Integrated Social Bk-8 THB Complete
Integrated Social Bk-8 THB Complete
Satyagraha of 1930, anti-liquor movement our Constitution and then explain each of the
u Rule of Law following points about our Constitution in detail.
It contains valuable information regarding the
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socially relevant laws. organs and between the citizens and the
government.
Previous Knowledge It ensures a proper system of checks and
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balances.
The learners are aware of the relevance of the
democratic set up in modern times and understand It guarantees Fundamental Rights to the
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the significance of laws and regulations in a citizens.
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complex set up. It protects the rights of the minorities.
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u After this the teacher will explain the need
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Plan 1 for laws in our country by quoting incidences
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u The students will be told that a constitution is
of dowry, female foeticide and alcoholism.
Meanings of each of the new words like
a set of rules according to which a country is
dowry, female foeticide and alcoholism will be
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the Constituent Assembly and the Indian on one hand and perpetuate female foeticide
Constitution came into effect on 26 January on the other.
u The students will be asked to write the answers
1950.
to questions 2–3 of C and questions 1–2 of D
Students’ Task at home.
u Almost at the end of the period the students
* The following lesson plan is meant to be a sample. It is suggestive of the kind of lesson plans that would be useful
in planning the teaching programme for the year. It can be modified to suit the needs of the school. 1
topic—Laws and Dissent. She / He will tell the is above the law of the country. All people
students that many times laws are not meant are equal in the eyes of law and that it is
for the general welfare of the public and as the people who are more powerful than the
such people protest against such laws. government.
u Examples of laws and dissent such as salt law u Following this, different ways of protesting
and the resultant Salt Satyagraha of 1930 and against laws such as dharna, gherao, signature
the anti-liquor movement in post independent campaign, rally, demonstration, etc., should be
India should be cited and discussed in detail. discussed.
u After this the teacher will discuss the Rule of
Law. She / He should tell that in a country like Students’ Task
India where there are diversities in terms of The students will be asked to write the answers to
culture, language, religion, etc., no one questions 4 of C and 3 of D at home.
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Integrated Social Science Companion 8
2
HISTORY For more exercises see the Practice App.
1. The Modern Period ancient, medieval and modern. These broad
A. 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. c divisions mark how the polity, society,
economy and culture of one period differed
B. 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False
from that of the preceding or the succeeding
C. 1. The study of changing patterns in society is period. Periodization is, however, valid
called history. only for cataloguing political events. Since
The study of history has evolved societies and economies take a long time to
over time. Earlier, it revolved around the life change, they often cannot be periodized.
of powerful people. That is, the study of 2. Interpretations differ in history as individuals
history was more personality-based. Today, and groups interpret events differently.
however, history revolves around common
For example, the events of 1857–58 are
people, their lives and their ideas. It has,
interpreted differently by British and Indian
in other words, become a study of how
historians. The former view it as a mutiny
societies and economies change with time.
by the sepoys on the issue of the greased
2. Some of the defining features of the modern cartridges. The masses, they say, were
era are scientific progress, industrialization, left untouched by the events that unfolded.
colonization and urbanization. The Indian historians, however, treat it as
Indian historians do not want to call the a popular uprising. According to them, both
British rule in India a ‘modern’ period the sepoys and the common people fought
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because for a very long time the British together to end the exploitative British rule.
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did not promote any industrialization. They 3. Official records—Though the Mughals
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treated India as a colony. They took away
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introduced the practice of recording
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raw materials from India and made her an everything, it was perfected by the British.
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importer of finished British goods. Every administrative decision was recorded
3. The literary sources available for the study and carefully preserved. Every executive,
of this period include official (government)
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In history, a span of time is more important official records are preserved in the National
than a specific date. It is because while dates Archives of India. These official records have
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can be assigned to political events, the same helped historians immensely in their study of
does not hold true for social, economical and the period.
cultural events and processes. For example, Surveys—The practice of conducting
we cannot pinpoint when did the feeling of surveys was introduced by the British. Thus,
nationalism begin to develop among Indians. population surveys, revenue surveys, land
Similarly, we cannot assign an exact date to surveys and many other types of surveys
the British colonization of India. To put exact were conducted. Mapping was an important
dates to historical events would be to defy part of these surveys. All these surveys are a
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
the very nature of the subject. valuable source of information for historians
4. The ‘modern’ period in India is associated studying the modern period.
with the establishment of the British colonial 4. The British conducted surveys in India in
rule and the fight that we put up against it. order to understand the country better.
It also includes the numerous socio-cultural (Accept this or any other relevant
changes that came about in India under the response.)
influence of the British. 5. The British version of history would have
D. 1. History has been divided into periods on the been a biased one.
basis of something which has had a deep
TIME TO DO
impact on our lives. When profound changes
occur in the way of life of the people, we G. 1. ancient 4. medieval 7. ancient
say that a new historical period has begun. 2. medieval 5. ancient 8. modern
History has been divided into three periods— 3. modern 6. ancient 3
Anglo-Mysore War was fought, in which
2. The Expansion of British Power the British defeated Tipu Sultan.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY 4. The British needed a large army to
u conquer more territories,
INFORMATION GATHERING
Relationship between Britain and France was so u protect the British territories from their
sour that in the year 1776, the French sponsored rivals,
the American War of Independence against the u protect the trading interests of the Company,
British who had colonized America. Divide the class and
into groups of four. Ask each group to find out more u suppress internal revolts against the British.
about the history of Anglo-French rivalry. Let each A large part of the British army in India
group present its findings to the class. comprised Indian soldiers, called ‘sepoys’.
Answers to Textbook Exercises These sepoys were commanded by British
officers. It was a well-trained, well-armed
A. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. a
force. The British used this army to conquer
B. 1. pepper, clove, cardamom, cinnamon territories, protect their territories from
2. Warren Hastings rivals, safeguard their trading interests and
3. Seringapatam. suppress internal revolts.
4. Punjab. E. 1. The presence of numerous trading
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C. 1. 1764 2. 1717 3. 1798 4. 1849 5. 1801 companies vying for goods such as spices,
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D. 1. From the seventeenth century onwards, cotton, silk, indigo, saltpetre and so on, led
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European trading companies from Portugal, to intense rivalry among them. All of them
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Holland, England, France and Denmark set wanted to earn profits. Since profits were
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up trading centres in different parts of India. huge, each European country competed for
These trading centres were called factories. a greater share of this trade. The quantum
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They were set up especially in the coastal of trade, however, was not large enough. So
areas. The factories consisted of offices and each company wanted to eliminate the others
godowns. Most of them also had houses and be the only one to trade. This often led
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The factories were called so because the between the nawabs of Bengal and the
officials of the companies were called factors. English East India Company. They were as
2. The Subsidiary Alliance system was very follows.
advantageous to the British. Under it, the u The officials of the Company did not pay
British could maintain a large army at the customs duty on their private trade. This
cost of the Indian rulers. The British indirectly resulted in an enormous loss of revenue
controlled the defence and foreign affairs of for the nawabs.
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
the protected ally, and could overthrow the u The officials of the Company fortified the
ruler and annex his territories whenever they area under their control. This was resented
wished to. Also, the ‘Resident’ could interfere by the nawabs of Bengal.
in the internal affairs of the kingdom to 3. The ruler who signed the system of
further the interests of the Company. Subsidiary Alliance could neither keep his
3. Mysore (now Mysuru) was a powerful own army nor enter into any alliance or
kingdom under the rule of Haider Ali and declare war without the permission of the
Tipu Sultan. It controlled a large part of British. However, the ruler would keep a
the spice trade. Tipu Sultan opposed the British army for his protection and would
British trading in his region. The British, on also pay for its upkeep. Further, a ‘Resident’
the other hand, resented Tipu’s proximity to would be stationed at the ruler’s court. The
the French. This led to four wars between ‘Resident’ could interfere in the internal
Mysore (now Mysuru) and the English matters. Thus, while the British could depend
4 East India Company. In 1799, the Fourth on the Indian ruler for the upkeep of its army,
the Indian ruler, with no standing army of in need of money. This was because of the
his own, became totally dependent on the following reasons. It needed money to
British. He could no longer take any decision u Purchase goods in India and export them.
independently. u Run the administration.
4. Lord Dalhousie devised a policy called the u Maintain a large army.
Doctrine of Lapse. According to it, when the
u Fund the numerous wars that it fought.
ruler of a kingdom, under British protection,
The system of giving the right of revenue
died without a natural heir, his territory would
collection to the highest bidder failed
‘lapse’, that is, become a part of the British
because zamindars started bidding for an
dominion. The adopted heir of the deceased
amount much more than what the land could
ruler could exercise no claim on the territory,
actually produce. So they could never pay
unless the adoption had been earlier
the amount they bade for to the Company.
approved by the British. Lord Dalhousie used
‘Doctrine of Lapse’ to annex Satara, Nagpur, 3. Most peasants during the British rule survived
Jhansi and many other kingdoms. Dalhousie on small incomes. Failure of crops, high
also used the pretext of misgovernment to revenue demand of the English East India
annex territories in India. The annexation of Company and expensive social customs,
Awadh is a case in point. such as marriages and festivals, forced the
peasants to either sell their land or borrow
5. Initially, the British did not interfere with
money from the moneylender.
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Indian laws based on customs and traditions.
4. Britain needed indigo to dye cloth.
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They decided that Indian laws would be
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applied to Indians and British laws would From the early nineteenth century, the
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Company began to force peasants in Bengal
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apply only to the Europeans. But, this
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created a lot of confusion. By the Bengal to grow indigo on their fields. This was
Regulation of 1793, some Indian traditions because of two reasons.
were written down in the form of laws. This u The Industrial Revolution had started in
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made laws uniform and easier to enforce. England and she needed a regular supply
Warren Hastings and Lord Cornwallis gave of indigo to dye the enormous quantities
a proper shape to the judicial set-up. They of cloth being produced by the local textile
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level. In 1833, a Law Commission was England imported indigo from West Indies
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appointed that compiled the Indian Penal and North America. However, the indigo
Code and established the principle of Rule of plantations in these regions collapsed
Law which meant equality before law. Since in the late eighteenth century. So the
this was seldom practised, the Europeans Company turned to India to meet this
and Indians continued to be tried in separate need.
courts. D. 1. The main features of the Permanent
6. Accept any relevant response. Settlement were as follows.
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
u The revenue to be collected from an area
3. Life in the Rural Areas was permanently fixed. It could not be
A. 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. d revised later.
B. 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False u The zamindar had to pay the amount fixed
C. 1. Before the advent of the British, villages within a stipulated time. If he was able to
were self-sufficient units. Most of the things collect more revenue from the land, he
needed by the villagers were produced in the could keep the surplus amount. But if he
village itself. The farmer owned the land and could not pay the fixed amount, he would
he could not be evicted. He paid a small part lose his zamindari rights. The land then
of the produce to the ruler. If crops failed due would be given to another zamindar.
to floods or droughts, the ruler reduced the 2. The Mahalwari system was introduced in
land revenue or sometimes totally wrote it off. present-day western Uttar Pradesh, parts of
2. The English East India Company was always Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. In these areas, 5
land was collectively owned by a group of indigo cultivators that they could sow
villages, called ‘mahals’. The headman of only indigo. Over time, the price paid to
each ‘mahal’ was responsible for collecting the cultivators reduced significantly. The
revenue and paying it to the Company. indigo cultivators suffered under such an
There could also be a periodic revision in the exploitative situation. Resentment on the
revenue demand. The Ryotwari system was part of the cultivators was met with brute
introduced in parts of Madras (now Chennai) force and untold atrocities by the planters.
and Bombay (now Mumbai) presidencies. b. No, by shifting the base of indigo
Under the Ryotwari system, the officials of plantation from Bengal to Bihar, the
the Company collected the revenue directly problem of indigo cultivators could not be
from the ‘ryot’ or peasant. The farmer was solved. Exploitation of indigo cultivators
the owner of the land as long as he paid the continued unabated. Mahatma Gandhi
revenue, which was fixed according to the fought for the cause of the indigo
fertility of the soil. cultivators in Champaran, Bihar.
