Integrated Social Bk-8 THB Complete

SAMPLE LESSON PLAN *
LESSON 1—THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NEED FOR LAWS

Flow of the topic u The students will be asked to write the answer
u Constitution—its meaning and importance to question 1 of C at home.
u Need for laws in society—dowry, female
foeticide, alcoholism Plan 2

u Laws and dissent—case study of the Salt u The teacher will discuss the importance of
Satyagraha of 1930, anti-liquor movement our Constitution and then explain each of the
u Rule of Law following points about our Constitution in detail.
It contains valuable information regarding the
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Rationale structure, organs, duties and responsibilities

To enable the learners understand the logic behind of the government.
the making of a country’s constitution as well as It regulates the relationship between various
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socially relevant laws. organs and between the citizens and the
government.
Previous Knowledge It ensures a proper system of checks and
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balances.
The learners are aware of the relevance of the
democratic set up in modern times and understand It guarantees Fundamental Rights to the
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the significance of laws and regulations in a citizens.
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complex set up. It protects the rights of the minorities.
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u After this the teacher will explain the need
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Plan 1 for laws in our country by quoting incidences
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u The students will be told that a constitution is
of dowry, female foeticide and alcoholism.
Meanings of each of the new words like
a set of rules according to which a country is
dowry, female foeticide and alcoholism will be
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governed. The teacher should highlight that

explained to the students.
rules are essential for efficient and proper
u Next the important events to ban dowry, female
governance of a country. These rules and
principles are laid down in the constitution. foeticide / infanticide will be discussed in detail
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u Then the teacher will give the definition of

by the teacher.
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u After this the teacher will explain the meanings

constitution. She / He will explain:
of the terms sex ratio and sex determination.
lConstitution is an important document laying
down the fundamental principles of the
country. Students’ Task
u There will be a Class discussion on the two
lThe country is governed by these rules and
principles. questions given on p. 209.
lLaws are formulated according to these Is passing an Act enough to curb this
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principles. practice? What other steps can be taken to
Integrated Social Science Companion 8

u Next the students will be told that the Indian
curb the practice of dowry?
Constitution was drafted by an assembly called We worship goddesses like Laxmi and Durga
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the Constituent Assembly and the Indian on one hand and perpetuate female foeticide
Constitution came into effect on 26 January on the other.
u The students will be asked to write the answers
1950.
to questions 2–3 of C and questions 1–2 of D
Students’ Task at home.
u Almost at the end of the period the students
will be asked to define the term ‘Constitution’ in Plan 3

u The teacher will begin the class with a new
their own words.
* The following lesson plan is meant to be a sample. It is suggestive of the kind of lesson plans that would be useful
in planning the teaching programme for the year. It can be modified to suit the needs of the school. 1
topic—Laws and Dissent. She / He will tell the is above the law of the country. All people
students that many times laws are not meant are equal in the eyes of law and that it is
for the general welfare of the public and as the people who are more powerful than the
such people protest against such laws. government.
u Examples of laws and dissent such as salt law u Following this, different ways of protesting
and the resultant Salt Satyagraha of 1930 and against laws such as dharna, gherao, signature
the anti-liquor movement in post independent campaign, rally, demonstration, etc., should be
India should be cited and discussed in detail. discussed.
u After this the teacher will discuss the Rule of
Law. She / He should tell that in a country like Students’ Task
India where there are diversities in terms of The students will be asked to write the answers to
culture, language, religion, etc., no one questions 4 of C and 3 of D at home.
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2
HISTORY For more exercises see the Practice App.
1. The Modern Period ancient, medieval and modern. These broad
A. 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. c divisions mark how the polity, society,
economy and culture of one period differed
B. 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False
from that of the preceding or the succeeding
C. 1. The study of changing patterns in society is period. Periodization is, however, valid
called history. only for cataloguing political events. Since
The study of history has evolved societies and economies take a long time to
over time. Earlier, it revolved around the life change, they often cannot be periodized.
of powerful people. That is, the study of 2. Interpretations differ in history as individuals
history was more personality-based. Today, and groups interpret events differently.
however, history revolves around common
For example, the events of 1857–58 are
people, their lives and their ideas. It has,
interpreted differently by British and Indian
in other words, become a study of how
historians. The former view it as a mutiny
societies and economies change with time.
by the sepoys on the issue of the greased
2. Some of the defining features of the modern cartridges. The masses, they say, were
era are scientific progress, industrialization, left untouched by the events that unfolded.
colonization and urbanization. The Indian historians, however, treat it as
Indian historians do not want to call the a popular uprising. According to them, both
British rule in India a ‘modern’ period the sepoys and the common people fought
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because for a very long time the British together to end the exploitative British rule.
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did not promote any industrialization. They 3. Official records—Though the Mughals
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treated India as a colony. They took away
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introduced the practice of recording
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raw materials from India and made her an everything, it was perfected by the British.
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importer of finished British goods. Every administrative decision was recorded
3. The literary sources available for the study and carefully preserved. Every executive,
of this period include official (government)
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legislative and judicial body had record

records, administrative records, survey maps rooms in which even the smallest records
and reports, and indigenous records. were kept, well-catalogued. Many of these
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In history, a span of time is more important official records are preserved in the National
than a specific date. It is because while dates Archives of India. These official records have
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can be assigned to political events, the same helped historians immensely in their study of
does not hold true for social, economical and the period.
cultural events and processes. For example, Surveys—The practice of conducting

we cannot pinpoint when did the feeling of surveys was introduced by the British. Thus,
nationalism begin to develop among Indians. population surveys, revenue surveys, land
Similarly, we cannot assign an exact date to surveys and many other types of surveys
the British colonization of India. To put exact were conducted. Mapping was an important
dates to historical events would be to defy part of these surveys. All these surveys are a
the very nature of the subject. valuable source of information for historians
4. The ‘modern’ period in India is associated studying the modern period.
with the establishment of the British colonial 4. The British conducted surveys in India in
rule and the fight that we put up against it. order to understand the country better.
It also includes the numerous socio-cultural (Accept this or any other relevant
changes that came about in India under the response.)
influence of the British. 5. The British version of history would have
D. 1. History has been divided into periods on the been a biased one.
basis of something which has had a deep
TIME TO DO
impact on our lives. When profound changes
occur in the way of life of the people, we G. 1. ancient 4. medieval 7. ancient
say that a new historical period has begun. 2. medieval 5. ancient 8. modern
History has been divided into three periods— 3. modern 6. ancient 3
Anglo-Mysore War was fought, in which
2. The Expansion of British Power the British defeated Tipu Sultan.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY 4. The British needed a large army to
u conquer more territories,
INFORMATION GATHERING
Relationship between Britain and France was so u protect the British territories from their
sour that in the year 1776, the French sponsored rivals,
the American War of Independence against the u protect the trading interests of the Company,
British who had colonized America. Divide the class and
into groups of four. Ask each group to find out more u suppress internal revolts against the British.
about the history of Anglo-French rivalry. Let each A large part of the British army in India
group present its findings to the class. comprised Indian soldiers, called ‘sepoys’.
Answers to Textbook Exercises These sepoys were commanded by British
officers. It was a well-trained, well-armed
A. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. a
force. The British used this army to conquer
B. 1. pepper, clove, cardamom, cinnamon territories, protect their territories from
2. Warren Hastings rivals, safeguard their trading interests and
3. Seringapatam. suppress internal revolts.
4. Punjab. E. 1. The presence of numerous trading
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C. 1. 1764 2. 1717 3. 1798 4. 1849 5. 1801 companies vying for goods such as spices,
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D. 1. From the seventeenth century onwards, cotton, silk, indigo, saltpetre and so on, led
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European trading companies from Portugal, to intense rivalry among them. All of them
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Holland, England, France and Denmark set wanted to earn profits. Since profits were
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up trading centres in different parts of India. huge, each European country competed for
These trading centres were called factories. a greater share of this trade. The quantum
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They were set up especially in the coastal of trade, however, was not large enough. So
areas. The factories consisted of offices and each company wanted to eliminate the others
godowns. Most of them also had houses and be the only one to trade. This often led
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of officials and residential quarters for to wars.

2. There were two main issues of conflict
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merchants and traders.

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The factories were called so because the between the nawabs of Bengal and the
officials of the companies were called factors. English East India Company. They were as
2. The Subsidiary Alliance system was very follows.
advantageous to the British. Under it, the u The officials of the Company did not pay
British could maintain a large army at the customs duty on their private trade. This
cost of the Indian rulers. The British indirectly resulted in an enormous loss of revenue
controlled the defence and foreign affairs of for the nawabs.
the protected ally, and could overthrow the u The officials of the Company fortified the
ruler and annex his territories whenever they area under their control. This was resented
wished to. Also, the ‘Resident’ could interfere by the nawabs of Bengal.
in the internal affairs of the kingdom to 3. The ruler who signed the system of
further the interests of the Company. Subsidiary Alliance could neither keep his
3. Mysore (now Mysuru) was a powerful own army nor enter into any alliance or
kingdom under the rule of Haider Ali and declare war without the permission of the
Tipu Sultan. It controlled a large part of British. However, the ruler would keep a
the spice trade. Tipu Sultan opposed the British army for his protection and would
British trading in his region. The British, on also pay for its upkeep. Further, a ‘Resident’
the other hand, resented Tipu’s proximity to would be stationed at the ruler’s court. The
the French. This led to four wars between ‘Resident’ could interfere in the internal
Mysore (now Mysuru) and the English matters. Thus, while the British could depend
4 East India Company. In 1799, the Fourth on the Indian ruler for the upkeep of its army,
the Indian ruler, with no standing army of in need of money. This was because of the
his own, became totally dependent on the following reasons. It needed money to
British. He could no longer take any decision u Purchase goods in India and export them.
independently. u Run the administration.
4. Lord Dalhousie devised a policy called the u Maintain a large army.
Doctrine of Lapse. According to it, when the
u Fund the numerous wars that it fought.
ruler of a kingdom, under British protection,
The system of giving the right of revenue
died without a natural heir, his territory would
collection to the highest bidder failed
‘lapse’, that is, become a part of the British
because zamindars started bidding for an
dominion. The adopted heir of the deceased
amount much more than what the land could
ruler could exercise no claim on the territory,
actually produce. So they could never pay
unless the adoption had been earlier
the amount they bade for to the Company.
approved by the British. Lord Dalhousie used
‘Doctrine of Lapse’ to annex Satara, Nagpur, 3. Most peasants during the British rule survived
Jhansi and many other kingdoms. Dalhousie on small incomes. Failure of crops, high
also used the pretext of misgovernment to revenue demand of the English East India
annex territories in India. The annexation of Company and expensive social customs,
Awadh is a case in point. such as marriages and festivals, forced the
peasants to either sell their land or borrow
5. Initially, the British did not interfere with
money from the moneylender.
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Indian laws based on customs and traditions.
4. Britain needed indigo to dye cloth.
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They decided that Indian laws would be
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applied to Indians and British laws would From the early nineteenth century, the
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Company began to force peasants in Bengal
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apply only to the Europeans. But, this
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created a lot of confusion. By the Bengal to grow indigo on their fields. This was
Regulation of 1793, some Indian traditions because of two reasons.
were written down in the form of laws. This u The Industrial Revolution had started in
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made laws uniform and easier to enforce. England and she needed a regular supply
Warren Hastings and Lord Cornwallis gave of indigo to dye the enormous quantities
a proper shape to the judicial set-up. They of cloth being produced by the local textile
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set up civil and criminal courts at the district industry.

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level. In 1833, a Law Commission was England imported indigo from West Indies
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appointed that compiled the Indian Penal and North America. However, the indigo
Code and established the principle of Rule of plantations in these regions collapsed
Law which meant equality before law. Since in the late eighteenth century. So the
this was seldom practised, the Europeans Company turned to India to meet this
and Indians continued to be tried in separate need.
courts. D. 1. The main features of the Permanent
6. Accept any relevant response. Settlement were as follows.
u The revenue to be collected from an area
3. Life in the Rural Areas was permanently fixed. It could not be
A. 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. d revised later.
B. 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False u The zamindar had to pay the amount fixed
C. 1. Before the advent of the British, villages within a stipulated time. If he was able to
were self-sufficient units. Most of the things collect more revenue from the land, he
needed by the villagers were produced in the could keep the surplus amount. But if he
village itself. The farmer owned the land and could not pay the fixed amount, he would
he could not be evicted. He paid a small part lose his zamindari rights. The land then
of the produce to the ruler. If crops failed due would be given to another zamindar.
to floods or droughts, the ruler reduced the 2. The Mahalwari system was introduced in
land revenue or sometimes totally wrote it off. present-day western Uttar Pradesh, parts of
2. The English East India Company was always Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. In these areas, 5
land was collectively owned by a group of indigo cultivators that they could sow
villages, called ‘mahals’. The headman of only indigo. Over time, the price paid to
each ‘mahal’ was responsible for collecting the cultivators reduced significantly. The
revenue and paying it to the Company. indigo cultivators suffered under such an
There could also be a periodic revision in the exploitative situation. Resentment on the
revenue demand. The Ryotwari system was part of the cultivators was met with brute
introduced in parts of Madras (now Chennai) force and untold atrocities by the planters.
and Bombay (now Mumbai) presidencies. b. No, by shifting the base of indigo
Under the Ryotwari system, the officials of plantation from Bengal to Bihar, the
the Company collected the revenue directly problem of indigo cultivators could not be
from the ‘ryot’ or peasant. The farmer was solved. Exploitation of indigo cultivators
the owner of the land as long as he paid the continued unabated. Mahatma Gandhi
revenue, which was fixed according to the fought for the cause of the indigo
fertility of the soil. cultivators in Champaran, Bihar.
3. The land revenue settlements introduced
by the Company affected the peasants More enrichment activities
adversely. Land became a saleable for Lessons 1 – 3
commodity which could be bought, sold u Baroda, Diu, Daman, Bassein, Salsette, Goa
or mortgaged. The high revenue demand (Accept any two of these.)
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trapped the peasants in a vicious cycle of u Mahe, Golconda, Yanam, Pondicherry (now
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debt and they found it difficult to come out Puducherry), Karaikal (Accept any two of
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of it. The zamindars wanted to extract the
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these.)
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maximum from the peasants. Neither they u Hoogly, Fort William, Pippli (Accept any two of
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nor the Company did anything to improve
these.)
agriculture.
u Mysore (now Mysuru)
4. The indigo cultivators in Bengal rebelled in
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u Madras (now Chennai), Bengal and Bombay

the mid-nineteenth century. They had the
(now Mumbai)
following grievances.
u Bengal and Bihar
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u They were paid low prices for their

produce.
u western Uttar Pradesh, parts of Madhya
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Pradesh and Punjab (Accept any one of these.)

u They were not allowed to sow any other
crop.
4. Tribal Communities
u They were mistreated by the planters.
Angered by their condition, the indigo A. 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. c 5. d
cultivators rebelled. B. 1. Some of the tribal groups of India were
Mundas, Santhals and Oraons in the
The government set up an Indigo
Chotanagpur region; the Baigas, Gonds and
Commission to look into the grievances of
Khonds in Central India; the Khasis and

the indigo farmers. All this, however, was
Nagas in the North-east.
an eyewash. The planters shifted base from
Some features of the tribal society were as
Bengal to Bihar. Exploitation of the poor
follows.
indigo farmers continued. In this sense, the
movement was a failure. u It did not follow the caste rules laid down
by the Brahmans.
5. Excess production of cash crops, such as
indigo, exhausted the fertility of the soil. With u There was equality among them.
time, the production of food grains declined, u Land was owned by the whole tribe.
resulting in an acute shortage of food supply. u The tribals had a distinct culture and did
Thus, a situation arose where farmers had not want any interference in it.
money with them and yet they could not buy u Each tribal group had its own customs,
food grains. rituals and beliefs. (Accept any three of
6 6. a. The indigo planters signed contracts with these.)
2. Shifting cultivation, also called ‘jhoom were angry with the Company for
cultivation’ or ‘slash-and-burn cultivation’, was bringing them into their lives.
practised by the tribals of Central India and u The tribals were angry with the
North-east India. interference of the Christian missionaries.
The tribals cleared a patch of land by cutting u The tribal chiefs were unhappy because
down the trees and burning them. They their importance had diminished
then cultivated the land as long as the soil significantly under the British rule.
remained fertile. When the yield declined,
3. The tribal chiefs enjoyed a lot of importance
they abandoned that piece of land and
before the advent of the British. However,
moved to a different area.
under the British, the tribal chiefs lost all
3. The English East India Company took over their authority and became mere agents of
large tracts of tribal land. This was resisted the British. They had to appease their British
by the tribals who considered themselves overlords as well as control their own people.
natural owners of the land. They also had to follow the laws made by the
The landless tribals became wage labourers British and pay them tributes.
and were forced to grow cash crops. They 4. The British were able to suppress the tribal
were paid low wages. uprisings easily because such uprisings were
4. The tribals, though largely self-sufficient, localized in nature. Further, the tribals fought
had to depend on outsiders for some things. with outdated weapons which were no match
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The traders charged high prices for the to the sophisticated ones of the British.
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goods they sold to the tribals. The tribals, (Accept this or any other relevant response.)
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also, often had to take short-term loans from 5. Birsa Munda wanted to revive the tribal
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moneylenders, who charged a very high rate society because he had realized that unless
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of interest. So the tribals were often caught the tribals reformed themselves, they would
in a cycle of debt. not be able to fight the British and their
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C. 1. The tribals fulfilled all their needs from the agents. (Accept this or any other relevant
forest. They hunted animals in the forest. response.)
They collected forest produce such as fruits,
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roots, honey, medicinal herbs and firewood.

5. Crafts and Industries
When the forest was no longer able to fulfil
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the needs of the tribals, the tribals moved A. 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. c

to another forest. Since all the needs of the B. 1. Mughals 4. 1912
tribals were met by the forest, the tribals 2. Industrial 5. Gandhiji
were essentially ‘people of the forest’.
3. Bombay (now Mumbai)
2. The tribals had the following grievances
C. 1. The cotton and silk textiles of India were
against the British.
sought after everywhere because of their fine
u The tribals resisted the dispossession of quality. European trading companies came to
the land that they cultivated. The landless
India to buy these textiles, which they then
tribals became wage labourers and were sold in Europe and America at a huge profit.
paid low wages.
2. In England, cloth was made on machines. In
u The Company forced many tribals to India, it was made by hand. That is why cloth
become settled agriculturalists and pay a manufactured in England was less expensive
fixed revenue to the Company. Failure to as compared to the cloth made in India.
pay revenue, often led to eviction of the
D. 1. The growing demand of Indian textiles in
tribals.
England was a matter of serious concern
The tribals were dependent on forests
u
for the British cloth manufacturers. They
for all their needs. But the British brought pressurized the British government to ban the
about many changes in the forest laws import of Indian textiles. Thus the Calico Act
which disturbed the lifestyle of the tribals. of 1720 banned the import of printed cotton
u The tribals considered traders and cloth into England. The British government
moneylenders as British agents. They also imposed high duties on other Indian 7
cloth coming into Britain. This made the Britain. It did so either by banning the
Indian cloth more expensive than the locally import or by imposing high import duties.
produced cloth. This led to a decrease in the England was the biggest consumer of
demand for Indian cloth. Indian cloth. The reduction in demand
2. The Industrial Revolution revolutionized the adversely affected the Indian textile
textile industry in Britain. Since cloth now industry.
began to be made on machines, it made the u With the beginning of the Industrial
cloth cheaper than hand-woven cloth. Indian Revolution, cloth began to be made
weavers who made cloth by hand, had to on machines. Machine-made cloth was
face a stiff competition with the machine- considerably cheaper than hand-woven
made cloth of Britain. Further, Indian cloth, cloth. People preferred to buy the less
being expensive than the British one, lost expensive cloth. As a result, markets for
European and American markets on the Indian hand-woven cloth dried up.
issue of price. u Kings, nobles and landlords bought
3. Through the policy of ‘one way free trade’, expensive textiles in bulk. Once the British
the British government allowed the import of started conquering territories in India, the
British textiles into India without paying any demand for textiles from such groups
duty. At the same time, Indian textiles sent to declined. (Accept any two of these.)
Britain had to pay high duties. This made the 2. By the late eighteenth century, the textile
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British cloth much cheaper than the Indian industry in India was in a shambles due to
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cloth. So, the Indian textile producers were a decline in demand. The foreign market
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thrown out of business. was lost because high duties were levied on
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4. Industrial development began in India in the imported Indian cloth. The textile industry lost
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1850s. out on the domestic market because cloth in
The first cotton textile mill was set up India was much more expensive to produce
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in Bombay (now Mumbai) by Cowasjee than the machine-made British cloth. Also,
Nanabhai in 1854. By 1900, nearly 100 with the rulers, nobles and landlords losing
more mills began operating in Bombay. power, the demand for fine, hand-made cloth
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Later, many more mills were set up in declined.

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Ahmedabad and Kanpur. Most of the cotton 3. The decline of the textile industry in India had
mills were owned by Indians. These cotton major repercussions. They were as follows.
mills provided employment to those weavers u India became an exporter of raw materials
and spinners who had lost their source of and an importer of British manufactured
livelihood due to the decline of the textile goods. The British-manufactured goods
industry. entered the market virtually free, while
5. Industrial development in India was slow and Indian goods were kept out of Britain’s
erratic during British rule. This was because markets.
the British did not take any steps to protect u There was large-scale unemployment.
the nascent Indian industries, nor did the Lakhs of weavers and spinners became
British develop industries in a uniform and jobless.
sustained manner. The British followed a
u Since modern machine-based industries
policy of free trade whereby the import duty
developed late in India, the jobless
levied on foreign goods was low. Thus,
weavers and spinners could not get
Indian goods had to face tough competition
absorbed in factories. They became
from the machine-made British goods.
agricultural labourers. This resulted
E. 1. Many factors were responsible for the decline in a large-scale underemployment in
of Indian textiles. They were as follows. agriculture.
u From the first half of the eighteenth u There was de-urbanization. Many towns
century, the British government began to that were the main centres of the textile
8 discourage the import of Indian cloth into industry became depopulated.
4. Industrial development in India was slow and 6. The Great Uprising
erratic during British rule. The British took no
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
steps to protect the nascent Indian industries.
Indian industries received major orders, both RESEARCH
from domestic and the export market, only Ask the learners to compare a Mughal sepoy
during the First World War. Further, most and a British sepoy. They will find that while the
industries were owned by the British who former was ill-paid and ill-equipped, the latter was
made no effort to develop industries in a regularly paid and was well-equipped with modern
uniform and sustained manner in India. Thus, weapons. Ask them to research about the measures
while sporadic progress was witnessed in undertaken by our government for the welfare of the
some areas, other regions remained largely defence personnel.
backward. During the course of national Answers to Textbook Exercises
movement, leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi
A. 1. c 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. a 6. c
asked people to boycott British cloth and
B. Down Across
use hand-woven cloth instead. This was an
attempt to revive the dying textile industry. 1. Viceroy 3. Delhi
Therefore, the British were forced to give 2. Residency 5. Barrackpore
some protection to Indian industries. 4. Gurkhas 7. Sepoys
5. Industrial Revolution revolutionized the textile 6. Awadh
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industry in Britain. Cloth began to be made C. 1. The British had abolished sati, legalized
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on machines. This made it cheaper than cloth widow remarriage and encouraged women
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made by hand. As a result, Indian textiles to take up western education. This was
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lost out to British textiles. Meanwhile, the resented by some sections of Indian
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British policy of colonizing India led Britain to society. They interpreted these measures
dump its finished goods in India. The British as examples of interference in the country’s
began to follow the policy of ‘one way free social customs. Further, the British attitude of
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trade’. Thus the Industrial Revolution created racial superiority also led to resentment. For
unequal relationships between nations, the example, Indians were not allowed to travel
relationship between India and Britain being in first class compartments in trains, and
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a case in point, whereby Britain prospered at educated Indians were denied promotions
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the cost of India’s impoverishment. (Accept and appointments to high posts.

this or any other relevant response.) 2. On 10 May 1857 the Indian soldiers at
6. This is an open-ended question. Accept any Meerut raised the banner of revolt. They
relevant response. killed British officers, released the imprisoned
sepoys, seized arms and ammunition, and
TIME TO DO set fire to British properties. The sepoys
J. 2. concern for the British cloth manufacturers. then set off for Delhi. This was the beginning
3. passed the Calico Act in 1720 which of the biggest armed resistance since the

banned the import of printed cotton cloth establishment of the Company Raj.
into England. The British government also 3. From Meerut, the Revolt spread to Delhi,
imposed high duties on other Indian cloth Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, Bareilly, Gwalior,
coming into Britain. Faizabad and Arrah.
4. more expensive than the locally produced In Lucknow, the Revolt was led by Begum
cloth. Hazrat Mahal. The major battle of the Revolt
was fought in the Residency. In May 1857,
5. decreased.
the sepoys laid siege on the Residency.
6. the policy of ‘one way free trade’.
The British soldiers inside the Residency
7. threw the Indian textile producers out of held on for more than five months. In
business. November 1857, the Residency fell into the
8. nobles, landlords and others who patronized hands of the sepoys.
the craftsmen lost their power. 4. Some of the features of the Act of 1858 were
9. colony that existed to serve the mother country. as follows. 9
u The rule of the English East India the sea led to a loss of caste.
Company came to an end. The Act Their foreign service allowance (bhatta)
u
transferred all administrative powers to the was discontinued.

Crown. The British government accepted 3. The greased cartridges incident was the
direct responsibility for ruling India. immediate cause of the Revolt of 1857. In
u A minister of the British Cabinet was 1856, a new rifle was introduced in the army.
appointed to manage affairs in India. He Its cartridges were covered with a greased
was called the Secretary of State. He was paper wrapper. This wrapper had to be bitten
assisted by an advisory body called the off before the cartridge could be loaded
India Council. into the rifle. Some people believed that the
The Government of India was to be
u
grease used in the wrapper was made from
headed by the Governor-General, who the fat of cows and pigs. Both Hindu and
was given the title of Viceroy. He was to Muslim sepoys refused to use the rifle.
be helped by an Executive Council and a 4. The Revolt of 1857 failed due to many
Legislative Council. He would report to the reasons.
Secretary of State in England. (Accept any
u The Revolt did not spread to all parts of
two of these.)
the country. It had a limited support base
D. 1. The economic and political causes for the as many Indian rulers refused to help the
Revolt of 1857 were as follows. rebel soldiers.
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u The peasants suffered due to high revenue u The Revolt was not organized properly.
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demands and strict policy of collection.
g
There were sporadic uprisings which
O
u Native artisans and craftsmen suffered as hint at a lack of coordination among the
SC Sa
machine-made British goods wiped out the sepoys. The rebels had no proper ideology
O
traditional handicraft industry. or programme.
u As old ruling classes were displaced by u Weak leadership also contributed to the
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the British, people who depended on royal failure of the Revolt. Most of the leaders
patronage lost their source of livelihood. fought to liberate their own territories only.
u The British policy of annexing territories, u The rebels were short of weapons and
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the Subsidiary Alliance System and the finances.

