
cytoplasm close to the cell membrane, the
sarcolemma.
dark and light bands along its length.
3. The skeletal muscle fibers have altemate transverse
are present many fine threads called myofibrils.
They
4 In the sarcoplasmofeach muscle fibre
run alongthe length the muscle fibre.
of 5.
are also called skeletal muscles.
These muscles are attached to the bone, they
so
5. ot
because theycontract according to the will
6. These muscles are called voluntary muscles, 6.
the anima.
 Zoology 15

(Smooth Muscle

Spindie
shaped cells

Nucieus

Sarcoiemmna

Sarcopiasmn

Identifying Characters
I. The cells ofsmooth muscle are clongated and spindle shaped
2 Each smooth muscle fibre has a centrally placed nucleus which has wavy out line.
3 Striations are not exhibited, however myofibrils present in the cell contain actin and
myosin
protcins
4 Smooth muscles are also called involuntary rmusces because these are not under the conscious
control of the animal
. Smooth muscles are also calied visceral muscles because
they occur in the walls of the
visceral organs.
6 Smooth muscles contract slowly and carn rermain in
partial contraction for a long time.
 Intermediate Practical Manual
I16
Euspongia
Classification
Phylum Porifera
Class :Demospongia

Oscula
Inhalent canals

oo /o

o o'
o 0o O

O. O
0:0: 'o O. . O o.
O. O..
'o:9. O.

Rocky substratum

Identifying Characters
I t is thecommon bath sponge.

It is globular and black in

colour.
called ostia.
On the body surface, it has many pores
The ostia open into the spongocoel.

The spongocoel opens out through a wide aperture called

osculum.
The skeleton is in the form of spongin fibres.
 Zoology 17

Aurelia (Jelly Fish)

Classification
Phylum Cnidaria
Class :Scyphozoa

Ex-umbrellar surface

Tentacles

Sub-umbrelar surface

Oral arm

Identifying Characters
Itis commonlycalledjelly fish.
The body is umbrella shaped, with outer ex-umbrellar surface and inner sub-umbrellar surface.
O n the margin
ofumbrella, vellariumis present.
In the centre of sub-umbrellar surface, manubrium is
present which posses mouth at its apex.
Mouth extended into 4 oral arms.
Gastro-vascular cavity is well developed and it has many
canals
Four gonads are present on sub umbre!llar surface in pits.
On the margin of umbrella
many tentacles and eight tentaculocysts are present.
18 Intermediate Practical Manual

Metridium (Sea anemone)

Classification
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa

oral disc mouth

marginal tentacles

capitulum. A
collar

column or
ScapusS

limbus

pedal disc.
de

Identifying Characters
or sea flower.
It is commonly called sea
anemone

animal.
It is a solitary, marine and sedentary
shows basal disc, collar and oral
disc.
It is a polypoid form. It
substratum with the help of basal disc.
It attaches to the
is present.
In the centre oforaldisc, mouth which bear cnidoblast cells.
Mouth is surrounded by large number oftentacles
mesenterne
cavity, which is divided into compartments by
Mouth opens into gastro-vascular
 Zoology 19

Taenia solium (Pork tape worm)

Classification
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Cestoda

Rostellum
Hooks
Suckers

Neck

Strobila

Mature proglottids
Immatue
proglottids

Gravid proglottids
Identifying Characters
It is commonly called pork tape-worm.
It is a harmful parasite inhabits in the intestine of man.
The body is long, flat, white ribbon like about 4 meters in length.
The body is divisible into scolex, neck and strobila.
Scolex is a small knob like structure which bears 4 suckers and hooks helpful for the attachment
to the intestinal wall of the host.
Neck is unsegmented, which proliferates new segments called proglottids.
The body is called strobila which consists of 800 to 900 proglottids. They are divisible into
immature proglottids, mature proglottids and gravid proglottids.
The body is covered by tegument which absorbs nutrients from the host.
20 Intermediate Practical Manual

Ascaris - male (Male round worm)|

Classification
Phylum Nematyhelminthes
Class : Phasmida

Mouth

Cloaca

Copulatory spicules

Identifying Characters
It is commonly called round worm.

endoparasite in the small intestine of human beings.