3. The land revenue settlements introduced
by the Company affected the peasants More enrichment activities
adversely. Land became a saleable for Lessons 1 – 3
commodity which could be bought, sold u Baroda, Diu, Daman, Bassein, Salsette, Goa
or mortgaged. The high revenue demand (Accept any two of these.)
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trapped the peasants in a vicious cycle of u Mahe, Golconda, Yanam, Pondicherry (now
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debt and they found it difficult to come out Puducherry), Karaikal (Accept any two of
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of it. The zamindars wanted to extract the
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these.)
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maximum from the peasants. Neither they u Hoogly, Fort William, Pippli (Accept any two of
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nor the Company did anything to improve
these.)
agriculture.
u Mysore (now Mysuru)
4. The indigo cultivators in Bengal rebelled in
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The traders charged high prices for the to the sophisticated ones of the British.
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goods they sold to the tribals. The tribals, (Accept this or any other relevant response.)
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also, often had to take short-term loans from 5. Birsa Munda wanted to revive the tribal
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moneylenders, who charged a very high rate society because he had realized that unless
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of interest. So the tribals were often caught the tribals reformed themselves, they would
in a cycle of debt. not be able to fight the British and their
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C. 1. The tribals fulfilled all their needs from the agents. (Accept this or any other relevant
forest. They hunted animals in the forest. response.)
They collected forest produce such as fruits,
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British cloth much cheaper than the Indian industry in India was in a shambles due to
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cloth. So, the Indian textile producers were a decline in demand. The foreign market
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thrown out of business. was lost because high duties were levied on
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4. Industrial development began in India in the imported Indian cloth. The textile industry lost
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1850s. out on the domestic market because cloth in
The first cotton textile mill was set up India was much more expensive to produce
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in Bombay (now Mumbai) by Cowasjee than the machine-made British cloth. Also,
Nanabhai in 1854. By 1900, nearly 100 with the rulers, nobles and landlords losing
more mills began operating in Bombay. power, the demand for fine, hand-made cloth
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Ahmedabad and Kanpur. Most of the cotton 3. The decline of the textile industry in India had
mills were owned by Indians. These cotton major repercussions. They were as follows.
mills provided employment to those weavers u India became an exporter of raw materials
and spinners who had lost their source of and an importer of British manufactured
livelihood due to the decline of the textile goods. The British-manufactured goods
industry. entered the market virtually free, while
5. Industrial development in India was slow and Indian goods were kept out of Britain’s
erratic during British rule. This was because markets.
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
the British did not take any steps to protect u There was large-scale unemployment.
the nascent Indian industries, nor did the Lakhs of weavers and spinners became
British develop industries in a uniform and jobless.
sustained manner. The British followed a
u Since modern machine-based industries
policy of free trade whereby the import duty
developed late in India, the jobless
levied on foreign goods was low. Thus,
weavers and spinners could not get
Indian goods had to face tough competition
absorbed in factories. They became
from the machine-made British goods.
agricultural labourers. This resulted
E. 1. Many factors were responsible for the decline in a large-scale underemployment in
of Indian textiles. They were as follows. agriculture.
u From the first half of the eighteenth u There was de-urbanization. Many towns
century, the British government began to that were the main centres of the textile
8 discourage the import of Indian cloth into industry became depopulated.
4. Industrial development in India was slow and 6. The Great Uprising
erratic during British rule. The British took no
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
steps to protect the nascent Indian industries.
Indian industries received major orders, both RESEARCH
from domestic and the export market, only Ask the learners to compare a Mughal sepoy
during the First World War. Further, most and a British sepoy. They will find that while the
industries were owned by the British who former was ill-paid and ill-equipped, the latter was
made no effort to develop industries in a regularly paid and was well-equipped with modern
uniform and sustained manner in India. Thus, weapons. Ask them to research about the measures
while sporadic progress was witnessed in undertaken by our government for the welfare of the
some areas, other regions remained largely defence personnel.
backward. During the course of national Answers to Textbook Exercises
movement, leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi
A. 1. c 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. a 6. c
asked people to boycott British cloth and
B. Down Across
use hand-woven cloth instead. This was an
attempt to revive the dying textile industry. 1. Viceroy 3. Delhi
Therefore, the British were forced to give 2. Residency 5. Barrackpore
some protection to Indian industries. 4. Gurkhas 7. Sepoys
5. Industrial Revolution revolutionized the textile 6. Awadh
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industry in Britain. Cloth began to be made C. 1. The British had abolished sati, legalized
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on machines. This made it cheaper than cloth widow remarriage and encouraged women
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made by hand. As a result, Indian textiles to take up western education. This was
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lost out to British textiles. Meanwhile, the resented by some sections of Indian
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British policy of colonizing India led Britain to society. They interpreted these measures
dump its finished goods in India. The British as examples of interference in the country’s
began to follow the policy of ‘one way free social customs. Further, the British attitude of
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trade’. Thus the Industrial Revolution created racial superiority also led to resentment. For
unequal relationships between nations, the example, Indians were not allowed to travel
relationship between India and Britain being in first class compartments in trains, and
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a case in point, whereby Britain prospered at educated Indians were denied promotions
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u The peasants suffered due to high revenue u The Revolt was not organized properly.
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demands and strict policy of collection.
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There were sporadic uprisings which
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u Native artisans and craftsmen suffered as hint at a lack of coordination among the
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machine-made British goods wiped out the sepoys. The rebels had no proper ideology
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traditional handicraft industry. or programme.
u As old ruling classes were displaced by u Weak leadership also contributed to the
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the British, people who depended on royal failure of the Revolt. Most of the leaders
patronage lost their source of livelihood. fought to liberate their own territories only.
u The British policy of annexing territories, u The rebels were short of weapons and
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Doctrine of Lapse turned many rulers 5. The Revolt of 1857 was more than just a
against the British. mutiny by the sepoys. First, it spread to
u The nawabs of Awadh had always different parts of the country. Second, even
been loyal to the British. Therefore, its the common people—peasants, artisans,
annexation was resented by the people, craftsmen and others—participated in it.
particularly the sepoys, most of whom Third, it lasted for more than two years.
were from Awadh. All this suggests that there was popular
2. The sepoys had many grievances against participation in the Revolt. The sepoys were
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
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of India. Therefore, they declared the frail u It would help the British know about Indian
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Bahadur Shah Zafar as their leader. (Accept culture.
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this or any other relevant response.) u It would help Indians understand their own
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history and rediscover their lost heritage.
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3. The ‘downward filtration theory’ was devised
H. Objective—Driving the British out of India
by the British to wash their hands off primary
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Places—Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, education. The British argued that since
Jhansi, Bareilly, Gwalior, Faizabad, Arrah it was not possible to educate everybody,
Emotions—Sense of betrayal, patriotism they would educate a few Indians from the
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Activities—Control of Delhi, the siege of upper and middle classes, who in turn would
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overseas as according to a popular belief
u It made a provision for spreading
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travel across the sea led to a loss of caste.
education from primary up to the university
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6. The education of girls was neglected. This is
level. Thus, schools, colleges and
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universities were set up.
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Indian women could read and write.
u The medium of instruction at the primary
C. 1. Books and newspapers are an important
and higher levels was to be vernaculars
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12
increasing. To pay the revenue, the peasants famine, neither the Company nor the nawab
were often forced to borrow money from extended any help to the people.
moneylenders. Once in debt, the peasants 2. The indigo rebellion of 1859–60 in Bengal
found it difficult to get out. was a powerful peasant protest. It was a
4. The political causes for the Revolt of 1857 programme of non-cooperation against the
were as follows. indigo planters. Thousands of peasants
u The British policy of annexing territories refused to cultivate indigo on their land.
displaced many rulers. The cultivators attacked indigo factories,
gomasthas or the agents of the planters, and
u Those who had signed the Subsidiary
socially boycotted Indian servants working in
Alliance lost their independence.
the European-owned plantations.
u The policy of Doctrine of Lapse turned
The widespread nature of the indigo rebellion
Rani Lakshmi Bai against the British.
forced the English government to set up an
u The nawabs of Awadh had always Indigo Commission to look into the system
been loyal to the British. Therefore, its of indigo production and suggest changes.
annexation was resented by the people, Indigo cultivation stopped in Bengal. The
particularly the sepoys, most of whom planters shifted their base to Bihar.
were from Awadh.
3. The English East India Company brought
5. Wood’s Despatch of 1854 took the following about many changes in the forest laws. They
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steps to promote education in India. declared all forests to be the property of the
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u It made a provision for spreading state. The tribals were often not allowed to
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education from primary up to the university collect the forest produce, to cut down trees,
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level. Thus, schools, colleges and to hunt and to practise shifting cultivation. In
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universities were set up. some parts, tribals were not even allowed
u The medium of instruction at the primary to stay in the forest. The tribals were greatly
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and higher levels was to be vernaculars angered by all this. The interference of the
and English respectively. Christian missionaries in the socio-religious
u Departments of education were to be set life of the tribals also added to their misery.
The tribals regarded these missionaries as a
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u Teacher recruitment and training 4. The army witnessed many changes after
institutions were to be set up all over the 1858. These were as follows.
country. (Accept any two of these.) u The ratio of European soldiers to Indian
soldiers was raised.
D. 1. The Battle of Buxar was fought on
22 October 1764 between the English East Important positions were given only to the
u
India Company and the combined forces of Europeans. Also, important divisions such
Mir Qasim—the Nawab of Bengal, as the artillery, were put exclusively in
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eighteenth century India. The society is ridden These associations raised their voice against
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with evils like sati, purdah system, pitiable plight many social evils such as the practice of
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of widows, female infanticide and so on. Ask them sati, caste system, untouchability, pitiable
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which social evil would they like to eradicate and condition of widows, lack of education of
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why? women, the practice of child marriage, belief
in superstitions and so on.
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C. 1. The society in eighteenth century India was u Widows were burnt alive at the funeral
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individuals to reform the society of water supply. Nor did it have proper
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single-handedly as there were numerous drainage facilities. There was no concept of
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social evils and issues to deal with. underground drains. At some places, only
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Moreover, the reformers needed public
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support for the causes they were fighting for. disuse. The grand havelis also gradually fell
(Accept this or any other relevant response.) into decay. The afore-mentioned examples
show that the British neglected the walled
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England came to these port cities from where and Madras (now Kolkata, Mumbai and
they were then re-distributed throughout India. Chennai) played an important role in trade. 15
u Hill stations such as Shimla, Ooty and Planning techniques already in use for
u
Darjiling served as cool retreats from the Britain’s industrial cities. (Accept any two
dust of the plains. of these.)