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Doctrine of Lapse turned many rulers 5. The Revolt of 1857 was more than just a
against the British. mutiny by the sepoys. First, it spread to
u The nawabs of Awadh had always different parts of the country. Second, even
been loyal to the British. Therefore, its the common people—peasants, artisans,
annexation was resented by the people, craftsmen and others—participated in it.
particularly the sepoys, most of whom Third, it lasted for more than two years.
were from Awadh. All this suggests that there was popular
2. The sepoys had many grievances against participation in the Revolt. The sepoys were
the Company. the initiators of the Revolt but the common

u Their salary was much less than the people were its real strength.
British soldiers. 6. The British introduced many administrative
They were abused and treated unfairly by
u changes after the uprising.
the British officers. u The rule of the English East India
All high posts in the army were reserved
u Company came to an end in India. Power
for the British. There was no scope of passed into the hands of the government
promotion for the native sepoys. in Britain.
u They were not allowed to wear caste and u To manage affairs in India, the post of the
religious marks. Secretary of State was created. He was to
u They often had to travel overseas. This be advised by a council.
was resented by the Hindu sepoys, as u The Governor-General was henceforth
10 according to a popular belief, travel across to be called ‘Viceroy’. He was to be the
highest-ranking official in India. institutions of higher learning because they
The policy of annexing territories in India
u believed that without education it would be
was given up. difficult to bring about reforms in society.
7. Modern historians are of the opinion that the C. 1. Education in pre-British times was very
Revolt of 1857 was not the first instance of flexible. There were pathshalas and
Indians revolting against the British. Before madrasahs. There were no prescribed
the Revolt of 1857, India witnessed a number textbooks. Teaching was imparted orally,
of tribal revolts like the Kol Rebellion of generally at the house of the teacher.
1831–32 and the Santhal Rebellion of 1855. There was no fixed curriculum, so the
Further, the Revolt of 1857 was not a war for teacher taught whatever he deemed best for
independence because the leaders did not students. Sanskrit, Persian and Mathematics
fight to drive the British out of India. Rather, were the most popular subjects. There was
they fought to liberate their own territories. no system of examinations.
8. In 1857, the Mughal Empire and its emperor 2. Sir William Jones was a linguist who arrived
Bahadur Shah Zafar existed only in name. in Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1783. During his
Yet to the rebels the Mughal Empire evoked stay in India he developed an interest in the
images of glory, might and grandeur of an Sanskrit language.
era gone-by. The sepoys wanted to revive Sir William Jones studied ancient Indian texts
the Mughal Empire by driving the British out because of the following reasons.
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of India. Therefore, they declared the frail u It would help the British know about Indian
L
Bahadur Shah Zafar as their leader. (Accept culture.
g
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this or any other relevant response.) u It would help Indians understand their own
SC Sa
history and rediscover their lost heritage.
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TIME TO DO
3. The ‘downward filtration theory’ was devised
H. Objective—Driving the British out of India
by the British to wash their hands off primary
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Places—Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, education. The British argued that since
Jhansi, Bareilly, Gwalior, Faizabad, Arrah it was not possible to educate everybody,
Emotions—Sense of betrayal, patriotism they would educate a few Indians from the
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Activities—Control of Delhi, the siege of upper and middle classes, who in turn would
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Residency, revolts at Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, educate the masses.

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Bareilly and Arrah 4. Mahatma Gandhi opposed western education

Significance—The rule of the English East because he felt that such education was not
India Company ended, India came under the rooted in the reality of India.
British Crown, birth of nationalism, stories about Mahatma Gandhi wanted an education that
the heroic struggles of leaders inspired the later would help Indians take pride in their past.
freedom fighters. He valued practical knowledge more than
bookish knowledge. He wanted students to

7. Education and British Rule learn a craft so that they could earn their
A. 1. d 2. d 3. c 4. a 5. b living.
B. 1. Science and geography were not taught in D. 1. The Orientalists and the Anglicists differed
pre-British times. on the nature of education and the medium
of instruction in which it was to be imparted.
2. Warren Hastings set up a madrasah in
The Orientalists wanted that Indian learning
Calcutta (now Kolkata).
(ancient Indian texts), through Sanskrit
Warren Hastings wanted to promote the and Persian, should be promoted in India.
study of Islamic law. The Anglicists regarded Indian learning as
3. The English Education Act stated that money unscientific that often supported superstitions.
allotted for education would be spent on They felt that education to be useful, needed
promoting western education through the to be practical. Thus, the Anglicists felt that
medium of English. Indians should be imparted western learning
4. Most Indian reformers set up schools and through the medium of English. 11
2. The Wood’s Despatch outlined the following HALF-YEARLY TEST PAPER
benefits of promoting western education in A. 1. c 3. d 5. d 7. c
India. 2. a 4. b 6. a 8. b
u Western education would enable Indians B. 1. Historians have divided the study of history
to realize the advantages of expanding into three periods to show how the society,
trade and commerce. economy, culture and politics of one period
It would expose Indians to the western
u
differed from that of the preceding or the
way of life and thus, create a demand for succeeding periods.
British goods. 2. Mir Jafar, the Commander-in-Chief of the
u It would develop the skills required for nawab’s army and Jagat Seth, the richest
administration among Indians. This, in banker of Bengal, betrayed Siraj-ud-Daulah in
turn, would ensure a continuous supply the Battle of Plassey.
of people to work at the lower levels of 3. ‘Mahals’ were groups of villages.
administration. It would thus save the
4. The ‘ulgulan’ which means ‘Great Tumult’
Company from employing Englishmen
was the revolt led by Birsa Munda that aimed
who would otherwise have to be paid high
at driving out the British and their agents,
salaries to work in India.
and establishing the Munda Raj.
3. The Wood’s Despatch laid down the following
5. The Hindu sepoys resented travelling
guidelines.
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overseas as according to a popular belief
u It made a provision for spreading
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travel across the sea led to a loss of caste.
education from primary up to the university
g
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6. The education of girls was neglected. This is
level. Thus, schools, colleges and
SC Sa because as late as 1921, only 2 out of 100
universities were set up.
O
Indian women could read and write.
u The medium of instruction at the primary
C. 1. Books and newspapers are an important
and higher levels was to be vernaculars
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literary source for the study of the modern

and English respectively.
period. Most of them were written and
Departments of education were to be set
u
published by Indians. So they portray the
up in all provinces to provide financial aid
feelings of Indians and also highlight the
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and to supervise education.

exploitative nature of the British rule. They
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Teacher recruitment and training

u
made a significant contribution in raising
institutions were to be set up all over the national consciousness.
country.
2. It was difficult for Indians to get selected to the
4. Education in ancient India was meant civil service because of the following reasons.
for the upper three varnas, namely the
u The examination was held in London and
Brahmans, the Kshatriyas and the Vaishyas.
only a few Indians could afford the cost
The Shudras were excluded from receiving
of travelling to England to write these
education. Similarly, in British India, mass
examinations.
education was neglected. The British

believed that by educating a few Indians from u The medium of expression in the
the upper and middle classes, education examination was English, which was a
would filter down to the masses. Last but not foreign language to the Indians.
the least, both in ancient and British India, u The maximum age for competing in these
the education of girls was neglected. examinations was kept low.
5. The reason behind introducing education 3. The peasants had to pay a high revenue and
in India was to fill the low post jobs. This could be evicted if they failed to do so. The
was because it saved the Company from zamindars were not interested in investing
employing Englishmen who would otherwise money to improve the productivity of the
have to be paid high salaries to work in land. As a result, productivity declined but
India. the revenue demands of the zamindars kept
12
increasing. To pay the revenue, the peasants famine, neither the Company nor the nawab
were often forced to borrow money from extended any help to the people.
moneylenders. Once in debt, the peasants 2. The indigo rebellion of 1859–60 in Bengal
found it difficult to get out. was a powerful peasant protest. It was a
4. The political causes for the Revolt of 1857 programme of non-cooperation against the
were as follows. indigo planters. Thousands of peasants
u The British policy of annexing territories refused to cultivate indigo on their land.
displaced many rulers. The cultivators attacked indigo factories,
gomasthas or the agents of the planters, and
u Those who had signed the Subsidiary
socially boycotted Indian servants working in
Alliance lost their independence.
the European-owned plantations.
u The policy of Doctrine of Lapse turned
The widespread nature of the indigo rebellion
Rani Lakshmi Bai against the British.
forced the English government to set up an
u The nawabs of Awadh had always Indigo Commission to look into the system
been loyal to the British. Therefore, its of indigo production and suggest changes.
annexation was resented by the people, Indigo cultivation stopped in Bengal. The
particularly the sepoys, most of whom planters shifted their base to Bihar.
were from Awadh.
3. The English East India Company brought
5. Wood’s Despatch of 1854 took the following about many changes in the forest laws. They
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steps to promote education in India. declared all forests to be the property of the
L
u It made a provision for spreading state. The tribals were often not allowed to
g
O
education from primary up to the university collect the forest produce, to cut down trees,
SC Sa
level. Thus, schools, colleges and to hunt and to practise shifting cultivation. In
O
universities were set up. some parts, tribals were not even allowed
u The medium of instruction at the primary to stay in the forest. The tribals were greatly
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and higher levels was to be vernaculars angered by all this. The interference of the
and English respectively. Christian missionaries in the socio-religious
u Departments of education were to be set life of the tribals also added to their misery.
The tribals regarded these missionaries as a
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up in all provinces to provide financial aid

threat to their religion.
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and to supervise education.

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u Teacher recruitment and training 4. The army witnessed many changes after
institutions were to be set up all over the 1858. These were as follows.
country. (Accept any two of these.) u The ratio of European soldiers to Indian
soldiers was raised.
D. 1. The Battle of Buxar was fought on
22 October 1764 between the English East Important positions were given only to the
u
India Company and the combined forces of Europeans. Also, important divisions such
Mir Qasim—the Nawab of Bengal, as the artillery, were put exclusively in

Shah Alam II—the Mughal Emperor and European hands.
Shuja-ud-Daulah—the Nawab of Awadh. u Some races were declared martial and
After the victory in the Battle of Buxar, the others were declared non-martial. People
English East India Company became the from the former began to be inducted in
master of Bengal. Military and revenue came large numbers and people from the latter
to be controlled directly by the Company. A were kept out of the army.
small amount of revenue was given to the The changes introduced in the army served
nawab to run the administration. This was two purposes—to prevent another mass
the beginning of the Dual Government in revolt in future and to strengthen British
Bengal, whereby the British had all power control over India.
and no responsibility, and the nawab had no 5. The ‘downward filtration theory’ was devised
power and all responsibility. People suffered by the British. They wanted to wash their
a lot under the Dual Government. In 1770 hands off primary education. The British
when Bengal was reeling under a terrible argued that since it was not possible to 13
educate everybody, they would educate a few draw water from wells used by the people
Indians from the upper and middle classes. of higher castes. They were also denied the
These educated Indians in turn would educate right to enter temples, or study the shastras.
the masses and spread modern ideas. Thus, 4. Jyotirao Govindrao Phule, affectionately
according to this theory, education was called Mahatma Phule or Jyotiba was
expected to filter downwards. This system, a social reformer. He founded the
however, never worked in practice. Satyashodhak Samaj to promote caste
E. 1. Punjab 5. Bombay equality.
2. Awadh (now Mumbai) In 1848, Jyotiba opened a school for girls of
3. Bengal 6. Jamshedpur the lower castes. He worked for uplifting the
4. Petaboli, Masulipatnam, 7. Meerut status of the untouchables. He was against
the domination of the Brahman priests. He
Madras (now Chennai) 8. Kanpur
opened many schools for people considered
(Accept any one of these.)
low in the caste hierarchy.
8. Reforms in Indian Society D. 1. Some associations that worked towards
socio-religious reforms included Brahmo
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY Samaj, Veda Samaj, Prarthana Samaj,
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Satyashodhak Samaj, Arya Samaj and
Ask the learners to imagine that they live in Ramakrishna Mission.
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eighteenth century India. The society is ridden These associations raised their voice against
L
with evils like sati, purdah system, pitiable plight many social evils such as the practice of
g
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of widows, female infanticide and so on. Ask them sati, caste system, untouchability, pitiable
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which social evil would they like to eradicate and condition of widows, lack of education of
O
why? women, the practice of child marriage, belief
in superstitions and so on.
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Answers to Textbook Exercises

2. The condition of women in nineteenth century
A. 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. b India was pitiable. Many social evils plagued
B. 1. b 2. e 3. a 4. c 5. d them. Some of them were as follows.
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C. 1. The society in eighteenth century India was u Widows were burnt alive at the funeral
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divided along gender and caste lines. Women

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pyre of their husbands. This inhuman

were not allowed to study and to inherit custom was called ‘sati’.
property. They were married off at a very u Widows were not allowed to remarry.
young age. Widows could not remarry. The
u Women were not allowed to study, nor
social position of women was low and they
could they inherit property.
were dependent on men in their families.
Caste restrictions were also strict. u Girls were married off at an early age.
Most marriages were child marriages.
2. Raja Rammohun Roy launched a campaign
u People did not want girl child. As a result,
against the custom of sati. Due to his efforts,

sati was declared illegal in 1829. The pitiable in some parts of the country, girl child was
condition of widows led Ishwar Chandra killed soon after birth.
Vidyasagar to launch a campaign for the u Polygamy and purdah were common,
remarriage of widows. His efforts led to the especially among some communities.
passing of the Hindu Widows Remarriage 3. The reformers sought to end the caste
Act in 1856. Vidyasagar also started many system by making people aware that caste
schools for girls. was not sanctioned by the religious texts.
3. The untouchables were at the bottom of the Raja Rammohun Roy translated the Hindu
social ladder. The untouchables were thought scriptures into Bengali so that people could
to have a polluting effect on people and read them and see for themselves that caste
therefore a high caste person would not eat did not have the sanction of the religious
or drink anything touched by an untouchable. texts. Other reformers also spoke and
14 Thus, the untouchables were not allowed to wrote against the caste system. All of them
also worked to uplift the status of those 2. The old urban areas had a wall running all
considered low in the caste hierarchy. around them. Due to this wall, they were
4. Mahatma Gandhi started a nationwide called ‘walled cities’. There were many
movement against untouchability. He called ‘darwazas’ or gates for entry into these
people of the so-called lower castes ‘harijans’ walled cities. The cities were divided into
or children of god. He founded the All- ‘thanas’ or wards, which were further divided
India Untouchability League and started the into ‘mohallas’ or neighbourhoods.
weekly Harijan. B. R. Ambedkar founded 3. Delhi became a ‘ghost city’ following the
several journals to end untouchability, caste Revolt of 1857. It was looted and all its
discrimination and the exploitation of the inhabitants were driven out. It remained
harijans. He also launched campaigns to deserted for many months. Many buildings
assert the right of the untouchables to enter were demolished. Some structures inside
temples and draw water from public wells. the Red Fort were converted into barracks
5. Most social reformers formed associations for British soldiers. The area around the Fort
and societies because these associations was also cleared. Large areas of the city
worked as pressure groups in the society. were demolished. The British also began
These associations also enabled like-minded expanding beyond the walls built by Shah
people to work together. Jahan.
It would have been very difficult for 4. The walled city had no proper system
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individuals to reform the society of water supply. Nor did it have proper
L
single-handedly as there were numerous drainage facilities. There was no concept of
g
O
social evils and issues to deal with. underground drains. At some places, only
SC Sa surface drains were dug. The baolis fell into
Moreover, the reformers needed public
O
support for the causes they were fighting for. disuse. The grand havelis also gradually fell
(Accept this or any other relevant response.) into decay. The afore-mentioned examples
show that the British neglected the walled
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6. Most social taboos were associated with

women because they were the most city.
oppressed in the society. These social taboos E. 1. The following reasons were responsible for
the large-scale de-urbanization in India.
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helped in perpetuating women’s subjugation

further. u India was turned into a British colony.
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It exported raw materials and imported

finished goods. The textile industry was
9. Colonialism and Urban Change
ruined by unfair competition. Towns that
A. 1. c 2. b 3. d 4. d were dependent on textiles declined in
B. Kotla Firoz Shah—E importance.
Tughlaqabad—C u The native rulers had fuelled the demand
Shahjahanabad—G for luxury goods. With the British annexing
large parts, the rulers were displaced and
Jahanpanah—D
the towns that produced luxury goods
Lal Kot / Qila Rai Pithora—A
declined in importance.
Siri—B
Trade shifted to places that were centres
u
Dinpanah—F of political power. Port towns consequently

C. 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True declined in importance.
D. 1. Calcutta, Bombay and Madras (now Kolkata, 2. Many types of urban centres were set up by
Mumbai and Chennai) were the port cities in the British. They were as follows.
British India. (Accept any two of these.) u Planned cities such as New Delhi had an
Port cities played an important role in trade. efficient system of water supply, disposal
Raw materials were sent to England from of sewage and good drainage facilities.
these ports. Manufactured goods from Port cities such as Calcutta, Bombay
u
England came to these port cities from where and Madras (now Kolkata, Mumbai and
they were then re-distributed throughout India. Chennai) played an important role in trade. 15
u Hill stations such as Shimla, Ooty and Planning techniques already in use for
u
Darjiling served as cool retreats from the Britain’s industrial cities. (Accept any two
dust of the plains. of these.)
Cantonment towns such as Lansdowne
u b. Madras (now Chennai) was divided into
stationed many soldiers. Such towns ‘White Town’ and ‘Black Town’.
were built on a European plan with broad This kind of segregation suggests
streets and vast open spaces. Residential the racist attitude of the then British
structures and office buildings were kept government.
separate. c. The cantonments and civil lines were laid
3. In 1911 the capital of British India was out as gridiron planned communities with
shifted from Calcutta (now Kolkata) to Delhi. central thoroughfares (the famous ‘Mall
The British now set out to beautify the Roads’), with tree-lined streets, regularly
capital. Edward Lutyens and Herbert Baker divided building plots and bungalows as
embarked on the task of building the city of the main housing type. The cantonments
New Delhi. The new city took shape along and civil lines also had churches and
the lines of imperial style of architecture. It cemeteries, clubs, race and golf courses.
had broad roads, big bungalows and many
gardens. It was also a very clean city. There
10. Changes in the Arts
was an efficient system of water supply,
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disposal of sewage and good drainage A. 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. b
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facilities. B. 1. paper. 3. Bengal.
g
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4. After the partition was announced, Delhi 2. Rabindranath Tagore. 4. 1857.
SC Sa
became a city of refugees. Lakhs of people C. 1. Realistic landscape painting was a popular
O
from Pakistan came to Delhi, seeking a imperial tradition. The artists produced real
new life. To accommodate them, numerous and lifelike paintings which included scenes
refugee colonies came up all over the city.
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of nature, crowded streets and monuments.

As old residents mingled with the migrants, The technique of perspective was one in
the social ethos of the city also changed. which objects which were near appeared
The old culture based on Urdu was replaced
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bigger and the objects which were far

by Punjabi culture. Food and dress changed appeared smaller.
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dramatically. Delhi thus underwent a major 2. The British painters used a lot of symbolism
transformation. in their paintings to highlight the glory of the
5. Yes, this kind of construction would have British rule. For example, in the paintings
minimized the chances of a revolt. that featured both Indians and the British,
Wide roads would have facilitated smooth the former were always shown inferior to the
movement of troops, which would have latter. The British painters also created an
helped the British to quell the revolt easily. image of British invincibility. For example, in
(Accept this or any other relevant response.) some paintings the Indian rulers were shown
6. a. Two major principles that guided bowing to the British officials.

British urban planning in India were as 3. Raja Ravi Varma was the master of oil
follows. painting and created realistic images. He
u Their perception of the nature of the painted themes from Indian mythology
Indian city. and epics. Abanindranath Tagore revived
u The fear of further revolts along the lines traditional Indian styles and did miniature
of the Revolt of 1857. paintings. The painters were also inspired
u Haussmann’s plan for Paris which
by the style of mural painting.
had become so popular in Europe 4. Samuel Bourne was a British photographer.
and which advocated cutting through He recorded moments of British military
and demolishing old city centres to triumph.
make space for new construction and With the growth of nationalism, the themes
16 boulevards. of photography underwent a change. While
British and other European photographers in Mumbai, and the India Gate and the
continued to assert British superiority, Viceroy’s Palace in Delhi reflected this British
Indian photographers recorded marches and colonial philosophy.
meetings. They also recorded the movements 5. Bengal school of painting—Bengal had
launched by Gandhiji. Thus, the Indian always been an important centre of painting.
photographers captured the rising tide of The painters of Kalighat produced paintings
nationalism in India. for the masses. Paintings for the mass
D. 1. The British introduced many new traditions market were continued by the press such
in painting. First, realistic landscape painting as the Calcutta Art Studio. It produced
became popular. Painting became more lifelike images on a variety of themes.
lifelike. Second, portrait painting became Other painters hailing from Bengal, such as
common. The rich and the powerful began Abanindranath Tagore and Nandalal Bose,
to get life-size portraits made. Third, the created a distinct style of painting. Many of
tradition of historical painting developed. their paintings depicted nationalist themes.
European artists began to paint themes Role of the press in arousing national
which glorified British victories in India. Thus, consciousness—During the late nineteenth–
they painted battle scenes and the conquest early twentieth centuries, the press acted as
of Indian territories. This was an attempt by a catalyst in promoting nationalism. Through
the British to create an image of power and patriotic novels, stories and poems, it sowed
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invincibility. the seeds of patriotism among the masses.
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2. Kalighat was an important centre of painting By reading the works of great writers such
g
in Bengal. Scroll paintings were popular here. as Rabindranath Tagore, Bankim Chandra
O
SC Sa
Most of the Kalighat paintings were done Chatterjee, Munshi Premchand and others,
O
on paper using watercolour. They were thus people realized the unjust nature of the
inexpensive and could be bought by the British rule and the evils present in the then
poor. The style was non-realistic and non- Indian society. People came out of their
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lifelike. The painters of Kalighat painted on stupor.

numerous themes such as mythology, society 6. Scenes from mythology were a recurrent
and politics. Through the paintings, the theme in the paintings of native painters
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painters sought to express their opinions on during the time of the British. This is because
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important issues. the painters wanted to invoke the rich

3. Indian literature matured during the late tradition of India and thereby inspire the
nineteenth–early twentieth centuries. From people to take pride in their heritage and
being religion and mythology oriented, it fight the British.
became secular and nationalistic in approach.
MORE ENRICHMENT ACITIVITIES
Writers were influenced by the freedom
for Lessons 8–10
struggle and tried to promote nationalist
and patriotic feelings through their writings. Crosspatch

They also began to focus on the individual. Across Down
They tried to inspire people to fight against 4. Vivekananda 1. Ramabai
the social evils prevalent in the then Indian
7. Senapati 2. Lansdowne
society, and to force the British out of the
country. 8. Uday 3. Ranade
4. The British wanted to glorify their rule. One 10. Periyar 5. Veda Samaj
way in which they sought to do so was by 11. Herbert 6. Kalighat
constructing majestic monuments. They 12. Jyotiba 9. George
believed that people should be in awe
of the British might when they see grand 11. The National Movement: First Phase
monuments built by them, dwarfing the Indian
structures. The Victoria Memorial in Kolkata, A. 1. c 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. b 6. a
the Victoria Terminus (now Chhatrapati B. 1. d 2. a 3. b 4. c
Shivaji Terminus) and the Gateway of India C. 1. The British exploited the people of India. 17
Peasants were forced to pay high taxes. u Introduction of separate electorates
Unfair competition ruined the artisans. whereby Muslims were grouped into
The factory workers were paid low wages. separate constituencies. Only Muslim
The British made no attempt to encourage candidates could contest elections from
agriculture, improve industry, reduce poverty those constituencies.
and ensure fair treatment to all. They were D. 1 The following factors helped in the rise of
only interested in amassing as much wealth nationalism in India.
as possible and taking it away to England.
u Discontent with the British rule—All
Due to all these factors, the masses were
sections of Indian society–peasants,
extremely discontent with the British rule.
artisans, factory workers and educated
2. The British had introduced modern western Indians–suffered under the British rule.
education to equip some Indians to work at
u Political, administrative and economic
low posts in administration. The British also
unification of India—Introduction of a
believed that exposure to western thoughts
uniform system of governance, railways,
and ideas would make Indians support
telegraph and postal system helped
the British rule. They also believed that by
Indians to come in contact with each
making Indians dependent on the British for
other. People realized that the British rule
employment, they could create a class of
was responsible for their suffering.
Indians who would remain loyal to them.
u Spread of modern education—The
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3. Surendranath Banerjea, Dinshaw Wacha,
British had introduced modern western
L
Pherozeshah Mehta and Gopal Krishna
education to equip some Indians to work
g
O
Gokhale were some important moderate
at low posts in administration. Exposure
leaders.
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to western education made people more
O
They were called so because they were
conscious of their rights. They began
‘moderate’ in their objectives and methods.
to criticize the government for denying
That is, they believed in constitutional
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basic human rights to them. Further, the

methods such as sending petitions and
English language acted as a unifying
resolutions to the British government.
force because people from different parts
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Some of the demands of the moderates were of India, speaking different languages,
as follows.
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could now communicate with one another

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u Freedom of speech and expression through a common medium.

u Expansion of welfare programmes u Role of the press—The Indian press
u Promotion of education played an important part in strengthening
u Recruitment of Indians to high national consciousness. Both the English
administrative posts and the vernacular press became a
u More powers to the Legislative Councils medium to mobilize public opinion and
and more Indian members in these create a feeling of national bonding. The
Councils Indian press highlighted the anti-Indian

policies of the British government and
u Holding the Civil Services examination in
asked the people to unite and work for a
India and England, simultaneously
common cause.
u Change in the economic policies of the
u Immediate factors—The policies of Lord
government to benefit Indian industries
Lytton intensified discontent with the British
u Cut in military expenditure
rule. He removed import duties on British
u Arresting India’s drain of wealth to Britain goods, made India pay for the war against
(Accept any three of these.) Afghanistan, passed the Vernacular
4. The main features of the Morley-Minto Press Act which imposed restrictions
Reforms were as follows. on vernacular newspapers, and passed
u More members to be included in the the Arms Act which forbade Indians
Central Legislative Council and the from possessing arms. Such policies
18 Provincial Legislative Councils. evoked strong reactions from all sections
of society. The Ilbert Bill Controversy These brutal measures were to dissuade
added fuel to fire. Sir Ilbert passed a bill people from joining the revolutionaries.
which gave Indian judges the power to 5. Role of the press in arousing national
try cases involving Europeans. This was consciousness—Beginning from the second
protested by the Europeans. This forced half of the nineteenth century, the press
the government to withdraw the bill. The became a very important tool in the hands of
Indians protested against the withdrawal the nationalists. The newspapers published
of the bill but the British government stood at this time highlighted the unjust policies of
its ground. This made Indians realize that the British government. Writings of scholars
the British would never treat Indians as and famous writers infused a sense of pride
equals. (Accept any three of these.) and national bonding in the people. Thus, the
2. The British introduced a uniform system of press became a medium to form and express
governance throughout the country. Laws, public opinion.
at least on paper, were applied uniformly The Swadeshi and Boycott Movements—
to all. The introduction of modern industries Swadeshi and Boycott were two methods
interlinked the economic life of Indians. As of struggle that became popular after the
people from all parts of the country worked partition of Bengal. ‘Swadeshi’ aimed at
in these industries, it helped in diluting caste, asking people to use only those goods
community and regional boundaries. This which were manufactured in India. ‘Boycott’
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helped to develop a feeling of solidarity focused on asking people not to use goods
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and togetherness. Further, the introduction manufactured in Britain.
g
of railways, telegraph and postal system
O
6. The British introduced modern western
helped people to come in contact with each
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education to equip some Indians to work at
O
other and realize that the British rule was low posts in administration. The British also
responsible for their suffering. In this way, believed that exposure to western thoughts
India was unified under the British rule as and ideas would make Indians supporters
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one unit. of the British rule in India. On the contrary,

3. Sir Ilbert was a member in Lord Ripon’s exposure to western education made people
Cabinet. In 1883, he introduced a bill, more conscious of their rights. They began
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which was later popularly called the Ilbert to criticize the government for denying basic
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Bill. This bill sought to give Indian judges human rights to them. Further, English
the power to hear cases in which the language acted as a unifying force because
Europeans were involved. The European people from different parts of India, speaking
community vehemently opposed it. Such different languages, could now communicate
staunch opposition forced the government with one another through a common medium.
to withdraw the bill. The Indians protested
against the withdrawal of the bill but the
12. The National Movement: Second Phase
British government stood its ground. The

controversy over the Ilbert Bill played a A. 1. c 3. d 5. c 7. c
crucial role in the development of nationalism 2. a 4. c 6. a 8. d
in India.
B. Down Across
4. The revolutionaries believed in using force
1. Harijan 3. Satyagraha
to liberate the country. They believed that
‘force must be repulsed by force’. They 2. Dandi March 4. Dyer
formed secret societies and got trained in 5. Bombay 7. Mountbatten
the use of firearms and explosives. They 6. INA 8. Lahore
assassinated unpopular British officials. They
C. Withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation
also organized armed uprisings in different
Movement—3
parts of the country.
Arrival of the Simon Commission—5
The British response to the revolutionaries
was brutal. Many of them were hanged. Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh—2
Others were sentenced to life imprisonment. Achievement of Independence—8 19
Satyagraha at Champaran—1 the police. There were instances of lathi-
Kakori Conspiracy Case—4 charge and firing on unarmed demonstrators.
The Dandi March—6 Protestors were arrested and tortured,
and their homes raided and destroyed. By
Start of the Quit India Movement—7
December 1942, over 60,000 people had
D. 1. Gandhiji was born on 2 October 1869 at been jailed.
Porbandar, Gujarat. He studied law in
E. 1. Mahatma Gandhi’s first campaign was in
England. He went to South Africa to practise
1917 at Champaran in Bihar. There, he
law. There he fought against the British
protested against the low prices paid for the
policy of racism. While in South Africa, he
indigo crop. Next, he protested against the
evolved the concept of satyagraha. After
low wages paid to the workers working in
returning to India in 1915, Gandhiji toured
textile mills in Ahmedabad. Soon after, he
the country. He concluded that what India
went to Kaira (Kheda) in Gujarat. There, he
needed was independence as well as a
spoke on behalf of the peasants and asked
reformed society. He founded the Sabarmati
the government to suspend tax collection for
Ashram near Ahmedabad. He also fought
the year because the crops had failed.
against untouchability.

