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Ebook Ebook PDF Principles of Genetics 7th Edition PDF
Ebook Ebook PDF Principles of Genetics 7th Edition PDF
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r Section Summary. The content of each major section of text is briefly summarized
at the beginning of that section. These opening summaries focus attention on the
main ideas developed in a chapter.
r Key Points. These learning aids appear at the end of each major section in a chap-
ter. They are designed to help students review for exams and to recapitulate the
main ideas of the chapter.
r Problem-Solving Skills Boxes. Each chapter contains a box that guides the student
through the analysis and solution of a representative problem. We have chosen a
problem that involves important material in the chapter. The box lists the facts
and concepts that are relevant to the problem, and then explains how to obtain the
solution. Ramifications of the problem and its analysis are discussed in the Student
Companion site.
r Solve It Boxes. Each of these boxes poses a problem related to concepts students
encounter as they read the text. The step-by-step solution to each of the prob-
lems is presented in the Student Companion site and within WileyPLUS, and for
selected problems, it is presented in video format. The two Solve It boxes in each
chapter allow students to test their understanding of key concepts.
r Basic Exercises. At the end of each chapter we present several worked-out problems
to reinforce each of the fundamental concepts developed in the chapter. These
simple, one-step exercises are designed to illustrate basic genetic analysis or to
emphasize important information.
r Testing Your Knowledge. Each chapter also has more complicated worked-out
problems to help students hone their analytical and problem-solving skills. The
problems in this section are designed to integrate different concepts and tech-
niques. In the analysis of each problem, we walk the students through the solution
step by step.
r Questions and Problems. Each chapter ends with a set of questions and problems of
varying difficulty organized according to the sequence of topics in the chapter. The
more difficult questions and problems have been designated with colored numbers.
These sets of questions and problems provide students with the opportunity to
enhance their understanding of the concepts covered in the chapter and to develop
their analytical skills. Also, some of the questions and problems—called GO prob-
lems—have been selected for interactive solutions on the Student Companion site
and within WileyPLUS. The GO problems are designated with a special icon.
r Genomics on the Web. Information about genomes, genes, DNA sequences,
mutant organisms, polypeptide sequences, biochemical pathways, and evolution-
ary relationships is now freely available on an assortment of web sites. Researchers
routinely access this information, and we believe that students should become
familiar with it. To this end, we have incorporated a set of questions at the end of
each chapter that can be answered by using the National Center for Biotechnology
Information (NCBI) web site, which is sponsored by the U. S. National Institutes
of Health.
r Appendices. These features, found on the Student Companion site, present techni-
cal material that is useful in genetic analysis.
r Glossary. This section of the book defines important terms. Students find it useful
in clarifying topics and in preparing for exams.
r Answers. Answers to the odd-numbered Questions and Problems are given at the
end of the text.
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Recombination and Evolution 151 The Structures of DNA and RNA 194
EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF RECOMBINATION 151 NATURE OF THE CHEMICAL SUBUNITS IN DNA AND RNA 194
SUPPRESSION OF RECOMBINATION BY INVERSIONS 152 DNA STRUCTURE: THE DOUBLE HELIX 195
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DNA STRUCTURE: ALTERNATE FORMS OF THE DOUBLE MULTIPLE DNA POLYMERASES 235
HELIX 199 PROOFREADING 237
SOLVE IT What Are Some Important Features THE PRIMOSOME AND THE REPLISOME 238
of Double-Stranded DNA? 200 ROLLINGCIRCLE REPLICATION 240
DNA STRUCTURE: NEGATIVE SUPERCOILS IN VIVO 200 Unique Aspects of Eukaryotic Chromosome
Chromosome Structure in Viruses and Replication 241
Prokaryotes 201 THE CELL CYCLE 241
MULTIPLE REPLICONS PER CHROMOSOME 241
Chromosome Structure in Eukaryotes 203
TWO OR MORE DNA POLYMERASES AT A SINGLE REPLICATION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EUKARYOTIC FORK 242
CHROMOSOMES 203
SOLVE IT Understanding Replication of the Human
ONE LARGE DNA MOLECULE PER CHROMOSOME 204
X Chromosome 243
NUCLEOSOMES 205
DUPLICATION OF NUCLEOSOMES AT REPLICATION FORKS 243
PACKAGING OF CHROMATIN IN EUKARYOTIC
TELOMERASE: REPLICATION OF CHROMOSOME TERMINI 244
CHROMOSOMES 207
TELOMERE LENGTH AND AGING IN HUMANS 245