Cantonment towns such as Lansdowne
u b. Madras (now Chennai) was divided into
stationed many soldiers. Such towns ‘White Town’ and ‘Black Town’.
were built on a European plan with broad This kind of segregation suggests
streets and vast open spaces. Residential the racist attitude of the then British
structures and office buildings were kept government.
separate. c. The cantonments and civil lines were laid
3. In 1911 the capital of British India was out as gridiron planned communities with
shifted from Calcutta (now Kolkata) to Delhi. central thoroughfares (the famous ‘Mall
The British now set out to beautify the Roads’), with tree-lined streets, regularly
capital. Edward Lutyens and Herbert Baker divided building plots and bungalows as
embarked on the task of building the city of the main housing type. The cantonments
New Delhi. The new city took shape along and civil lines also had churches and
the lines of imperial style of architecture. It cemeteries, clubs, race and golf courses.
had broad roads, big bungalows and many
gardens. It was also a very clean city. There
10. Changes in the Arts
was an efficient system of water supply,
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disposal of sewage and good drainage A. 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. b
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facilities. B. 1. paper. 3. Bengal.
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4. After the partition was announced, Delhi 2. Rabindranath Tagore. 4. 1857.
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became a city of refugees. Lakhs of people C. 1. Realistic landscape painting was a popular
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from Pakistan came to Delhi, seeking a imperial tradition. The artists produced real
new life. To accommodate them, numerous and lifelike paintings which included scenes
refugee colonies came up all over the city.
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dramatically. Delhi thus underwent a major 2. The British painters used a lot of symbolism
transformation. in their paintings to highlight the glory of the
5. Yes, this kind of construction would have British rule. For example, in the paintings
minimized the chances of a revolt. that featured both Indians and the British,
Wide roads would have facilitated smooth the former were always shown inferior to the
movement of troops, which would have latter. The British painters also created an
helped the British to quell the revolt easily. image of British invincibility. For example, in
(Accept this or any other relevant response.) some paintings the Indian rulers were shown
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
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invincibility. the seeds of patriotism among the masses.
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2. Kalighat was an important centre of painting By reading the works of great writers such
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in Bengal. Scroll paintings were popular here. as Rabindranath Tagore, Bankim Chandra
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Most of the Kalighat paintings were done Chatterjee, Munshi Premchand and others,
O
on paper using watercolour. They were thus people realized the unjust nature of the
inexpensive and could be bought by the British rule and the evils present in the then
poor. The style was non-realistic and non- Indian society. People came out of their
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painters sought to express their opinions on during the time of the British. This is because
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3. Surendranath Banerjea, Dinshaw Wacha,
British had introduced modern western
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Pherozeshah Mehta and Gopal Krishna
education to equip some Indians to work
g
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Gokhale were some important moderate
at low posts in administration. Exposure
leaders.
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to western education made people more
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They were called so because they were
conscious of their rights. They began
‘moderate’ in their objectives and methods.
to criticize the government for denying
That is, they believed in constitutional
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Some of the demands of the moderates were of India, speaking different languages,
as follows.
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helped to develop a feeling of solidarity focused on asking people not to use goods
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and togetherness. Further, the introduction manufactured in Britain.
g
of railways, telegraph and postal system
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6. The British introduced modern western
helped people to come in contact with each
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education to equip some Indians to work at
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other and realize that the British rule was low posts in administration. The British also
responsible for their suffering. In this way, believed that exposure to western thoughts
India was unified under the British rule as and ideas would make Indians supporters
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which was later popularly called the Ilbert to criticize the government for denying basic
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Bill. This bill sought to give Indian judges human rights to them. Further, English
the power to hear cases in which the language acted as a unifying force because
Europeans were involved. The European people from different parts of India, speaking
community vehemently opposed it. Such different languages, could now communicate
staunch opposition forced the government with one another through a common medium.
to withdraw the bill. The Indians protested
against the withdrawal of the bill but the
12. The National Movement: Second Phase
British government stood its ground. The
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agreed to raise the wages of the workers.
be important, were put in the reserved list.
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In Kaira, the government suspended tax
Subjects in the reserved list were under
g
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collection for the year.
the control of the Governor and his council.
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Subjects such as education and public 2. In 1920, the Congress started the Non-
O
health, which the British considered less Cooperation Movement. It was launched
important, were the responsibility of the to protest against the British repression in
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ministers. Real power, thus, remained with Punjab following the massacre at Jallianwala
the British officials. Bagh and against the British policy towards
Turkey after the First World War. The
3. On 13 April 1919, people in Amritsar had
movement also aimed at attaining self-
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revolutionary movement. Pritilata to the legislatures and then to obstruct the
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Waddedar became a martyr in the struggle working of the legislatures from inside. So
to free the country.
g
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they wanted to join the government and then
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4. The main features of the Government of oppose its policies.
O
India Act of 1935 were as follows. Purna Swaraj Resolution—In December
u India was to become a federation if more 1929 at the Lahore session, the Congress
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than half of the princely states decided to declared Purna Swaraj or Complete
join it. Independence as its ultimate goal. It asked
u Provincial autonomy was granted. The all Congressmen and nationalists to resign
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ministers of the provincial governments from the legislatures and not to participate
in the elections. It was also decided that
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The power of the legislature was also henceforth every year 26 January would be
increased. observed as Independence Day.
u Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial 7. The Congress actively pursued the policy of
level but introduced at the Centre. The mobilizing the peasants because this would
Viceroy became more powerful and was enlist their support in the national movement.
not responsible to the legislature. Second, the participation of the peasants
would make the national movement a mass
5. Subhas Chandra Bose, popularly called
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of religion, and Indians had played along by and government jobs for the
L
fighting amongst themselves. Thus, Gandhiji disadvantaged sections. This would help
g
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was right in saying that British success in people from weaker sections to uplift their
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India was also because of the cooperation social and economic status.
O
of the Indians. (Accept this or any other u All Indians above the age of 21 (now 18)
relevant response.) can vote in the elections.
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stated that all are equal before the law and from the lands. So in order to meet the high
L
no person shall be discriminated on the revenue demand, peasants were often forced
O
grounds of race, religion, caste and gender.
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3. During British India, music and dance
O
more enrichment activities came to be considered as fine arts and
for Lessons 11–13 became popular with the common people.
Along with Hindustani and Carnatic music,
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u
managed to stay united, secular and strong,
finances. (Accept any two of these.)
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irrespective of religious, cultural and linguistic
2. Some of the earliest newspapers in India were
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started by the British. It was due to the efforts
SC Sa vote and elect their representatives. Thus
of the social reformers in the nineteenth
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India remains a democratic nation. The
century that Indian press emerged. The rising existence of a free press and an independent
tide of nationalism gave further momentum judiciary are the hallmark of India. High
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to the Indian newspapers. The Indian press agricultural output and a robust industrial
voiced the aspirations of the people. During growth are responsible for India’s thriving
the freedom struggle, it played an important economy. Our country has also harnessed
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role in mobilizing the people. The British came nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. It is
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the march for days and Dhani had become rather the bald head, the round spectacles, and the watch
confused by all the talk. He knew there was one swinging at his waist and thought in triumph, “Ah!
L
g
person who would know exactly what was going on So this is Bapuji.”
O
– Gokul’s father, who was the village schoolmaster. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Bapuji or father
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O
He had even joined a satyagraha march in the to the people of India was also the Mahatma or the
city once and had been beaten by lathi-charging great soul. He looked like a benign grandfather,
policemen. someone who should be sitting on a charpoy in the
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“From what I can understand,” Gokul began, village square under a shady tree and talking of
“Bapuji will go to the seaside times gone by. Instead, here he was, leading the
and make salt . . .” long march to freedom.
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“Salt! Why salt?” Dhani asked, astonished. He walked steadily, busy talking to the people
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Burning English goods, wearing khadi – that made beside him. Once in a while someone would run
sense. Why walk for days and days and then up to garland him and he would smile in delight.
instead of a big and exciting bonfire of foreign Another would reach down to touch his feet and
things, make salt? It made no sense! he would raise a hand in blessing. But he did not
“Do you know all Indians have to pay a salt tax stop for a moment, walking with surprising speed
to the British government?” Gokul asked, and Dhani for a man who looked so frail. People poured in
nodded. from both sides of the road, joining the march, and
“We all need salt, so even the poorest peasant the white river kept getting longer and longer. Men,
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leaves and flowers in welcome, and over mud Gokul’s father had also joined the march and
puddles and stony tracks. Slowly, the sun rose
L
they didn’t even know!
g
higher in the sky and they stopped at a village He shook his head. “I should have known you
O
to rest for the hottest part of the afternoon. The
SC Sa two would do something like this. Well, now it is
O
village women brought food for everyone, simple time to go home.” He studied the two reluctant
vegetables and chapattis, which they munched faces before him and smiled. “I know it is fun and
contentedly. you would like to go on, but it is a long walk to
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“What is Bapuji eating?” Dhani wondered Dandi and it is not for small boys . . .”
anxiously. “With all this walking, he’ll need lots of “Will you be going?” Gokul wanted to know.
energy.”
His father shook his head. “No, I’m going back
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26
GEOGRAPHY For more exercises see the Practice App.
1. Resources c. Forests, c. Land, water, air,
agricultural crops, minerals and
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY grasses, wild and power resources
Poster designing domestic animals, are examples of
birds, fishes abiotic resources.
We know that water is the most important
and reptiles are
renewable resource which is getting polluted due
examples of
to human activities. Make a poster on how you can
biotic resources.
save water titled ‘Save Water, Save the Earth’ and
display on the class bulletin board. (Accept these or any other relevant response.)
3. The differences between potential and
Answers to Textbook Exercises developed resources are:
A. 1. d 3. c 5. d 7. a Potential resources Developed resources
2. c 4. a 6. d 8. b a. Resources whose a. Resources whose
B. 1. hydroelectricity. / electricity. (Accept any one availability in total available
of these.) terms of its total quantity and
2. natural quantity is not quality are at
3. exhaustible known at present present known
4. knowledge, skills are potential are developed
resources. resources.
C. 1. The differences between natural and human-
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made resources are: b. These resources b. Surveys have
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need detailed already been
g
Natural Human-made
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survey for the conducted to find
resources resources
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O
a. Resources which a. Natural resources their quantity and available reserve.
are provided to which are quality.
us by nature are converted into (Accept these or any other relevant response.)
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Renewable resources include plants,
future generations is known as sustainable
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animals and water which can be renewed
development.
g
O
by physical, mechanical or chemical
E. 1. With the passage of time humans developed
SC Sa processes.
various techniques to convert the gifts of
O
Non-renewable resources include those
nature into useful articles to satisfy their
resources which once exhausted cannot
needs. For example, waterfall is a gift of
be replaced such as minerals and
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Similarly, the mineral deposits in USA were Ubiquitous resources are those
mere gifts of nature. They were not valuable resources which are found everywhere
to the natives, as they did not know their such as air and sunlight.
use. However, when the Europeans migrated Localized resources are found at certain
to USA, they explored and developed these places and include gold and silver.
mineral deposits and they became valuable b. The human-made resources are made
resources. This is how gifts of nature become by human beings and include buildings,
valuable with the passage of time. roads, machinery and vehicles.
2. The resources are classified into three c. The human resources include human
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
c. Their quantity is c. Their quantity supply? If yes, what does you and the people of
not affected by is affected by your locality do at those times?
human activities. human activities. On the basis of your findings have a group
d. Solar and d. Minerals and discussion on how you can ensure sustainable
wind energy fossil fuels are water use in your locality.
are examples examples of
of renewable non-renewable Answers to Textbook Exercises
resources. resources. A. 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. d
(Accept these or any other relevant response.) B. 1. 29 3. black
4. Our future as well as the future of our planet 2. fertility. 4. arid, semi-arid
is dependent upon our ability to maintain
and preserve the life support system C. 1. The utilization of land for different purposes
which nature has provided. Therefore, it such as cultivation, mining, setting up of
is essential to conserve resources so that industries, settlements and so on is called
land use.