Mahatma Gandhi succeeded in all his early
2. The state subjects were divided into reserved
campaigns. The government increased the
and transferred. Subjects such as finance
procurement price of indigo. The mill-owners
and police, which the British considered to
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agreed to raise the wages of the workers.
be important, were put in the reserved list.
L
In Kaira, the government suspended tax
Subjects in the reserved list were under
g
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collection for the year.
the control of the Governor and his council.
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Subjects such as education and public 2. In 1920, the Congress started the Non-
O
health, which the British considered less Cooperation Movement. It was launched
important, were the responsibility of the to protest against the British repression in
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ministers. Real power, thus, remained with Punjab following the massacre at Jallianwala
the British officials. Bagh and against the British policy towards
Turkey after the First World War. The
3. On 13 April 1919, people in Amritsar had
movement also aimed at attaining self-
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gathered at Jallianwala Bagh to protest

government.
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against the arrests of Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew

and Dr Satya Pal. The peaceful gathering The Non-Cooperation Movement was
was attended by men, women and children. withdrawn within two years of its launch.
General Dyer, the military commander of Mahatma Gandhi had all along asked people
Amritsar, came to the park with some of his to remain non-violent. He withdrew the
soldiers and blocked its only entrance. He movement after some people resorted to
then ordered his men to open fire. Hundreds violence in the village of Chauri Chaura.
were killed and thousands were wounded. 3. The second phase of the revolutionary
movement in India witnessed the following.
4. Gandhiji decided to break the Salt Law

because the government had a monopoly u Hindustan Republican Association was
on the manufacture and sale of salt. formed in 1924. It aimed at overthrowing
People therefore had to buy salt from the the British through an armed revolution.
government. This was an issue which u In 1925 a group of revolutionaries looted
touched the life of every Indian. a train at Kakori and took away some
In Tamil Nadu, C. Rajagopalachari led a government money.
march from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam. In u In 1928 some revolutionaries killed
Gujarat, Sarojini Naidu protested in front of Saunders, a British police officer to
the salt depots. avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai.
5. The British government responded brutally The Hindustan Republican Association
to the Quit India Movement. The Congress was renamed as Hindustan Socialist
was banned and most of its leaders were Republican Association. It continued to
20 arrested. The army was called to assist resist the government. Bhagat Singh was
a prominent member of this association. contributed immensely to India’s national
He along with Batukeshwar Dutt threw struggle.
a bomb in the Central Legislative 6. The Khilafat Movement—The Khilafat
Assembly to protest against the Public Movement was organized by Shaukat Ali
Safety Bill and the arrest of 31 labour and Mohammad Ali to protest against the
leaders. The bomb was harmless and no injustices done to Turkey by the British after
one was killed. Both Bhagat Singh and the First World War. The Khilafat leaders
Batukeshwar Dutt courted arrest. wanted the British to accord better treatment
In Bengal, revolutionaries such as Benoy
u
to Turkey. Through this movement, Muslims
Bose, Badal Gupta, Dinesh Gupta were drawn into the national movement
and Surya Sen kept the revolutionary in large numbers. This movement soon
movement strong. Surya Sen formed the turned into a national movement. The
Indian Republican Army. He along with Congress leaders joined the agitation and
some other revolutionaries attacked and popularized it.
occupied the police armoury at Chittagong
The pro-changers—The pro-changers were

to get arms for use against the British.
a sub-group within the Congress. They were
He was later arrested and subsequently
led by leaders such as C. R. Das, Motilal
hanged.
Nehru and Vithalbhai Patel. They wanted
u Women also participated in the the Congress to take part in the elections
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revolutionary movement. Pritilata to the legislatures and then to obstruct the
L
Waddedar became a martyr in the struggle working of the legislatures from inside. So
to free the country.
g
O
they wanted to join the government and then
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4. The main features of the Government of oppose its policies.
O
India Act of 1935 were as follows. Purna Swaraj Resolution—In December

u India was to become a federation if more 1929 at the Lahore session, the Congress
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than half of the princely states decided to declared Purna Swaraj or Complete
join it. Independence as its ultimate goal. It asked
u Provincial autonomy was granted. The all Congressmen and nationalists to resign
R a
ministers of the provincial governments from the legislatures and not to participate
in the elections. It was also decided that
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were responsible to the legislature.

T
The power of the legislature was also henceforth every year 26 January would be
increased. observed as Independence Day.
u Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial 7. The Congress actively pursued the policy of
level but introduced at the Centre. The mobilizing the peasants because this would
Viceroy became more powerful and was enlist their support in the national movement.
not responsible to the legislature. Second, the participation of the peasants
would make the national movement a mass
5. Subhas Chandra Bose, popularly called

one.
‘Netaji’, became the leader of the Azad Hind
Fauj in 1943. He declared the formation of 8. a. Inquilab means revolution.
the Provisional Government of Independent b. Gandhiji believed in bringing about a
India in Singapore. He went to the Andamans revolution through non-violent means. He
and hoisted the Indian flag there. Netaji believed that if Indians wanted to shake
took Japan’s help to organize an anti- off British domination, they would have
British revolt. His slogans of ‘Delhi Chalo’ to first reject the ideology of force and
and ‘Jai Hind’ won him many supporters. violence that underlined the British colonial
Women also joined his army. A separate regime. Bhagat Singh, on the other hand,
women’s regiment called the Rani Jhansi believed that revolution meant the ultimate
Regiment was formed which was led by establishment of an order of society. It
Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan. Though meant the complete overthrow of the
the Azad Hind Fauj failed to liberate India existing social order and its replacement
from the British rule, Netaji and his soldiers with the socialist order. Revolution, to 21
Bhagat Singh, was not the cult of bomb and gender are equal before the law of the
and pistol. country. People of all castes, communities,
9. Yes, I agree with Gandhiji. regions and religions will enjoy the same
rights. No person will face any kind of
Satyagraha is based on truth and
discrimination.
non-violence. Only the strong-willed can
remain loyal to the creed of truth. Those 3. The subjects in the Union List are looked
who are weak can succumb to the numerous after solely by the central government. The
temptations that lay strewn in the path. subjects in the State List are looked after
Moreover, to remain non-violent in the face solely by the state governments, and the
of violence is the hallmark of a strong-willed subjects in the Concurrent List are the joint
person. (Accept this or any other relevant responsibility of both the central and the state
response.) governments.
10. Zamindars, moneylenders, the police, and D. 1. Some features of the Constitution of India are
those who helped the British to run the as follows.
administration in India had cooperated with u All Indians are equal before law. All have
the British. They were not just agents of the the same rights and duties. No person
British but had also played an important role would be discriminated on the grounds of
in strengthening the colonial regime in India. caste, class, religion and gender.
The British had divided Indians in the name u Some seats are reserved in legislatures
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of religion, and Indians had played along by and government jobs for the
L
fighting amongst themselves. Thus, Gandhiji disadvantaged sections. This would help
g
O
was right in saying that British success in people from weaker sections to uplift their
SC Sa
India was also because of the cooperation social and economic status.
O
of the Indians. (Accept this or any other u All Indians above the age of 21 (now 18)
relevant response.) can vote in the elections.
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TIME TO DO u There is a division of power between

F. 1. Revolutionary 4. Revolutionary the central government and the state
2. Moderate 5. Radical governments.
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3. Radical 6. Radical 2. The framers of our Constitution believed

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that for many centuries, some sections of

I. u Ahmedabad u Trichinopoly
the Indian society had been deprived and
u Chauri Chaura u Andamans
discriminated against. The framers, therefore,
u Allahabad made provisions for granting reservation of
seats in legislatures and in government jobs
13. India After Independence for these sections. This, they believed, would
A. 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. d help such disadvantaged people to uplift their
social and economic status.
B. 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True
3. In the wake of Cold War, India under

C. 1. Some of the problems that needed immediate
Jawaharlal Nehru, tried to initiate a
solution in post-partition India were as
movement for world peace. This policy
follows.
aimed at healthy cooperation among nations
u Integration of princely states into India
for the benefit of all. This policy came to
u Rehabilitation of refugees be defined as the policy of non-alignment.
u Solution to the economic problems and Non-alignment means taking an independent
ensuring development stand on international issues. It also means
u Drafting a constitution so as to chart the keeping away from military and political
future course of India (Accept any two of groups and promoting peace in the world.
these.) India is a
2. The Constitution of India states that all non-aligned country.
Indians, irrespective of their religion, caste 4. India faces many challenges today. The
22
biggest challenge is to remove poverty. There government to function by opposing all its
are crores of people still below the poverty policies.
line. The second challenge is to weed out 6. The women’s regiment of the Indian National
caste and gender inequality. Army led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
The untouchables continue to be was called the Rani Jhansi Regiment.
discriminated against even after so many
The Rani Jhansi Regiment was led by
years of independence. The third challenge
Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan.
is to make every Indian educated. The
C. 1. The two conditions laid down by Alivardi
educational progress, so far, has been
Khan to the English East India Company
uneven. The fourth challenge is creating job
were as follows.
opportunities for the educated.
5. The Indian nawabs had to be persuaded u The company officials would have to pay
because they did not want to surrender their customs duty for engaging in private trade
independence to the Indian Union. (Accept or else the privilege of not paying customs
this or any other relevant response.) duty would be withdrawn altogether.
6. This means that the British never treated u The company shall not extend its fortifications.
Indians equally vis-a-vis the Europeans. 2. The peasants suffered under the Permanent
Thus, it was only after the British left India Settlement as they had to pay high revenues.
that equality before law emerged, which Failure to do so resulted in their eviction
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stated that all are equal before the law and from the lands. So in order to meet the high
L
no person shall be discriminated on the revenue demand, peasants were often forced
g to borrow money from the moneylenders.
O
grounds of race, religion, caste and gender.
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3. During British India, music and dance
O
more enrichment activities came to be considered as fine arts and
for Lessons 11–13 became popular with the common people.
Along with Hindustani and Carnatic music,
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Information Gathering and Craft Activity

Rabindra Sangeet also became popular and
u D. Udaya Kumar has designed India’s currency
prospered. Film music also gained popularity.
symbol.
Rabindranath Tagore and Uday Shankar
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u The design is based on our Tricolour, with two

popularized dance. Rabindra Nritya was a
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lines at the top and white space in between.

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new dance form of this period. Classical

It is a blend of Indian and Roman letters – a
dance also revived in South India.
capital ‘R’, and Devanagari ‘ra’, which represent
rupiya. 4. Lord Lytton removed import duties on British
goods, made India pay for war against
u Pound Sterling, US Dollar, Yen and Euro are
Afghanistan, passed the Vernacular Press
the other four currency symbols.
Act that imposed restrictions on vernacular
ANNUAL TEST PAPER newspapers, and the Arms Act which forbade
A. 1. c 3. d 5. c 7. b Indians from possessing arms. Further, Sir
Ilbert passed a bill whereby Indian judges
2. b 4. a 6. d 8. d
could try cases involving Europeans. The
B. 1. Indian historians describe the British period Europeans protested and this forced the
as the ‘colonial’ period. government to withdraw the bill. Such policies
2. The British annexed Punjab in 1849. and decisions led to the rise of nationalism
3. Mahendra Lal Sircar founded the Indian in India.
Association for the Cultivation of Science 5. The First Round Table Conference was held
in 1876. in 1930 in London to discuss the reforms
4. Due to the efforts of Ishwar Chandra proposed by the Simon Commission. While
Vidyasagar, the Hindu Widow Remarriage the Congress boycotted it, the Muslim
Act was passed in 1856. League, the Hindu Mahasabha and the
5. The pro-changers wanted to enter the representatives of the Indian princes
legislatures and make it impossible for the participated.
23
The First Round Table Conference was 4. In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi launched the
different from the Second Round Table Non-Cooperation Movement to protest
Conference as the latter was attended by against British repression in Punjab following
Gandhiji who represented the whole country. the massacre at Jallianwala Bagh, and
D. 1. The Revolt of 1857 failed due to many against the British policy towards Turkey
reasons. after the First World War. The movement
u The Revolt did not spread to all parts of also aimed at attaining self-government.
the country. It had a limited support base People were asked not to cooperate with the
as many Indian rulers refused to help the government. Foreign clothes were burnt in
rebel soldiers. public bonfires and strikes were organized
at many places. The movement popularized
u The Revolt was not organized properly.
self-reliance through charkha and khadi and
There were sporadic uprisings which
promoted Hindu-Muslim unity. Abolition of
hint at a lack of coordination among the
untouchability and spread of education were
sepoys. The rebels had no proper ideology
also emphasized. However, Mahatma Gandhi
or programme.
withdrew the movement in 1922 after some
Weak leadership also contributed to the
u
people resorted to violence in the village of
failure of the Revolt. Most of the leaders Chauri Chaura.
fought to liberate their own territories only.
5. India in the last seven decades has
The rebels were short of weapons and
H ar
u
managed to stay united, secular and strong,
finances. (Accept any two of these.)
L
irrespective of religious, cultural and linguistic
2. Some of the earliest newspapers in India were
g diversity. People in India enjoy the right to
O
started by the British. It was due to the efforts
SC Sa vote and elect their representatives. Thus
of the social reformers in the nineteenth
O
India remains a democratic nation. The
century that Indian press emerged. The rising existence of a free press and an independent
tide of nationalism gave further momentum judiciary are the hallmark of India. High
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to the Indian newspapers. The Indian press agricultural output and a robust industrial
voiced the aspirations of the people. During growth are responsible for India’s thriving
the freedom struggle, it played an important economy. Our country has also harnessed
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role in mobilizing the people. The British came nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. It is
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down heavily on the Indian press as a result

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also one of the few countries to have sent a

of which many newspaper owners and editors mission to moon.
suffered persecution.
E. 1. Carnatic
3. According to the official reason cited by
2. Arrah/Bihar/Jharkhand
the British, Bengal was partitioned for
administrative convenience. The real reason 3. Calcutta (now Kolkata)
was that the Hindu-Muslim unity in Bengal 4. Delhi
had made the national movement very 5. Benaras (now Varanasi)
strong. The British thought that by dividing

6. Champaran/Bihar
Bengal into a Hindu-dominated area and a
Muslim-dominated area, they would be able 7. Bombay (now Mumbai)
to divide the two communities, and thus 8. Punjab and Bihar
weaken the national movement.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
The partition of Bengal was strongly opposed
by all sections of the population. People STORY AND ROLE-PLAY
staged demonstrations and held public Here is a story set in the time of the Civil
meetings to express their displeasure. People Disobedience Movement. Read this out in the class.
tied sacred threads on each others’ wrists Divide the class into groups and ask the learners to
to express their solidarity and oneness. The do a role-play.
day of partition was observed as a day of
mourning. No business was conducted on Dhani and Gokul climbed up the tallest pipal
24 that day. tree. It was the best spot for a long-distance view.
They could see the rough village track for miles “Any idea when they will be here?” he yawned.
as it snaked away beyond the huddle of mud and “Baba said they planned to start early this
thatch huts and then as it turned and curved to run morning. Usually it’s only a few hours walk from the
along the Sabarmati river. This morning, the river Sabarmati Ashram.”
lay glistening in the early morning light, and Dhani “Then he should be here any time now!” Dhani
loved the way the ripples turned to burnished gold said excitedly and they squinted eagerly down the
in the sunlight. road. Then together they yelled, “They’re coming!”
No one knew when the procession would come, The procession looked like a moving white
so the two boys had come prepared for a long wait. stream flowing towards them. The boys sat up, and
Hanging from a branch beside Gokul was a small the villagers who had been lounging around below
cloth bundle of chapattis and a couple of bananas. the tree got to their feet, craning their necks. A
Dhani turned to his friend and asked, “How will murmur of anticipation flowed over everyone.
we know when Bapuji is coming? Will there be The white river kept coming closer, and slowly
someone beating a drum, singing and dancing?” they could make out the people walking. Leading
Gokul grinned and shook his head, “What do you the way at a brisk pace was a thin, spare figure,
think this is? A nautanki show?” clad in a short white khadi dhoti with a huge khadi
“Did you ask your father about it? I asked you shawl wrapped over his bare body. He strode down
to.” the road, swinging and leaning against a walking
The village had been talking of nothing else but stick. Dhani stared at the round grandfatherly face,
H ar
the march for days and Dhani had become rather the bald head, the round spectacles, and the watch
confused by all the talk. He knew there was one swinging at his waist and thought in triumph, “Ah!
L
g
person who would know exactly what was going on So this is Bapuji.”
O
– Gokul’s father, who was the village schoolmaster. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Bapuji or father
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O
He had even joined a satyagraha march in the to the people of India was also the Mahatma or the
city once and had been beaten by lathi-charging great soul. He looked like a benign grandfather,
policemen. someone who should be sitting on a charpoy in the
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“From what I can understand,” Gokul began, village square under a shady tree and talking of
“Bapuji will go to the seaside times gone by. Instead, here he was, leading the
and make salt . . .” long march to freedom.
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“Salt! Why salt?” Dhani asked, astonished. He walked steadily, busy talking to the people
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Burning English goods, wearing khadi – that made beside him. Once in a while someone would run
sense. Why walk for days and days and then up to garland him and he would smile in delight.
instead of a big and exciting bonfire of foreign Another would reach down to touch his feet and
things, make salt? It made no sense! he would raise a hand in blessing. But he did not
“Do you know all Indians have to pay a salt tax stop for a moment, walking with surprising speed
to the British government?” Gokul asked, and Dhani for a man who looked so frail. People poured in
nodded. from both sides of the road, joining the march, and
“We all need salt, so even the poorest peasant the white river kept getting longer and longer. Men,

has to pay the tax. Bapuji is protesting because women and children, everyone was going to make
he thinks it is a very unfair tax. By law, we are not salt.
allowed to make our own salt. We have to buy it By now the boys were half-hanging out of the
from the government. So, he’ll defy the law and tree, trying to spot all that was going on in the
make salt. People all over the country will break the march. Gandhiji kept coming closer and then he
law at the same time, and also make salt.” was under the tree. He peered up at the two
“Wah!” Dhani grinned. “He’s clever, isn’t he, our young faces looking down with such adoration,
Bapuji? Every day he finds new ways of protesting and grinned back. Then he was past the tree and
against the British. Who would have thought of walking on. Dhani looked at Gokul with shining
something as common as salt!” eyes and, in a flash, the boys had scrambled down
The two of them leaned back against the friendly from the tree and were running to join the crowd
trunk of the tree. The leaves and branches shivered of people walking with Bapu. They forgot about
and swayed in the breeze and the soft crackling what their parents would say. They did not worry
sound made Dhani sleepy. about what they would eat or how they would get 25
back. Half the village was going anyway and they 250 miles . . . ” (which you and I would understand
wouldn’t get lost. Bapuji had called them; how could better as 4oo kilometres.)
they say no? There was complete silence as everyone
So they walked. And it seemed as if the whole digested the long distance they would have to walk.
of India was walking with them. There were people “And by my calculation,” the man continued, “if we
speaking in languages they had never heard before. go the way we have started, walking only in the
Many wore clothes that were unfamiliar. Also, there mornings and evenings, it will take us three to four
were these white-skinned firangis with metal boxes weeks.”
that they held to their eyes and clicked. A man Another man shook his head in admiration. “Trust
told them that those boxes took pictures and Gokul Bapuji to think of something like this. Do you realize
realized with delight that his picture had been taken that for all those days, the whole country will be
too. watching and thinking about us. Nothing could help
Dhani and Gokul sang. Everyone was singing our cause more. He is uniting the nation by making
and, even when they didn’t know the words, they salt. He is truly a brilliant man!”
hummed along. All the while, the white river kept Just then the boys noticed a tall, thin man
getting longer and longer. And Bapuji, chatting and coming towards them. He stopped when he saw
smiling, waving and nodding, marched on. them and both the boys and the man looked at
They crossed rivulets and fields, went through each other in astonishment, before blurting out
villages where the road had been covered with together, “What are you doing here?”
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leaves and flowers in welcome, and over mud Gokul’s father had also joined the march and
puddles and stony tracks. Slowly, the sun rose
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they didn’t even know!
g
higher in the sky and they stopped at a village He shook his head. “I should have known you
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to rest for the hottest part of the afternoon. The
SC Sa two would do something like this. Well, now it is
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village women brought food for everyone, simple time to go home.” He studied the two reluctant
vegetables and chapattis, which they munched faces before him and smiled. “I know it is fun and
contentedly. you would like to go on, but it is a long walk to
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“What is Bapuji eating?” Dhani wondered Dandi and it is not for small boys . . .”
anxiously. “With all this walking, he’ll need lots of “Will you be going?” Gokul wanted to know.
energy.”
His father shook his head. “No, I’m going back
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Gokul looked around at the people sitting nearby.

too with the others from our village. Bapuji does not
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Some were taking a nap before the sun went down

want us to leave our work. There are others who
and they started to walk again, while others huddled
will take our place at every village and town they go
together talking. The boys went close to one group
through.”
of men to listen to what they were talking about.
“Can we take another look at Bapuji before we
One man, wearing a dhoti and kurta, chewing paan
leave?” Dhani asked and Gokul’s father nodded.
asked, “How long do we have to walk, Bhai”?
Another with the dark, sharp features of a man Gandhiji was fast asleep on a charpoy under the
from the south, said thoughtfully, “Well, shade of a tree. They took a quick peek at him and
Sabarmati is in Ahmedabad and Dandi is on the then began the long trudge home.
Bombay coastline. If calculated that would be about Subhadra Sen Gupta

u u u u u
26
GEOGRAPHY For more exercises see the Practice App.
1. Resources c. Forests, c. Land, water, air,
agricultural crops, minerals and
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY grasses, wild and power resources
Poster designing domestic animals, are examples of
birds, fishes abiotic resources.
We know that water is the most important
and reptiles are
renewable resource which is getting polluted due
examples of
to human activities. Make a poster on how you can
biotic resources.
save water titled ‘Save Water, Save the Earth’ and
display on the class bulletin board. (Accept these or any other relevant response.)
3. The differences between potential and
Answers to Textbook Exercises developed resources are:
A. 1. d 3. c 5. d 7. a Potential resources Developed resources
2. c 4. a 6. d 8. b a. Resources whose a. Resources whose
B. 1. hydroelectricity. / electricity. (Accept any one availability in total available
of these.) terms of its total quantity and
2. natural quantity is not quality are at
3. exhaustible known at present present known
4. knowledge, skills are potential are developed
resources. resources.
C. 1. The differences between natural and human-
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made resources are: b. These resources b. Surveys have
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need detailed already been
g
Natural Human-made
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survey for the conducted to find
resources resources
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a. Resources which a. Natural resources their quantity and available reserve.
are provided to which are quality.
us by nature are converted into (Accept these or any other relevant response.)
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natural resources. useful products 4. The differences between ubiquitous and

are known as localized resources are:
human-made
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resources. Ubiquitous Localized

resources resources
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b. Land, air, water, b. Buildings, roads,

soil, minerals, machinery and a. Ubiquitous a. Localized
natural vegetation vehicles resources are resources are
and fossil fuels are examples those resources those resources
are examples of of human-made that are found that are found at
natural resources. resources. everywhere. certain places.
(Accept these or any other relevant response.) b. Air and sunlight b. Gold and silver
2. The differences between biotic and abiotic are examples are examples
resources are: of ubiquitous of localized
resources. resources.
Biotic resources Abiotic resources
(Accept these or any other relevant response.)
a. Resources that a. Resources that D. 1. The things that are provided to humans by
we get from we get from nature in the form of rocks, soils, minerals,
living things such physical or non- natural vegetation and animals are called
as plants and living environment gifts of nature. They help humans to fulfill
animals are biotic are abiotic their daily needs. On the other hand, the gifts
resources. resources. of nature which have utility and help human
b. They have b. They do not have beings to satisfy their needs are called
the capacity the capacity to resources. Usually the gifts of nature are
to reproduce reproduce converted into resources by value addition.
under favourable as their process This is possible by processing the gifts of
environmental of formation is nature into finished products with the help of
conditions. very slow. suitable technology. 27
2. The factors that determine the utility of any Abiotic resources include resources
natural resource are: which are available from physical or
u The form in which it occurs. non-living environment such as land,
u The place where it occurs. water, air, minerals and power resources.
u The efforts needed to process it. u On the basis of development, resources
are of two types namely potential and
u The cost of processing it.
actual or developed resources.
3. Human beings are an important resource
Potential resources include those
because they are capable of making the
resources which are not developed at
best use of natural resources through their
present but has the potential for future
knowledge, skills and technology. They
development. The potential for the
use their knowledge and skills to develop
generation of hydroelectricity in Africa in
technology in order to discover, exploit,
the future is an example of such resource.
develop and convert the available or potential
resources into useful products or wealth. Actual or developed resources include
those resources which are developed from
4. Conservation of resources—Careful
potential resources. For example, windmills
utilization of natural resources without their
developed to harness the wind energy.
wastage is called conservation of resources.
u On the basis of renewability, resources
Sustainable development—The proper use are of two types namely renewable and
of natural resources to meet the present non-renewable resources.
need and also to conserve them for the
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Renewable resources include plants,
future generations is known as sustainable
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animals and water which can be renewed
development.
g
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by physical, mechanical or chemical
E. 1. With the passage of time humans developed
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various techniques to convert the gifts of
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Non-renewable resources include those
nature into useful articles to satisfy their
resources which once exhausted cannot
needs. For example, waterfall is a gift of
be replaced such as minerals and
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nature. It has force, which can be used

fossil fuels.
to drive a water wheel. When humans
developed a technique to harness this force On the basis of distribution, natural
u
of falling water to generate hydroelectricity, resources are classified into ubiquitous

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the waterfall became a valuable resource. and localized resources.