SOLVE IT How Many Nucleosomes in One Human
X Chromosome? 207
Special Features of Eukaryotic
Chromosomes 208 CHAPTER 11
COMPLEXITY OF DNA IN CHROMOSOMES: UNIQUE AND
REPETITIVE SEQUENCES 209
CENTROMERES 211
Transcription and RNA
TELOMERES 211 Processing 252
Storage and Transmission of Information with
Simple Codes 252
Transfer of Genetic Information: The Central
CHAPTER 10 Dogma 253
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION 253
Replication of DNA and FIVE TYPES OF RNA MOLECULES 254
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INTRONS: BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE? 271 SUPPRESSOR MUTATIONS THAT PRODUCE tRNAs WITH
ALTERED CODON RECOGNITION 307
Removal of Intron Sequences by RNA SOLVE IT Effects of Base-Pair Substitutions in the
Splicing 272 Coding Region of the HBB Gene 308
SEQUENCE SIGNALS FOR RNA SPLICING 272
tRNA PRECURSOR SPLICING: UNIQUE NUCLEASE AND
LIGASE ACTIVITIES 273
AUTOCATALYTIC SPLICING 273
PREmRNA SPLICING: snRNAS, snRNPs, AND
CHAPTER 13
THE SPLICEOSOME 274
Mutation, DNA Repair, and
Recombination 313
Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Defective Repair
CHAPTER 12 of Damaged DNA in Humans 313
Mutation 314
Translation and the Genetic SOMATIC AND GERMINAL MUTATIONS 314
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CHAPTER 18
CHAPTER 19
Regulation of Gene Expression
in Eukaryotes 484 Inheritance of Complex
African T rypanosomes: A Wardrobe of Molecular Traits 511
Disguises 484 Cardiovascular Disease: A Combination of Genetic
Ways of Regulating Eukaryotic Gene and Environmental Factors 511
Expression: An Overview 485 Complex Traits 512
DIMENSIONS OF EUKARYOTIC GENE REGULATION 485 QUANTIFYING COMPLEX TRAITS 512
CONTROLLED TRANSCRIPTION OF DNA 485 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCE
ALTERNATE SPLICING OF RNA 486 QUANTITATIVE TRAITS 512
CYTOPLASMIC CONTROL OF MESSENGER RNA MULTIPLE GENES INFLUENCE QUANTITATIVE TRAITS 512
STABILITY 486 THRESHOLD TRAITS 514
SOLVE IT Counting mRNAs 487 Statistics of Quantitative Genetics 515
Induction of Transcriptional Activity by FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS 515
Environmental and Biological Factors 487 THE MEAN AND THE MODAL CLASS 516
TEMPERATURE: THE HEATSHOCK GENES 488 THE VARIANCE AND THE STANDARD DEVIATION 516
SIGNAL MOLECULES: GENES THAT RESPOND Statistical Analysis of Quantitative Traits 517
TO HORMONES 488
THE MULTIPLE FACTOR HYPOTHESIS 518
Molecular Control of Transcription PARTITIONING THE PHENOTYPIC VARIANCE 518
in Eukaryotes 490 BROADSENSE HERITABILITY 519
DNA SEQUENCES INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL SOLVE IT Estimating Genetic and Environmental
OF TRANSCRIPTION 490 Variance Components 519
PROTEINS INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL OF TRANSCRIPTION: NARROWSENSE HERITABILITY 520
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 491
PREDICTING PHENOTYPES 521
PROBLEMSOLVING SKILLS Defining the
SOLVE IT Using the Narrow-Sense Heritability 522
Sequences Required for a Gene’s Expression 492
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION 522
Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gene
Molecular Analysis of Complex Traits 523
Expression by RNA Interference 494
QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI 523
RNAi PATHWAYS 494
GENOMEWIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF HUMAN DISEASES 526
SOURCES OF SHORT INTERFERING RNAs AND
MicroRNAs 496 PROBLEMSOLVING SKILLS Detecting
Dominance at a QTL 527
SOLVE IT Using RNAi in Cell Research 497
Gene Expression and Chromatin Correlations between Relatives 531
CORRELATING QUANTITATIVE PHENOTYPES BETWEEN
Organization 497 RELATIVES 531
EUCHROMATIN AND HETEROCHROMATIN 498 INTERPRETING CORRELATIONS BETWEEN RELATIVES 533
MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF TRANSCRIPTIONALLY
ACTIVE DNA 498 Quantitative Genetics of Human
CHROMATIN REMODELING 499 Behavioral Traits 535
DNA METHYLATION 500 INTELLIGENCE 535
IMPRINTING 502 PERSONALITY 536
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CHAPTER 24 (Online)
Evolutionary Genetics WC-76
D’ou venons nous? Que sommes nous? Ou allons
nous? WC-76
xx
▶
The Personal Genome
Each of us is composed of trillions of cells, and each of those cells
contains very thin fibers a few centimeters long that play a major role
in who we are, as human beings and as persons. These all-important
intracellular fibers are made of DNA. Every time a cell divides, its
DNA is replicated and apportioned equally to two daughter cells. The
DNA content of these cells—what we call the genome—is thereby
conserved. This genome is a master set of instructions, in fact a whole
library of information, that cells use to maintain the living state.
Ultimately, all the activities of a cell depend on it. To know the DNA is
therefore to know the cell, and, in a larger sense, to know the organism
to which that cell belongs.