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the resources are either not exhausted or
their quality deteriorated in the near future The interplay of three broad factors namely—
L
due to their irrational and over utilization by physical, economic and human—control the
g
O
different human activities. The conservation utilization of land. The physical factors like
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of resources also aim to maintain a balance the location of a place and its accessibility
O
between population growth and utilization of with other regions, relief, climate, soil, nature
resources. of rocks and minerals, and availability of
water; the economic factor like land tenure;
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the field.
the soil from erosion.
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Fallowing—Allowing the land to rest in order u Checking overgrazing by animals.
g
O
to regain soil fertility. u Rotation of crops—Cultivating different
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4. The most important factor responsible for crops on the same piece of land during
O
the shortage of freshwater is the increased different times of the year.
demand for freshwater due to population u Strip cropping—Cultivating erosion-
inducing crops in rotation with erosion-
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the rising standards of living. Other factors Constructing banks along the contours
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which are also responsible for the shortage across the hill slopes.
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D. 1. We can conserve land resources by making ground of the orchards and plantations
proper plans to use the land efficiently. during the gestation period of tree crops to
Such plans include checking further spread cover the soil from erosion.
of deserts, adopting scientific techniques, u Fallowing—Allowing the land to rest in
conserving soil and forests, providing
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
30
in arid and semi-arid areas. Rainwater 2. The differences between tropical and
should be collected during the rainy temperate grasslands are:
season and stored for use during
Tropical Temperate
dry periods.
grasslands grasslands
u Sprinklers should be used to irrigate fields
as they use less quantity of water. a. The tropical a. The temperate
grasslands are grasslands are
More trees should be planted as they
u
found in the found between
reduce surface runoff and also recharge
transitional zone 30° and 55°
groundwater.
between the latitudes in both
5. Land is an important gift of nature because equatorial forests the hemispheres
it helps human beings to meet most of their and the tropical in the transitional
needs. Land provides sites for settlements deserts. zone between
and farming. It is also used for other the humid coastal
purposes such as cattle grazing, mining and areas and the
setting up of industries. mid-latitude
6. The demand for freshwater is increasing due deserts.
to population growth. Now people need more b. The tropical b. The temperate
water to produce more food and cash crops, grasslands of the grasslands are
to meet their domestic needs and to maintain world are called known as Prairies
their rising standards of living. (Accept this or the Savanna. in North America,
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any other relevant response.) Pampas in South
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America, Steppes
g
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3. Natural Resources— in Eurasia, Velds
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Natural Vegetation and Wildlife in South Africa
O
A. 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. d and Downs in
B. 1. ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber, Australia.
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ironwood (Accept any three of these or any (Accept these or any other relevant response.)
other relevant response.) 3. The effects of clearance and destruction of
2. douglas-fir, sitka, spruce, larch, redwood natural vegetation are:
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short summer season when the snow any other relevant response.)
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cover melts. 4. Some of the initiatives taken to conserve
g
3. The typical wildlife found in each continent natural vegetation and wildlife are:
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are:
SC Sa u Prohibiting the trade of products made
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Africa—Elephants, hippos, rhinos, pythons, from endangered wildlife.
crocodiles, gorillas, apes and chimpanzees u Spreading awareness among people about
are found in the equatorial forests. Deer, the benefits of protecting wildlife.
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giraffes, zebras and stags are found in the Encouraging schoolchildren to participate
u
these, lions, tigers and leopards are also parks and biosphere reserves.
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water is critical to economies.
b. Shaft mining d. Open-cast mining
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u Inadequate safe water supply can deplete
g
10. Which of the following minerals is found in
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fresh water supplies, affect air quality, cause
Kalgoorlie?
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deforestation and result in other environmental
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problems. The lack of a reliable system of piped a. Gold c. Silver
water can prompt people to sink their own wells b. Diamond d. Nickel
and deplete fresh water supplies. The fuel burnt
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destruction of forests and causes environmental B. 1. The differences between metallic and
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u Their distribution over the earth’s surface are dug to extract mineral oil and natural gas
is uneven.
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is called drilling.
g
u They are mixed up with impurities.
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2. Minerals are non-living solid substances
u They are exhaustible resources. (Accept these
SC Sa which have a definite chemical composition.
O
or any other relevant response.) On the basis of composition, minerals are of
2. The minerals influenced the history of human two types. They are metallic and non-metallic
civilization as human beings discovered and minerals.
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cluster of windmills, called wind farms, are
from organic wastes, especially human and
usually set up in the coastal areas and in the
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animal wastes, cow dung, dead plants and
mountain passes where strong and steady
g
O
kitchen wastes is called biogas energy.
winds blow to harness wind energy.
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5. Ores are rocks which has a large
Geothermal energy—The electricity
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concentration of a particular mineral and are
generated from hot springs, emission of
thus commercially useful. Hence, minerals
dry and wet steam from hot rocks at great
are mined only in those regions where they
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u Farmers use primitive methods of farming crop rotation to maintain soil fertility.
to grow crops. u Crop yield is high. (Accept any three of
u Suitability of the soil for the cultivation of these or any other relevant response.)
a particular crop is not considered 6. Three main features of plantation farming
by farmers. are:
Labour is provided by members of the
u
u Huge farms or estates are required.
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farmers’ family. u Efficient and scientific farming methods
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u Mostly manure and a little of chemical are used.
g
fertilizers are used.
O
Cheap and skilled labour is required.
u
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three of these or any other relevant u Single crop, like tea, coffee, sugarcane,
response.) rubber, banana, spices and cotton are
2. Three main features of sedentary farming mostly grown.
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u Crop rotation is done to conserve soil C. 1. Agriculture and industries share a very close
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response.)
3. Three main features of intensive farming are: population inhabiting the lowlands provide
both adequate and cheap labour and a
u Farmers try to extract maximum possible
ready market for the farm products. On the
output from small plots of land.
contrary, the highlands face problems like
u Farmers use simple tools and a lot of rapid soil erosion, non-use of farm machinery
human labour. and limitation to means of transportation
Rice is the important crop cultivated.
u
which restricts the scope of farming.
u Farmers grow two or three crops annually 3. Tertiary activities—All types of services
on the same plot of land. (Accept any which support both primary and secondary
three of these or any other relevant activities are called tertiary activities.
response.) Transport, trade, education, banking,
4. Three main features of extensive farming are: insurance and advertising are examples of
u Extensive farming is done in large tertiary activities.
36 landholdings. Sericulture—Commercial rearing of silkworm
for the production of silk is called sericulture. are land tenure, land use, availability of
Viticulture—Cultivation of grapevine for the farm machinery, government policies and
production of grapes is called viticulture. the level of scientific and technological
Arable land—The land on which crops are developments.
grown is called arable land. 2. Subsistence farming, shifting cultivation,
4. The rearing of cattle for milk is called dairy nomadic herding, sedentary farming,
farming. intensive farming, commercial farming,
extensive farming, mixed farming, plantation
The factors favourable for the development
agriculture and dairy farming are the different
of dairy farming are:
types of farming.
u Existence of natural pastures
Subsistence farming—Subsistence farming
u Availability of large labour force to look is mainly practised to meet the needs of the
after the cattle. farmer’s family. In this type of farming, the
u Machines for milking, feeding and cleaning farmers use primitive methods of farming
the cattle to grow crops and the labour is provided
Huge capital investment
u
by members of the farmers’ family. The
D. 1. The various factors which influence suitability of the soil for the cultivation of
agriculture are broadly classified under a particular crop is not considered by the
physical, economic and others. The important farmer. They mostly use manure and a little
physical factors include relief, climatic of chemical fertilizers and the crop production
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conditions and soil. is low. Hence, the farmers are poor and their
standard of living is low.
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Relief—The lowlands such as river basins,
g
flood plains and deltas have fertile soil, Shifting cultivation—In shifting cultivation,
O
the land is prepared by cutting and burning
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dense population which provides adequate
O
and cheap labour, and ready market for farm bushes and trees. Thus, it is also called
products. On the other hand, in the highlands slash and burn agriculture. In this type
soil erosion is rapid, farm machinery cannot of farming, primitive farming methods are
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be used and means of transport are limited. adopted by the farmers. Yam, cassava,
Thus, lowlands are more suitable for the maize and potatoes are important crops
growth and development of agriculture than cultivated. When the soil loses its fertility and
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the arid and semi-arid regions of Sahara,
cost of production as low as possible.
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central Asia and in some parts of India, like
Extensive farming—Extensive farming is
g
Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. It is a
O
mostly practised in sparsely populated areas means of subsistence for the nomads. In
SC Sa
where abundant land is available. In this
O
nomadic herding, the nomads move with their
type of farming, the landholdings are large domesticated animals, such as sheep, goats,
and, thus machines are used to do farm camels and yaks, in search of pastures. The
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work. One or two commercial crops are seasonal movement of the nomads along
cultivated of which wheat and maize are the with their cattle uphill during summer and
most important crops. Extensive farming is downhill during winter in search of pastures
characterized by high total output but low per
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crop rotation to maintain soil fertility. Hence, Intensive farming Extensive farming
the yield is high. Cattle are usually reared for a. It is usually a. It is mostly
meat and milk. Efficient methods of farming, practised in practised
quick means of transportation and ready the densely in sparsely
market in the nearby thickly populated areas populated populated areas.
give good return to the farmers. countries of the
Plantation agriculture—Plantation
monsoon region.
agriculture is mostly practised in the tropical b. The landholdings b. The landholdings
and subtropical regions. This is a commercial are small. are large.
farming introduced by the Europeans. In
this type of farming, huge farms or estates, c. The farmers use c. The farmers use
efficient and scientific farming methods, simple tools and machines instead
cheap and skilled labour, and huge capital abundant human of human labour.
38 investments are required. The plantations labour.
d. Due to long d. Due to short The geographical conditions necessary for
growing season growing season the cultivation of millets are:
two or three only a single crop u High temperature
crops can be can be grown u Low rainfall
cultivated on the annually. u Less fertile and sandy soil
same plot of land The countries in which millets are grown
annually. are India, China, USA, Brazil, Nigeria, Niger
e. Rice is the e. Wheat and maize and Egypt.
important crop are the important 2. Jute, also known as the golden fibre, is an
cultivated. crops cultivated. important vegetable fibre after cotton. It is
f. The total output f. The total output the cheapest fibre which can be dyed but
is low but the is high but the not easily bleached. It is mostly used to
yield per hectare yield per hectare make packing materials. Alluvial soil, rich in
is high. is low. salts, warm and wet climate and abundant
(Accept these or any other relevant response.) labour are required for the cultivation of jute
plants. India, Bangladesh, Brazil, Taiwan,
5. Agriculture is an important occupation in the
China, Thailand and Malaysia are the main
world because more than half of the world’s
jute producing countries of which India and
population is directly or indirectly engaged in
Bangladesh are the leading jute producers in
agriculture. (Accept this or any other relevant
the world.
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response.)
3. The Green Revolution has changed
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6. Accept any relevant response.
agriculture in India in the following ways:
g
O
u Introduced high-yielding variety (HYV)
6. Major Crops and Agricultural Development
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seeds.
O
A. 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. b Ensured enough and timely availability of
u
Korea, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Egypt, u Introduction of farm machinery
T
USA (Accept any four of these or any other u Introduction of agricultural credit on soft
relevant response.) terms from the banks.