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Similarly, the mineral deposits in USA were Ubiquitous resources are those
mere gifts of nature. They were not valuable resources which are found everywhere
to the natives, as they did not know their such as air and sunlight.
use. However, when the Europeans migrated Localized resources are found at certain
to USA, they explored and developed these places and include gold and silver.
mineral deposits and they became valuable b. The human-made resources are made
resources. This is how gifts of nature become by human beings and include buildings,
valuable with the passage of time. roads, machinery and vehicles.
2. The resources are classified into three c. The human resources include human
types—natural, human-made and human beings.

resources. 3. The differences between renewable and
a. The natural resources include natural non-renewable resources are:
endowments such as land, air, water,
Renewable Non-renewable
soil, minerals, natural vegetation and
resources resources
fossil fuels. Natural resources can be
further classified on the basis of origin, a. Renewable a. Non-renewable
development, renewability and distribution. resources can resources are
u On the basis of origin, resources are of be renewed by available in
two types—biotic and abiotic resources. reproduction fixed quantity
and by physical, and cannot be
Biotic resources include resources
mechanical renewed.
available from living things such as plants
or chemical
and animals like forests, agricultural crops,
28 processes.
and wild and domestic animals.
b. Renewable b. Non-renewable
u Are some of the sources safer than others?
resources are resources are u What are the greatest threats to water quality in
also called also called the area where you live?
inexhaustible exhaustible u How reliable is your water supply?
resources. resources. u Are there times when safe water is in short
c. Their quantity is c. Their quantity supply? If yes, what does you and the people of
not affected by is affected by your locality do at those times?
human activities. human activities. On the basis of your findings have a group
d. Solar and d. Minerals and discussion on how you can ensure sustainable
wind energy fossil fuels are water use in your locality.
are examples examples of
of renewable non-renewable Answers to Textbook Exercises
resources. resources. A. 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. d
(Accept these or any other relevant response.) B. 1. 29 3. black
4. Our future as well as the future of our planet 2. fertility. 4. arid, semi-arid
is dependent upon our ability to maintain
and preserve the life support system C. 1. The utilization of land for different purposes
which nature has provided. Therefore, it such as cultivation, mining, setting up of
is essential to conserve resources so that industries, settlements and so on is called
land use.
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the resources are either not exhausted or
their quality deteriorated in the near future The interplay of three broad factors namely—
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due to their irrational and over utilization by physical, economic and human—control the
g
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different human activities. The conservation utilization of land. The physical factors like
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of resources also aim to maintain a balance the location of a place and its accessibility
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between population growth and utilization of with other regions, relief, climate, soil, nature
resources. of rocks and minerals, and availability of
water; the economic factor like land tenure;
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5. A gift of nature can become a resource in

the future if human needs force the human and human factors such as lifestyle of
beings to develop a suitable technology the people living in a particular area, the
to convert the gift of nature into useful technical level of the people and the duration
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resources. of a particular occupation carried out in an

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area determine and control the utilization of

6. The use of resources should be sustainable
land. (Accept these or any other relevant
so that the resources do not get exhausted
response.)
in the near future and that the future
generations can also use them to meet their 2. The various horizontal layers present in a soil
needs. (Accept this or any other relevant profile are known as soil horizons.
response.) The different soil horizons present in a soil
profile are the A, B, C and D horizons. A
2. Natural Resources—Land, Soil and Water brief description of these horizons are:

Horizon A—Horizon A is the topmost layer
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY of the soil. It forms the topsoil. This layer
Information gathering and Class discussion contains soluble minerals and organic matter.
Get into groups of five and find out about the water Leaching is common in this layer.
supply in your home / locality by answering the Horizon B—Horizon B lies below the topsoil.
following questions. It is also known as the subsoil. In this layer
u Where does water come from, and how does it sand, silt and clay are found. This layer
get to your home? contains more mineral and very little organic
u Does everyone in your locality get water from matter.
the same source? If not, what are the other Horizon C—Horizon C has small pieces of
sources, and how many people use water from rocks which are not affected by biological
those sources? processes. True soil develops from these
u Are some of these sources more expensive rock materials.
than others? Horizon D—Horizon D lies below horizon C. 29
This layer consists of unbroken solid rock is formed due to weathering of volcanic rocks
material. (Ask the students to draw the and are thus called black lava soil. It is found
diagram of the mature soil profile as in in the Deccan Trap region. The red soil is
Fig. 2.1 on p. 121 along with the answer.) formed due to weathering of old igneous
3. The agricultural practices that can be rocks. Such soils are found in Peninsular
adopted for soil conservation are: India. The laterite soil is formed when heavy
Rotation of crops—Cultivating different rains wash away the fertile upper part of
crops on the same piece of land during the soil. It is found in the Western Ghats
different times of the year. and in the flat uplands where heavy rainfall
occurs. The mountain soil is formed due
Strip cropping—Cultivating erosion-inducing
to deposition of organic matter. Thus, such
crops in rotation with erosion-resisting crops.
soil is found on the hill slopes covered with
Terrace and contour-bunding— forests. The desert soil is sandy. It is found
Constructing banks along the contours across in the hot and semi-arid regions.
the hill slopes.
3. Soil can be conserved by adopting these four
Contour ploughing—Cultivating along the methods.
contours to check the flow of water and
u Afforestation—Planting more trees to
thereby to stop soil erosion.
bring more area under forest cover.
Cover crops—Growing crops on the bare
u Creating shelter belts by planting rows of
ground of the orchards and plantations during
trees at short distances along the edge of
the gestation period of tree crops to cover
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the field.
the soil from erosion.
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Fallowing—Allowing the land to rest in order u Checking overgrazing by animals.
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to regain soil fertility. u Rotation of crops—Cultivating different
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4. The most important factor responsible for crops on the same piece of land during
O
the shortage of freshwater is the increased different times of the year.
demand for freshwater due to population u Strip cropping—Cultivating erosion-
inducing crops in rotation with erosion-
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growth. This has resulted in excessive use

of freshwater to produce more food and resisting crops.
cash crops, to meet domestic needs and Terrace and contour-bunding—
u
the rising standards of living. Other factors Constructing banks along the contours
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which are also responsible for the shortage across the hill slopes.
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of freshwater are misuse, over exploitation u Contour ploughing—Cultivating along the

and contamination of water resources, and contours to check the flow of water and
the high cost of supplying water to the dry thereby to stop soil erosion.
regions. Cover crops—Growing crops on the bare
u
D. 1. We can conserve land resources by making ground of the orchards and plantations
proper plans to use the land efficiently. during the gestation period of tree crops to
Such plans include checking further spread cover the soil from erosion.
of deserts, adopting scientific techniques, u Fallowing—Allowing the land to rest in
conserving soil and forests, providing
order to regain soil fertility.

irrigation facilities, increasing the use of
manure and chemical fertilizers, afforestation, u Constructing rock dams to check the
land reclaimation and checking overgrazing. speed of water flow in order to control
occurrence of floods thereby reducing soil
2. Due to variation in rocks, relief, climate and
erosion. (Accept any four of these or any
vegetation, a great variety of soils are found
other relevant response.)
in India. The different types of soils found in
India are the alluvial soil, black soil, red soil, 4. The different methods adopted to conserve
laterite soil, mountain soil and desert soil. water resources are:
The alluvial soil is formed due to deposition u The industries should discharge their
of sediment by rivers. Such soil is very fertile waste products such as nitrates, metals
and supports agriculture. It is found in the and pesticides into water bodies only after
plains of north India and in the flood plains treating the impurities present in them.
and deltas of the major rivers. The black soil Rainwater harvesting should be practised
u
30
in arid and semi-arid areas. Rainwater 2. The differences between tropical and
should be collected during the rainy temperate grasslands are:
season and stored for use during
Tropical Temperate
dry periods.
grasslands grasslands
u Sprinklers should be used to irrigate fields
as they use less quantity of water. a. The tropical a. The temperate
grasslands are grasslands are
More trees should be planted as they
u
found in the found between
reduce surface runoff and also recharge
transitional zone 30° and 55°
groundwater.
between the latitudes in both
5. Land is an important gift of nature because equatorial forests the hemispheres
it helps human beings to meet most of their and the tropical in the transitional
needs. Land provides sites for settlements deserts. zone between
and farming. It is also used for other the humid coastal
purposes such as cattle grazing, mining and areas and the
setting up of industries. mid-latitude
6. The demand for freshwater is increasing due deserts.
to population growth. Now people need more b. The tropical b. The temperate
water to produce more food and cash crops, grasslands of the grasslands are
to meet their domestic needs and to maintain world are called known as Prairies
their rising standards of living. (Accept this or the Savanna. in North America,
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any other relevant response.) Pampas in South
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America, Steppes
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3. Natural Resources— in Eurasia, Velds
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Natural Vegetation and Wildlife in South Africa
O
A. 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. d and Downs in
B. 1. ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber, Australia.
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ironwood (Accept any three of these or any (Accept these or any other relevant response.)
other relevant response.) 3. The effects of clearance and destruction of
2. douglas-fir, sitka, spruce, larch, redwood natural vegetation are:
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(Accept any three of these or any other u Barren hill slopes

relevant response.) u Increased surface runoff
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3. elephant, hippo, rhino, python, crocodile, u Large-scale soil erosion

gorilla, ape, chimpanzee, deer, giraffe, zebra, u Less underground seepage of water
stag, lion, tiger, leopard, camel, ostrich u Decrease in rainfall
(Accept any three of these or any other
u Destruction of habitat of wild animals
relevant response.)
4. The role of CITES is to emphasize on the
4. polar bear, wolf, wild boar, wild sheep,
conservation of forests and wildlife together
antelope, mink, sable, ermine, partridge,
so as to save the flora and fauna. This is
lark, cuckoo, skylark, nightingale (Accept
because the existence of animals depends
any three of these or any other relevant
largely on the forests. They also prohibit the
response.)
trade of products made from endangered
C. 1. The main characteristics of the coniferous wildlife.
forests are:
D. 1. Natural vegetation—The plants which
u They have evergreen trees. grow naturally are called natural vegetation.
u The trees are tall and have straight trunks However, at present all types of plants
with needle-shaped leaves. whether natural or modified are termed as
u No undergrowth is found in these forests. natural vegetation.
u One or two tree species are found in these Wildlife—All plants, animals, birds and
forests in pure stands. organisms which live in their natural habitat
u Douglas-fir, sitka, spruce, larch and are known as wildlife.
redwood are the main trees found in Ecosystem—A particular area in which
these forests. (Accept these or any other the organisms interact with their physical
relevant response.) environment is known as an ecosystem. 31
Taiga—The region between 50° N and 70° N North America—Reindeer, arctic foxes,
latitudes is known as taiga. The forests found musk oxen, sables, polar bears, blue foxes,
in this belt are known as taiga forests. mooses, elks, bisons, badgers, beavers
Deforestation—The removal of forest cover and hedgehogs are found in this continent.
by burning, clearing and felling trees is called (Accept these or any other relevant
deforestation. response.)
2. The hot and cold deserts are characterized Asia—In the tropical region monkeys, sloths,
by very high and low temperature leopards, tigers and elephants are found.
respectively and scanty rainfall. Thus, In the temperate region herons, cranes,
shrubs are the dominant natural vegetation bears and foxes are found. Fur-bearing
found in these areas. In the hot deserts, the animals like lynxs, minks, sables, polar bears,
vegetation has thorns, wax-coated leaves, musk oxen and arctic foxes are found in the
thick and spongy stems and long roots. taiga and tundra regions. (Accept these or
Cactus, thorny bushes and coarse grasses any other relevant response.)
are the main vegetation found in these areas. Antarctica—Creatures ranging from small
In the cold deserts, such as in the high krills to whales are found in this continent.
latitudes of Eurasia and North America, and Penguins and snow petrels are important
in the high altitudes of mountains, the natural birds found in Antarctica. Seals and
vegetation comprises mosses, lichens and albatrosses are found along the coastal areas
short grasses which grow only during the during the summer season. (Accept these or
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short summer season when the snow any other relevant response.)
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cover melts. 4. Some of the initiatives taken to conserve
g
3. The typical wildlife found in each continent natural vegetation and wildlife are:
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are:
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Africa—Elephants, hippos, rhinos, pythons, from endangered wildlife.
crocodiles, gorillas, apes and chimpanzees u Spreading awareness among people about
are found in the equatorial forests. Deer, the benefits of protecting wildlife.
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giraffes, zebras and stags are found in the Encouraging schoolchildren to participate
u
Savanna grasslands. In the desert, animals in various conservation programmes.

like camels and ostriches are found. Besides u Developing wildlife sanctuaries, national
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these, lions, tigers and leopards are also parks and biosphere reserves.
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found. (Accept these or any other relevant

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5. Natural vegetation is an important natural

response.)
resource because it helps us to satisfy our
South America—Rheas, condors, llamas, needs by providing us with many things.
anacondas, monkeys, pumas, jaguars, Wood from forests provide us timber and
alligators and giant turtles are some of the firewood. Besides, trees provide natural
animals found in this continent. Besides, habitat for animals, produce oxygen which
ancient mammals such as the anteaters and is essential for life, protect the soil from
armadillos are also found. (Accept these or leaching and also help to store water
any other relevant response.) underground.
Australia—Marsupials such as kangaroos 6. Conservation of wildlife is essential because

and koalas are found only in this continent. many species of plants and animals have
Other significant animals and birds found become extinct in recent times and others
here are duck-billed platypuses, emus, face the threat of extinction. (Accept this or
lyrebirds, kingfishers and kookaburras. any other relevant response.)
(Accept these or any other relevant
response.) TIME TO DO
Europe—Polar bears, wolves, wild boars, E. From left to right—ostrich, armadillo, monk seal
wild sheep, native antelopes, minks,
sables, ermines, partridges, larks, cuckoos, MORE ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
skylarks and nightingales are some of the for Lessons 1– 3
well-known animals and birds found in this Anecdotal record
continent. (Accept these or any other relevant u Treated surface water as well as untreated but
32 response.) uncontaminated water from sources such as
natural springs and sanitary wells is called b. Diamond d. Copper ore
safe water. 5. Which of the following countries is the leading
u The indicator ‘access to safe water’ measures producer of antimony?
the number of people who have reasonable a. Mexico c. Germany
means of getting adequate amount of water b. South Africa d. China
that is safe for drinking, washing and essential
6. Which of the following is the source of
household activities expressed as a percentage
geothermal energy?
of the total population.
u The children and the elderly people suffer the
a. Sun c. Hot springs
most from water-related diseases. b. Tides d. Organic wastes
7. Which of the following is not a nuclear power
Accept any relevant response.
generating station?
u A scarcity of safe water can directly affect
a. Kakrapara c. Kota
long-term prospects for sustainable
development. For example, without adequate b. Kalpakkam d. Koyna
water supply, factories that depend on water 8. Which of the following is not a metallic mineral?
may have to close temporarily, crop yields may a. Sulphur c. Iron ore
decline, sick workers may become unproductive b. Silver d. Chromite
and fisheries may be destroyed. The destruction 9. Which of the following methods is used to
of aquatic life damages the ecosystem and cuts extract mineral oil?
into the economy. Therefore, access to safe
a. Quarrying c. Drilling
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water is critical to economies.
b. Shaft mining d. Open-cast mining
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u Inadequate safe water supply can deplete
g
10. Which of the following minerals is found in
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fresh water supplies, affect air quality, cause
Kalgoorlie?
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deforestation and result in other environmental
O
problems. The lack of a reliable system of piped a. Gold c. Silver
water can prompt people to sink their own wells b. Diamond d. Nickel
and deplete fresh water supplies. The fuel burnt
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to boil unsafe water in order to kill dangerous Answers to Textbook Exercises

bacteria can pollute the air. Moreover, the use A. 1. d 3. d 5. b
of wood or charcoal as a source of fuel leads to 2. c 4. c
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destruction of forests and causes environmental B. 1. The differences between metallic and
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problems such as erosion and loss of top soil.

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non-metallic minerals are:
4. Minerals and Power Resources Metallic Non-metallic

minerals minerals
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY a. Metallic minerals a. Non-metallic
Quiz have metals in minerals do not
them. have metals in
1. Which of the following energy sources is
them.
renewable?
b. Iron, gold and b. Nitrate, sulphur,
a. Petroleum c. Wind
copper are potash, salt and
b. Coal d. Nuclear
examples of coal are examples
2. Which of the following energy sources is non- metallic minerals. of non-metallic
renewable? minerals.
a. Geothermal c. Biogas c. Metallic minerals c. Non-metallic
b. Natural gas d. Tidal are found in minerals
3. In which of the following places coal is not igneous and are found in
found? metamorphic sedimentary
a. Mumbai High c. Korba rocks. rocks.
b. Talcher d. Raniganj (Accept these or any other relevant
4. Which of the following minerals is found in response.)
Golkonda? 2. The differences between conventional and
a. Gold c. Salt non-conventional power resources are:
33
Conventional Non-conventional buried under the earth’s surface is called
power resources power resources mining. There are four methods of mineral
extraction or mining. They are quarrying,
a. Power resources a. Power resources open-pit or open-cast mining, shaft mining
which have which have and drilling.
limited reserves unlimited reserves
Quarrying—The method by which mineral
and are likely to and are not likely
ores that occur near the earth’s surface are
get exhausted in to get exhausted
dug out is called quarrying.
future are called are called non-
conventional conventional Open-pit or open-cast mining—The method
power resources. power resources. by which mineral ores that occur at shallow
depth are taken out by removing the surface
b. Coal, petroleum, b. Solar, wind,
layers are called open-pit or open-cast
natural gas, geothermal,
mining.
hydel power and tidal and biogas
nuclear energy energy are Shaft mining—The method by which a
are examples examples of very deep hole is dug to take out minerals
of conventional non-conventional that occur in underground chambers at
power resources. power resources. great depths is called shaft mining. Lifts are
used by miners to reach the underground
(Accept these or any other relevant response.) chambers.
C. 1. The main characteristics of minerals are:
Drilling—The method by which deep wells
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u Their distribution over the earth’s surface are dug to extract mineral oil and natural gas
is uneven.
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is called drilling.
g
u They are mixed up with impurities.
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2. Minerals are non-living solid substances
u They are exhaustible resources. (Accept these
SC Sa which have a definite chemical composition.
O
or any other relevant response.) On the basis of composition, minerals are of
2. The minerals influenced the history of human two types. They are metallic and non-metallic
civilization as human beings discovered and minerals.
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learnt the use of different minerals during

Metallic minerals—Minerals which have
different stages of their development. These
metals in them are called metallic minerals.
stages of human development are named
Such minerals are found as ores in igneous
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after the minerals they used during that

and metamorphic rocks. They are hard
particular stage. For example, human beings
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and have lustre. Iron, gold and copper are

used weapons and implements made of
examples of metallic minerals. The metallic
stone during the Stone Age. Similarly, they
minerals can be further sub-divided into
discovered and learnt to use copper, bronze,
two types namely ferrous and non-ferrous
iron and steel during the Copper Age, Bronze
minerals.
Age, Iron Age and Steel Age respectively.
The minerals which contain iron are called
3. Petroleum is called ‘black gold’ because of
ferrous minerals. Iron ore, manganese and
its great importance in the economy. Crude
chromite are examples of ferrous minerals.
mineral oil is refined to make a variety of
The minerals which do not contain iron, but
products like petrol, diesel, kerosene, wax,

plastics and lubricants. Besides these, may contain some other metals are called
other by-products derived from petroleum non-ferrous minerals. Copper, silver,
include raw materials for chemical fertilizers, lead and gold are examples of non-ferrous
synthetic fibres and drugs. minerals.
4. We can conserve minerals and power Non-metallic minerals—Minerals which do
resources by adopting these measures. not have metals in them are called non-
metallic minerals. Such minerals are found in
u Using resources efficiently
sedimentary rocks. Nitrate, sulphur, potash,
u Improving the techniques of extraction and salt and coal are examples of non-metallic
purification minerals. Some non-metallic minerals, such
u Recycling resources as petroleum and coal, which are used
u Saving mines from collapsing as fuel or as sources of power are called
u Using alternative energy resources mineral fuels.
34 D. 1. The method of taking out minerals from rocks 3. Power sources, such as solar, wind,
geothermal, tidal and biogas energy, which be easily supplied to rural, urban and remote
have unlimited reserves and are not likely to areas. Therefore, non-conventional power
get exhausted are called non-conventional resources are called the ‘energy needs of the
power sources. These power sources are future’. The different non-conventional power
pollution free and eco-friendly, and can be resources which serve the energy needs of
easily supplied to rural, urban and remote the future are:
areas. Hence, non-conventional power Solar energy—The electricity generated from
sources are called the ‘energy of the future’. the energy of the sun is called solar energy.
Solar energy—The electricity generated Wind energy—The electricity generated by
from the energy of the sun is called solar harnessing the energy of wind with the help
energy. The photovoltaic cells convert of windmills is called wind energy.
sunlight into electricity. This electricity is Geothermal energy—The electricity
used in heating and cooling appliances, solar generated from the energy derived from
water heaters, street lighting, cooking and hot springs, emission of dry and wet steam
pumping water. However, this energy has not from hot rocks at great depths is called
been fully developed due to lack of available geothermal energy.
technology.
Tidal energy—The electricity generated from
Wind energy—The electricity generated the energy of high and low tides is called
by harnessing the energy of wind with the tidal energy.
help of windmills is called wind energy. A
Biogas energy—The gaseous fuel generated
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cluster of windmills, called wind farms, are
from organic wastes, especially human and
usually set up in the coastal areas and in the
L
animal wastes, cow dung, dead plants and
mountain passes where strong and steady
g
O
kitchen wastes is called biogas energy.
winds blow to harness wind energy.
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5. Ores are rocks which has a large
Geothermal energy—The electricity
O
concentration of a particular mineral and are
generated from hot springs, emission of
thus commercially useful. Hence, minerals
dry and wet steam from hot rocks at great
are mined only in those regions where they
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depths is called geothermal energy. USA and

occur in the form of ores. (Accept this or any
Iceland are the leaders in the generation of
geothermal energy.
6. Some of the non-conventional power
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Tidal energy—The electricity generated from

sources are not fully developed due to lack
the energy of high and low tides is called
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of available technology. Moreover, their

tidal energy. Such energy is generated in
installation and maintenance cost is high.
France, UK, Russia and India. However, the
Therefore, the conventional power sources
technology to harness this energy is not fully
are more popular than non-conventional
developed.
power sources. (Accept this or any other
Biogas energy—The gaseous fuel generated relevant response.)
from organic wastes, especially human and
animal wastes, cow dung, dead plants and Time to do
kitchen wastes is called biogas energy. It
H. Across Down
is useful for cooking and lighting homes.
Also, a large amount of organic manures are 4 ferrous 1 bauxite
produced from biogas plants. India is the 7 petroleum 2 ore
leader in the development of this technology. 9 geothermal 3 Kimberley
4. Continuous mining and wasteful use of 10 gold 5 Netherlands
minerals and conventional power resources 11 drilling 6 Korba
such as coal, petroleum and natural gas, 12 biogas 8 Mexico
may lead to their exhaustion in the near
future. Thus, non-conventional power sources
are becoming popular. The non-conventional 5. Agriculture
power sources, such as solar, wind,
geothermal, tidal and biogas energy have ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
unlimited reserves and are not likely to get Group Activity, Information gathering and
exhausted. Moreover, such power resources PowerPoint presentation
are pollution free and eco-friendly, and can Get into groups of five and choose a type of 35
farming mentioned in this lesson. Gather information u Farm work is done by machines.
and collect pictures about the type of farming you u One or two commercial crops are grown.
have chosen such as the local name u The total crop output is high, but the yield
of the farming, crops cultivated, the areas where per hectare is low.
such farming is done, technique adopted for
u Wheat and maize are important crops
farming, impact on the environment, all with
cultivated. (Accept any three of these or
reference to India. On the basis of the information
any other relevant response.)
gathered prepare a PowerPoint presentation and
5. Three main features of mixed farming are:
present in class.
u Crop farming and livestock rearing are
Answers to Textbook Exercises carried on simultaneously.
A. 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. c u Fodder crops are cultivated along with
B. 1. Three main features of subsistence farming food crops.
are: Farmers follow a well-developed system of
u
u Farmers use primitive methods of farming crop rotation to maintain soil fertility.
to grow crops. u Crop yield is high. (Accept any three of
u Suitability of the soil for the cultivation of these or any other relevant response.)
a particular crop is not considered 6. Three main features of plantation farming
by farmers. are:
Labour is provided by members of the
u
u Huge farms or estates are required.
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farmers’ family. u Efficient and scientific farming methods
L
u Mostly manure and a little of chemical are used.
g
fertilizers are used.
O
Cheap and skilled labour is required.
u
The crop production is low. (Accept any

u
SC Sa u Huge capital investment is required.
O
three of these or any other relevant u Single crop, like tea, coffee, sugarcane,
response.) rubber, banana, spices and cotton are
2. Three main features of sedentary farming mostly grown.
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are: u Plantations are managed like industrial

u Farmers settle down at one place and units. (Accept any three of these or any
carry out agriculture. other relevant response.)
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u Crop rotation is done to conserve soil C. 1. Agriculture and industries share a very close
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fertility. relationship. This is because agriculture

Farmers use simple tools for cultivation.
u provides raw materials for textile, sugar and
u Cattle are also reared by farmers. oil industries and in turn purchases farm
u On the basis of local raw materials machinery, fertilizers and pesticides from
available, farmers pursue cottage industries. Therefore, the prosperity of the
industries during their free time to industrial sector depends upon agricultural
supplement their income. (Accept any prosperity.
three of these or any other relevant 2. The lowlands are more suitable for farming
than the highlands because the dense
response.)
3. Three main features of intensive farming are: population inhabiting the lowlands provide
both adequate and cheap labour and a
u Farmers try to extract maximum possible
ready market for the farm products. On the
output from small plots of land.
contrary, the highlands face problems like
u Farmers use simple tools and a lot of rapid soil erosion, non-use of farm machinery
human labour. and limitation to means of transportation
Rice is the important crop cultivated.
u
which restricts the scope of farming.
u Farmers grow two or three crops annually 3. Tertiary activities—All types of services
on the same plot of land. (Accept any which support both primary and secondary
three of these or any other relevant activities are called tertiary activities.
response.) Transport, trade, education, banking,
4. Three main features of extensive farming are: insurance and advertising are examples of
u Extensive farming is done in large tertiary activities.
36 landholdings. Sericulture—Commercial rearing of silkworm
for the production of silk is called sericulture. are land tenure, land use, availability of
Viticulture—Cultivation of grapevine for the farm machinery, government policies and
production of grapes is called viticulture. the level of scientific and technological
Arable land—The land on which crops are developments.
grown is called arable land. 2. Subsistence farming, shifting cultivation,
4. The rearing of cattle for milk is called dairy nomadic herding, sedentary farming,
farming. intensive farming, commercial farming,
extensive farming, mixed farming, plantation
The factors favourable for the development
agriculture and dairy farming are the different
of dairy farming are:
types of farming.
u Existence of natural pastures
Subsistence farming—Subsistence farming
u Availability of large labour force to look is mainly practised to meet the needs of the
after the cattle. farmer’s family. In this type of farming, the
u Machines for milking, feeding and cleaning farmers use primitive methods of farming
the cattle to grow crops and the labour is provided
Huge capital investment
u
by members of the farmers’ family. The
D. 1. The various factors which influence suitability of the soil for the cultivation of
agriculture are broadly classified under a particular crop is not considered by the
physical, economic and others. The important farmer. They mostly use manure and a little
physical factors include relief, climatic of chemical fertilizers and the crop production
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conditions and soil. is low. Hence, the farmers are poor and their
standard of living is low.
L
Relief—The lowlands such as river basins,
g
flood plains and deltas have fertile soil, Shifting cultivation—In shifting cultivation,
O
the land is prepared by cutting and burning
SC Sa
dense population which provides adequate
O
and cheap labour, and ready market for farm bushes and trees. Thus, it is also called
products. On the other hand, in the highlands slash and burn agriculture. In this type
soil erosion is rapid, farm machinery cannot of farming, primitive farming methods are
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be used and means of transport are limited. adopted by the farmers. Yam, cassava,
Thus, lowlands are more suitable for the maize and potatoes are important crops
growth and development of agriculture than cultivated. When the soil loses its fertility and
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the highlands. becomes unproductive after about two to

three years then the farmer shifts to a new
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Climatic conditions—Hot and humid climate