It is an

The body is long, cylindrical, unsegmented and pointed at both the ends.
It is covered by thick cuticle.
Mouth is present at the anterior end bounded by 3 lips.
On the ventral side of the body an excretory pore is present anteriorly.
On the body length 4 longitudinal lines are present.
Itis identified as male asearis by the
following charúcters.
It is shorter than female worm.
Posterior end is curved like a hook, which posses cloaca.
Near cloaca two equal copulatory spicules are present.
 Zoology 21

Ascaris female (Female round worm)|

Classification
Phylum Nematyhelminthes
Class Phasmida

Mouth

Extretory pore

Female genitalpore

Anus

Identifying Characters
It is commonly called round worm.
It is an endoparasite in the small intestine ofhuman beings.
The body is long. cylindrical, unsegmented and pointed at both the ends.
It is covered by thick cuticle.
Mouth is presentatanterior end founded by 3 lips.
On the ventral side
of the body excretory pore is present anteriorly.
an

On the body length 4 longitudinal lines are present.

It is identified as female ascaris by the following characters.
I t is longer than male worm.
On ventral side female genital opening is present.
The posterior end is straight and posses anus on ventral side.
Intermediate Practical Manual

( Neries (Sand worm)

Classification
Phylum Annelida
Class : Polychacta

Palps
Prostomium

Eyes
Peristomium

Parapodia Anal cim

w w .wS
ldentifying Characters
It is a marine
polychaete commonly called sand wom or calm
The body is metanerically worm.
segmented and divisible into head and trunk.
The head shows
prostomium and peristomium with 4 pairs of psa
eyes. peristomial tentacles, pu
Clitellum is absent.
Each body segment shows a
pair of parapodia. Each parapodium showsa group
Mouth is present on
Anal segment shows a
peristomium.
pair of anal cirri.
It is a unisexual
animal.
 Zoology 23

Hirudinaria (Leech)
Classification
prostomium prostomium
anterior velum
Phylum Annelida
eyes 5Ucker Class : Hinadineaa
preoral
chamber
1st
nephndio
pore
male
9enital

pore

ternale
genital
pore

segmental
receptor
organs

17th
nephridio
pore
anus

postenior
sucker
Dorsal View Ventral View

Identifying Characters

Itis It is commonly called leech.

It is a blood sucking ectoparasite on vertebrate body.

The body is metamerically segmented with definite number of segments.

further sub divided into l09
In Indian cattle leech the body consists of 33 segments, which are
and annuli.
Two suckers are present at both the ends known as oral sucker and porteriorsvcke
side.
S pairsofeyes are present in first five segments on the dorsal
e. Male genital pore is present the ventral side of the I0 segment and female genital pore is
on

present on ventral side of the 11t segment.

17 pairs of nephridial openings are present from 6h to 22d segments.
It is a bisexual animal with internal fertilization.
 Earthworm

i
E

d e a t y o n g Chareetere
 Zoology 25

Scolopendra (Centipede)
Head Classification
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Chilopoda
Antenna

Eyes
Poisonous claw

Leg

Claw

Anal style

Identifying Characters
Itis commonly called centipede.
The body is dorsoventrally flattened and divisible into head and long trunk.
The head bears a pair of long antennae, a pair ofeyes, a pair of mandibles and two pairs of
maxillae.
Mouth is present at the anterior end of the head.
E a c h trunk segment bears a pairofseven jointed walking legs. Each leg ending
claw.
The first pair of legs is modified into poison claws.
Single genital aperture opens infrontofthe anus on ventral side.
A t the posterior end of the trunk, a telson is present which has a pair of long anal styles with
claws.
26 Intermediate Practical Manual

(Julus (Millipede)
Classification
Phylum Arthropoda
Class :Diplopoda

Antenna Head Thotax

Abdomen

Thoracic legs
Abdominal legs

Identifying Characters
Itis It is commonly called millipede.
The body is long,
cylindrical worm like and
segmented, divided into head, thorax and
The head bears a
pair of short antennae, a pair of
eyes, a pair of mandibles and a
abdomen
maxillae.
pair ot
The two maxillae are
fused to form
The thorax is short consists gnathochilerum.
of four segments.
Each abdominal
segment has two pairs of
The anus is terminal. walking legs, hence called as
The two
millipede.
genital apertures open towards the
Stink glands are present on anterior end.
the sides of the
pores. abdominal segments which
open out with minu
 Towokogy

Palaemon (Fresh water prawn)

Clasification
Phyhm Arthropoda
Class Crustacea

hepatic spine anterna compound

arthrodial spine eye rostnum
membrane cephalothorax
antennuie

hinge-joints carapace

-antenna
branchios tegite
o gill-cover

maxlipede

pleopods
ichelate leg
abdominat
pleura i chetate ieg
non-chelate
legs
uropod
teison