2. Russia, USA, Canada, Australia, China, u Setting up of agricultural universities to
Argentina, Ukraine, South Africa, India train farmers. (Accept these or any other
(Accept any four of these or any other relevant response.)
relevant response.) 4. In the Prairies the geographical environment
3. Brazil, Cuba, India, Mexico, Pakistan, is favourable for farming. The well-drained
Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Hawaii rolling plains are suitable for extensive
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
Islands, Fiji, South Africa, USA (Accept any mechanized farming. The dark brown soil rich
four of these or any other relevant response.) in humus and organic matter, the moderate
4. India, Bangladesh, Brazil, Taiwan, China, temperature during the spring and summer
Thailand, Malaysia (Accept any four of these seasons and the well-developed connectivity
or any other relevant response.) of this region with the consuming centres
5. USA, China, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Egypt, and port towns through the transcontinental
Sudan, Mexico, Uzbekistan (Accept any four railway have favoured the development of
of these or any other relevant response.) agriculture.
6. China, India, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Japan, E. 1. Rice—High temperature of about 25 °C
Indonesia, Bangladesh (Accept any four of during the growing season, high humidity
these or any other relevant response.) and rainfall of about 150 cm to 200 cm are
D. 1. Coarse grains such as jowar, bajra, ragi and required for the cultivation of rice.
sorghum which have low nutritional value are Sugarcane—Temperature of about 20 °C
called millets. to 26 °C and rainfall of about 150 cm are 39
required for the cultivation of sugarcane. climate for its growth. Thus, there is hardly
Cotton—High temperature of about 27 °C any sugarcane production in the temperate
during the growing period and rainfall of lands.
about 60 cm to 100 cm in frequent showers
are required for the cultivation of cotton. more ENRICHMENT ACTIVITies
for Lessons 4– 6
Jute—High monthly average temperature of
about 26 °C and rainfall of over 150 cm are DATA INTERPRETATION
required for the cultivation of jute. u In 2012–13, the yield of rice and wheat was
Coffee—Average temperature of about minimum.
22 °C and annual rainfall of about 150 cm The yield of rice and wheat was 1984 kg per
to 250 cm are required for the cultivation hectare and 2602 kg per hectare respectively.
of coffee. u The average yield of rice and wheat was
2. The geographical conditions necessary for 2161 kg per hectare and 2724.4 kg per
the cultivation of wheat are: hectare respectively.
u Rolling or undulating plains u The wheat production has increased from
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of harvest.
B. 1. The Prairies experience continental type
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Well-drained loamy soil or black soil
u
of climate.
g
O
The geographical conditions necessary for
2. An ore is a rock which has large
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the cultivation of millet are:
concentration of a particular mineral.
O
u High temperature
3. No, gold isn’t an ubiquitous resource. It is
u Low rainfall localized resource.
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u Less fertile and sandy soil (Accept these 4. The different sources of irrigation are canals,
or any other relevant response.) wells, tubewells and tanks. (Accept these or
3. Indian agriculture is characterized by any other relevant response.)
subsistence agriculture wherein the farmer’s
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Prairies, the farmer and his family owns 9. Three trees found in the Mediterranean
large landholdings of about 1,000 hectares. region are olive, cork, oak and stone pine.
Hence, extensive and mechanized farming (Accept any three of these or any other
is carried out. Moreover, crop rotation, relevant response.)
contour ploughing and strip cropping are 10. Subsistence agriculture is mostly practised in
also practised to maintain soil fertility. Thus, India.
yield per hectare is moderate but yield per C. 1. Minerals which have metals in them are
worker is high. In the Prairies, livestock is called metallic minerals while minerals
also reared to supplement farm income. which do not have metals in them are called
Therefore, the farmers are rich and they non-metallic minerals. Iron ore, bauxite,
maintain a high standard of living. manganese, copper ore and gold are metallic
4. Accept any relevant response. minerals while mica, limestone, salt, gypsum
5. Temperate lands have cold climate whereas and diamond are non-metallic minerals. Both
40 sugarcane plants require hot and humid these minerals are found in India. Their
distribution in India are as follows. reduce surface runoff and also recharge
Iron ore—Iron ore deposit occurs in Bihar, groundwater. (Accept any one of these or
Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, any other relevant response.)
Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, 3. The geographical conditions necessary for
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra. the cultivation of rice are:
Bauxite—Bauxite deposits occur in Bihar, u High temperature of about 25 °C during the
Jharkhand, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, growing season.
Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, u High humidity and rainfall of about 150 cm
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. to 200 cm.
Manganese—Manganese deposits occur Alluvial clayey soil which has water
u
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Limestone—Limestone deposits occur 4. Desert vegetation is found in hot and
L
in Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, dry areas which experience very high
g
O
Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra temperature and very low rainfall.
SC Sa
Pradesh, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh. The desert vegetation is characterized
O
Salt—Salt is made in coastal Gujarat, by thorns, wax-coated leaves, thick and
Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh spongy stems and long roots. Such
vegetation includes cactus, thorny bushes
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forests are either deciduous or coniferous. which are available from physical or
However, in the Mediterranean region non-living environment such as land,
hardwood evergreen trees are found. water, air, minerals and power resources.
Forests of the taiga region are found in
u
On the basis of development—On the
a belt between 50° N and 70° N latitudes basis of development natural resources are
and consists of coniferous trees. of two types namely potential and actual or
Grasslands—In areas where the amount developed resources.
of rainfall is less to support the growth of u Potential resources include those
trees, grasses grow between the scattered resources which are not developed at
trees. Such areas are called grasslands. present but has the potential for future
Grasslands can be further classified into two development. The potential for the
major types namely tropical grasslands and generation of hydroelectricity in Africa in
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temperate grasslands. the future is an example of such resource.
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u Tropical grasslands, also called the u Actual or developed resources include
g
Savanna, are found between the equatorial
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those resources which are developed from
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forests and the tropical deserts. potential resources. For example, windmills
O
u Temperate grasslands are found developed to harness the wind energy.
between 30° and 55° latitudes in both On the basis of renewability—On the basis
the hemispheres in the interior of the of renewability, natural resources are of two
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continents in the transitional zone between types namely renewable and non-renewable
humid coastal areas and mid-latitude resources.
deserts. These grasslands are called u Renewable resources are those
R a
deserts where there is high temperature resources include minerals and fossil
and very low rainfall. fuels. They are also called exhaustible
u Tundra vegetation is found in the high resources.
latitudes of Eurasia and North America On the basis of distribution—On the
and in the high altitudes of mountains. basis of distribution, natural resources are
Such type of vegetation grows during the classified into ubiquitous and localized.
short summer season when the snow u Ubiquitous resources are those
cover melts. resources which are found everywhere
2. The natural resources include natural such as air and sunlight.
endowments such as land, air, water, soil, u Localized resources are those resources
minerals, natural vegetation and fossil fuels. which are found at certain places. Gold
Natural resources can be further classified on and silver are examples of such resources.
the basis of origin, development, renewability 3. Plantation agriculture—Plantation
42 and distribution. agriculture is mostly practised in the tropical
and subtropical regions. This is a commercial kerosene, wax, plastics and lubricants
farming introduced by the Europeans. In are obtained by refining crude mineral oil.
this type of farming, huge farms or estates, Other by-products obtained from petroleum
efficient and scientific farming methods, include raw materials for chemical
cheap and skilled labour, and huge capital fertilizers, synthetic fibres and drugs.
investments are required. The plantations Thus, mineral oil is of great importance in
are managed like industrial units. Usually the economy.
single crops like tea, coffee, sugarcane, u Natural gas is found in sedimentary rocks.
rubber, banana, spices and cotton are grown It occurs in association with petroleum or
in plantations. The rubber plantations in may occur alone and is used as domestic
Malaysia, coffee plantations in Brazil, tea and industrial fuel.
plantations in India and banana plantations Hydel power is the energy derived from
u
in West Indies are examples of plantation the force of falling water. It is used to
agriculture. generate hydroelectricity.
Mixed farming—Mixed farming is mostly u The energy released in the form of heat
practised in the thickly populated areas of during the process of alteration of the
Europe, eastern USA, Argentina, south- structure of atoms is called nuclear
east Australia, New Zealand and South energy. It is used to generate electricity.
Africa. In this type of farming, both crop
Non-conventional power resources—
farming and livestock rearing are carried
Power resources which have unlimited
on simultaneously. In crop farming, farmers
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reserves and are not likely to get exhausted
cultivate fodder crops along with food crops.
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are called non-conventional power resources.
They also follow a well-developed system of
O
crop rotation to maintain soil fertility. Hence,
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the yield is high. Cattle are usually reared for
O
conventional power resources.
meat and milk. Efficient methods of farming,
quick means of transportation and ready u Solar energy is the energy derived from
market in the nearby thickly populated areas the sun. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight
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practised near big cities to meet the needs wind. Wind energy is harnessed with the
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and development of dairy farming has its u Geothermal energy is the energy derived
roots in Europe where the climate is suitable from hot springs, and emission of dry or
for natural pastures. In this type of farming, wet steam from hot rocks at great depths.
cattle are reared for milk. Large labour force This energy is used to generate electricity.
and huge capital investments are required. u Tidal energy is the energy derived from
At present, machines are widely used for high and low tides. This energy is used to
milking, feeding and cleaning the cattle. generate electricity.
4. Power resources are of two types namely Biogas energy is the energy obtained
u
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sufficient period of time and the soil has
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developed a distinct soil profile. a. The industries a. The industries
g
All the above mentioned factors affect the which obtain their which obtain their
O
raw materials raw materials
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quality, colour, texture and fertility of soil.
from agriculture, from plants, such
O
Thus, it can be rightly said that soil is formed
under specific natural conditions. that is, plants as trees, bushes
6. The Green Revolution is the increase and animals are and grasses are
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2. The functioning of an industry on a system
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a. Industries a. Industries owned
which consists of inputs, processes and
g
owned and and managed
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managed by the jointly by the output is known as industrial system.
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central or state private firms and The different aspects of industrial system
O
governments or the government are inputs, processes and output. The inputs
their agencies agencies are include raw materials, sources of power,
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b. Examples of b. Examples of
application of suitable technology. The output
public sector joint sector
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policies also play an important role in setting
u Industries making rope, basket, handloom up of industries.
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cloth and leather items are examples of
g
3. The manufacturing of cotton clothes in India
O
cottage industries.
was in vogue about 5,000 years ago. For
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u Industries producing cloth, paper goods,
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about 3,000 years, that is, between 1500
toys, furniture, machine parts, electrical BCE and 1500 CE, India held world monopoly
goods, utensils and leather goods are for the manufacture of cotton textiles. Before
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classified into private sector, public sector, since the Industrial Revolution India lost its
joint sector and cooperative sector. market due to strong competition from the
u Reliance Industries Limited, Tata Steel and modern machine-made cloth of Great Britain.
Hindustan Motors are examples of private Later in 1854, the first successful cotton
sector industries. textile mill was established in Mumbai. Since
u Bhilai Steel Plant and Bharat Heavy then India made a rapid progress to make
Electricals Limited are examples of public cotton textile the largest organized modern
sector industries. industry of India. At present although cotton
textile mills are found in more than 80 cities
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
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A. 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. b work can help to start new units for the
development of computer and electronics
L
B. 1. Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited
industry in the region.
g
O
2. Bharat Electronics Limited
E. 1. The locational advantages enjoyed by the
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3. Hewlett Packard
steel plant at Jamshedpur are:
O
4. Central processing unit
u The best quality iron ore mines are located
5. Personal computer at a distance of about 75 km to 100 km
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activities as a result of the growth and The best quality coking coal is obtained
u
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development of Tata Steel plant. With the from Jharia and Raniganj coal mines
T
growth and development of the Tata Steel located at a distance of about 150 km
plant in Jamshedpur, a number of technical to 200 km.
institutes, metallurgical laboratories and u Manganese is obtained from Keonjhar
factories such as machine tools, heavy district in Odisha.
vehicles, diesel engines, locomotives,
Limestone and dolomite are available from
u
agricultural machinery and tin plates were set
the Sundergarh district of Odisha and
up in the city.
