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FULL Download Ebook PDF Human Anatomy 6th Edition by Michael Mckinley PDF Ebook
FULL Download Ebook PDF Human Anatomy 6th Edition by Michael Mckinley PDF Ebook
Human
Anatomy
Michael P. McKinley
Glendale Community College (Emeritus)
Elizabeth E. Pennefather-O’Brien
Medicine Hat College
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ix
xi
What Makes
This Book Special?
H uman anatomy is a fascinating field with many layers of complexity.
The subject is difficult to teach, and students can often be over-
whelmed by its massive amount of material. Our goal in writing Human
Chapter 1 A First Look at Anatomy
■
■
New Clinical View 1.1: Clinicians’ Use of Scientific Method
New Clinical View 1.2: Etiology (Causes) and Pathogenesis
Anatomy was to create a textbook that guides students on a clearly written (Development) of Disease
and expertly illustrated beginner’s path through the human body. For all ■ Modified section 1.4e to clarify discussion of pelvic brim
six editions it has been of paramount importance to make this book enjoy- ■ Edited Clinical View 1.3: Medical Imaging Procedures
able to read, easy to understand, pedagogically efficient, and visually ■ Revised figures: 1.1a, 1.1b, 1.4, 1.5
engaging. The following pages highlight the enhancements we’ve made ■ Revised tables: 1.1, 1.4
to the sixth edition, as well as the hallmark features that define this book.
Chapter 2 The Cell: Basic Unit of Structure and Function
■ New Learning Strategy 2.2 on receptors and ligands
New to the Sixth Edition ■ Modified section 2.1b to clarify discussion of the general cell
New research findings, shifting terminology, technological advance- function of reproduction
ments, and the evolving needs of students and instructors in the class- ■ Edited Clinical View 2.3: Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) to
room require textbook authors to continually monitor and revise their include more recent treatment
content. Throughout the sixth edition, changes have been made to ■ Adapted Clinical View 2.5: Characteristics of Cancer Cells to
incorporate the latest information, update terminology, and improve include an image of a dividing cervical cancer cell
wording to make discussions easier for students to read and under- ■ Revised figures: 2.1, 2.5, 2.9–2.13, 2.15, 2.19, 2.20
stand. Highlights of these revisions are as follows. ■ Revised table 2.2
Chapter 3 Embryology
Global Changes ■ New Clinical View 3.7: Preterm (Premature) Birth
The Sixth Edition received some global changes to increase stu- ■ Revised Clinical View 3.6 to include information on both
dent understanding and success. Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus Sampling
■ Additional Learning Strategies are added to each chapter, and ■ Edited Clinical View 3.5: Congenital Malformations
are consecutively numbered, for easier reference ■ Edited text in sections 3.2 (discussion of fertilization),
■ All major concepts are addressed by a measurable Learning 3.3 (clarified concept of capacitation), 3.4g (clarified peak
Objective development period)
■ Data from McGraw-Hill’s LearnSmart program was used to ■ Revised figures: 3.1, 3.3, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7
clarify and edit text in areas where students most need support ■ Revised tables: 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
■ What Did You Learn? questions are revised to be more Chapter 4 Tissue Level of Organization
challenging and provide more active learning experiences such ■ Revised Clinical View 4.1: Stem Cells
as drawing, preparing flowcharts, or making tables of concepts ■ Edited Clinical View 4.2: What Are You Planning to Do with
■ When possible, images or photos are added to most Clinical Your Baby’s Umbilical Cord?
Views and Learning Strategies ■ Modified Clinical View 4.4: Gangrene
■ Each End of Chapter section is extensively revised, including: ■ Edited Clinical View 4.5: Tissue Transplantation
• Challenge Yourself section now includes a prompt for students ■ Modified section 4.1a discussion on polarity to include apical
to actively write or type their answers in a separate document surface modifications
to reinforce learning before checking their answers ■ Adapted section 4.1f to change the discussion order of secretion
• Challenge Yourself questions are aligned to cover all chapter types
Learning Objectives ■ Edited section 4.4a to clarify use of terms involuntary and
• Multiple Choice and Content Review questions are edited to
autorhythmic
be more challenging and to review more global aspects ■ Revised figures: 4.1b, 4.2, 4.4, 4.7, 4.8
• All chapters now have three Developing Critical Reasoning ■ Revised tables: 4.1, 4.11, 4.13
questions
Chapter 5 Integumentary System
In addition to these changes, all chapters were thoroughly edited to
■ New Learning Strategy 5.2 and accompanying photo comparing
respond to reviewers’ comments and suggestions. Chapter-specific
dermal papillae and epidermal ridges to egg crate foam
changes are as follows:
xii
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L1
Iliohypogastric nerve
L2 Ilioinguinal nerve
Iliohypogastric nerve
L4
Lateral femoral Lateral femoral
cutaneous nerve cutaneous nerve
L5
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve
Obturator nerve
Lumbosacral trunk
Saphenous nerve
(continuation of
Subcostal nerve femoral nerve)
Iliohypogastric nerve
Multilevel
Ilioinguinal nerve Perspective
Illustrations
Lateral femoral depicting complex
cutaneous nerve
Genitofemoral nerve
structures connect
Obturator nerve macroscopic
and microscopic
views to show
the relationships
between
Femoral nerve
increasingly
detailed drawings.
(b) Right pelvic region, anterior view (c) Right lower limb, anterior view
Pancreatic
ducts
Tail of
pancreas Pancreatic
acinus
Alpha cell
F cell
Duodenum
of small
intestine
Head of
pancreas
Pancreatic islet
Diaphragm
Celiac trunk
Inferior
Spleen
vena cava
Liver (cut)
Pancreatic
Body of acini
Gallbladder pancreas
Head of
pancreas
LM 150x
xix
Outline
22.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System
22.1a Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations
22.1b Position of the Heart
22.1c Characteristics of the Pericardium
22.2 Anatomy of the Heart
22.2a Heart Wall Structure
22.2b External Heart Anatomy
22.2c Internal Heart Anatomy: Chambers and Valves
22.3 Coronary Circulation
22.4 How the Heart Beats: Electrical Properties
of Cardiac Tissue
What Do You Think?