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favours agriculture, whereas low temperature plot of land.

is unfavourable for agriculture. Thus, Nomadic herding—Nomadic herding is
cultivation is possible almost throughout the usually practised in the arid and semi-arid
year in the equatorial and tropical regions, regions. It is a mean of subsistence for the
whereas it is not possible in the winter nomads. In nomadic herding, the nomads
season and in the cold regions. Also, it is move with their domesticated animals, such
difficult to grow crops in dry areas without as sheep, goats, camels and yaks, in search
irrigation. of pastures. These animals provide nomads

Soil—Soil is an important physical factor with food such as milk and meat. The
because it not only supports the plant but animals also provide wool and hides which
also acts as a medium to supply moisture are used to make clothes and shelter.
and nutrients to the plant. Porous soil which Sedentary farming—In sedentary farming,
is soft and can be tilled easily, clayey soil farmers settle down at one place and carry
which has high moisture-retentive capacity, out agriculture. The farmers use simple
alluvial soil which is very fertile and soils tools for cultivation and adopt technique like
which contain a variety of chemicals are crop rotation to conserve soil fertility. The
suitable for agriculture. farmers also rear cattle, and on the basis
The economic factors which influence of local raw materials available, they pursue
agriculture are availability of farm inputs, cottage industries during their free time to
adequate and cheap labour, transport supplement their income.
facilities, markets and loans for the farmers. Intensive farming—Intensive farming is
The other factors which influence agriculture usually practised in the densely populated
37
countries of the monsoon region. In this type are managed like industrial units. Usually
of farming, the farmers use simple tools and single crops like tea, coffee, sugarcane,
a lot of human labour, and try to extract rubber, banana, spices and cotton are grown
maximum possible output from small plots of in plantations. The rubber plantations in
land. Due to long growing season and fertile Malaysia, coffee plantations in Brazil, tea
soil the farmers grow two or three crops plantations in India and banana plantations
annually on the same plot of land. Rice is in West Indies are examples of plantation
the important crop cultivated. Wheat, maize, agriculture.
sugarcane, pulses and oilseeds are the other Dairy farming—Dairy farming is mostly

crops cultivated. practised near big cities to meet the needs
Commercial farming—Commercial farming
of people working in factories. The growth
is mostly practised in the middle latitudes and development of dairy farming has its
such as in the Prairies of North America, the roots in Europe where the climate is suitable
Pampas of South America and the Steppes for natural pastures. In this type of farming,
of Eurasia. In this type of farming, the crops cattle are reared for milk. Large labour force
are grown and livestock are reared for sale and huge capital investments are required.
in the market. Commercial farming can be At present, machines are widely used for
either intensive or extensive. In this type of milking, feeding and cleaning the cattle.
farming, the farms are generally large in size, (Accept any two of these.)
the investments are high, the farm work is
3. Nomadic herding is usually practised in
mechanized and the farmers try to keep the
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the arid and semi-arid regions of Sahara,
cost of production as low as possible.
L
central Asia and in some parts of India, like
Extensive farming—Extensive farming is
g
Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. It is a
O
mostly practised in sparsely populated areas means of subsistence for the nomads. In
SC Sa
where abundant land is available. In this
O
nomadic herding, the nomads move with their
type of farming, the landholdings are large domesticated animals, such as sheep, goats,
and, thus machines are used to do farm camels and yaks, in search of pastures. The
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work. One or two commercial crops are seasonal movement of the nomads along
cultivated of which wheat and maize are the with their cattle uphill during summer and
most important crops. Extensive farming is downhill during winter in search of pastures
characterized by high total output but low per
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is called transhumance. These animals

hectare yield. provide nomads with food such as milk and
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Mixed farming—Mixed farming is mostly

meat. The animals also provide wool and
practised in the thickly populated areas of hides which are used to make clothes and
Europe, eastern USA, Argentina, south- shelter. The nomadic herders do not have
east Australia, New Zealand and South permanent dwellings. They usually live in
Africa. In this type of farming, both crop tents which can be easily dismantled and
farming and livestock rearing are carried carried from place to place.
on simultaneously. In crop farming, farmers
4. The differences between intensive and
cultivate fodder crops along with food crops.
extensive farming are:
They also follow a well-developed system of
crop rotation to maintain soil fertility. Hence, Intensive farming Extensive farming
the yield is high. Cattle are usually reared for a. It is usually a. It is mostly
meat and milk. Efficient methods of farming, practised in practised
quick means of transportation and ready the densely in sparsely
market in the nearby thickly populated areas populated populated areas.
give good return to the farmers. countries of the
Plantation agriculture—Plantation
monsoon region.
agriculture is mostly practised in the tropical b. The landholdings b. The landholdings
and subtropical regions. This is a commercial are small. are large.
farming introduced by the Europeans. In
this type of farming, huge farms or estates, c. The farmers use c. The farmers use
efficient and scientific farming methods, simple tools and machines instead
cheap and skilled labour, and huge capital abundant human of human labour.
38 investments are required. The plantations labour.
d. Due to long d. Due to short The geographical conditions necessary for
growing season growing season the cultivation of millets are:
two or three only a single crop u High temperature
crops can be can be grown u Low rainfall
cultivated on the annually. u Less fertile and sandy soil
same plot of land The countries in which millets are grown
annually. are India, China, USA, Brazil, Nigeria, Niger
e. Rice is the e. Wheat and maize and Egypt.
important crop are the important 2. Jute, also known as the golden fibre, is an
cultivated. crops cultivated. important vegetable fibre after cotton. It is
f. The total output f. The total output the cheapest fibre which can be dyed but
is low but the is high but the not easily bleached. It is mostly used to
yield per hectare yield per hectare make packing materials. Alluvial soil, rich in
is high. is low. salts, warm and wet climate and abundant
(Accept these or any other relevant response.) labour are required for the cultivation of jute
plants. India, Bangladesh, Brazil, Taiwan,
5. Agriculture is an important occupation in the
China, Thailand and Malaysia are the main
world because more than half of the world’s
jute producing countries of which India and
population is directly or indirectly engaged in
Bangladesh are the leading jute producers in
agriculture. (Accept this or any other relevant
the world.
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response.)
3. The Green Revolution has changed
L
6. Accept any relevant response.
agriculture in India in the following ways:
g
O
u Introduced high-yielding variety (HYV)
6. Major Crops and Agricultural Development
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seeds.
O
A. 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. b Ensured enough and timely availability of
u
B. 1. Rice water through development of irrigation

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2. Christopher Columbus systems.

3. inheritance u Adequate use of chemical fertilizers,
4. Extensive pesticides and insecticides
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C. 1. China, India, Bangladesh, Japan, North Consolidation of small landholdings

u
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Korea, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Egypt, u Introduction of farm machinery
T
USA (Accept any four of these or any other u Introduction of agricultural credit on soft
relevant response.) terms from the banks.
2. Russia, USA, Canada, Australia, China, u Setting up of agricultural universities to
Argentina, Ukraine, South Africa, India train farmers. (Accept these or any other
(Accept any four of these or any other relevant response.)
relevant response.) 4. In the Prairies the geographical environment
3. Brazil, Cuba, India, Mexico, Pakistan, is favourable for farming. The well-drained
Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Hawaii rolling plains are suitable for extensive
Islands, Fiji, South Africa, USA (Accept any mechanized farming. The dark brown soil rich
four of these or any other relevant response.) in humus and organic matter, the moderate
4. India, Bangladesh, Brazil, Taiwan, China, temperature during the spring and summer
Thailand, Malaysia (Accept any four of these seasons and the well-developed connectivity
or any other relevant response.) of this region with the consuming centres
5. USA, China, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Egypt, and port towns through the transcontinental
Sudan, Mexico, Uzbekistan (Accept any four railway have favoured the development of
of these or any other relevant response.) agriculture.
6. China, India, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Japan, E. 1. Rice—High temperature of about 25 °C
Indonesia, Bangladesh (Accept any four of during the growing season, high humidity
these or any other relevant response.) and rainfall of about 150 cm to 200 cm are
D. 1. Coarse grains such as jowar, bajra, ragi and required for the cultivation of rice.
sorghum which have low nutritional value are Sugarcane—Temperature of about 20 °C
called millets. to 26 °C and rainfall of about 150 cm are 39
required for the cultivation of sugarcane. climate for its growth. Thus, there is hardly
Cotton—High temperature of about 27 °C any sugarcane production in the temperate
during the growing period and rainfall of lands.
about 60 cm to 100 cm in frequent showers
are required for the cultivation of cotton. more ENRICHMENT ACTIVITies
for Lessons 4– 6
Jute—High monthly average temperature of
about 26 °C and rainfall of over 150 cm are DATA INTERPRETATION
required for the cultivation of jute. u In 2012–13, the yield of rice and wheat was
Coffee—Average temperature of about minimum.
22 °C and annual rainfall of about 150 cm The yield of rice and wheat was 1984 kg per
to 250 cm are required for the cultivation hectare and 2602 kg per hectare respectively.
of coffee. u The average yield of rice and wheat was
2. The geographical conditions necessary for 2161 kg per hectare and 2724.4 kg per
the cultivation of wheat are: hectare respectively.
u Rolling or undulating plains u The wheat production has increased from
u Moderate temperature of about 15 °C 2012–13 to 2016–17.

u Moderate rainfall of about 75 cm during
HALF-YEARLY TEST PAPER
the growing season.
A. 1. a 3. c 5. d 7. a 9. a
u Bright and sunny weather during the time
2. b 4. d 6. c 8. b 10. d
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of harvest.
B. 1. The Prairies experience continental type
L
Well-drained loamy soil or black soil
u
of climate.
g
O
The geographical conditions necessary for
2. An ore is a rock which has large
SC Sa
the cultivation of millet are:
concentration of a particular mineral.
O
u High temperature
3. No, gold isn’t an ubiquitous resource. It is
u Low rainfall localized resource.
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u Less fertile and sandy soil (Accept these 4. The different sources of irrigation are canals,
or any other relevant response.) wells, tubewells and tanks. (Accept these or
3. Indian agriculture is characterized by any other relevant response.)
subsistence agriculture wherein the farmer’s
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5. West Indies is famous for banana plantations.

family consumes almost the entire produce
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(Accept this or any other relevant response.)

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with little or no surplus to sell in the market.

6. The Savanna grasslands are found between
This type of agriculture totally depends on
the equatorial forests and the tropical
monsoon rain and is characterized by small
deserts.
and uneconomic landholdings. The farm
labour is provided by animals and members 7. The soil profile is a vertical section of soil
of the farmer’s family. In subsistence from the surface to the parent rock.
agriculture food crop is mostly produced 8. The different types of resources on the basis
and the cultivation of fodder crop is almost of their renewability are renewable and non-
insignificant. On the other hand, in the renewable resources.
Prairies, the farmer and his family owns 9. Three trees found in the Mediterranean
large landholdings of about 1,000 hectares. region are olive, cork, oak and stone pine.
Hence, extensive and mechanized farming (Accept any three of these or any other
is carried out. Moreover, crop rotation, relevant response.)
contour ploughing and strip cropping are 10. Subsistence agriculture is mostly practised in
also practised to maintain soil fertility. Thus, India.
yield per hectare is moderate but yield per C. 1. Minerals which have metals in them are
worker is high. In the Prairies, livestock is called metallic minerals while minerals
also reared to supplement farm income. which do not have metals in them are called
Therefore, the farmers are rich and they non-metallic minerals. Iron ore, bauxite,
maintain a high standard of living. manganese, copper ore and gold are metallic
4. Accept any relevant response. minerals while mica, limestone, salt, gypsum
5. Temperate lands have cold climate whereas and diamond are non-metallic minerals. Both
40 sugarcane plants require hot and humid these minerals are found in India. Their
distribution in India are as follows. reduce surface runoff and also recharge
Iron ore—Iron ore deposit occurs in Bihar, groundwater. (Accept any one of these or
Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, any other relevant response.)
Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, 3. The geographical conditions necessary for
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra. the cultivation of rice are:
Bauxite—Bauxite deposits occur in Bihar, u High temperature of about 25 °C during the
Jharkhand, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, growing season.
Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, u High humidity and rainfall of about 150 cm
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. to 200 cm.
Manganese—Manganese deposits occur Alluvial clayey soil which has water
u
in Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, retention capacity.

Karnataka, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, u Flooded fields when the plants are
Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. growing.
Copper ore—Copper ore deposits occur in Adequate cheap labour
u
Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and

The geographical conditions necessary for
Chhattisgarh.
the cultivation of sugarcane are:
Gold—Gold deposits occur in Tamil Nadu,
u Hot and humid climate
Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
u Level land and well-drained fertile soil
Mica—Mica deposits occur in Bihar,
Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh. u No accumulation of water in the field
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Limestone—Limestone deposits occur 4. Desert vegetation is found in hot and
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in Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, dry areas which experience very high
g
O
Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra temperature and very low rainfall.
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Pradesh, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh. The desert vegetation is characterized
O
Salt—Salt is made in coastal Gujarat, by thorns, wax-coated leaves, thick and
Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh spongy stems and long roots. Such
vegetation includes cactus, thorny bushes
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and Tamil Nadu.

and coarse grass.
Gypsum—Gypsum deposits occur in Uttar
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, 5. Extensive farming is mostly practised in
sparsely populated areas where abundant
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Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir as well as in

Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaisalmer districts of land is available. In this type of farming, the
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Rajasthan. landholdings are large and, thus machines

are used to do farm work. One or two
Diamond—Diamond deposits occur in
commercial crops are cultivated of which
Panna in Madhya Pradesh and in Golkonda
wheat and maize are the most important
in Telangana. (Accept these or any other
crops. Extensive farming is characterized by
relevant response.)
high total output but low per hectare yield.
2. The demand for freshwater is increasing due
D. 1. The plants which grow naturally are called
to population growth. Now people need more
natural vegetation. However, at present all
water to produce more food and cash crops,
types of plants whether natural or modified,
to meet their domestic needs and to maintain
are termed as natural vegetation. On the
their rising standard of living.
other hand, all plants, animals, birds and
Water can be conserved by adopting the organisms which live in their natural habitat
following methods. are known as wildlife.
u The industries should discharge their Natural vegetation can be broadly classified
waste products into water bodies only after into three types namely forests, grasslands
treating the impurities present in them. and shrubs.
Rainwater harvesting should be practised
u
Forests—Cluster of trees that grow close to
whereby rainwater should be collected and each other are called forests. They grow in
stored during monsoon season for use hot and humid climate. Forests can be further
during dry period. classified into three major types namely
u Sprinklers should be used to irrigate fields forests of the tropical region, forests of the
as they use less quantity of water. temperate region and forests of the taiga
More trees should be planted as they
u region. 41
u Forests of the tropical region can be On the basis of origin—On the basis of
sub-classified into evergreen forests found origin, natural resources are of two types
in the equatorial region and deciduous namely biotic and abiotic resources.
forests found in the monsoon region. u Biotic resources include resources
u Forests of the temperate region grow in available from living things such as plants
areas where winters are mild and rainfall is and animals like forests, agricultural crops,
moderate. Such forests have trees, scrubs and wild and domestic animals.
and bushes. Most of the trees in these Abiotic resources include resources
u
forests are either deciduous or coniferous. which are available from physical or
However, in the Mediterranean region non-living environment such as land,
hardwood evergreen trees are found. water, air, minerals and power resources.
Forests of the taiga region are found in
u
On the basis of development—On the
a belt between 50° N and 70° N latitudes basis of development natural resources are
and consists of coniferous trees. of two types namely potential and actual or
Grasslands—In areas where the amount developed resources.
of rainfall is less to support the growth of u Potential resources include those
trees, grasses grow between the scattered resources which are not developed at
trees. Such areas are called grasslands. present but has the potential for future
Grasslands can be further classified into two development. The potential for the
major types namely tropical grasslands and generation of hydroelectricity in Africa in
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temperate grasslands. the future is an example of such resource.
L
u Tropical grasslands, also called the u Actual or developed resources include
g
Savanna, are found between the equatorial
O
those resources which are developed from
SC Sa
forests and the tropical deserts. potential resources. For example, windmills
O
u Temperate grasslands are found developed to harness the wind energy.
between 30° and 55° latitudes in both On the basis of renewability—On the basis
the hemispheres in the interior of the of renewability, natural resources are of two
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continents in the transitional zone between types namely renewable and non-renewable
humid coastal areas and mid-latitude resources.
deserts. These grasslands are called u Renewable resources are those
R a
Prairies in North America, Pampas in resources which can be renewed by

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South America, Steppes in Eurasia, Velds

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reproduction or by physical, mechanical

in South Africa and Downs in Australia. or chemical processes. Such resources
Shrubs—Shrubs grow in areas of very high include plants, animals and water. Some
and low temperature and scanty rainfall such renewable resources such as solar and
as in the hot deserts and in cold tundra wind energy which are unlimited are called
region. Shrubs can be further classified into inexhaustible resources.
two major types namely desert vegetation Non-renewable resources are those
u
and tundra vegetation. resources which are available in fixed

u Desert vegetation is found in hot and dry quantity and cannot be renewed. Such
deserts where there is high temperature resources include minerals and fossil
and very low rainfall. fuels. They are also called exhaustible
u Tundra vegetation is found in the high resources.
latitudes of Eurasia and North America On the basis of distribution—On the
and in the high altitudes of mountains. basis of distribution, natural resources are
Such type of vegetation grows during the classified into ubiquitous and localized.
short summer season when the snow u Ubiquitous resources are those
cover melts. resources which are found everywhere
2. The natural resources include natural such as air and sunlight.
endowments such as land, air, water, soil, u Localized resources are those resources
minerals, natural vegetation and fossil fuels. which are found at certain places. Gold
Natural resources can be further classified on and silver are examples of such resources.
the basis of origin, development, renewability 3. Plantation agriculture—Plantation
42 and distribution. agriculture is mostly practised in the tropical
and subtropical regions. This is a commercial kerosene, wax, plastics and lubricants
farming introduced by the Europeans. In are obtained by refining crude mineral oil.
this type of farming, huge farms or estates, Other by-products obtained from petroleum
efficient and scientific farming methods, include raw materials for chemical
cheap and skilled labour, and huge capital fertilizers, synthetic fibres and drugs.
investments are required. The plantations Thus, mineral oil is of great importance in
are managed like industrial units. Usually the economy.
single crops like tea, coffee, sugarcane, u Natural gas is found in sedimentary rocks.
rubber, banana, spices and cotton are grown It occurs in association with petroleum or
in plantations. The rubber plantations in may occur alone and is used as domestic
Malaysia, coffee plantations in Brazil, tea and industrial fuel.
plantations in India and banana plantations Hydel power is the energy derived from
u
in West Indies are examples of plantation the force of falling water. It is used to
agriculture. generate hydroelectricity.
Mixed farming—Mixed farming is mostly u The energy released in the form of heat
practised in the thickly populated areas of during the process of alteration of the
Europe, eastern USA, Argentina, south- structure of atoms is called nuclear
east Australia, New Zealand and South energy. It is used to generate electricity.
Africa. In this type of farming, both crop
Non-conventional power resources—
farming and livestock rearing are carried
Power resources which have unlimited
on simultaneously. In crop farming, farmers
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reserves and are not likely to get exhausted
cultivate fodder crops along with food crops.
L
are called non-conventional power resources.
They also follow a well-developed system of
g Solar, wind, geothermal, tidal and biogas
O
crop rotation to maintain soil fertility. Hence,
SC Sa energy are the main sources of non-
the yield is high. Cattle are usually reared for
O
conventional power resources.
meat and milk. Efficient methods of farming,
quick means of transportation and ready u Solar energy is the energy derived from
market in the nearby thickly populated areas the sun. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight
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give good return to the farmers. into electricity.

Dairy farming—Dairy farming is mostly Wind energy is the energy derived from
u
practised near big cities to meet the needs wind. Wind energy is harnessed with the
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of people working in factories. The growth help of windmills.

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and development of dairy farming has its u Geothermal energy is the energy derived
roots in Europe where the climate is suitable from hot springs, and emission of dry or
for natural pastures. In this type of farming, wet steam from hot rocks at great depths.
cattle are reared for milk. Large labour force This energy is used to generate electricity.
and huge capital investments are required. u Tidal energy is the energy derived from
At present, machines are widely used for high and low tides. This energy is used to
milking, feeding and cleaning the cattle. generate electricity.
4. Power resources are of two types namely Biogas energy is the energy obtained
u
conventional and non-conventional. from organic wastes such as human and

Conventional power resources—Power animal wastes, cow dung, dead plants and Integrated Social Science Companion 8
resources which have limited reserves and kitchen wastes. These organic wastes are
are likely to get exhausted in the future converted into gaseous fuel which is used
are called conventional energy resources. for cooking and lighting homes.
Coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydel power 5. A number of factors help in the process of
and nuclear energy are the main sources of soil formation. These factors include parent
conventional energy resources. rock material, relief, climatic conditions, plant
u Coal occurs in layers of varying thickness and animal organisms, and time.
in sedimentary rocks and is used to Parent rock material—The underlying
generate thermal electricity. This is the rocks, also called the parent rock materials,
most abundant source of power. influence the colour, texture, chemical
u Petroleum or mineral oil is derived from properties, mineral content and permeability
organic materials trapped in the layers of the soil.
of sedimentary rocks. Petrol, diesel, Relief—The relief features such as the 43
elevation and nature of slope influence the and then answer the following questions.
rate of weathering and drainage of water. u Name the major industrial regions of India.
Thus, flat areas have thicker layer of soil as In which states are they located?
compared to steep slopes. u In which states are the minor industrial regions
Climatic conditions—Climatic conditions located?
such as seasonal distribution of temperature
and rainfall determines the type and
u What type of industrial region is found in
effectiveness of weathering of rocks and north-east India? In which state is it found?
humus formation. Also, young soil develops u How many industrial districts are there in
into mature soil more quickly in humid Tamil Nadu? Name them.
regions than in dry regions. u Name the industrial districts of Jammu and
Plant and animal organisms—Dead plants Kashmir, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
provide humus to soil and humus in turn
gives dark brown colour to the soil. Besides,
plants and micro-organisms help to convert A. 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. c
young soil into mature soil. B. 1. d 2. a 3. b 4. c
Time—Time is a very important factor in the C. 1. The differences between agro-based and
process of soil formation. This is because forest-based industries are:
a body of soil is considered mature if the
soil forming processes have acted over a Agro-based Forest-based
industries industries
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sufficient period of time and the soil has
L
developed a distinct soil profile. a. The industries a. The industries
g
All the above mentioned factors affect the which obtain their which obtain their
O
raw materials raw materials
SC Sa
quality, colour, texture and fertility of soil.
from agriculture, from plants, such
O
Thus, it can be rightly said that soil is formed
under specific natural conditions. that is, plants as trees, bushes
6. The Green Revolution is the increase and animals are and grasses are
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in agricultural production as a result of known as agro- known as forest-

the introduction of HYV seeds, chemical based industries. based industries.
fertilizers and irrigation. b. Examples of b. Examples of
R a
The Green Revolution has changed agro-based forest-based

industries are industries are
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agriculture in India in the following ways:

cotton textiles, paper, cardboard,
u Introduced high-yielding variety (HYV)
silk textiles, rayon, lac, resin
seeds.
vegetable oil, and furniture.
Ensured enough and timely availability of
u
sugar and food
water through development of irrigation processing
systems. industries.
Adequate use of chemical fertilizers,
u
pesticides and insecticides
2. The differences between small-scale and
u Consolidation of small landholdings

large-scale industries are:
u Introduction of farm machinery
u Introduction of agricultural credit on soft Small-scale Large-scale
terms from the banks. industries industries
Setting up of agricultural universities to train
u a. Small-scale a. Large-scale
farmers. (Accept these or any other relevant industries use industries use
response.) power-driven heavy power-
machines. driven machines.
7. Manufacturing Industries b. The raw materials b. The raw materials
are obtained are obtained from
enrichment activity from outside and far-off places
Map study goods are sold and the finished
Ask the students to study the map showing the through traders. products are send
44 industrial regions of India on p. 169 of the textbook to distant markets.
c. Less number of c. Thousands of b. Examples of b. Examples of
labourers are labourers are private sector cooperative sector
employed. employed. industries industries are
d. An individual d. Large-scale are Reliance handloom, food
owns a small- industry have Industries processing and
scale industry. a complex Limited, Tata dairy.
management Steel and
system. Hindustan
Motors.
e. Capital invested e. Huge capital
in a small-scale investment is (Accept these or any other relevant response.)
industry is less required to set D. 1. The processing of raw materials into usable
than that of up large-scale finished products such as, cotton into cloth,
a large-scale industry. sugarcane into sugar, wood pulp into paper
industry. and mineral oil into petrochemicals, is known
(Accept these or any other relevant response.) as manufacturing.
Any economic activity which is associated
3. The differences between public sector and with the production of goods, extraction of
joint sector industries are: minerals or provision of services is known as
Public sector Joint sector an industry. Textiles, mining and tourism are
industries industries examples of industries.
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2. The functioning of an industry on a system
L
a. Industries a. Industries owned
which consists of inputs, processes and
g
owned and and managed
O
managed by the jointly by the output is known as industrial system.
SC Sa
central or state private firms and The different aspects of industrial system
O
governments or the government are inputs, processes and output. The inputs
their agencies agencies are include raw materials, sources of power,
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are known as known as joint labour, cost of land, machinery, transport

public sector sector industries. and other infrastructure while the processes
industries. include a variety of activities which convert
raw materials into finished products with the
R a
b. Examples of b. Examples of
application of suitable technology. The output
public sector joint sector
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is the final finished product and the income

industries are industries are
earned after its sale.
Bhilai Steel Gujarat Alkalies
Plant and Bharat and Chemicals 3. In an iron and steel industry the inputs
Heavy Electricals Limited, Punjab are iron ore, coal, limestone, manganese,
Limited. National Bank labour, capital and other infrastructure. The
and Oil India processes include smelting iron ore in a blast
Limited. furnace and making steel. The output is the
iron and steel.
4. In the twenty-first century information
4. The differences between private sector and technology or IT has enabled transfer of
cooperative sector industries are: information from one place to another and
Private sector Cooperative sector thus made communication cheaper, quicker
industries industries and easily accessible through the introduction
of different high-tech applications and
a. Industries owned a. Industries owned gadgets such as iTunes, iPods and Android.
and managed and managed by Besides these, E-commerce has helped
by an individual a group of people small businesses to prosper, Virtual Learning
or a group of are known as Environments or VLEs has revolutionized
individuals are cooperative sector education, and the use of virtual healthcare
known as industries. teams, telemedicine and electronic health
private sector records have positively affected the
industries. healthcare industry.
45
E. 1. On the basis of raw materials used, hilly area for setting up of industries.
industries are classified into agro-based, Raw materials—Regular and assured supply
mineral-based, pastoral-based, marine-based of raw materials is required.
and forest-based. Power—Adequate and cheap supply of
u Cotton textiles, jute textiles, silk textiles, power to run the industries is essential.
vegetable oil, sugar and food processing Labour—Adequate supply of skilled
are examples of agro-based industries. labourers at reasonable wages is required.
Iron and steel, aluminium and cement are
u
Transport—An efficient network of transport
examples of mineral-based industries. system at a reasonable rate is essential so
u Woollen textiles, leather goods and dairy that the raw materials or finished products
products are examples of pastoral-based can reach easily.
industries. Market—Nearness to market for quick sale
Processing of sea food and manufacturing
u
of manufactured goods.
fish oil are examples of marine-based
Water—Industries which require large
industries.
quantity of water, such as paper industry, is
u Paper, cardboard, rayon, lac, resin and usually located near rivers, canals or lakes.
furniture are examples of forest-based
Capital—Availability of capital from banks
industries.
and government.
On the basis of size, industries are classified
Government policies—The government
into cottage, small-scale and large-scale.
H ar
policies also play an important role in setting
u Industries making rope, basket, handloom up of industries.
L
cloth and leather items are examples of
g
3. The manufacturing of cotton clothes in India
O
cottage industries.
was in vogue about 5,000 years ago. For
SC Sa
u Industries producing cloth, paper goods,
O
about 3,000 years, that is, between 1500
toys, furniture, machine parts, electrical BCE and 1500 CE, India held world monopoly
goods, utensils and leather goods are for the manufacture of cotton textiles. Before
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examples of small-scale industries. the advent of the British, Indian handloom