Palamau, Hazaribagh and Ranchi districts
2. The reasons for the growth of cotton textile of Jharkhand.
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
mills in Ahmadabad over Mumbai are:
u Abundant water for cooling and washing is
u Higher land rent and wages in Mumbai. available from the Subarnarekha river and
u The location of Mumbai at a greater a reservoir at the Kharkai river.
distance from the consuming centres. u Availability of labourers from the thickly
u The development of railways in other populated areas of Jamshedpur and its
parts of India helped the textile centres of surrounding regions as well as from
Ahmadabad to collect raw materials and West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand
distribute the finished goods easily. and Uttar Pradesh.
u Cheap labour cost in Ahmadabad. Kolkata, located at a distance of about
u
3. The factors which favoured the development 240 km from Jamshedpur, provides a
of IT industry in Bengaluru are: ready market for the finished products.
u The presence of many high-tech u Jamshedpur is well-connected to Kolkata,
industries. Mumbai and Chennai by an efficient
47
network of roadways and railways. the Silicon Valley which produced high
Besides, the Kolkata port also helps to technical structures to meet the increasing
import and export goods. needs of the industrial units in the Silicon
2. The factors responsible for the growth of iron Valley. Around this time, Prof Frederick
and steel industry in Pittsburgh are: Terman, who was a Stanford graduate
u An early start in 1903 –1904. and is known as the ‘Father of the Silicon
Valley’ played a very important role in the
u Cheap and efficient transportation of high
development of the Silicon Valley. He asked
grade iron ore from the northern fields.
his students in Stanford University to start
u Availability of high grade coking coal from
new units for the development of computer
the nearby Appalachian coalfields.
and electronic industry in the Silicon Valley
Sufficient supply of water from Allegheny
u
and at the same time asked Stanford
and Monongahela rivers. University to lease out land to new graduates
u Easy and cheap inland water transport so that their research work could help in new
provided by the Great Lakes. projects. As a result of this initiative of the
Availability of both skilled and unskilled
u Stanford University a number of companies
labourers. such as Fairchild, Intel, IBM, Microsoft and
u The furnaces and steel plants located Hewlett Packard developed in the Silicon
along the river banks facilitate receiving Valley which started manufacturing integrated
and dispatch of heavy freight. circuits, central processing units or CPUs,
Disc Operating System or DOS and personal
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Numerous factories located in this region
u
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products. 5. Accept any relevant response.
g
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3. The geographical advantages enjoyed by 6. Dry climate usually breaks the thread and
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Osaka for the development of cotton textile deteriorates the quality of the cloth while
O
industry are: humid climate does not break the thread.
u Osaka being located in the plains provides Thus, hot and humid climate favour spinning
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D M Y L P W N B X L G Z G
advanced machinery, along with efficient
organization. P B X W S O F T W A R E V
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u Availability of proper tools and machines.
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Relief—The mountainous areas restrict the
u People must work hard in order to
g
availability of agricultural land, industries,
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understand the dignity of labour. transportation and settlement whereas the
SC Sa
u Availability of balanced and nutritious food. plains favour the same. Thus, more people
O
2. The fertile river valleys of eastern and prefer to settle in the plains than in the
southern Asia, the industrial regions of mountainous areas.
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living in one sq km area of land. development of a country. The factors
L
Birth rate—The number of live births that which affect the literacy rate are the levels
g
of economic development, urbanization,
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occur per thousand persons in a year is
standard of living, social status of women,
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known as the birth rate.
availability of educational facilities and
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Death rate—The number of deaths that
government policies. The literacy level is
occur per thousand persons in a year is
higher in urban areas than in rural areas and
known as the death rate.
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to the number of people in each age groups. (Accept this or any other relevant response.)
For example, the number of people in the
5. The rural areas lack employment, education
age groups of 0–4 years, 5–9 years and
and health facilities. The poverty in the rural
so on.
areas force people to migrate to urban areas
Sex ratio—Sex ratio is the ratio between the in search of better economic conditions.
males and the females. It is defined as the Thus, people mostly migrate from rural
number of females per 1,000 males. to urban areas. (Accept this or any other
3. The structure of population is known as relevant response.)
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
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A. 1. a 3. c 5. b cyclone. A cyclone develops when a low
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2. d 4. b pressure area is surrounded by high pressure
g
and the winds blow towards the low pressure
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B. 1. destruction
centre at a very high speed.
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2. Richter scale.
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Flood—After heavy rainfall, the river water
3. Indian Meteorological Department. when overflows and spreads over the
4. northern surrounding areas is called flood.
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C. 1. The difference between focus and epicentre is: Drip irrigation—An irrigation method in
which water drips slowly to the roots of plants
Focus Epicentre
is called drip irrigation.
R a
Focus is the place Epicentre is the point Tsunami—A tsunami is a huge wave which
of origin of an on the earth’s surface
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u If a person is inside a theatre hall, stadium back soon.
or an auditorium, she / he should stay
L
u I should know the height of my street
inside and do not panic. (Accept these or
g
O
above sea level and its distance from the
any other relevant response.)
SC Sa coast as the areas of great risk are less
2. The precautions needed in cyclone-affected
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than 10 m above sea level and within
areas are: two km from the coast.
u One must regularly listen to weather I should prepare a plan of the evacuation
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bulletins on television and radio. route from my house or school and find a
u One must keep an emergency kit ready safe location about 30 m above sea level
at home. which I should be able to reach in
R a
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known as birth rate.
6. An undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption
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Population pyramid—Population pyramid,
is the cause of tsunami.
O
7. The Velds are the temperate grasslands of
SC Sa representation of the distribution of females
South Africa.
O
and males in different age groups for a
8. Two centres of gold deposit in Australia are country.
Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie. Sex ratio—Sex ratio is the ratio between the
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9. Transhumance is the seasonal movement of males and the females. It is defined as the
the nomadic herders along with their livestock number of females per 1,000 males.
uphill during summer and downhill during 3. The underdeveloped areas such as the rural
R a
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Sabarmati river. u One must not enter the flooded areas of
L
u Humid climate favours spinning and unknown depth.
g
O
weaving. u One must switch off power and electrical
SC Sa appliances.
Availability of cheap hydroelectricity.
u
O
u Availability of cheap skilled and semi- One must drink boiled water and eat fresh
u
3. Thickly populated areas have high density One must develop water harvesting systems.
u
of population. The fertile river valleys, areas u Drip irrigation should be promoted.
with warm climate and mineral resources,
u Forest cover should be increased through
and the industrial regions are thickly
plantations.
populated. Eastern and southern Asia,
western Europe, east-central North America u Crop insurance schemes should be
and the metropolitan urban areas of every encouraged.
country are thickly populated. The moderately Drought-resistant crops should be planted.
u
populated areas are mostly found between 5. A tsunami is a huge wave which develops
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
the thickly and sparsely populated areas. when large mass of water is displaced due
Most of these areas have developed new to undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption.
industries, facilities for irrigation and mining. Although tsunamis are not frequent they
Thus, people have migrated and settled can occur at any time of the year. When an
in such areas. Central USA, tropical west undersea earthquake occurs it causes large
Africa, southern parts of Russia, eastern areas of the sea floor to rise or subside. This
Europe, Deccan plateau of India, central leads to the occurrence of huge waves called
China and parts of South America are tsunamis. These waves travel at a very high
moderately populated. On the other hand, speed of about 500 to 1,000 km per hour.
sparsely populated areas have low density However, its speed reduces when it enters
of population. The sparsely populated areas the shallow coastal waters. When a tsunami
are the hot deserts, cold deserts and the reaches the coast, its height increases
high mountainous areas. This is because and it appears as a wall of water. With its
54 the physical environment in these regions tremendous energy, these fast moving waves
can crush houses and other structures in the Constructing banks along the contours across
coastal areas and can cause great loss of life the hill slopes.
and property. Contour ploughing—Cultivating along the
6. The agricultural practices that can be contours to check the flow of water and
adopted for soil conservation are: thereby to stop soil erosion.
Rotation of crops—Cultivating different Cover crops—Growing crops on the bare
crops on the same piece of land during ground of the orchards and plantations during
different times of the year. the gestation period of tree crops to cover
Strip cropping—Cultivating erosion-inducing the soil from erosion.
crops in rotation with erosion-resisting crops. Fallowing—Allowing the land to rest in order
Terrace and contour-bunding— to regain soil fertility.
u u u u u
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L
g
O
SC Sa
O
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R a
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55
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE For more exercises see the Practice App.
1. The Constitution and the Need for Laws D. 1. Our Constitution is important because of the
following reasons:
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY u It contains valuable information regarding
Role play the organs, structure, responsibilities and
Enact the ‘Breaking of Salt Law’ in Class. Ensure to duties of the government.
inject a relevant message in the play that may have It regulates the relationship between the
u
some significance even today. various organs and also between the
government and the citizens.
Situational Thinking and Class Discussion
u It has a system of checks and balances
In ancient societies, there was Rule of Law but not
which prevents the misuse of power by the
equality before law. Manu, the ancient law giver
government.
of India, in his Manusmriti had clearly stated that
for the same offence, the punishments would be u It guarantees certain Fundamental Rights
different for the ‘high born’ and the ‘low born’. to the citizens to protect them against any
Who do you think are ‘high born’ and ‘low born’? injustice by the government.
Do we have different punishments for same It guarantees certain rights to the
u
offence in India even today? Discuss in Class minorities in order to protect them against
some important cases in recent years to prove the the oppression by the majority. (Accept
statement of Manu wrong. any four of these or any other relevant
response.)
Answers to Textbook Exercises
2. The practice of killing an unborn female child
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A. 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. c
is called female foeticide.
L
B. 1. Constitution 3. salt tax
To curb the practice of female foeticide,
g
O
2. 26 January 1950 4. anti-liquor the government has passed the Prenatal
SC Sa
C. 1. A constitution lays down the fundamental Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and
O
principles by which a country is to be Prevention of Misuse) Act (PNDT Act) in
governed. 1994 and brought it into effect from
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A constitution, being the foundation of the 1 January 1996. According to this act, the
structure of the government, is needed to determination and disclosure of the sex
govern a country efficiently. It lays down of the foetus is against the law. Also, no
many rules which serve as the guidelines advertisement of prenatal sex determination
R a
according to which a country should be can be done. Anyone violating the PNDT Act
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age group of 0–6 as against 927 females per
1,000 males recorded in 2001. (Accept this
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Our Constitution was drafted in 1949 and
g
or any other relevant answer) since then several changes have taken place
O
in our country. Hence, to be at par with
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2. Ideals of Our Constitution the changing conditions it is necessary to
O
A. 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. b make modifications or amendments in the
Constitution.
B. 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False
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were adopted from the Constitution of 3. Democracy cannot exist without individual
Ireland. freedom. Therefore, Articles 19 – 22 of our
Constitution guarantees six different freedoms
u The Five-Year Plans and Fundamental
to promote the ideal of liberty mentioned in
Duties were adopted from the Constitution
the Preamble. According to these Articles, all
of former USSR. (Accept these or any
the citizens of India have the right to
other relevant response.)
u freedom of speech and expression.