Given the importance of the DNA, it should come as no surprise that
great efforts have been expended to study it, down to the finest details. In
fact, in the last decade of the twentieth century a worldwide campaign, the
Human Genome Project, took shape, and in 2001 it produced a compre-
hensive analysis of human DNA samples that had been collected from a
small number of anonymous donors. This work—stunning in scope and
significance—laid the foundation for all future research on the human
genome. Then, in 2007, the analysis of human DNA took a new turn.
Two of the architects of the Human Genome Project had their own DNA
decoded. The technology for analyzing complete genomes has advanced
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significantly, and the cost for this analysis is no longer exorbitant. In fact, it
may soon be possible for each of us to have our own genome analyzed—
a prospect that is sure to influence our lives and change how we think
about ourselves.
An Invitation
This book is about genetics, the science that deals with DNA. Genetics is also one of
the sciences that has a profound impact on us. Through applications in agriculture
and medicine, it helps to feed us and keep us healthy. It also provides insight into what
makes us human and into what distinguishes each of us as individuals. Genetics is a
relatively young science—it emerged only at the beginning of the twentieth century,
but it has grown in scope and significance, so much so that it now has a prominent, and
some would say commanding, position in all of biology.
Genetics began with the study of how the characteristics of organisms are passed
from parents to offspring—that is, how they are inherited. Until the middle of the
twentieth century, no one knew for sure what the hereditary material was. However,
geneticists recognized that this material had to fulfill three requirements. First, it had
to replicate so that copies could be transmitted from parents to offspring. Second, it
had to encode information to guide the development, functioning, and behavior of
cells and organisms to which they belong. Third, it had to change, even if only once in
a great while, to account for the differences that exist among individuals. For several
decades, geneticists wondered what the hereditary material could be. Then in 1953
the structure of DNA was elucidated and genetics had its great clarifying moment. In
a relatively short time, researchers discovered how DNA functions as the hereditary
material—that is, how it replicates, how it encodes and expresses information, and
how it changes. These discoveries ushered in a new phase of genetics in which phe-
nomena could be explained at the molecular level. In time, geneticists learned how to
analyze the DNA of whole genomes, including our own. This progress—from studies
of heredity to studies of whole genomes—has been amazing.
As experienced geneticists and as teachers, we have written this book to explain
the science of genetics to you. As its title indicates, this book is designed to convey
the principles of genetics, and to do so in sufficient detail for you to understand them
clearly. We invite you to read each chapter, to study its illustrations, and to wrestle
with the questions and problems at the end of the chapter. We all know that learning—
and research, teaching, and writing too—takes effort. As authors, we hope your effort
studying this book will be rewarded with a good understanding of genetics.
This introductory chapter provides an overview of what we will explain in more
detail in the chapters to come. For some of you, it will be a review of knowledge
gained from studying basic biology and chemistry. For others, it will be new fare. Our
advice is to read the chapter without dwelling on the details. The emphasis here is on
the grand themes that run through genetics. The many details of genetics theory and
practice will come later.
Lady patients, 38
Shiel, 154
La Fontaine, M., 7
Lake Jeukjar, 18
Lallahs, 326
Law, teachers of the, 338
as to cheques, 239
muleteers, 382
Lawn-tennis, 369
Laying carpets, mode of, 152
Lazarist Fathers, 165
Led horses, 56
Lemur, 343
Letter, a Persian, 289
Lighted charcoal, mode of producing, 390
Lika-ul-Molk, 270
Lilium candidum, 173
Lilliane, 131
Lily, painting the, 173
Linga, 345
Lion and Sun, Order of, 258
country, 351
cubs, 222
the tame, 306
Lioness, story of a, 350
Lisbon, 341
Little bishop, 158
Living, cost of, 186
Lizards, 93
Lodahs, 231
Lost arts, 162
Lottery, Indian, 340
Lutf-Ali-Khan, 264
Lūti-pūti, 239
Lūtis, 306
Lying, 315
Naib-ul-Ayalut, 120
Naksh, 131, 325
Naksh-i-Rūstam, 119
Name of God in conversation, 290
Houssein, 281
Nammad carpets, 152
coats, 152
Narghil, 30
Narrow escape, 203
Nastorange, 309
Natanz, 373
Native agents, 71
bits, 54, 329
Natural hot bath, 348
Needlework, 334
New coinage, 371
year, 48
festival, 51
presents, 379
Night marching, 353
Nishan, the, 250
Nose rings, 323
Nawalla, 103
Nude dervish, 43
Nummud, 40
Nun, cruelty to a, 140
expelled, 163
Nunnery, 139, 163
scandals at, 140
school, 140, 163
Nuns, 163
prayers of the, 139
Quail-shooting, 90
Quarantine, 4
Quarters at Julfa, 206
Quinces, 170, 310
Quinine, 70
a general taking of, 398
Quotation of poetry, 288