Iron and steel mills, textile mills, transport
u
clothes like the Muslin of Dhaka, Chintz of
and equipment, and petrochemicals are Masulipatnam, Calico of Calicut and the gold-
examples of large-scale industries.
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wrought brocade work of Burhanpur were in

On the basis of ownership, industries are great demand all over the world. However,
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classified into private sector, public sector, since the Industrial Revolution India lost its
joint sector and cooperative sector. market due to strong competition from the
u Reliance Industries Limited, Tata Steel and modern machine-made cloth of Great Britain.
Hindustan Motors are examples of private Later in 1854, the first successful cotton
sector industries. textile mill was established in Mumbai. Since
u Bhilai Steel Plant and Bharat Heavy then India made a rapid progress to make
Electricals Limited are examples of public cotton textile the largest organized modern
sector industries. industry of India. At present although cotton
textile mills are found in more than 80 cities
Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited,

u
of India but its maximum concentration is
Punjab National Bank and Oil India Limited
in the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, West
are examples of joint sector industries.
Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.
u Amul is an example of cooperative sector Mumbai in Maharashtra developed as the
industry. largest centre of cotton textile and is called
Maruti Suzuki India Limited and The
u
the ‘Cottonopolis of India’.
Coca-Cola Company are examples 4. Information Technology or IT is the science
of multinational corporations. (Accept which uses software and computers
these examples or any other relevant to manage information. It is used for
response.) processing, protecting, securing, storing,
2. The different geographical, economic, human receiving and retrieving information. In the
and political factors which influence the twenty-first century information technology
location of industries are: industry has enabled transfer of information
46 Land—Generally level land is preferred over from one place to another and, thus made
communication cheaper, quicker and easily u Availability of highly educated and skilled
accessible through the introduction of labour force.
different high-tech applications and gadgets u Science, engineering and technology
such as iTunes, iPods and Android. Besides streams are well developed.
these, E-commerce has helped small
u Strong support from the state and the
businesses to prosper, Virtual Learning
central governments.
Environments or VLEs has revolutionized
education, and the use of virtual healthcare 4. The information technology industry has
teams, telemedicine and electronic health developed in the Silicon Valley due to the
records have positively affected the following reasons.
healthcare industry. u The growth and development of many
5. Iron and steel are important for the growth industrial units in the Silicon Valley as a
and development of modern civilization result of the research and expansion of
because the products made from iron US defence programmes in the field of
and steel are used as raw materials for airspace and electronics.
other industries. It is widely used to make The development of high technology
u
machines, tools and a variety of durable Stanford Industrial Park in 1951.

goods. Prof Frederick Terman’s initiative to ask
u
the Stanford University to lease out land to

8. Industries—Comparative Studies the new graduates so that their research
H ar
A. 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. b work can help to start new units for the
development of computer and electronics
L
B. 1. Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited
industry in the region.
g
O
2. Bharat Electronics Limited
E. 1. The locational advantages enjoyed by the
SC Sa
3. Hewlett Packard
steel plant at Jamshedpur are:
O
4. Central processing unit
u The best quality iron ore mines are located
5. Personal computer at a distance of about 75 km to 100 km
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6. Information Communication Technology from Jamshedpur in the Singhbhum district

C. 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False of Jharkhand and in the Mayurbhanj
D. 1. Jamshedpur became the hub of economic district of Odisha.
R a
activities as a result of the growth and The best quality coking coal is obtained
u
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development of Tata Steel plant. With the from Jharia and Raniganj coal mines
T
growth and development of the Tata Steel located at a distance of about 150 km
plant in Jamshedpur, a number of technical to 200 km.
institutes, metallurgical laboratories and u Manganese is obtained from Keonjhar
factories such as machine tools, heavy district in Odisha.
vehicles, diesel engines, locomotives,
Limestone and dolomite are available from
u
agricultural machinery and tin plates were set
the Sundergarh district of Odisha and
up in the city.
Palamau, Hazaribagh and Ranchi districts
2. The reasons for the growth of cotton textile of Jharkhand.
mills in Ahmadabad over Mumbai are:
u Abundant water for cooling and washing is
u Higher land rent and wages in Mumbai. available from the Subarnarekha river and
u The location of Mumbai at a greater a reservoir at the Kharkai river.
distance from the consuming centres. u Availability of labourers from the thickly
u The development of railways in other populated areas of Jamshedpur and its
parts of India helped the textile centres of surrounding regions as well as from
Ahmadabad to collect raw materials and West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand
distribute the finished goods easily. and Uttar Pradesh.
u Cheap labour cost in Ahmadabad. Kolkata, located at a distance of about
u
3. The factors which favoured the development 240 km from Jamshedpur, provides a
of IT industry in Bengaluru are: ready market for the finished products.
u The presence of many high-tech u Jamshedpur is well-connected to Kolkata,
industries. Mumbai and Chennai by an efficient
47
network of roadways and railways. the Silicon Valley which produced high
Besides, the Kolkata port also helps to technical structures to meet the increasing
import and export goods. needs of the industrial units in the Silicon
2. The factors responsible for the growth of iron Valley. Around this time, Prof Frederick
and steel industry in Pittsburgh are: Terman, who was a Stanford graduate
u An early start in 1903 –1904. and is known as the ‘Father of the Silicon
Valley’ played a very important role in the
u Cheap and efficient transportation of high
development of the Silicon Valley. He asked
grade iron ore from the northern fields.
his students in Stanford University to start
u Availability of high grade coking coal from
new units for the development of computer
the nearby Appalachian coalfields.
and electronic industry in the Silicon Valley
Sufficient supply of water from Allegheny
u
and at the same time asked Stanford
and Monongahela rivers. University to lease out land to new graduates
u Easy and cheap inland water transport so that their research work could help in new
provided by the Great Lakes. projects. As a result of this initiative of the
Availability of both skilled and unskilled
u Stanford University a number of companies
labourers. such as Fairchild, Intel, IBM, Microsoft and
u The furnaces and steel plants located Hewlett Packard developed in the Silicon
along the river banks facilitate receiving Valley which started manufacturing integrated
and dispatch of heavy freight. circuits, central processing units or CPUs,
Disc Operating System or DOS and personal
H ar
Numerous factories located in this region
u
provide a ready market for finished computers.
L
products. 5. Accept any relevant response.
g
O
3. The geographical advantages enjoyed by 6. Dry climate usually breaks the thread and
SC Sa
Osaka for the development of cotton textile deteriorates the quality of the cloth while
O
industry are: humid climate does not break the thread.
u Osaka being located in the plains provides Thus, hot and humid climate favour spinning
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the scope for the establishment and future and weaving.

expansion of the textile mills.
MORE ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
Warm and humid climate round the year
u
for Lessons 7– 8
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favours spinning and weaving.

Wordsearch
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u Osaka located on the sea coast provides

T
the ideal location for the import of raw M X W A G R O B A S E D T

materials and the export of finished goods. J U S O H A A S B Z W X G
Nearness to coalfields and water power
u A T S T O U R I S M M Q F
resources. M J R L R V N A C B B V D
u Availability of cheap labourers. S U O M I N M T O C T P Q
u Availability of sufficient freshwater from the H M I L S N M O Z Q B G G
Yodo river. E U C O O P E R A T I V E
u Availability of new and technologically
D M Y L P W N B X L G Z G
advanced machinery, along with efficient
organization. P B X W S O F T W A R E V
u A large market for the finished goods U A I S I N S A Q U I S X

provided by the Asian and African R I K B R C O E I R C J R
countries. G R E A T B R I T A I N P
4. The Stanford Industrial Park established in
R K C L D B C O T T A G E
1951 played a major role in the development
of the Silicon Valley. Since the end of
the Second World War, the US Defence 9. Human Resources
programmes in the field of airspace
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
and electronics helped the growth and
development of a number of industrial units Situational Analysis, Critical thinking and
in the Silicon Valley. As a result, a number of Class discussion
48 small towns started developing in and around Have a class discussion as to how the age-sex
pyramid will look in the following cases. 4. The population pyramid of a developed
u Both the birth and the death rates are high, country is narrow at the base as both the
and there are a large number of children in the birth and the death rates are low. It shows
population compared to old people. that the decrease in death rates allows more
u There has been a sustained decline in the birth people to reach the old age. On the contrary,
rate, but the proportion of the old people has the population pyramid of an underdeveloped
not yet become large. country is broad at the base and tapers
u The birth rate has been low for a long period,
to the top. This shows that although the
birth rates are high, still many children die
and the proportion of the old people is
in their infancy and very few people reach
increasing.
their old age. (Ask the students to draw the
Answers to Textbook Exercises diagrams of the population pyramids of an
underdeveloped and developed country as in
A. 1. a 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. b
Fig. 9.2 and Fig. 9.3 on p. 191 along with the
B. 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False answer.)
C. 1. The factors on which human capacity to
D. 1. The factors which affect the distribution of
convert natural resources into useful products
population are relief, climatic conditions,
depend are:
natural vegetation, soil, water availability,
u People must be literate and should mineral resources, industries, means of
possess technical, vocational and transport, urbanization and government
professional skills. policies.
H ar
u Availability of proper tools and machines.
L
Relief—The mountainous areas restrict the
u People must work hard in order to
g
availability of agricultural land, industries,
O
understand the dignity of labour. transportation and settlement whereas the
SC Sa
u Availability of balanced and nutritious food. plains favour the same. Thus, more people
O
2. The fertile river valleys of eastern and prefer to settle in the plains than in the
southern Asia, the industrial regions of mountainous areas.
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western Europe and east-central North Climatic conditions—Extreme climate

America and the metropolitan urban areas of discourages concentration of population
every country are thickly populated. This is while moderate climate favours settlement.
R a
because suitable climate, fertile soil, mineral Therefore, population is concentrated in

resources and development of industries areas of moderate climate.
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favour human habitation in such areas. On Natural vegetation—The dense forests in

the other hand, hot deserts, cold deserts, hot and humid areas discourage population
high mountainous areas, tundra region, habitation. Thus, the forested areas of the
thickly forested areas of the Amazon and Amazon and the Congo basins have no large
the Congo basins and the Sahara desert settlement.
have sparse population as the physical
Soil—People prefer to settle in areas having
environment there is unfavourable for human
fertile alluvial and lava soils than in areas
habitation.
having desert, mountain and laterite soils as
3. The change in the number of people living fertile soils help in agriculture.
in a territory during a specific time, i.e. a
Water availability—People prefer to settle in
decade is known as change of population.
river valleys and in oases where freshwater
It is expressed either in absolute numbers
for domestic purposes, agriculture, industry
or in percentage. Birth rate, death rate
and transport are easily available.
and migration are the causes of population
change. The annual growth rate of population Mineral resources—The areas rich in
is a measure of population change. It is the mineral deposits attract more people to settle
difference between the number of live births in such areas. For example, the gold mines
or deaths per thousand persons in a year. in Australia have attracted people to settle
If the number of births exceed the number even in the barren desert.
of deaths within a year, the population Industries—The development of industries
increases while if the number of deaths in any region generates employment. Thus,
exceed the number of births within a year people migrate to such areas in search
then the population decreases. of jobs. 49
Means of transport—The cities located in and above are called aged. Generally
the plains and in coastal areas have efficient children and aged are considered dependent
network of transportation and, thus attracts population whereas adults are considered
economic activities. Therefore, such cities are economically active population.
thickly populated. Sex ratio—Sex ratio is the ratio between
Urbanization—The urban areas provide males and females. It is represented as the
better living conditions, diverse economic number of females per 1,000 males. Usually
activities and more employment opportunities the sex ratio should be balanced but it has
for people than the rural areas. Therefore, been noticed that male births exceed female
urban areas have higher density of births in almost all societies due to biological
population than rural areas. reasons. In underdeveloped countries the
Government policies—Often government sex ratio is unfavourable for females due
policies result in population migration from to high female mortality. Also, migration of
one region to another. For example, under males in search of employment disturbs the
the British rule, the Indians were sent sex ratio in many parts of the world such
to Malaya, Fiji and Mauritius to work on as in many European countries, Africa and
plantations. The Negroes from Africa were Kerala in India.
brought to work on the farms in America. Literacy—Literacy is an important component
2. Density of population—The density of of population composition because it
population refers to the number of people influences the social and economic
H ar
living in one sq km area of land. development of a country. The factors
L
Birth rate—The number of live births that which affect the literacy rate are the levels
g
of economic development, urbanization,
O
occur per thousand persons in a year is
standard of living, social status of women,
SC Sa
known as the birth rate.
availability of educational facilities and
O
Death rate—The number of deaths that
government policies. The literacy level is
higher in urban areas than in rural areas and
known as the death rate.
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also among the males than the females.

Annual population growth—Annual
4. Human beings are considered a resource
population growth is the difference between
because human beings can discover, exploit,
the birth and the death rates.
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develop and convert the natural resources

Age composition—Age composition refers into useful articles as per their requirements.
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to the number of people in each age groups. (Accept this or any other relevant response.)
For example, the number of people in the
5. The rural areas lack employment, education
age groups of 0–4 years, 5–9 years and
and health facilities. The poverty in the rural
so on.
areas force people to migrate to urban areas
Sex ratio—Sex ratio is the ratio between the in search of better economic conditions.
males and the females. It is defined as the Thus, people mostly migrate from rural
number of females per 1,000 males. to urban areas. (Accept this or any other
3. The structure of population is known as relevant response.)
population composition. The different

components of population composition are TIME TO DO
age, sex and literacy. These components G. 1. The states with the highest and lowest
vary from country to country and from time population density are Bihar and Arunachal
to time. Pradesh respectively.
Age composition—The number of people in 2. The states which have population density
each age groups such as 0–4 years, between 201 and 600 are Punjab, Haryana,
5–9 years and so on is called age Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
composition. On the basis of age, the Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Telangana,
population of a country can be broadly Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu,
classified into children, adults and aged. Jharkhand, Assam and Tripura.
People who are between 0 years and 14
years of age are called children, those 3. Among the north-eastern states, Assam has
between 15 years and 59 years of age are the highest population density.
50 called adults and those who are 60 years 4. Uttar Pradesh has fertile alluvial plain which
favours human settlement and agriculture (Accept these or any other relevant response.)
whereas three-fourths of Rajasthan is a 3. The differences between flood and drought are:
desert which is unfavourable for human
settlement and agriculture. Thus, Uttar Flood Drought
Pradesh has more population density than a. When river a. Extreme shortage
Rajasthan. (Accept this or any other relevant water overflows of water in a
response.) its banks and region is called
spreads over drought.
10. Disaster and its Management the surrounding
areas it is called
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY flood.
Research and Project

b. It is caused due b. It is caused
to heavy rainfall. due to low and
Make a project on natural disasters which have hit
variable rainfall.
our country in the last two years. Collect pictures
and excerpt from interviews of survivors. Also, (Accept these or any other relevant response.)
gather information on the cause of the natural D. 1. Seismograph—An instrument which detects
disaster / disasters and how it has affected the the occurrence of an earthquake is called
people and the economy of the region. seismograph.
Cyclone—Circulatory winds which develop
Answers to Textbook Exercises in the lower parts of the atmosphere is called
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A. 1. a 3. c 5. b cyclone. A cyclone develops when a low
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2. d 4. b pressure area is surrounded by high pressure
g
and the winds blow towards the low pressure
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B. 1. destruction
centre at a very high speed.
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2. Richter scale.
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Flood—After heavy rainfall, the river water
3. Indian Meteorological Department. when overflows and spreads over the
4. northern surrounding areas is called flood.
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C. 1. The difference between focus and epicentre is: Drip irrigation—An irrigation method in
which water drips slowly to the roots of plants
Focus Epicentre
is called drip irrigation.
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Focus is the place Epicentre is the point Tsunami—A tsunami is a huge wave which
of origin of an on the earth’s surface
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develops when large mass of water is

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earthquake inside which is vertically displaced due to undersea earthquake or

the earth. above the focus. volcanic eruption.
2. The differences between tsunami and 2. The destructions caused due to natural
cyclone are: phenomena such as earthquakes, floods,
droughts, cyclones, landslides and forest
Tsunami Cyclone
fires are called natural hazards while natural
a. Tsunami a. Cyclone develops hazards which cause great loss of life and
develops when when low property are called natural disasters.

large mass of pressure area is The important sources of natural disasters
water is displaced surrounded by are earthquakes, floods, droughts, cyclones,
due to undersea high pressure landslides and forest fires.
earthquake or and wind blows 3. The main causes of droughts are low and
volcanic eruption. towards the low variable rainfall while that of floods are very
pressure centre heavy rainfall.
at a very high
The plains of northern India are more prone
speed.
to floods while Rajasthan, Gujarat, western
b. Huge waves b. Wind blowing Odisha, Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh,
in the coastal at very high Telengana, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, central
areas are the speed and heavy Maharashtra, interior Karnataka, West
characteristics of rain are the Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar
tsunamis. characteristics of and Uttar Pradesh are more prone
cyclones. to droughts.
51
4. An undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption u One must not enter the flooded areas of
is the cause of tsunami. unknown depth.
E. 1. The following precautions should be taken if u One must switch off power and electrical
an earthquake strikes. appliances.
u One must leave her / his home or school u One must drink boiled water and eat fresh
building and move to an open area. cooked food.
u One must learn the basic first-aid One must take help from disaster
u
functions. management teams and other agencies.

One must not stay near windows,
u (Accept these or any other relevant
bookcases, mirrors, hanging pots and fans response.)
during or immediately after an earthquake. 4. The precautionary measures which I will take
u If a person is trapped in a building, she / he in tsunami-prone areas are:
should avoid using a lift and remain close u If I experience an earthquake that lasts
to an interior wall and protect her / his head for about 20 seconds or longer when I am
with her / his arms. in a coastal area, along with my family I
If a person is outdoors, she / he should
u
should move to higher ground immediately
keep away from trees, signboards, after the shaking stops.
buildings, poles and electric wires. u If sea water recedes upto 800 m from the
coast, I should not enter this temporary
u One should not sit inside a car or a bus.
dry area as the sea water may come
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u If a person is inside a theatre hall, stadium back soon.
or an auditorium, she / he should stay
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u I should know the height of my street
inside and do not panic. (Accept these or
g
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above sea level and its distance from the
SC Sa coast as the areas of great risk are less
2. The precautions needed in cyclone-affected
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than 10 m above sea level and within
areas are: two km from the coast.
u One must regularly listen to weather I should prepare a plan of the evacuation
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bulletins on television and radio. route from my house or school and find a
u One must keep an emergency kit ready safe location about 30 m above sea level
at home. which I should be able to reach in
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One must secure one’s home or move

u 15 minutes.
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to a safer place before the cyclone hits

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u If I am planning to visit any coastal area,

the area. I should check with the hotel and tour
u One must store enough non-perishable operators about tsunami evacuation
food articles in waterproof bags. information and how I would be warned
One must not venture into the sea.
u about it.
(Accept these or any other relevant u I should discuss tsunami with my family
response.) as this reduces the fear and anxiety
3. The precautions taken against floods are: associated with it. (Accept these or any
u One must know the routes and location of

safe shelters. 5. Earthquakes, floods, droughts, cyclones,
landslides and forest fires are caused by
u One must listen to radio or watch
nature and are called natural hazards.
television for warning and advice.
These natural hazards cause large-scale
Keep first-aid for diarrhoea and snake
u
destruction. Thus, nature is one of the
bites ready. biggest sources of destruction. (Accept this
u Keep small ropes for tying things. or any other relevant response.)
u Keep a radio, torch, matchbox, candles 6. Accept any relevant response.
and spare batteries.
u Keep adequate stock of freshwater, food MORE ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
articles and kerosene. for Lessons 9 –10
Keep waterproof bags for packing food

u Crossword Puzzle
articles and clothes. Across Down
52 u Keep bamboo sticks to ward off snakes. 1 tsunami 2 monsoon
5 Telangana 3 earthquake Cooperative sector industries— Industries
7 Drought 4 natural hazard which are owned and managed by a group
8 seismograph 6 focus of people who are also the producers of
raw materials are called cooperative sector
9 cyclone
industries. Amul is an example of cooperative
10 flood sector industry.
Multinational corporations—Industries
ANNUAL TEST PAPER
which are set up in collaboration with foreign
A. 1. c 3. a 5. b 7. b 9. d investors and are owned and managed by
2. a 4. d 6. d 8. d 10. b members of two or more countries are called
B. 1. The economic activity associated with the multinational corporations. Maruti Suzuki
production of goods is called industry. India Limited and The Coca-Cola Company
2. Silicon Valley is located in the Santa Clara are examples of multinational corporations.
County in the state of California in USA. (Accept these examples or any other relevant
3. TISCO is renamed as Tata Steel. response.)
4. The annual growth rate of population is the 2. Density of population—The density of
difference between birth rates and death population refers to the number of people
rates in a year. living in one sq km area of land.
Birth rate—The number of live births that
5. The place of origin of an earthquake is called
the focus.
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known as birth rate.
6. An undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption
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Population pyramid—Population pyramid,
is the cause of tsunami.
g also called age-sex pyramid, is the graphical
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7. The Velds are the temperate grasslands of
SC Sa representation of the distribution of females
South Africa.
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and males in different age groups for a
8. Two centres of gold deposit in Australia are country.
Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie. Sex ratio—Sex ratio is the ratio between the
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9. Transhumance is the seasonal movement of males and the females. It is defined as the
the nomadic herders along with their livestock number of females per 1,000 males.
uphill during summer and downhill during 3. The underdeveloped areas such as the rural
R a
winter in search of pastures. areas lack employment, education and health

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10. Soil Horizon B is also known as subsoil.

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facilities. The poverty in the underdeveloped

C. 1. On the basis of ownership, industries are areas force people to migrate to cities in
classified into private sector, public sector, search of better economic conditions. Thus,
joint sector and cooperative sector. people migrate from underdeveloped to
Private sector industries—Industries developed areas.
which are managed by an individual or a 4. In shifting cultivation the land is cleared by
group of individuals are called private sector cutting and burning bushes and trees. Thus,
industries. Reliance Industries Limited, Tata shifting cultivation is also known as slash and
Steel and Hindustan Motors are examples of burn agriculture.
private sector industries. 5. The four varieties of coal are peat, lignite, Integrated Social Science Companion 8
Public sector industries—Industries which bituminous and anthracite.
are owned and managed by the central or Two coal-mining areas in India are Jharia,
state governments or their agencies are Dhanbad, Giridih, Bokaro, Raniganj, Neyveli,
called public sector industries. Bhilai Steel Singareni, Korba and Talcher. (Accept
Plant and Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited any two of these or any other relevant
are examples of public sector industries. response.)
Joint sector industries—Industries which D. 1. The science which uses software and
are owned and managed jointly by private computers to manage information is called
firms and government agencies are called information technology. It is used for
joint sector industries. Gujarat Alkalies and processing, protecting, securing, storing,
Chemicals Limited, Punjab National Bank and receiving and retrieving information.
Oil India Limited are examples of joint sector In the twenty-first century information
industries. technology industry has enabled transfer of 53
information from one place to another and, is not favourable for human habitation.
thus made communication cheaper, quicker Tundra region, the thickly forested areas of
and easily accessible through the introduction the Amazon and the Congo basins, and the
of different high-tech applications and Sahara desert have sparse population.
gadgets such as iTunes, iPods and Android. 4. The precautions taken against floods are:
Besides these, E-commerce has helped u One must know the routes and location of
small businesses to prosper, Virtual Learning safe shelters.
Environments or VLEs has revolutionized
u One must listen to radio or watch
education, and the use of virtual healthcare
television for warning and advice.
teams, telemedicine and electronic health
records have positively affected the Keep first-aid for diarrhoea and snake
u
healthcare industry. bites ready.

2. The factors favourable for the development of u Keep small ropes for tying things.
cotton textile industry in Ahmadabad are: u Keep a radio, torch, matchbox, candles
u The city is located near the cotton and spare batteries.
producing belt of India. u Keep adequate stock of freshwater, food
u Ahmadabad being located in the plains articles and kerosene.
provide scope for the establishment and Keep waterproof bags for packing food
u
future expansion of the cotton mills. articles and clothes.

Availability of sufficient freshwater from the
u u Keep bamboo sticks to ward off snakes.
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Sabarmati river. u One must not enter the flooded areas of
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u Humid climate favours spinning and unknown depth.
g
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weaving. u One must switch off power and electrical
SC Sa appliances.
Availability of cheap hydroelectricity.
u
O
u Availability of cheap skilled and semi- One must drink boiled water and eat fresh
u
skilled labourers from the densely cooked food.

populated states of Gujarat and u One must take help from disaster
IN tna
Maharashtra. management teams and other agencies.