3. Sovereignty means the freedom to govern
oneself within a territory and be free from u assemble peacefully and without arms. 57
u form associations and unions. u We must value and preserve our rich
u move freely throughout the territory of cultural heritage.
India. u It is the duty of the parents or the
reside and settle in any part of India.
u guardians to send their children to school.
u practice any profession and carry on any (Accept any four of these.)
occupation, trade or business. 5. Accept any relevant response.
privacy.
u 6. Economic equality should precede political
However, the Right to Freedom has to be equality because if there is no economic
used in the right manner so that it does equality then the political parties could take
not harm others. For example, the right advantage of this situation and buy votes
to assemble does not mean that one can from the poor people. Thus, to check this
create public disturbances and cause practice it is important that economic equality
problems for others. Similarly, freedom of should precede political equality. (Accept this
speech and expression allows a person or any other relevant response.)
to express herself / himself freely without
hurting or harming others. Also, Right to 3. The Parliamentary System
Freedom means that no citizen can be
punished without being proved guilty in a ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
court of law nor can anyone be punished Situational Thinking and Class Discussion
for the same offence twice. Right to Suppose you are a member of the Parliament sitting
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privacy is also part of life and liberty under in the Lok Sabha as a member of the opposition.
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Article 21 of the constitution of India. What are the questions that you would ask the
g
O
4. Fundamental Duties are important because member of the ruling party? Think and discuss
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only when a person is under obligation to in Class.
O
perform certain activities then can she / he
understand the value of rights. Answers to Textbook Exercises
Fundamental Duties are as follows:
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A. 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. b
u We should show respect to our national B. 1. India opted for the parliamentary system
symbols like the National Anthem and the of government because of the following
National Flag. reasons:
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of the country. They are jointly answerable votes cast is declared the winner.
L
for all decisions taken by them in the 3. Constituency—A geographical area
g
represented by a Member of Parliament is
O
Parliament. This is known as collective
called a constituency.
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responsibility of the Council of Ministers. If a
O
vote of no-confidence is passed against the Session—To discuss issues and to pass
government, all the ministers have to resign. laws, the Parliament meets twice a year. The
C. 1. The functions of the Parliament are as period for which the Members of Parliament
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the ministers. The Members of Parliament u the Chief Justice and other judges of the
have the right to question the ministers Supreme Court and the High Courts.
about the policies and programmes of the u the Chairman and members of the UPSC.
government as well as raise issues of public u the Attorney General. 59
The President has special emergency powers High Courts. (Accept these or any other
and can declare an emergency relevant response.)
u if there is an armed rebellion or an 2. The differences between Supreme Court and
external aggression. High Court are:
if there is a breakdown of constitutional
u
u The Supreme Court is the highest judicial
machinery in a state. authority in the country, whereas the
u if there is a threat to the financial stability High Court is the highest judicial authority
of the country. in a state.
5. People cast their votes through a secret There is only one Supreme Court,
u
ballot so that voter’s choice of candidate whereas there are 24 High Courts.
remains confidential. It also helps voters to u The Supreme Court has a maximum of
take their own decisions in casting their votes 33 judges to aid the Chief Justice, while
for the representatives of their choice without the number of judges in the High Court
the influence or interference of any other depends on the size of the state.
person. The Supreme Court enjoys the power of
u
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Debate D. 1. Two important functions of the Judiciary are:
L
In our country the trial procedure takes a very long
g
u It helps to settle disputes whenever there
O
time. Thus, many times we come across in the is a conflict between people, people and
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news that slow trial has resulted in denial of justice. state government, two states or between
O
Organize a debate on ‘Should the process of justice the state governments and the Union
be made speedy?’ government.
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and one or more state governments. with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
u Cases which concern the violation of appoints other judges of the Supreme Court.
the constitution by the government or
To be eligible for the appointment as a judge
anyone else.
of the Supreme Court, a person must be
Issue of writs for the enforcement of
u
u a citizen of India, and
Fundamental Rights.
u have at least five years experience as a
On the other hand, the power of the
judge of a High Court, or at least
Supreme Court to hear and review the cases
10 years experience as an advocate of a
that have been decided by the High Courts is
High Court, or be an eminent jurist in the
known as the appellate jurisdiction. Under the
President’s opinion.
appellate jurisdiction, the Supreme Court can
pass judgements on the cases which have 3. The jurisdiction of the High Court includes:
already been decided by the High Courts, u Issue of writs for the enforcement of
and can even overrule the decisions of the Fundamental Rights.
60
u Passing rules on election petitions and 2. The scope of authority of a court to carry
other election-related disputes. out judgements and enforce laws is called
u Hearing appeals in both civil and criminal jurisdiction.
cases against the decisions of the The different types of jurisdiction of the
Subordinate Courts and reviewing the Supreme Court are the original jurisdiction,
judgements of the Subordinate Courts. appellate jurisdiction, advisory jurisdiction and
Controlling and supervising the work of the
u Judicial Review.
Subordinate Courts. (Accept these or any Original jurisdiction—The power of the
other relevant response.) Supreme Court to hear and decide certain
4. The courts which function at the district level cases in the first instance which otherwise
are called Subordinate Courts. They hear both cannot be heard in any other court is
civil and criminal cases which pertain to the known as the original jurisdiction. The cases
district in which the court is formed. which fall under the original jurisdiction
The different types of Subordinate Courts are: of the Supreme Court are the disputes
between two states, disputes between the
u District Judge’ Court
Union government and one or more state
u Court of the Sessions Judge governments, cases related to violation of the
u Revenue Courts Constitution by the government or anyone
u Panchayat Courts else and issue of writs for the enforcement of
E. 1. There is a three-tier hierarchy of courts to Fundamental Rights.
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administer justice, interpret laws, protect Appellate jurisdiction—The power of the
L
the natural rights of the citizens and to Supreme Court to hear and review the cases
g
look into the Union and state laws. The that have been decided by the High Courts is
O
Supreme Court is at the apex of the judicial known as the appellate jurisdiction. Under the
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O
hierarchy followed by the High Courts and appellate jurisdiction, the Supreme Court can
the Subordinate Courts. The Supreme Court pass judgements on the cases which have
makes the final decisions which are then already been decided by the High Courts,
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abided by all the courts of the country. It and can even overrule the decisions of the
is located in the National Capital Territory High Courts.
of Delhi. The High Courts rank second in Advisory jurisdiction—The power of the
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the judicial hierarchy. They are the highest Supreme Court to advise the President on
judicial authority in a state. However, there constitutional issues when asked for is known
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Lok Adalat is presided over by a retired judge duties of the government.
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along with a lawyer and a social worker. The
It regulates the relationship between the
u
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disputing parties put forward their own cases
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various organs and also between the
without any advocates and the cases are
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government and the citizens.
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solved through mutual understanding and
compromise. No appeal can be made against u It has a system of checks and balances
the order of the Lok Adalat. which prevents the misuse of power by the
government.
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knowledge so needed to do their job. (Accept minorities in order to protect them against
this or any other relevant response.) the oppression by the majority. (Accept
any two of these or any other relevant
6. Accept any relevant response.
response.)
more enrichment activities 2. The difference between first-past-the-post
for Lessons 1 – 4 system and major voting system is that in
first-past-the-post electoral system or the
Crossword puzzle
simple plurality system, a single winner is
Across Down chosen in a given constituency by virtue of
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
3. secular 1. Republic her / his getting more votes than any other
5. Rajya Sabha 2. female foeticide individual representative. On the other hand,
7. Lok Adalat 4. constitution in a majority voting system, the person or the
8. budget 6. President party that receives more than half of the total
votes cast is declared the winner.
9. Panchayat Court
3. The guidelines given to the government
10. amendment
to ensure the welfare of the people are
HALF-YEARLY TEST PAPER termed as Directive Principles. The Directive
A. 1. c 3. a 5. d 7. a Principles are laid down in Part IV of the
Indian Constitution. These principles are
2. a 4. b 6. c 8. d
directives to promote a just social order and
B. 1. The Prime Minister is the leader of the are thus referred to as the ‘conscience of
Lok Sabha. the Constitution’ by the Supreme Court. It is
62 2. No, the number of judges in the High Courts essential for the government to follow these
principles in administrative and legislative different types of jurisdiction of the Supreme
matters. Although these principles are Court are original jurisdiction, appellate
considered primary in governance, but they jurisdiction, advisory jurisdiction and Judicial
are not enforceable in any court of law. Review.
4. The work of the Judiciary is to administer Original jurisdiction—The power of the
justice, interpret laws, protect the natural Supreme Court to hear and decide certain
rights of the citizens and look into the Union cases in the first instance which otherwise
and state laws through a hierarchy of courts. cannot be heard in any other court is
The need for an independent Judiciary is known as the original jurisdiction. The cases
u to prevent the misuse of power by the which fall under the original jurisdiction
Legislature and the Executive, and of the Supreme Court are the disputes
between two states, disputes between the
to ensure just and unbiased justice.
u
Union government and one or more state
D. 1. The different powers exercised by the governments, cases related to violation of the
President are legislative power, executive Constitution by the government or anyone
power, judicial power, financial power, else and issue of writs for the enforcement of
military power, diplomatic power and Fundamental Rights.
emergency power.
Appellate jurisdiction—The power of the
The legislative, military and diplomatic Supreme Court to hear and review the cases
powers as exercised by the President are that have been decided by the High Courts is
as follows:
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known as the appellate jurisdiction. Under the
Legislative powers—The legislative powers appellate jurisdiction, the Supreme Court can
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of the President include the power to
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pass judgements on the cases which have
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summon or suspend the Parliament, dissolve already been decided by the High Courts,
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the Lok Sabha in consultation with the Prime and can even overrule the decisions of the
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Minister, address either House or both High Courts.
Houses of Parliament and issue ordinances Advisory jurisdiction—The power of the
when the Parliament is not in session.
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Moreover, India as a republic also aims to Subordinate Courts. (Accept these or any
secure justice, liberty, equality and fraternity other relevant response.)
to all its citizens. Thus, India can be rightly 4. The District Judge’s Court, Court of the
called a democratic republic. Sessions Judge and the Revenue Courts are
3. The jurisdictions of the Supreme Court are different types of Subordinate Courts which
more varied than the High Courts. The function in the districts. 63
District Judge’s Court—The District Judge’s the purpose and importance of the bill.
Court is the highest civil court in a district. It
10 The bill is finally sent for the President’s
hears cases related to land, property, money approval after it is passed by both the
transactions, marriage, divorce, will and Houses. If the President has any suggestions
guardianship. It also hears appeals against for changes, he will send the bill back.
the judgements of the lower court. However, the Parliament may or may not
Court of the Sessions Judge—The Court accept these changes and again send the
of the Sessions Judge is the highest criminal bill back to the President. In such a case, the
court in a district. Cases related to murder, President has to sign the bill. After this the
robbery and dacoity are tried in this court. It bill becomes a law.
also hears appeals against the judgements of 4 The final form of the bill is put before the
lower courts. House for final discussion and voting.
Revenue Courts—The Revenue Courts 7 The other House may pass the bill or may
deal with cases of land records, and also send it back with some suggestions.
assesses and collects land revenue from 5 The bill is passed by the House where it
landholders. The highest Revenue Court in a originated if more than 50 per cent of the
district is the Court of the Collector while the members vote in favour.
highest Revenue Court under the supervision
8 The President summons a joint sitting of both
of the High Court is the Board of Revenue.
the Houses when the bill is returned by the
5. We need laws to ensure the welfare and other House with some suggestions, but the
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security of the people. They also help to House where it originated does not accept
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bring about changes in the social set-up and those suggestions.