Identifying Characters
It is commonly called fresh water prawn.
The body is segmented and divided into cephalothorax and abdomen.
The cepholathorax consists
offive segmented head and eight segmentedthora
On the head a pair of stalked compound eyes are present.
The cephalic appendages are a pair ofantennae, antennules, maindibles and maxillae
The cephalothorax is covered by exoskeleton called carapace with a rostral spine anteriordy.
T h e thoracic segments show three pairs of maxillipedes and tive
pairs of walking legs
The first two pairs of walking legs are called chelate legs.
Inmale, the 2nd pair of che late legs are bigger than the remaining legs.
The abdomen ends with telson.
 Intermediate Practical Manual
28
(Aranea (Spider))
Classification
Phylum Arthropoda
Pedipalp Class Arachnida

Eyes
Chelicera
Wa
Prosoma

Waist

-Walking legs

Abdomen

tde

Identifying Characters
Itis commonly called spider.
and posterior opisthosoma.
The body is differentiated into anterior prosoma
Prosoma is covered carapace having eight oscelli and appendages.
by
The head appendages are a pair ofchelicerae, a pair of pedipalps and four pairs ofwalking
legs.
telson.
Opisthosoma is segmented, soft rounded withouta
The last part of opisthosoma contain anus and four pairs of spinnerets.

The respiratory organs are book lungs and trachea.

 Zoology 29

Palammaeus (Scorpion)
Classification
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Arachnida

5
Metasome
(5 segments)
Telson

Sting
Mesasome
Walkinglegs (7 segments)
(4 pairs)
Claw

Carapace
Eyes
Chelicera

Prosoma

Pedipalp

Identifying Characters
It is commonly called scorpion.
and differentiated into anterior prosoma
ànd posterior
The body is elongated, segmented
opisthosoma.
of
by carapace and it has a pair of'smallchelicerae, pair
a
The prosoma is dorsally covered
pedipalps and four pairsof walkinglegs
metasoma.
anterior mesosoma and posterior
The opisthosoma further divided into
The last segment metasoma consists oftelson containing sting.
of
Several oscelli are present on the prosoma.

Respiratory organs are 4 pairs of book lungs.

It is a viviparous animal
30 Intermediate Practical Manual

(Silk moth)
Classification
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Insecta

Cocoon

Feathed antenna

Pupa
Silk moth
(
," I m m

Silk worm
der

Identifying Characters
Itis commonlycalled silk wom.
The adult silkworm moth is creamy white in colour.
The moth is about 25 mm long and its body is divided into
head, thorax and abdomen.
The head bears eyes, a pair of
antennae,a mouth
and siphoning- sucking type of mouth
The thorax bears 3 pairs of legs and 2
pairs of
vestigial wings.
Adult males and females live for a short
period of two or three days.
Males die soon after copulation and females too die ater
laying egg8
 Zoology 31

Apis indica (Honey bee))

Classification
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Insecta

Worker Drone

Hairy thorax

Robust body
Queen
Tibia

Reduced wings

Hairy thorax
USMOA

Identifying Characters

ItisIt is commonly called honey bee.

I t isacolonialand social insect.

There are 3 castes in the bee colony queen, drones and workers.
-

Queen is a large bee with reduced wings.

Drones are the males that have large wings, robust body and reduced mouth parts.

workers are the smallest ofallthe 3 castes.

workers collect pollen grains and nectar from the flowers with the help of pollen brushes and
pollen baskets present on legs
T h e wax glands are present on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th & Sth abdominal segments of workers.
Workers also possess a sting at the tip ofthe abdomen.
58 Intermediate Practical Manual

Ball and Socket Joint

Acetabulum

Synovial cavity

Articular cartilage

Head of femur

Synovial capsule

Identification Characters
. Itisajoint in which the hall-shaped surfaceofone rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression
of another bone.

ofmotion around in an indefinite number of axes, which have

one
2 The distal bone is capable
common centre.