Well-developed rail and road networks
u The precautions taken against droughts are:
help in easy transportation of finished
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u One must learn to harvest and conserve

goods to other parts of the country. water at home.
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3. Thickly populated areas have high density One must develop water harvesting systems.
u
of population. The fertile river valleys, areas u Drip irrigation should be promoted.
with warm climate and mineral resources,
u Forest cover should be increased through
and the industrial regions are thickly
plantations.
populated. Eastern and southern Asia,
western Europe, east-central North America u Crop insurance schemes should be
and the metropolitan urban areas of every encouraged.
country are thickly populated. The moderately Drought-resistant crops should be planted.
u
populated areas are mostly found between 5. A tsunami is a huge wave which develops
the thickly and sparsely populated areas. when large mass of water is displaced due
Most of these areas have developed new to undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption.
industries, facilities for irrigation and mining. Although tsunamis are not frequent they
Thus, people have migrated and settled can occur at any time of the year. When an
in such areas. Central USA, tropical west undersea earthquake occurs it causes large
Africa, southern parts of Russia, eastern areas of the sea floor to rise or subside. This
Europe, Deccan plateau of India, central leads to the occurrence of huge waves called
China and parts of South America are tsunamis. These waves travel at a very high
moderately populated. On the other hand, speed of about 500 to 1,000 km per hour.
sparsely populated areas have low density However, its speed reduces when it enters
of population. The sparsely populated areas the shallow coastal waters. When a tsunami
are the hot deserts, cold deserts and the reaches the coast, its height increases
high mountainous areas. This is because and it appears as a wall of water. With its
54 the physical environment in these regions tremendous energy, these fast moving waves
can crush houses and other structures in the Constructing banks along the contours across
coastal areas and can cause great loss of life the hill slopes.
and property. Contour ploughing—Cultivating along the

6. The agricultural practices that can be contours to check the flow of water and
adopted for soil conservation are: thereby to stop soil erosion.
Rotation of crops—Cultivating different Cover crops—Growing crops on the bare

crops on the same piece of land during ground of the orchards and plantations during
different times of the year. the gestation period of tree crops to cover
Strip cropping—Cultivating erosion-inducing the soil from erosion.
crops in rotation with erosion-resisting crops. Fallowing—Allowing the land to rest in order

Terrace and contour-bunding— to regain soil fertility.
u u u u u
H ar
L
g
O
SC Sa
O
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R a
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55
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE For more exercises see the Practice App.
1. The Constitution and the Need for Laws D. 1. Our Constitution is important because of the
following reasons:
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY u It contains valuable information regarding
Role play the organs, structure, responsibilities and
Enact the ‘Breaking of Salt Law’ in Class. Ensure to duties of the government.
inject a relevant message in the play that may have It regulates the relationship between the
u
some significance even today. various organs and also between the
government and the citizens.
Situational Thinking and Class Discussion
u It has a system of checks and balances
In ancient societies, there was Rule of Law but not
which prevents the misuse of power by the
equality before law. Manu, the ancient law giver
government.
of India, in his Manusmriti had clearly stated that
for the same offence, the punishments would be u It guarantees certain Fundamental Rights
different for the ‘high born’ and the ‘low born’. to the citizens to protect them against any
Who do you think are ‘high born’ and ‘low born’? injustice by the government.
Do we have different punishments for same It guarantees certain rights to the
u
offence in India even today? Discuss in Class minorities in order to protect them against
some important cases in recent years to prove the the oppression by the majority. (Accept
statement of Manu wrong. any four of these or any other relevant
response.)
2. The practice of killing an unborn female child
H ar
A. 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. c
is called female foeticide.
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B. 1. Constitution 3. salt tax
To curb the practice of female foeticide,
g
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2. 26 January 1950 4. anti-liquor the government has passed the Prenatal
SC Sa
C. 1. A constitution lays down the fundamental Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and
O
principles by which a country is to be Prevention of Misuse) Act (PNDT Act) in
governed. 1994 and brought it into effect from
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A constitution, being the foundation of the 1 January 1996. According to this act, the
structure of the government, is needed to determination and disclosure of the sex
govern a country efficiently. It lays down of the foetus is against the law. Also, no
many rules which serve as the guidelines advertisement of prenatal sex determination
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according to which a country should be can be done. Anyone violating the PNDT Act
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governed. can be fined and imprisoned.

2. Laws are essential to ensure the welfare 3. Laws are formulated for the welfare of the
and the security of the people. They help to people. But in many cases it is evident that
bring about changes in the social set-up and a law may not have been formulated for the
establish a society based on equality. welfare of the people. In such cases people
3. The Dowry Prohibition Act was passed to protest against unjust laws. In history we
curb the practice of dowry. find many instances where people defied
The Dowry Prohibition Act was implemented unjust laws for the larger good of the country.
One such example was the Salt Satyagraha
in 1961. It prohibits the practice of giving

money or gifts to the groom and his family by of 1930. When the British imposed salt
the bride’s family as a condition of marriage. tax, making and selling of salt became a
Anyone found disobeying this law and still British monopoly. To protest against salt
following the practice of giving and taking tax Gandhiji launched Salt Satyagraha.
dowry can be fined as well as imprisoned. As a mark of protest Gandhiji and his
followers marched from Sabarmati Ashram
4. A rule is an established principle, a standard
at Ahmadabad to Dandi. On reaching Dandi,
or a guide for action. The rules and principles
Gandhiji made salt. This signified a challenge
are laid down in the constitution and are
to the authority of the British government.
essential for efficient and proper governance
of a country. On the other hand, Rule of Law In the post independence era, anti-
means that everyone is equal before law and liquor movement is another example of
no one is above the law. Thus, this principle protest against unjust laws. Liquor being
regulates the power of the government and an important source of revenue for the
56 stresses on equality before the law. government there was an increase in the
number of liquor shops in Andhra Pradesh. any external control. For example, the people
This problem was further aggravated of India have the right to govern themselves
when the licensed liquor shops opened without any interference from other countries.
unauthorized counters to increase their sale. Democracy means having a government
As a result, people had easy access to liquor wherein people have the power to vote and
and many poor people wasted their money elect their representatives to the government.
on liquor. This led the women of Andhra These representatives then make laws on
Pradesh to launch the anti-liquor movement. behalf of the people. India is a democratic
After much protest the government banned country.
the liquor shops. (Accept any one of these or 4. The Fundamental Rights guaranteed by our
any other relevant response.) Constitution are as follows:
4. Accept any relevant response. u Right to Equality
5. Daughters being considered as financial u Right to Freedom
burden by many people. Thus, female u Right against Exploitation
foeticide was on the rise. This practice
u Right to Freedom of Religion
affected India’s sex ratio. The 2011 Census
u Cultural and Educational Rights
showed a decline in the number of females
in the age group of 0–6 as compared to the u Right to Constitutional Remedies
2001 Census. According to the 2011 Census, D. 1. The procedure through which changes are
there are 919 females per 1,000 males in the made in the provisions of the constitution
through an act is called amendment.
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age group of 0–6 as against 927 females per
1,000 males recorded in 2001. (Accept this
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Our Constitution was drafted in 1949 and
g
or any other relevant answer) since then several changes have taken place
O
in our country. Hence, to be at par with
SC Sa
2. Ideals of Our Constitution the changing conditions it is necessary to
O
A. 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. b make modifications or amendments in the
Constitution.
B. 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False
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2. Socialism—Socialism refers to social and

C. 1. In the history of India, 26 January has great
economic equality. Social equality means
historical significance. In December 1929,
every citizen should enjoy equal status and
during the Lahore session of the Congress,
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opportunities whereas economic equality

a decision was taken to celebrate the Purna
means equitable distribution of wealth and a
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Swaraj or ‘Complete Independence’ day on

descent standard of living for all citizens of a
26 January, until India became independent.
country.
Thus, after India achieved independence, the
Constitution of India was adopted on Secularism—Secularism is a belief where
26 January 1950. religion is kept separate from social,
economic and political matters. All religions
2. Some features of our Constitution which have
are equal and every citizen has the right to
been adopted from the Constitutions of other
practice and spread their own religion.
countries are as follows:
u The Fundamental Rights and the federal Federalism—Federalism is a system of
form of government were adopted from the government in which power is divided
Constitution of USA. between the centre and the states. India has
a federal form of government.
u The parliamentary system of government
and single citizenship were adopted from Liberty—Liberty is the absence of any
the Constitution of UK. subjective restraints on individual freedom for
the holistic development of a person.
The Directive Principles of State Policy
u
were adopted from the Constitution of 3. Democracy cannot exist without individual
Ireland. freedom. Therefore, Articles 19 – 22 of our
Constitution guarantees six different freedoms
u The Five-Year Plans and Fundamental
to promote the ideal of liberty mentioned in
Duties were adopted from the Constitution
the Preamble. According to these Articles, all
of former USSR. (Accept these or any
the citizens of India have the right to
u freedom of speech and expression.
3. Sovereignty means the freedom to govern
oneself within a territory and be free from u assemble peacefully and without arms. 57
u form associations and unions. u We must value and preserve our rich
u move freely throughout the territory of cultural heritage.
India. u It is the duty of the parents or the
reside and settle in any part of India.
u guardians to send their children to school.
u practice any profession and carry on any (Accept any four of these.)
occupation, trade or business. 5. Accept any relevant response.
privacy.
u 6. Economic equality should precede political
However, the Right to Freedom has to be equality because if there is no economic
used in the right manner so that it does equality then the political parties could take
not harm others. For example, the right advantage of this situation and buy votes
to assemble does not mean that one can from the poor people. Thus, to check this
create public disturbances and cause practice it is important that economic equality
problems for others. Similarly, freedom of should precede political equality. (Accept this
speech and expression allows a person or any other relevant response.)
to express herself / himself freely without
hurting or harming others. Also, Right to 3. The Parliamentary System
Freedom means that no citizen can be
punished without being proved guilty in a ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
court of law nor can anyone be punished Situational Thinking and Class Discussion
for the same offence twice. Right to Suppose you are a member of the Parliament sitting
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privacy is also part of life and liberty under in the Lok Sabha as a member of the opposition.
L
Article 21 of the constitution of India. What are the questions that you would ask the
g
O
4. Fundamental Duties are important because member of the ruling party? Think and discuss
SC Sa
only when a person is under obligation to in Class.
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perform certain activities then can she / he
understand the value of rights. Answers to Textbook Exercises
Fundamental Duties are as follows:
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A. 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. b
u We should show respect to our national B. 1. India opted for the parliamentary system
symbols like the National Anthem and the of government because of the following
National Flag. reasons:
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There were certain ideals like democracy,

u
u India was influenced by the British
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non-violence and secularism that inspired parliamentary system of governance.

our freedom fighters during the national
u To give equal representation to the
movement. We must respect these ideals
multiple religious and linguistic groups so
and follow them in our daily lives.
that they could elect their representatives.
u We should protect the sovereignty, unity
To reduce the possibilities of dictatorship.
u
and integrity of our country.
Whenever required, we should be
u
response.)
prepared to show our patriotism by
2. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of
defending our country.

250 members. Out of these, 238 members
u We should promote harmony and are elected by the State Legislative
brotherhood among people by giving up Assemblies and represent the states and
differences based on religion, language the Union Territories. The rest 12 members
and region. are nominated by the President. The Vice
We must take care of public property.
u
President of India is the Chairman of the
u We must preserve our natural environment Rajya Sabha.
such as forests, rivers, lakes and wildlife 3. The differences between the Lok Sabha and
from destruction and degradation. the Rajya Sabha are:
We must develop scientific attitude by
u
u The Lok Sabha is called the House of the
discarding superstitious beliefs. People while the Rajya Sabha is called the
u We must not follow harmful social Upper House of the Parliament.
practices such as dowry, alcoholism, drug The Lok Sabha has a maximum strength
u
58 addiction and gambling. of 552 members, whereas the Rajya

Sabha has a maximum strength of 250 interest. If the members are not satisfied with
members. the functioning of the government, the Lok
u The members of the Lok Sabha are Sabha can pass a vote of no-confidence to
elected directly by the people while the remove the government from power.
members of the Rajya Sabha are either Organ of information—The Parliament
elected by the members of the State works as an organ of information whereby
Legislative Assemblies or nominated by the Members of Parliament can ask for any
the President of India. information except that which may threaten
The Lok Sabha is presided over by the
u the security of the country. The information
Presiding Officer or the Speaker, whereas provided by the Parliament is truthful and
the Rajya Sabha is presided over by the precise.
Vice President. 2. The difference between simple plurality
u Members of the Lok Sabha are elected for and major voting system is that in simple
a term of five years while the members of plurality or first-past-the-post electoral
the Rajya Sabha are elected for a term system, a single winner is chosen in a
of six years. (Accept these or any other given constituency by virtue of her / his
relevant response.) getting more votes than any other individual
4. The Council of Ministers, along with the representative. On the other hand, in a
Prime Minister, are together responsible majority voting system, the person or the
for the decisions taken in the governance party that receives more than half of the total
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of the country. They are jointly answerable votes cast is declared the winner.
L
for all decisions taken by them in the 3. Constituency—A geographical area
g
represented by a Member of Parliament is
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Parliament. This is known as collective
called a constituency.
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responsibility of the Council of Ministers. If a
O
vote of no-confidence is passed against the Session—To discuss issues and to pass
government, all the ministers have to resign. laws, the Parliament meets twice a year. The
C. 1. The functions of the Parliament are as period for which the Members of Parliament
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follows: sit in meeting to conduct its business is

called a session.
Introduction of new laws—The Parliament
Question Hour—The period of time
can change old laws and introduce new
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(an hour) during which members of the

laws through the introduction of bills. A bill
Parliament can ask questions from the
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is the draft of a proposed law. Money Bills,

ministers about the policies and programmes
Ordinary Bills and Constitutional Amendment
of the government is known as the Question
Bills are the three different types of bills
Hour.
which are introduced in the Parliament
either to change the old laws or to introduce Zero Hour—The time assigned (an hour) in
new laws. the Parliament for raising issues of public
interest is known as the Zero Hour. It starts
Financial control over the government’s
immediately after the Question Hour. Zero
income—The Parliament exercises control
Hour is so called because it starts at twelve
on the income and expenditures of the
noon which is the zero hour of the day.
government and also provides ways and
President’s Rule—When the President takes
means to raise the revenue required and
over the rule of a state due to the breakdown
also ensures that the money so granted has
of constitutional machinery in that state, it is
been spent for the authorized purposes. The
called President’s Rule.
Parliament thus exercises financial control
over the government through Budget, the 4. The executive powers of the President
Consolidated Fund of India, grants and include the power to appoint
Contingency Fund. u the leader of the majority party in the
Control over the Executive—The Lok Sabha as the Prime Minister.
Parliament keeps a check on the working of the Governors of states.
u
the ministers. The Members of Parliament u the Chief Justice and other judges of the
have the right to question the ministers Supreme Court and the High Courts.
about the policies and programmes of the u the Chairman and members of the UPSC.
government as well as raise issues of public u the Attorney General. 59
The President has special emergency powers High Courts. (Accept these or any other
and can declare an emergency relevant response.)
u if there is an armed rebellion or an 2. The differences between Supreme Court and
external aggression. High Court are:
if there is a breakdown of constitutional
u
u The Supreme Court is the highest judicial
machinery in a state. authority in the country, whereas the
u if there is a threat to the financial stability High Court is the highest judicial authority
of the country. in a state.
5. People cast their votes through a secret There is only one Supreme Court,
u
ballot so that voter’s choice of candidate whereas there are 24 High Courts.
remains confidential. It also helps voters to u The Supreme Court has a maximum of
take their own decisions in casting their votes 33 judges to aid the Chief Justice, while
for the representatives of their choice without the number of judges in the High Court
the influence or interference of any other depends on the size of the state.
person. The Supreme Court enjoys the power of
u
6. Accept any relevant response. original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction

as well as that of judicial review, but the
4. The Judiciary High Court does not have these powers.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
response.)
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Debate D. 1. Two important functions of the Judiciary are:
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In our country the trial procedure takes a very long
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u It helps to settle disputes whenever there
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time. Thus, many times we come across in the is a conflict between people, people and
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news that slow trial has resulted in denial of justice. state government, two states or between
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Organize a debate on ‘Should the process of justice the state governments and the Union
be made speedy?’ government.
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Answers to Textbook Exercises It upholds and enforces the Fundamental

u
A. 1. a 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. a Rights of the citizens of India.

B. 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True u The Supreme Court being at the top of the
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judicial hierarchy has the power to declare

C. 1. The power of the Supreme Court to hear
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a law null and void if it goes against the

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and decide some special cases in the first

principles and ideals of our Constitution.
instance is known as the original jurisdiction.
(Accept any two of these or any other
These cases cannot be heard in any other
relevant response.)
court. The cases which are subjected to
original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court 2. The President appoints the Chief Justice
include: after consultation with those judges of the
Supreme Court and the High Courts whom
u Disputes between two states.
the President deems necessary. On the
u Disputes between the Union government other hand, the President after consultation
and one or more state governments. with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
u Cases which concern the violation of appoints other judges of the Supreme Court.
the constitution by the government or
To be eligible for the appointment as a judge
anyone else.
of the Supreme Court, a person must be
Issue of writs for the enforcement of
u
u a citizen of India, and
Fundamental Rights.
u have at least five years experience as a
On the other hand, the power of the
judge of a High Court, or at least
Supreme Court to hear and review the cases
10 years experience as an advocate of a
that have been decided by the High Courts is
High Court, or be an eminent jurist in the
known as the appellate jurisdiction. Under the
President’s opinion.
appellate jurisdiction, the Supreme Court can
pass judgements on the cases which have 3. The jurisdiction of the High Court includes:
already been decided by the High Courts, u Issue of writs for the enforcement of
and can even overrule the decisions of the Fundamental Rights.
60
u Passing rules on election petitions and 2. The scope of authority of a court to carry
other election-related disputes. out judgements and enforce laws is called
u Hearing appeals in both civil and criminal jurisdiction.
cases against the decisions of the The different types of jurisdiction of the
Subordinate Courts and reviewing the Supreme Court are the original jurisdiction,
judgements of the Subordinate Courts. appellate jurisdiction, advisory jurisdiction and
Controlling and supervising the work of the
u Judicial Review.
Subordinate Courts. (Accept these or any Original jurisdiction—The power of the
other relevant response.) Supreme Court to hear and decide certain
4. The courts which function at the district level cases in the first instance which otherwise
are called Subordinate Courts. They hear both cannot be heard in any other court is
civil and criminal cases which pertain to the known as the original jurisdiction. The cases
district in which the court is formed. which fall under the original jurisdiction
The different types of Subordinate Courts are: of the Supreme Court are the disputes
between two states, disputes between the
u District Judge’ Court
Union government and one or more state
u Court of the Sessions Judge governments, cases related to violation of the
u Revenue Courts Constitution by the government or anyone
u Panchayat Courts else and issue of writs for the enforcement of
E. 1. There is a three-tier hierarchy of courts to Fundamental Rights.
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administer justice, interpret laws, protect Appellate jurisdiction—The power of the
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the natural rights of the citizens and to Supreme Court to hear and review the cases
g
look into the Union and state laws. The that have been decided by the High Courts is
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Supreme Court is at the apex of the judicial known as the appellate jurisdiction. Under the
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hierarchy followed by the High Courts and appellate jurisdiction, the Supreme Court can
the Subordinate Courts. The Supreme Court pass judgements on the cases which have
makes the final decisions which are then already been decided by the High Courts,
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abided by all the courts of the country. It and can even overrule the decisions of the
is located in the National Capital Territory High Courts.
of Delhi. The High Courts rank second in Advisory jurisdiction—The power of the
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the judicial hierarchy. They are the highest Supreme Court to advise the President on
judicial authority in a state. However, there constitutional issues when asked for is known
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can be a common High Court for two or more as advisory jurisdiction.

states. At present, there are 24 High Courts
Judicial Review—The power of the Supreme
in India. In the three-tier judicial system, the
Court to examine the validity of the laws
Subordinate Courts occupy the third position.
passed by the Union and the states is known
They function at the district level and hear
as the judicial review. Under the judicial
civil and criminal cases which pertain to
review, the Supreme Court can also annul
the district in which the court is formed.
a law if it is found incompatible with the
The Subordinate Courts can be classified
constitution.

into District Judge’s Court and Court of the
Sessions Judge. The District Judge’s Court 3. The courts which function at the district level
is the highest civil court in a district whereas are called Subordinate Courts. They hear
the Court of the Sessions Judge is the both civil and criminal cases which pertain to
highest criminal court in a district. Besides the district in which the court is formed. The
these courts, Revenue Courts and Panchayat different types of Subordinate Courts are:
Courts also fall under the category of District Judge’s Court—The District Judge’s
Subordinate Courts. The Revenue Courts Court is the highest civil court in a district. It
deal with cases of land records. The Court of hears cases related to land, property, money
Collector is the highest Revenue Court in a transactions, marriage, divorce, will and
district. The Panchayat Courts deal with civil guardianship. It also hears appeals against
and criminal cases at the village level. There the judgements of the lower court.
is also a special court called the Lok Adalat Court of the Sessions Judge—The Court
or the People’s Court which provides speedy of the Session Judge is the highest criminal
justice. court in a district. Cases related to murder, 61
robbery and dacoity are tried in this court. of Uttar Pradesh and Kerala will not be the
It also hears appeals against the judgements same because the number of judges are
of lower courts. decided according to the size of the state.
Revenue Courts—The Revenue Courts 3. The Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques
deal with cases of land records, and also (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act
assesses and collects land revenue from was passed by the government to stop
landholders. The highest Revenue Court in a female foeticide.
district is the Court of the Collector while the 4. The Cultural and Educational Rights as
highest Revenue Court under the supervision endowed in Articles 29–30 of our Constitution
of the High Court is the Board of Revenue. guarantees people the right to preserve their
Panchayat Courts—The Panchayat Courts culture.
deal with civil and criminal cases at the 5. Two Lok Sabha members can be nominated
village level. These courts have various from the Anglo-Indian community.
regional names like Gram Kutchery, Nyaya C. 1. Constitution is an important document which
Panchayat and so on. The judgement of the lays down the fundamental principles by
Panchayat Court cannot be appealed against which a country is to be governed.
in any court but the parties involved can seek Our Constitution is important because of the
legal remedy in a court. following reasons:
4. Lok Adalat or People’s Court has been set u It contains valuable information regarding
up to provide speedy justice to the people. A the organs, structure, responsibilities and
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Lok Adalat is presided over by a retired judge duties of the government.
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along with a lawyer and a social worker. The
It regulates the relationship between the
u
g
disputing parties put forward their own cases
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various organs and also between the
without any advocates and the cases are
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government and the citizens.
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solved through mutual understanding and
compromise. No appeal can be made against u It has a system of checks and balances
the order of the Lok Adalat. which prevents the misuse of power by the
government.
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5. Judges should have a fair amount of

It guarantees certain Fundamental Rights
u
experience to be eligible for the post
to the citizens to protect them against any
because the responsibility of taking decisions
injustice by the government.
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and issuing sentences rests on them and

with experience they gain better practical u It guarantees certain rights to the
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knowledge so needed to do their job. (Accept minorities in order to protect them against
this or any other relevant response.) the oppression by the majority. (Accept
any two of these or any other relevant
response.)
more enrichment activities 2. The difference between first-past-the-post
for Lessons 1 – 4 system and major voting system is that in
first-past-the-post electoral system or the
Crossword puzzle
simple plurality system, a single winner is
Across Down chosen in a given constituency by virtue of
3. secular 1. Republic her / his getting more votes than any other
5. Rajya Sabha 2. female foeticide individual representative. On the other hand,
7. Lok Adalat 4. constitution in a majority voting system, the person or the
8. budget 6. President party that receives more than half of the total
votes cast is declared the winner.
9. Panchayat Court
3. The guidelines given to the government
10. amendment
to ensure the welfare of the people are
HALF-YEARLY TEST PAPER termed as Directive Principles. The Directive
A. 1. c 3. a 5. d 7. a Principles are laid down in Part IV of the
Indian Constitution. These principles are
2. a 4. b 6. c 8. d
directives to promote a just social order and
B. 1. The Prime Minister is the leader of the are thus referred to as the ‘conscience of
Lok Sabha. the Constitution’ by the Supreme Court. It is
62 2. No, the number of judges in the High Courts essential for the government to follow these
principles in administrative and legislative different types of jurisdiction of the Supreme
matters. Although these principles are Court are original jurisdiction, appellate
considered primary in governance, but they jurisdiction, advisory jurisdiction and Judicial
are not enforceable in any court of law. Review.
4. The work of the Judiciary is to administer Original jurisdiction—The power of the
justice, interpret laws, protect the natural Supreme Court to hear and decide certain
rights of the citizens and look into the Union cases in the first instance which otherwise
and state laws through a hierarchy of courts. cannot be heard in any other court is
The need for an independent Judiciary is known as the original jurisdiction. The cases
u to prevent the misuse of power by the which fall under the original jurisdiction
Legislature and the Executive, and of the Supreme Court are the disputes
between two states, disputes between the
to ensure just and unbiased justice.
u
Union government and one or more state
D. 1. The different powers exercised by the governments, cases related to violation of the
President are legislative power, executive Constitution by the government or anyone
power, judicial power, financial power, else and issue of writs for the enforcement of
military power, diplomatic power and Fundamental Rights.
emergency power.
Appellate jurisdiction—The power of the
The legislative, military and diplomatic Supreme Court to hear and review the cases
powers as exercised by the President are that have been decided by the High Courts is
as follows:
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known as the appellate jurisdiction. Under the
Legislative powers—The legislative powers appellate jurisdiction, the Supreme Court can
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of the President include the power to
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pass judgements on the cases which have
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summon or suspend the Parliament, dissolve already been decided by the High Courts,
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the Lok Sabha in consultation with the Prime and can even overrule the decisions of the
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Minister, address either House or both High Courts.
Houses of Parliament and issue ordinances Advisory jurisdiction—The power of the
when the Parliament is not in session.
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Supreme Court to advise the President on

Military powers—The President is the constitutional issues when asked for is known
Supreme Commander of the armed forces as advisory jurisdiction.
of India. He appoints the Chiefs of the Army,
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Judicial Review—The power of the Supreme

Navy and the Air Force and has the power to
Court to examine the validity of the laws
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declare war and conclude peace.

passed by the Union and the states is known
Diplomatic powers—The diplomatic powers as the judicial review. Under the judicial
of the President include representation review, the Supreme Court can also annul
of India at international forums, receiving a law if it is found incompatible with the
ambassadors, the right to appoint the constitution.
Ambassadors and the High Commissioners
On the other hand, the High Courts enjoy the
to other countries and the conclusion of all
following jurisdictions:
international treaties in his name.
u Issue of writs for the enforcement of
2. In a democratic republic the government or
Fundamental Rights.
the head of the state is not a hereditary ruler
but is chosen by the people for a certain Passing rules on election petitions and
u
period of time through an election. In an other election-related disputes.

election all adult citizens have the right to u Hearing appeals in both civil and criminal
vote and contest irrespective of their caste, cases against the decisions of the
creed, sex, religion or wealth. In India too the Subordinate Courts and reviewing their
head of the state is chosen by the people judgements.
through an election for a term of five years. Controlling and supervising the work of the
u
Moreover, India as a republic also aims to Subordinate Courts. (Accept these or any
secure justice, liberty, equality and fraternity other relevant response.)
to all its citizens. Thus, India can be rightly 4. The District Judge’s Court, Court of the
called a democratic republic. Sessions Judge and the Revenue Courts are
3. The jurisdictions of the Supreme Court are different types of Subordinate Courts which
more varied than the High Courts. The function in the districts. 63
District Judge’s Court—The District Judge’s the purpose and importance of the bill.
Court is the highest civil court in a district. It
10 The bill is finally sent for the President’s
hears cases related to land, property, money approval after it is passed by both the
transactions, marriage, divorce, will and Houses. If the President has any suggestions
guardianship. It also hears appeals against for changes, he will send the bill back.
the judgements of the lower court. However, the Parliament may or may not
Court of the Sessions Judge—The Court accept these changes and again send the
of the Sessions Judge is the highest criminal bill back to the President. In such a case, the
court in a district. Cases related to murder, President has to sign the bill. After this the
robbery and dacoity are tried in this court. It bill becomes a law.
also hears appeals against the judgements of 4 The final form of the bill is put before the
lower courts. House for final discussion and voting.
Revenue Courts—The Revenue Courts 7 The other House may pass the bill or may
deal with cases of land records, and also send it back with some suggestions.
assesses and collects land revenue from 5 The bill is passed by the House where it
landholders. The highest Revenue Court in a originated if more than 50 per cent of the
district is the Court of the Collector while the members vote in favour.
highest Revenue Court under the supervision
8 The President summons a joint sitting of both
of the High Court is the Board of Revenue.
the Houses when the bill is returned by the
5. We need laws to ensure the welfare and other House with some suggestions, but the
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security of the people. They also help to House where it originated does not accept
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bring about changes in the social set-up and those suggestions.
g
establish a society based on equality.
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2 The pros and cons of the bill presented is
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In an attempt to stop the practice of dowry discussed in detail.
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and female foeticide in our country laws
were passed. The Dowry Prohibition Act was
5. The Police and the Courts
passed in 1961 to curb the practice of dowry.
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This act prohibits the practice of giving