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establish a society based on equality.
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2 The pros and cons of the bill presented is
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In an attempt to stop the practice of dowry discussed in detail.
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and female foeticide in our country laws
were passed. The Dowry Prohibition Act was
5. The Police and the Courts
passed in 1961 to curb the practice of dowry.
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Anyone found disobeying this law and still There is a special type of crime called cyber
following the practice of giving and taking crime. Find out about the cyber crime and the
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dowry can be fined as well as imprisoned. areas covered under the cyber law and share the
To curb the practice of female foeticide, information with the Class.
the government has passed the Prenatal
Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Answers to Textbook Exercises
Prevention of Misuse) Act (PNDT Act) in 1994 A. 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. d
and brought it into effect from 1 January B. 1. police 4. cross-examines
1996. According to this act, the determination 2. officer incharge 5. State
and disclosure of the sex of the foetus is 3. Magistrate’s Court
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
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witnesses and also ask the court to summon
charges against the accused. It is filed in the
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witnesses to prove that the accused is not
court by the police after the police finishes its
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guilty. Therefore, an accused is given full
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investigations and finds sufficient evidence
opportunity to defend himself through a fair
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against the accused. The trial can begin only
trial. On the other hand, the public prosecutor
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after the charge-sheet has been filed.
presents the case of the complainant. He is
FIR—FIR or First Information Report is appointed by the State. He presents all the
the account of the crime as given by the
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government or government-aided under the Directive Principles of State Policy
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educational institutions. are:
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They can establish and administer
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u
u Both women and men have the right to
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educational institutions of their choice. adequate means of livelihood.
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u At primary stage they can get education in u Both women and men shall get equal pay
their mother tongue. for equal work.
There will be a Special Officer for linguistic
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u
The State shall make provisions for just
u
minorities. (Accept any two of these or any and humane conditions of work and for
other relevant response.) maternity relief.
4. Our Constitution has made special
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using public wells and water tanks. was launched to improve the conditions
No Scheduled Caste child can be denied
u of children. (Accept these or any other
admission to any school or institution on relevant response.)
the basis of her / his caste. 4. Accept any relevant response.
u Seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes 5. Accept any relevant response.
66
7. Untouchability—A Social Evil Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
A. 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. c u Untouchability has been abolished. The
B. 1. The caste system was the basis of the social preaching and practice of untouchability
hierarchy prevalent during the Vedic times. has been declared a punishable offence.
The caste system was also known as the This has been done under Article 17 and
varna system as it was based on colour the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.
and occupation. The social hierarchy from All Hindu religious institutions meant for
u
the highest to the lowest order comprised the public should be open to all classes
four castes or varnas namely Brahmins, and sections of the Hindu community.
Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. The u The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
Brahmins were at the top of the social Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
hierarchy. They had knowledge of the contains many provisions to end the
scriptures, performed yajnas and worshipped discrimination of the oppressed classes.
in temples. The kshatriyas were the warrior (Accept any two of these or any other
class who defended and ruled the kingdom. relevant response.)
They were followed by the Vaishyas who C. 1. The removal of human excreta manually from
worked as craftsmen, farmers, merchants dry toilets is called manual scavenging.
and traders. The Shudras occupied the
The efforts made by the government to
lowest rung in the social hierarchy. They
eradicate this practice are:
were manual workers who served the first
u The Employment of Manual Scavengers
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three classes and did physical labour. They
and Construction of Dry Latrines
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were forced to live on the outskirts of the
(Prohibition) Act was passed in 1993.
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villages and were forbidden to enter any
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temple, use public wells and tanks. It forbade the employment of manual
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2. In India those people who manually remove scavengers and the construction of dry
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human excreta from dry toilets are referred toilets.
to as manual scavengers. They are known The Supreme Court has issued notices to
u
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by different names in different parts of the the Centre, states and Union Territories to
country. They are called bhangi in Gujarat, end the practice of manual scavenging. It
pabhi in Andhra Pradesh and sikkaliar in has also asked the concerned authorities
to rehabilitate the people involved in
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Equality as a Fundamental Right. It says Tribe person not to vote or to vote for a
that all citizens shall be treated equally. particular candidate.
u Reservations have been made for the u Deliberately insulting a Scheduled Caste 67
or Scheduled Tribe person in public. are set up in rural areas and healthcare
u Assault or use of force to outrage the facilities are provided to the rural population
modesty of a woman belonging to a throughout the country. Under the National
Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe. Urban Health Mission, healthcare facilities
(Accept any five of these or any other are provided for the urban poor living in
relevant response.) the slums.
3. Accept any relevant response. 4. The objectives laid down in the Bharat
4. Accept any relevant response. Nirman Plan are:
u Construction of all-weather roads to
8. Government for Development connect villages across the country.
A. 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. a u Provide telephones for communication.
B. 1. False 3. True u Provide clean drinking water.
u Provide electricity to rural households.
2. True 4. True
u Construction of 60 lakh houses for
C. 1. Two important aspects of the Five-Year Plans
the poor.
are:
u Bringing as much as one crore hectares of
u It helps the government to tackle problems
land under irrigation. (Accept these or any
of poverty, unemployment and price rise.
other relevant response.)
It helps to improve infrastructure such
u
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to provide better communication and economic development of the country through
proper planning. Its functions are as follows:
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transportation facilities. All these in turn
g
have facilitated industrial and agricultural u It assesses the resources of the country.
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u It makes plans for the effective and balanced
development.
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u It helped in better distribution of public utilization of the country’s resources.
resources for the purposes of socio- It identifies the objectives of our economic
u
u Tax benefits are given to set up industries. development reaches the largest number
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u Special tax incentives are given to set up of people. (Accept these or any other
small-scale industries in backward areas. relevant response.)
Some products are reserved for exclusive
u 2. The Green Revolution has helped to increase
manufacture by small-scale industries. agricultural production by introducing farmers
u Persons who want to set up small-scale to modern, scientific methods of farming
industries are given special training. such as modern agricultural machinery,
(Accept these or any other relevant high yielding variety seeds, fertilizers and
response.) pesticides, and irrigation facilities.
Modern agricultural machinery—Green
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
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the government has passed the Prenatal
sector industries where the public and the
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Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and
private companies join hands to establish
g
Prevention of Misuse) Act (PNDT Act)
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new enterprises. in 1994. It was brought into effect from
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4. Rural development has been given great 1 January 1996.
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importance by the government. The steps 4. Under the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled
taken by the government to promote rural Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 a
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for 100 days every year to those adults u impartial justice is possible.
who live below poverty line through the 2. The objectives of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan:
National Rural Employment Guarantee u To create 50 million new work
Scheme. opportunities in the non-farm sector
u Houses have been constructed for the To remove gender and social gap in
u
rural poor under the Pradhan Mantri school enrolment
Gramin Awaas Yojana.
To enhance access to higher education
u
u The government has also started the
Bharat Nirman Plan to develop rural u To reduce malnutrition among children in
areas. It entails the construction of roads the aged 0-3 years
to connect villages, provide telephone To provide electricity to all villages
u
facilities, electricity and clean drinking u To ensure that 50 per cent of rural
water to people living in the rural areas, population has access to proper drinking
and bringing about one crore hectares of water 69
u To increase green cover by 1 million u Right to Freedom includes right to privacy,
hectare every year right to free and compulsory education
u To provide access to banking services to of all children between six and 14 years.
90 per cent households We must use the Right to Freedom
(Accept any five of these or any other with caution. For example, the right to
relevant response) assemble does not mean that we can
create public disturbances and cause
3. Two provisions laid down in our Constitution
problems for others. Similarly, freedom
for the upliftment of Scheduled Tribes are:
of speech and expression allows us to
u The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled express ourselves freely without hurting or
Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act harming others. The Right to Freedom also
was enacted to prevent any atrocities means that no citizen can be punished
committed against the Scheduled Tribes. without being proved guilty in a court of
u The Ministry of Tribal Affairs was set law. Neither can anyone be punished for
up to look into their socio-economic the same offence twice. Thus, this right
development. protects us against injustice.
Seats are reserved for Scheduled Tribes in
u
2. The government looks into the social welfare
educational institutions, government jobs, of the people by ensuring the availability of
the Lok Sabha and the Vidhan Sabhas. safe drinking water, sanitation, education
u Various schemes have been introduced and housing to all its citizens. The different
by the government and other voluntary programmes launched by the government in
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organizations to help reduce illiteracy the different social sectors are:
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among the Scheduled Tribes and thereby Education—The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
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to help in their economic development. was started by the government in 2001 to
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To give them loans on easy terms. encourage and promote universal elementary
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u
u Promote their culture and handicrafts. education for all children in the age group of
(Accept any two of these or any other 6 –14 irrespective of their caste and gender.
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name and address of the complainant, the change the old ones. A law is first introduced
name and address of the suspect if any,
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in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of
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description of the crime and the section of a proposed law. The bills can be broadly
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the law which applies to the offence. The classified into three categories. They are:
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police then gives a copy of the FIR to the
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u Money Bills
complainant. On the basis of the FIR, the
u Ordinary Bills
police begins its investigations. Usually
u Constitutional Amendment Bills
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police station even if the scene of offence Contingency or the Consolidated Fund of
does not fall in its territorial jurisdiction. In India.
such case the FIR should be forwarded to Ordinary Bills Ordinary Bills are draft
the concerned police station as soon as proposals for ordinary legislation.
possible. There are certain directives laid Constitutional Amendment
down by the Supreme Court on FIR like an Bills Constitutional Amendment Bills deal
FIR must be filed as soon as the information with the amendment of our Constitution.
about an offence is received. Also, before the They can be introduced in either House
beginning of the investigations the concerned
Integrated Social Science Companion 8
of Parliament. Financial Control Over the
police officer should make an inference from Government’s Income The Parliament
the facts mentioned in the FIR. exercises control over the government’s
4. Four steps taken by the government to income and expenditure. The Parliament
remove untouchability are: provides ways and means to raise the
u The Right to Equality as a Fundamental revenue required, and also ensures that
Right is guaranteed by the Constitution. the money so granted has been spent for
It says that all citizens shall be treated the authorized purposes. The Parliament
equally. thus exercises financial control over the
u Reservations have been made for the government through the Budget, the
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Consolidated Fund of India, grants and
u Untouchability has been abolished. The Contingency Fund.
preaching and practice of untouchability Budget The government places its annual
has been declared a punishable offence. financial statement or the budget before the
This has been done under Article 17 and Parliament. The budget shows the income 71
of the government in detail and how the Organ of Information The Parliament
money will be spent during a particular year. works as an organ of information. Members
Who presents the annual budget before the of Parliament can call for any information
Parliament? except that which may threaten the security
of the country. The information provided
Control Over the Executive The Parliament
by the Parliament is truthful and precise.
keeps a check on the ministers and their
This information is collated not only through
work. Members of Parliament have the right
debates but also through the specific
to question the ministers about the policies
medium of ‘questions’ to ministers. Thus, the
and programmes of the government. This is
Parliament is not just a law-making body, but
usually done in the Question Hour. During
also a multi-functional institution
the Zero Hour, which starts immediately after
the Question Hour, the members can raise E. Across Down
issues of public interest. If the members 6. Sulabh 1. First
are not satisfied with the functioning of the 7. children 2. Kshatriya
government, the Lok Sabha can pass a vote 8. polygamy 3. housing
of no-confidence to remove the government 4. police
from power. 5. public
u u u u u
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