3. It enables the bone to move in all directions.

It is also known as enarthroid jointin which socket covers the balI
4.
Examples of this Joint
1.
Shoulder Joint: AJoint formed between humerus and glenoid cavityofpectoralgrde
Hip Joint: Ajoint formed between femur and acetabulum a cavity of pelvic girdile.
 Zoology 59

Hinge Joint (Ginglymoid)

Humerus

Condyle Depression

UIna

Radius

Identification Characters
1. A hinge joint is a bone joint in which the articular surfaces are molded to each other in such a
manner as to permit motion only in one plane.
2. One ofthe two bones forming this joint has condyle at one end and a depression at the other
end.
3. The articular surfaces of the bones are connected by strong collateral ligaments.
4. knee is the largesthinge joint in the human body.
The
Examples of this Joint
1. Elbow Joint: Ajoint formed between humerus of upper arm and radius-ulna of Fore arm.
2 Knee Joint: Ajoint formed between Femur and Tibia-Fibula of Hind limb.
60
Intermediate Practical Manual

Pivotal Joint

Odontoid process Atlas

Axis

Identification Characters
1. Pivotal joint is also known asRotatory joint.
called

2. In this type of joint, one bone i.e., axis remains fixed in its plate in the form ofa pe
odontoid process.
3 The other bone i.e., atlas rotates freely on the odontoid process.
 Zoologyy 61

Gliding Joint (Arthroidal Plane Joint)

(Gi

UIna
Radius
Pisiform

Scaphoid

Trapezium Carpals

Trapezoid

1st metacarpal

Identification Characters
I. In this joint, the opposed surfaces of the bones are almost flat.
2. The bones slide upon one another.
.
Movement is restricted because ofthetight joint capsule but it will be in differentp
Examples of this Joint
1.
Wrist Joint (between carpals).
2.
Ankle Joint (between tarsals).
62 Intermediate Practical Manua

of starch
Demonstration of digestion
by salivary amylase

AMYLASE
SALIVARY
DIGESTION OF STARCH BY

Aim of the experiment starch.

of salivary amylase on
To observe and understand the action

Principle of the experiment maltose by the action ofa

converted into dextrin,
Starch, a polysaccharide, is hydrolyzed and
molecules. Brick red precipitate
contains two glucose
salivary amylase (0-amylase or ptyalin). Maltose
Benedict's reagent.
appears when glucose reacts with
Chemicals and apparatus
1) Starch solution

2) Benedict's qualitative reagent

3) lodine solution

4) Test tubes

5) Droppers
6) Water bath and

7) Spirit lamp
Procedure
Take 1 ml ofstarch solution separately in two different test tubes. Add a few drops of iodine
solution in one test tube. Blue colour appears. It confirms that the solution is of starch.Add a small
amount of saliva in to the other test tube and incubate it in a water bath at 37°C for 15 minutes.
Transfer half part of the incubated solution in a third blank test tube. Add a few drops of lodine
solution in the second test tube. Blue colour does not appear. This proves that salivary amylase has
hydrolyzed the starch into maltose. Add 5 ml of Benedict's qualitative reagent into the third test tube
and heat it. Red colour appears. This confims conversionofstarch into maltose.
Result
Non-appearanceof blue colour on addition of iodine solution and appearance of red colour on
addition of Benedict's qualitative reagent confirms the action ofsalivary amylase.
 Zoology 63

Identification of the presence of

starch in the given samples

PRESENCE OF STARCH IN THE GIVEN SAMPLES

Aim of the experiment

To observe and understand the presence ofstarch in the given samples by the addition and
action of lodine.

Principle of the Experiment

Starch or amylum (C.H,0) is the mixture of amylase and amylopectin. Amylose is water

soluble and reacts with iodine (1,) solution giving blue colour complex.

Chemicals and equipments

Starch liquid, lodine solution, Test tubes and droppers.

Procedure
and D separately in 4 different
Take 1 mlofeach sample from the given four samples A, B, C
test tubes, Add 2 drops of iodine solution
into the test tubes. Blue colour appears in the test tube
containing starch.

Result
Appearance of blue colour indicates
the presence ofstarch.

OBSERVATION TABLE

INFERENCE
OBSERVATION
SAMPLE

C
D
64 Intermediate Practical Manmal

of
Identification of the presence
samples
glucose in the given
GIVEN SAMPLES
PRESENCE OF SUGAR IN THE

Aim of the experiment

samples.
To examine and identify the presence of glucose in given
Principle of the experiment
Glucose present in the sample reduces blue colured alkaline copper sulphate of Benedict's

qualitative reagent to red coloured cuprous oxide.

Chemicals and apparatus
Benedict's qualitative reagent, test tubes, droppers and spirit lamp.

Procedure
Take 0.5 ml or 8 drops ofsolution from the four given samples separately in four different tes
tubes. Mix Sml of Benedict's qualitative reagent in cach test tube. Boil the mixture for 3 minutes and
allow it to cool.