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
money or gifts to the groom and his family by
the bride’s family as a condition of marriage. Information gathering and Class discussion
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Anyone found disobeying this law and still There is a special type of crime called cyber
following the practice of giving and taking crime. Find out about the cyber crime and the
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dowry can be fined as well as imprisoned. areas covered under the cyber law and share the
To curb the practice of female foeticide, information with the Class.
the government has passed the Prenatal
Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Answers to Textbook Exercises
Prevention of Misuse) Act (PNDT Act) in 1994 A. 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. d
and brought it into effect from 1 January B. 1. police 4. cross-examines
1996. According to this act, the determination 2. officer incharge 5. State
and disclosure of the sex of the foetus is 3. Magistrate’s Court
against the law. Also, no advertisement of

C. 1. The police is the primary law enforcement
prenatal sex determination can be done.
agency. It is responsible for preventing crime,
Anyone violating the PNDT Act can be fined
investigating it and upholding the law. The
and imprisoned. (Accept any one of these or
police are also needed for the protection of
the citizens.
E. 9 The decision at the joint sitting is taken by a
2. To prevent misuse of power by the police
majority of the total number of members of
and to protect the Fundamental Rights of the
both the Houses present and voting.
citizens, the Supreme Court has laid down
3 The bill may be sent to a Select Committee some guidelines for the police regarding
or a Joint Committee for further discussion. arrests. These are as follows:
6 The bill is then sent to the other House for u The time and place of arrest as well as the
discussion and voting. place of detention of the person arrested
1 A bill is introduced. A speech is delivered by has to be noted down by the police.
64 the person who introduces the bill regarding u If the person arrested lives alone, his
relatives should be informed through a u In case of theft, details of property stolen.
legal aid organization. u The section of the law which applies to the
u The person arrested should be made offence.
aware of his rights at the time of arrest. 2. In a criminal case, after an FIR is filed by the
3. Two directives laid down by the Supreme aggrieved the police begins its investigation.
Court on FIR are: It examines the crime scene, questions the
u An FIR must be filed as soon as the witnesses, records statements, conducts
information about an offence is received. a search and collects evidence. It also
Before beginning the investigation, the
u interrogates the suspects and, if there is
concerned police officer should make an sufficient evidence against the suspect,
inference from the facts mentioned in the arrests the suspect. Then the police files a
FIR that an offence has been committed. charge-sheet in the Magistrate’s Court and
the trial begins. The accused appoints a
u An FIR can be registered at a police
defence lawyer to defend himself while a
station even if the scene of crime does
public prosecutor presents the complainant’s
not fall in its territorial jurisdiction.
case. The court hears the case and then
However, the FIR should be forwarded to
passes its judgement.
the concerned police station as soon as
possible. (Accept any two of these or any 3. The defence lawyer is appointed by the
other relevant response.) accused to represent the case on his behalf.
The defence lawyer cross-examines the
4. Charge-sheet—A charge-sheet is a list of
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witnesses and also ask the court to summon
charges against the accused. It is filed in the
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witnesses to prove that the accused is not
court by the police after the police finishes its
g
guilty. Therefore, an accused is given full
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investigations and finds sufficient evidence
opportunity to defend himself through a fair
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against the accused. The trial can begin only
trial. On the other hand, the public prosecutor
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after the charge-sheet has been filed.
presents the case of the complainant. He is
FIR—FIR or First Information Report is appointed by the State. He presents all the
the account of the crime as given by the
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facts, evidences and witnesses before the

complainant. The police records the complete court to prove that the accused is guilty.
account and gives a copy of it to the
complainant. It then begins its investigations.
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5. Justice should be impartial so that there can

Public prosecutor—After a crime is
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be a fair trial and neither the accused nor the

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committed, the person who makes a formal

complainant is wrongly implicated. (Accept
complaint against the accused is represented
this or any other relevant response.)
by a lawyer in court. This lawyer, who
represents the complainant’s case, is known
as the public prosecutor. 6. Marginalization and Social Justice
D. 1. The procedure of filing an FIR is as follows: A. 1. c 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. b
u The informant tells the officer incharge at B. 1. False 3. True 5. False
the police station the sequence of events, 2. True 4. True

in detail. C. 1. When a particular section of people in a
u The officer notes down the complaint, society are reduced to a position of lower
which is duly signed by the informant. social standing and are cut-off from society,
u The information details are then entered in they are called a marginalized group. The
the FIR register by the police officer. process of being made marginal is known as
A copy of the FIR is given to the informant.
u
marginalization.
The details recorded in an FIR are as follows: Some of the marginalized groups are the
Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes,
u The date and approximate hour when the
Other Backward Classes or OBCs, women,
crime was committed and reported.
children and the minority groups.
u The place where it occurred.
2. Scheduled Tribes are those people who
u The name and address of the complainant. belong to the tribal communities which have
u The name and address of the suspect, been listed in our Constitution. They are also
if any. known as Adivasis. They constitute 8.2 per
Description of the crime.
u cent of India’s population. 65
The Gonds, Bhils, Santhals, Apatanis, in educational institutions and government
Mizos, Warlis, Khasis, Nagas and Bishnois jobs.
are some Scheduled Tribes of India. The u Certain number of seats are reserved
Gonds live in the states of Madhya Pradesh, in the Lok Sabha and in the Vidhan
Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Andhra Sabhas to ensure the participation of
Pradesh while Bhils inhabit the states of the Scheduled Castes in the legislative
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya process. Also, certain constituencies are
Pradesh. The Santhals are inhabitants of exclusively reserved for the Scheduled
the states of Jharkhand, Odisha and West Caste candidates to contest elections.
Bengal. The Apatani, Mizo, Warli, Khasi, Welfare department such as the Ministry of
u
Naga and Bishnoi tribes live in the states of Social Justice and Empowerment is set up
Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Maharashtra, to look after the welfare of the Scheduled
Meghalaya, Nagaland and Rajasthan Castes.
respectively. (Accept these or any other
u The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled
relevant response.)
Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act was
3. Two special rights given to the minorities by enacted to prevent atrocities committed
our Constitution are: against the Scheduled Caste. (Accept
u They can conserve their distinct any four of these or any other relevant
languages, scripts and cultures. response.)
u They can get admission to any 2. Four directives laid down for women’s welfare
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government or government-aided under the Directive Principles of State Policy
L
educational institutions. are:
g
They can establish and administer
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u
u Both women and men have the right to
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educational institutions of their choice. adequate means of livelihood.
O
u At primary stage they can get education in u Both women and men shall get equal pay
their mother tongue. for equal work.
There will be a Special Officer for linguistic
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u
The State shall make provisions for just
u
minorities. (Accept any two of these or any and humane conditions of work and for
other relevant response.) maternity relief.
4. Our Constitution has made special
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u One-third seats shall be reserved for the

provisions for the welfare of the deprived Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe
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and underprivileged sections of the society, women in every Panchayat.

namely the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Not less than one-third of the total
u
Tribes and the Other Backward Classes.
number of offices of Chairpersons in the
They have been provided with special rights.
Panchayats at each level shall be reserved
A specific number of seats are kept apart
for women. (Accept any four of these or
for them in government jobs and educational
institutions. This is called reservation.
3. The steps taken by the government for the
D. 1. Four provisions laid down in our Constitution
upliftment of children are:
for the upliftment of the Scheduled Castes
are: u Prohibition of employment of children in

u Untouchability has been abolished and any occupation below 14 years.
its practice in any form was made a Government schools have been set up to
u
punishable offence. provide free education wherein mid-day

The Scheduled Castes cannot be denied
u
meals are also provided to students.
entry to public places like temples, shops, u Health centres have been set up in rural
hotels and restaurants. areas to give free immunization to infants.
u They cannot be discriminated against The Integrated Child Development Scheme
u
using public wells and water tanks. was launched to improve the conditions
No Scheduled Caste child can be denied
u of children. (Accept these or any other
admission to any school or institution on relevant response.)
the basis of her / his caste. 4. Accept any relevant response.
u Seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes 5. Accept any relevant response.
66
7. Untouchability—A Social Evil Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
A. 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. c u Untouchability has been abolished. The
B. 1. The caste system was the basis of the social preaching and practice of untouchability
hierarchy prevalent during the Vedic times. has been declared a punishable offence.
The caste system was also known as the This has been done under Article 17 and
varna system as it was based on colour the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.
and occupation. The social hierarchy from All Hindu religious institutions meant for
u
the highest to the lowest order comprised the public should be open to all classes
four castes or varnas namely Brahmins, and sections of the Hindu community.
Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. The u The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
Brahmins were at the top of the social Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
hierarchy. They had knowledge of the contains many provisions to end the
scriptures, performed yajnas and worshipped discrimination of the oppressed classes.
in temples. The kshatriyas were the warrior (Accept any two of these or any other
class who defended and ruled the kingdom. relevant response.)
They were followed by the Vaishyas who C. 1. The removal of human excreta manually from
worked as craftsmen, farmers, merchants dry toilets is called manual scavenging.
and traders. The Shudras occupied the
The efforts made by the government to
lowest rung in the social hierarchy. They
eradicate this practice are:
were manual workers who served the first
u The Employment of Manual Scavengers
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three classes and did physical labour. They
and Construction of Dry Latrines
L
were forced to live on the outskirts of the
(Prohibition) Act was passed in 1993.
g
villages and were forbidden to enter any
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temple, use public wells and tanks. It forbade the employment of manual
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2. In India those people who manually remove scavengers and the construction of dry
O
human excreta from dry toilets are referred toilets.
to as manual scavengers. They are known The Supreme Court has issued notices to
u
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by different names in different parts of the the Centre, states and Union Territories to
country. They are called bhangi in Gujarat, end the practice of manual scavenging. It
pabhi in Andhra Pradesh and sikkaliar in has also asked the concerned authorities
to rehabilitate the people involved in
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Tamil Nadu. They are the most oppressed

section of the society. They are served this practice. (Accept these or any other
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in separate utensils, not allowed to enter relevant response.)

temples or draw water from the tank used by 2. Punishable offences which are recognized
the upper castes. They are also not provided under the Scheduled Castes and the
with gloves and masks to do the inhuman Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities)
work of manual scavenging. Therefore, they Act, 1989 are:
are exposed to various skin, respiratory and u Forcing a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled
gastrointestinal diseases. Tribe member to eat or drink inedible
3. Mahatma Gandhi made great efforts to substances.

eradicate the curse of untouchability from Dumping waste, faeces or any other
u
society. He called the untouchables ‘Harijans’ obnoxious matter in the premises or
which means ‘children of God’. He treated neighbourhood of a Scheduled Caste or
them as equals. He cleaned toilets, stayed Scheduled Tribe.
with them in their colonies and also ate
meals with them. He asked his followers to u Wrongful occupation or cultivation of
do the same. He did everything possible to land owned by a Scheduled Caste or
bring the untouchables into the mainstream Scheduled Tribe.
of society. Interfering in the enjoyment of rights over
u
4. Two constitutional safeguards that prevent land, premises or water of a Scheduled

the practice of untouchability are: Caste or Scheduled Tribe.
u The constitution guarantees the Right to Forcing a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled
u
Equality as a Fundamental Right. It says Tribe person not to vote or to vote for a
that all citizens shall be treated equally. particular candidate.
u Reservations have been made for the u Deliberately insulting a Scheduled Caste 67
or Scheduled Tribe person in public. are set up in rural areas and healthcare
u Assault or use of force to outrage the facilities are provided to the rural population
modesty of a woman belonging to a throughout the country. Under the National
Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe. Urban Health Mission, healthcare facilities
(Accept any five of these or any other are provided for the urban poor living in
relevant response.) the slums.
3. Accept any relevant response. 4. The objectives laid down in the Bharat
4. Accept any relevant response. Nirman Plan are:
u Construction of all-weather roads to
8. Government for Development connect villages across the country.
A. 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. a u Provide telephones for communication.
B. 1. False 3. True u Provide clean drinking water.
u Provide electricity to rural households.
2. True 4. True
u Construction of 60 lakh houses for
C. 1. Two important aspects of the Five-Year Plans
the poor.
are:
u Bringing as much as one crore hectares of
u It helps the government to tackle problems
land under irrigation. (Accept these or any
of poverty, unemployment and price rise.
It helps to improve infrastructure such
u
as to increase power generation and D. 1. The Planning Commission ensures the
H ar
to provide better communication and economic development of the country through
proper planning. Its functions are as follows:
L
transportation facilities. All these in turn
g
have facilitated industrial and agricultural u It assesses the resources of the country.
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u It makes plans for the effective and balanced
development.
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u It helped in better distribution of public utilization of the country’s resources.
resources for the purposes of socio- It identifies the objectives of our economic
u
economic development. (Accept any two of policy.

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these or any other relevant response.) u It examines the extent of utilization of

2. The measures adopted by the government to resources and the progress of the plans.
promote small-scale industries are: It tries to ensure that the benefit of
u
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u Tax benefits are given to set up industries. development reaches the largest number
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u Special tax incentives are given to set up of people. (Accept these or any other
small-scale industries in backward areas. relevant response.)
Some products are reserved for exclusive
u 2. The Green Revolution has helped to increase
manufacture by small-scale industries. agricultural production by introducing farmers
u Persons who want to set up small-scale to modern, scientific methods of farming
industries are given special training. such as modern agricultural machinery,
(Accept these or any other relevant high yielding variety seeds, fertilizers and
response.) pesticides, and irrigation facilities.
Modern agricultural machinery—Green
3. The programmes undertaken by the

government in the field of education and Revolution has introduced modern agricultural
health for the welfare of the people are: machinery such as tractors, sowing
machines, threshers and harvesters which
Education—The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
are more efficient and faster.
was started by the government in 2001 to
encourage and promote universal elementary High yielding variety seeds—High yielding
education for all children in the age group variety or HYV seeds especially for wheat
of 6–14 years irrespective of their caste and and rice are extensively used. These seeds
gender. have helped to increase the output.
Health—In the health sector the government Fertilizers and pesticides—The use of
has launched programmes like National Rural fertilizers and pesticides was encouraged to
Health Mission and National Urban Health increase the fertility of land and to control
Mission for the welfare of the people. Under crop loss respectively.
the National Rural Health Mission several Irrigation—Irrigation facilities were increased
68 primary and community health centres to provide sufficient water to HYV seeds
and also to overcome crop failure and less land under irrigation. For more information
productivity due to insufficient and late visit: rsgr.in/sstc8-thb2
monsoon. 5. If there is unsystematic economic
3. The public sector industries comprise goods development then there will be variations in
and services provided by the government the levels of development in different sectors
for the benefit of the public. These goods of the economy as well as in different parts
and services are provided at comparatively of the country. (Accept this or any other
cheaper prices than those offered by the relevant response.)
profit-making companies. The money 6. Accept any relevant response.
invested in these industries comes from the
ANNUAL TEST PAPER
taxes people pay and the profits made by
these public sector units. Some of the public A. 1. b 3. c 5. c 7. a
sector industries are Bharat Heavy Electricals 2. a 4. b 6. b
Limited (BHEL), Hindustan Machine Tools B. 1. The agency of the United Nations which
(HMT) and Steel Authority of India (SAIL). work to improve the condition of children is
On the other hand, private sector industries UNICEF / UNESCO. (Accept any one of these.)
comprise business activities by private 2. Yes, an FIR can be registered at a police
individuals where profit earning is the main station under whose territorial jurisdiction the
motive. Reliance, Hindustan Unilever Ltd., crime has not occurred.
and Johnson & Johnson are private sector 3. To curb the practice of female foeticide,
industries. Besides these, there is also a joint
H ar
the government has passed the Prenatal
sector industries where the public and the
L
Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and
private companies join hands to establish
g
Prevention of Misuse) Act (PNDT Act)
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new enterprises. in 1994. It was brought into effect from
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4. Rural development has been given great 1 January 1996.
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importance by the government. The steps 4. Under the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled
taken by the government to promote rural Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 a
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development are: person can be punished if she / he forces a

u The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan promotes Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe member
universal elementary education to all to eat any inedible substance.
children in the age group of 6–14.
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5. Articles 29–30 of our Constitution state

u Nirmal Gram Puraskar, an incentive-based
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that everyone has the right to develop and

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programme was launched to promote rural preserve their culture.

sanitation.
6. Kshatriyas was the name given to the warrior
u National Rural Health Mission was
class during the Vedic times.
launched to provide better healthcare
facilities to the rural population. Many C. 1. The framers of our Constitution have kept the
Primary and Community Health Centres Judiciary independent of the Legislature and
have also been set up in rural areas. For the Executive so that
more information visit: rsgr.in/sstc8-thb1 u it can check the misuse of powers by the
other two organs of the government.
Employment facilities have been provided
u
for 100 days every year to those adults u impartial justice is possible.
who live below poverty line through the 2. The objectives of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan:
National Rural Employment Guarantee u To create 50 million new work
Scheme. opportunities in the non-farm sector
u Houses have been constructed for the To remove gender and social gap in
u
rural poor under the Pradhan Mantri school enrolment
Gramin Awaas Yojana.
To enhance access to higher education
u
u The government has also started the
Bharat Nirman Plan to develop rural u To reduce malnutrition among children in
areas. It entails the construction of roads the aged 0-3 years
to connect villages, provide telephone To provide electricity to all villages
u
facilities, electricity and clean drinking u To ensure that 50 per cent of rural
water to people living in the rural areas, population has access to proper drinking
and bringing about one crore hectares of water 69
u To increase green cover by 1 million u Right to Freedom includes right to privacy,
hectare every year right to free and compulsory education
u To provide access to banking services to of all children between six and 14 years.
90 per cent households We must use the Right to Freedom
(Accept any five of these or any other with caution. For example, the right to
relevant response) assemble does not mean that we can
create public disturbances and cause
3. Two provisions laid down in our Constitution
problems for others. Similarly, freedom
for the upliftment of Scheduled Tribes are:
of speech and expression allows us to
u The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled express ourselves freely without hurting or
Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act harming others. The Right to Freedom also
was enacted to prevent any atrocities means that no citizen can be punished
committed against the Scheduled Tribes. without being proved guilty in a court of
u The Ministry of Tribal Affairs was set law. Neither can anyone be punished for
up to look into their socio-economic the same offence twice. Thus, this right
development. protects us against injustice.
Seats are reserved for Scheduled Tribes in
u
2. The government looks into the social welfare
educational institutions, government jobs, of the people by ensuring the availability of
the Lok Sabha and the Vidhan Sabhas. safe drinking water, sanitation, education
u Various schemes have been introduced and housing to all its citizens. The different
by the government and other voluntary programmes launched by the government in
H ar
organizations to help reduce illiteracy the different social sectors are:
L
among the Scheduled Tribes and thereby Education—The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
O
to help in their economic development. was started by the government in 2001 to
SC Sa
To give them loans on easy terms. encourage and promote universal elementary
O
u
u Promote their culture and handicrafts. education for all children in the age group of
(Accept any two of these or any other 6 –14 irrespective of their caste and gender.
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relevant response.) Sanitation—In rural areas, an incentive-

4. Three rights regarding protection against based programme named Nirmal Gram
arrest and detention which are guaranteed by Puraskar programme was launched
R a
Article 22 of our Constitution are: to promote rural sanitation. In urban

areas, recycling and reuse of sewage is
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u The right to be informed of the reason for

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arrest at the time of arrest. encouraged.

The right to be defended by a legal
u Health—In the health sector the government
practitioner of the accused’s choice. has launched programmes like National Rural
Health Mission and National Urban Health
u The right to be produced before the
Mission for the welfare of the people. Under
Magistrate within 24 hours of arrest.
the National Rural Health Mission several
Primary and Community Health Centres
response.)
are set up in rural areas and healthcare
D. 1. Right to Freedom According to Articles
facilities are provided to the rural population

19 – 22, democracycannot exist without throughout the country. (visit: rsgr.in/sstc8-
individual freedom. Our Constitution thb1) Under the National Urban Health
guarantees six different freedoms to Mission, healthcare facilities are provided for
promote the ideal of liberty mentioned in the urban poor living in
the Preamble. All citizens have the right to the slums.
freedom of speech and expression.
Employment—Employment facilities have
u assemble peacefully and without arms. been provided for 100 days every year to
u form associations and unions. those adults who live below the poverty
u move freely throughout the territory of line through the National Rural Employment
India. Guarantee Scheme.
reside and settle in any part of India.
u Housing—Houses have been constructed
u practise any profession and carry on any for the rural poor under the Pradhan Mantri
occupation, trade or business. Gramin Awaas Yojana whereas to provide
70
housing facilities, basic services and other the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.
civic amenities to the urban poor living in the u All Hindu religious institutions meant for
slums, programmes like Basic Services to the public should be open to all classes
the Urban Poor and Integrated Housing and and sections of the Hindu community.
Slum Development Programmes are initiated. u The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
Rural development—The government Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
has also started the Bharat Nirman Plan contains many provisions to end the
to develop the rural areas. It entails the discrimination of the oppressed classes.
construction of roads to connect villages, (Accept any four of these or any other
provide telephone facilities, electricity and relevant response.)
clean drinking water to people living in the 5. The Parliament performs several functions.
rural areas, and bringing about one crore Some of them are:
hectares of land under irrigation. (visit: rsgr.
u Introduction of new laws
in/sstc8-thb2)
u Financial control over the government’s
3. First Information Report or FIR is the account
income
of the crime as given by the complainant.
The police records the complete account Control over the Executive
u
which includes the date and approximate u Organ of information

hour when the crime was committed and Introduction of New Laws
reported, the place where it occurred, the The Parliament can introduce new laws and
H ar
name and address of the complainant, the change the old ones. A law is first introduced
name and address of the suspect if any,
L
in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of
g
description of the crime and the section of a proposed law. The bills can be broadly
O
the law which applies to the offence. The classified into three categories. They are:
SC Sa
police then gives a copy of the FIR to the
O
u Money Bills
complainant. On the basis of the FIR, the
u Ordinary Bills
police begins its investigations. Usually
u Constitutional Amendment Bills
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the FIR is filed with the officer incharge

or with an Assistant Sub-inspector in the Money Bills Money Bills contain provisions
police station of the concerned area under related to tax regulations, regulation of
whose jurisdiction the offence has occurred. borrowing of money by the government,
R a
However, an FIR can also be filed at a payment to or withdrawal from the

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police station even if the scene of offence Contingency or the Consolidated Fund of
does not fall in its territorial jurisdiction. In India.
such case the FIR should be forwarded to Ordinary Bills Ordinary Bills are draft
the concerned police station as soon as proposals for ordinary legislation.
possible. There are certain directives laid Constitutional Amendment
down by the Supreme Court on FIR like an Bills Constitutional Amendment Bills deal
FIR must be filed as soon as the information with the amendment of our Constitution.
about an offence is received. Also, before the They can be introduced in either House
beginning of the investigations the concerned
of Parliament. Financial Control Over the
police officer should make an inference from Government’s Income The Parliament
the facts mentioned in the FIR. exercises control over the government’s
4. Four steps taken by the government to income and expenditure. The Parliament
remove untouchability are: provides ways and means to raise the
u The Right to Equality as a Fundamental revenue required, and also ensures that
Right is guaranteed by the Constitution. the money so granted has been spent for
It says that all citizens shall be treated the authorized purposes. The Parliament
equally. thus exercises financial control over the
u Reservations have been made for the government through the Budget, the
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Consolidated Fund of India, grants and
u Untouchability has been abolished. The Contingency Fund.
preaching and practice of untouchability Budget The government places its annual
has been declared a punishable offence. financial statement or the budget before the
This has been done under Article 17 and Parliament. The budget shows the income 71
of the government in detail and how the Organ of Information The Parliament
money will be spent during a particular year. works as an organ of information. Members
Who presents the annual budget before the of Parliament can call for any information
Parliament? except that which may threaten the security
of the country. The information provided
Control Over the Executive The Parliament

by the Parliament is truthful and precise.
keeps a check on the ministers and their
This information is collated not only through
work. Members of Parliament have the right
debates but also through the specific
to question the ministers about the policies
medium of ‘questions’ to ministers. Thus, the
and programmes of the government. This is
Parliament is not just a law-making body, but
usually done in the Question Hour. During
also a multi-functional institution
the Zero Hour, which starts immediately after
the Question Hour, the members can raise E. Across Down
issues of public interest. If the members 6. Sulabh 1. First
are not satisfied with the functioning of the 7. children 2. Kshatriya
government, the Lok Sabha can pass a vote 8. polygamy 3. housing
of no-confidence to remove the government 4. police
from power. 5. public
u u u u u
H ar
L
g
O
SC Sa
O
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72

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SAMPLE LESSON PLAN *

LESSON 1—THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NEED FOR LAWS

foeticide, alcoholism Plan 2

Rationale structure, organs, duties and responsibilities

governed. The teacher should highlight that

u Then the teacher will give the definition of

u After this the teacher will explain the meanings

principles. practice? What other steps can be taken to

Integrated Social Science Companion 8

will be asked to define the term ‘Constitution’ in Plan 3

legislative and judicial body had record

of officials and residential quarters for to wars.

merchants and traders.

set up civil and criminal courts at the district industry.

u Madras (now Chennai), Bengal and Bombay

u They were paid low prices for their

Pradesh and Punjab (Accept any one of these.)

Khonds in Central India; the Khasis and

roots, honey, medicinal herbs and firewood.

the needs of the tribals, the tribals moved A. 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. c

Later, many more mills were set up in declined.

the cost of India’s impoverishment. (Accept and appointments to high posts.

Integrated Social Science Companion 8

transferred all administrative powers to the was discontinued.

the Subsidiary Alliance System and the finances.

the Company. the initiators of the Revolt but the common

Residency, revolts at Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, educate the masses.

Bareilly and Arrah 4. Mahatma Gandhi opposed western education

Integrated Social Science Companion 8

literary source for the study of the modern

and to supervise education.

Teacher recruitment and training

education was neglected. The British

up in all provinces to provide financial aid

and to supervise education.

Integrated Social Science Companion 8

Answers to Textbook Exercises

divided along gender and caste lines. Women

pyre of their husbands. This inhuman

against the custom of sati. Due to his efforts,

6. Most social taboos were associated with

helped in perpetuating women’s subjugation

It exported raw materials and imported

Dinpanah—F of political power. Port towns consequently

of nature, crowded streets and monuments.

bigger and the objects which were far

6. a. Two major principles that guided bowing to the British officials.

lifelike. The painters of Kalighat painted on stupor.

important issues. the painters wanted to invoke the rich

Integrated Social Science Companion 8

basic human rights to them. Further, the

could now communicate with one another

u Freedom of speech and expression through a common medium.

Councils Indian press highlighted the anti-Indian

one unit. of the British rule in India. On the contrary,

Integrated Social Science Companion 8

gathered at Jallianwala Bagh to protest

against the arrests of Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew

4. Gandhiji decided to break the Salt Law

were responsible to the legislature.

Integrated Social Science Companion 8

TIME TO DO u There is a division of power between

3. Radical 6. Radical 2. The framers of our Constitution believed