Observations
1) Ifthe solution remains clear blue, it indicates that there is no Glucose in the sample.
2) lfthe solution turns green in colour, it indicates 0.5% of Glucose in the sample.
3) Ifthe solution changes its colour to yellow, it suggests the presence of 1% of
Glucose in the sample.
4) Ifthe solution changes its colour to orange, it indicates the presence of 1.5%ofGlucose in the
sample.
5) Ifthe solution changes its colour to brick red, it suggests 2% or more percent of glucose in the
sample.
Result
Brick red colour indicates the presence of 2% to 3%
glucose in sample.
SAMPLE OBSERVATION INFERENCE
A

B
C

D
 Zoology 65

Identification of the presence of

lipids/ fats in the given samples
TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF LIPIDS (FATS/OILS) IN THE GIVEN
SAMPLE

Aim of the test

To detect the presence of lipids in a given sample by ethanol emulsion test.

Principle of the test

Lipids are non-polarorganic compounds. Hence they are soluble in organic solvents such as
ethanol (alcohol), but insoluble in water. Ethanol is an organic solvent which dissolves other organic
substances. After lipids have been dissolved in ethanol and then added to water, they will form tiny
dispersed droplets in the water and it is called an emulsion. The droplets are formed from a layer of
lipids arranged with their hydrophobic (water hating) tails pointing inwards.
Chemicals and apparatus
Ethanol, test tubes, distilled water and droppers

Procedure
A) Solid sample:
Crush the sample and place it in a dry test tube. Add ethanol to the sample in the test tube about 2 to
3cm above the level of the sample and shake it thoroughly.
Allow the sample at rest for about 5 min to allow the lipid content to be extracted. Decant the
ethanol into another test tube. Add a few ml ofdistilled water to ethanol solution.
Observation
Ifthe solution remains colourless and no emulsion is formed, it is inferred that the sample is without
lipids.
Ifa layer of cloudy white suspension is formed at the top of the solution, it indicates the presence of
lipids in the test sample. A close examination of the sample (if there are lipids in it) reveals the
formation of tiny globules of fat suspended on the solution, as lipids are less dense than water. Thus
anemulsion is formed. The fat droplets scatter light, as it passes through the water, so it
appears
white and cloudy.
66 Intermediate Practical Manual

B) Liquid sample
2 to 3 cm above the level of
tube. Then add ethanol
Add a few drops
ofliquid sample dry
to a test
ml of distilled
water to it. Ifa layer ofcloudy
Add a few
quid in the test tube. Shake it thoroughly. of lipids in the test
solution, it indicates the presence
white suspension is formed at the top ofthe
sample
Result
in the test sample confirms the presence
Formation ofa white and cloudy emulsion over the liquid
oflipids in the given sample

INFERENCE
SAMPLE OBSERVATION

D
 Zoology 67

Identification of the presence of

albumin in the given samples
PRESENCE OF ALBUMIN IN THE GIVEN SAMPLES

Aim of the experiment

To examine and understand the presence of albumin in the given sample by the action of
concentrated Nitric acid by Heller's Test method.
Principle of the Experiment
Concentrated Nitric acid precipitates albumin forming acid albuminate.
Chemicals and apparatus
Concentrated Nitric acid, test tubes and droppers
Procedure
Take 2 ml of concentrated Nitric acid in four different test tubes. Add 2 ml of one given
sample in one test tube from the given samples A, B, C and D along the sides of the test tubes with
the help of dropper. Samples form a layer over the nitric acid. If albumin is present, it forms a white
ring at the junction of two layers.

Result
Formation of white ring confirms the presence of albumin in the given sample.

SAMPLE OBSERVATION INFERENCE

D
68 Intermediate Practical Manual

being: Digestive system

Human

-. * -* *o* * * * .
****-*- *

* * * * * * .
Gall bladder

.-.-~*** Stomach

********, **...

Pancreas

Small intestine

Large intestine

Appendix

Rectum
 Zoology 69

Human being: Arterial system

Common carotid arte

Subclavian artery

Aortic arch

Dorsal aorta

Coeliac artery

Renal artery

Common iliac artery

70 Intermediate Practical Manual

Human being: Venous system

External jugular vein

Intenal jugular vein

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

Hepatic portal vein

Renal vein

Common iliac vein

 Zoology 71

Male urinogenital system

Human being:

Urinary bladder

Vas deference

Seminal vesicle

Prostate gland

Cowper's gland

Urethra

Epidydimis

Testis

Glans penis

Prepuce
72 Intermediate Practical Manual

al system
Human being:Female urinogenital system

Fallopian tube
Ovary
Uterus

Urinary bladder
Cervix

Vagina

Clitoris
 Zoology 73

Appendix
Practical Syllabus for Zoology

First Year (w.e.f 2012-13)

Study of Parts of Compound microscope
a
I.
Study of Invertebrate slides and identification with giving
II.
Classification and reasons

1. Invertebrate Slides
1. Amoeba (Whole mount)
2 Euglena (Whole mount
3 Paramecium (Whole mount)
4 Hydra (Whole mount)
5. Liver Fluke (Whole mount)

2. Histological Slides
. Squamous Epithelium
2. Columnar Epithelium
3. T.S. of Cartillage
4. T.S. of Bone
5. Blood Smear of Mammals
6. Striated Muscles
7. Unstriated Muscles

II. Study of Invertebrate Specimens and identification with giving

Classification and reasons
1. Invertebrate Specimens
1. Euspongia
2. Aurelia
3 Metridium
. Taenia solium
5. Ascaris Male
6. Ascaris Female
7. Nereis
8. Leech
74 Intermediate Practical Manual
9. Earth worm
10. Scolopendra
11. Julus
12. Palaemon
13. Araenia
14. Palamneus
15. Silk moth/ SIlk Worm
16. Honey Bee
17. Pila
18. Unio
19. Asterias

IV. Dissections
Note: No Dissection of live animals. The student has to draw
the diagram
of the system that is displayed or
projected.
1.
Earthworm - Digestive System
2. Earthworm Nervous System
-

3. Earthworm - Spermathecae
4. Cockroach - Mouth Parts
5. Cockroach -

Digestive System
6. Cockroach Nervous System
-
 Zoology 75

2013-14)
Second Year (w.e.f
Vertebrate slides
of Mammal
A.
T.S. of stomach
1.
T.S. of intestine
2.
3. L.S. of kidney
T.S. of liver
4.
5. T.S. of pancreas
T.S. of testis
6.
7. T.S. of ovary

B. Vertebrate Specimens
1. Shark
2. Rohu
3. Catla
Labeo
5. Frog
6. Sea snake
7. Naja naja
8. Viper
9. Pigeon
10. Rabbit

C. Osteology -Joints
1. Ball and socket joint
2 Hinge joint
3. Pivot joint
4. Gliding joint
D. Physiology Experiments
1.
Demonstration of digestion of starch by salivary amylase.
2. Identification of presence of starch in the given samples.
3. Identification of presence of glucose in the given samples.
4. Identification of presence of lipids/fats in the given samples.
5. Identification of presence of albumin in the given samples.

E. Dissections as models through unlabelled models or charts

(Human)
1. Digestive system
2.
2. Arterial system
3. Venous system
4. Urinogenital system
*****
76 Intemediate Practical Mannal

HYDERABAD
A.P.,
BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION,
70010GY PRACTICALS
Scheme of Valuatlon
2014)
(With eflect from IPE March
Max. Marks: 30
Time: 3 Hrs.

Observe the dissected and displayed system or its unlabelled model/ chart/
and lable the parts (min. Four
projection. ldentify the system and draw diagram
parts)
1x6 6 Marks
Scheme of evaluation
ldentification: 1 Mark
Diagram:3 Marks
Labelling: 2 Marks

I1. ldentify the presence of sugar in the given samples A. B. C. D. Write the principle,

procedure and result.

Scheme of evaluation 1x5 5 Marks

Principle:1 Mark
Procedure: 3 Marks
Result:1 Mark
I1. Identify the spotters A. B, C. D, E. F and G. Mention 2 to 4 identification points.
Draw a rough diagram and label it (min. 2 parts)
A. Invertebrate slide
B Invertebrate specimen (Euspongia to Leech)
C. Invertebrate specimen (Scolopendra to Asterias)
D. Histological slide

E Vertebrate (mammalian) slide

F. Vertebrate specimen
G Joints

Schemeofevaluation 7 x 2 14 Marks
ldentification: 1/2 Mark
Labelled Diagram: 1/2 Mark
Identification points: 1 Mark

IV. Record 1x5 5 Marks

 Published &Distributedby
Printed,

TELUGU AKADEMI
Himayatnagar, Hyderabad

U r t e l u g u a k a d e m i . t e l a n g a n a . g o v . i n

[email protected]

Email