22.4a Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Tissue
22.4b Contraction of Heart Muscle These critical thinking questions actively engage
22.4c The Heart’s Conducting System
22.5 Innervation of the Heart students in application or analysis of the chapter
22.6 Tying It All Together: The Cardiac Cycle
22.6a Steps in the Cardiac Cycle
22.6b Summary of Blood Flow During the Cardiac Cycle
material and encourage students to think more
22.7 Aging and the Heart globally about the content. Answers to What Do
22.8 Development of the Heart
You Think? questions are given at the end of
each chapter, allowing students to evaluate the
logic used to solve the problem.
W H AT D O YO U TH I N K ?
●
2 Have you ever noticed that most of the salt you buy in the
grocery store is labeled as “iodized”? Why is iodine added to
our salt?
xx
In contrast to the ABO blood group, where antibodies may be remember that ABO and Rh blood types are independent of each What Did You Learn?
found in the blood even without prior exposure to a foreign antigen, other, and neither of them interacts with or influences the presence Review questions at the end of
antibodies to the Rh factor termed anti-D antibodies appear in the or activities of the other group.
blood only when an Rh negative individual is exposed to Rh positive
each section prompt students
blood. This exposure to Rh positive blood most often occurs as a re- W H AT D I D YO U LE A R N ?
to test their comprehension of
sult of an inappropriate blood transfusion. Therefore, individuals who key concepts. These mini self-
are Rh positive never exhibit anti-D antibodies, because they possess ●
5 Why does an erythrocyte lack cellular organelles, and how is
the Rh antigen on their erythrocytes. Only individuals who are Rh this related to its life span? tests help students determine
negative can exhibit anti-D antibodies, and that can occur only after ●
6 How do transferrin and ferritin participate in recycling whether they have a sufficient
exposure to Rh antigens. erythrocyte components after the cells break down?
grasp of the information
The ABO and Rh blood types are usually reported together. For ●
7 Should a person with blood type A donate blood to a person
example, types AB and Rh+ together are reported as AB+. However, with blood type AB? Why or why not? before moving on to the next
section of the chapter.
Learning
Rh Incompatibility andStrategy 14.3 Rh Mother –
PregnancyRecall from Section 2.3a: “Composition and Structure of Membranes” that the
1st pregnancy: Between pregnancies: 2nd pregnancy:
The potential plasma
presence
antibodies is especially
membrane
of anti-Dis composed ofDlipids
Antigen and proteins.
introduced
mother’s blood
to Similar
Anti-Dto flattening
antibodies and
produced
in the mother
Learning Strategy
Anti-D antibodies attack
Rh+ fetal erythrocytes
rolling upimportant
a tube of in toothpaste to get the toothpaste out, the myelinating cell
pregnant women who are Rh negative Many anatomy instructors provide students
(neurolemmocyte or oligodendrocyte) is flattened and rolled up, leaving only
and have an Rh positive fetus. An Rh with everyday analogies, mnemonics, and
incompatibilitythe lipid
may bilayers
result of plasma membrane,
during which
Antigen D make the myelin.
other useful tips to help them understand and
Anti-D
the pregnancy if the mother has
previously been exposed to Rh posi-
antibody
remember the information. Learning Strategy
tive blood (such as can occur with a boxes throughout each chapter offer tried-
previously carried Rh positive fetus, Placenta and-tested practical learning strategies that
typically at the time of childbirth). As
a result of the prior exposure, the
students can apply as they read. These tips are
mother has anti-D antibodies that not just useful—they can also be fun!
may cross the placenta and destroy
the fetal erythrocytes, resulting in 1st Rh+ 2nd Rh+
Lawrence Manning/Getty Imagesfetus fetus
severe illness or death. The illness
that occurs in the newborn is called
xxi
hemolytic disease of the newborn
(HDN), or erythroblastosis fetalis. Mother Rh Blood Types Fetus Rh Blood Types
Challenge Yourself
ventricular contraction, and diastolic pressure is a measure of pressure during ventricular relaxation.
23.3 Systemic
Circulation
■
■ Actively
The ascending aorta gives off the left and right coronary write
arteries or type
to supply the your
heart. answers in a separate document to reinforce your learning, before checking your answers. This battery of matching, multiple-
■ The aortic arch has three branches: the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery.
■ Multiple
The descending thoracic aorta extends several branches Choice
to supply the thoracic wall. 9. The left fourth aortic arch vessel in an embryo becomes which
structure?
choice, short answer, and critical-
■ Select the
The descending abdominal aorta bifurcates into common best
iliac answer
arteries; from
these the four
vessels choices
divide provided.
into internal and external iliac
arteries.
1. Which vessel type consists of a tunica intima with large gaps
a. left common carotid artery
b. left subclavian artery
thinking questions is designed to test
23.3b General Venous Return to the Heart between the endothelial cells, and a discontinuous basement c. aortic arch
■ Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the superior membrane?
and inferior venae cavae.
a. continuous
d. left pulmonary artery students on all levels of learning,
10. Vasa vasorum are found in which tunic of a large blood vessel?
b. arteriole
c. sinusoid a. intima from basic comprehension to
b. media
2.
d. fenestrated
Some venous blood from the lower limb drains through which
c. externa
d. intermedia
synthesis of concepts.
of the following veins?
a. great saphenous vein Content Review
b. basilic vein
c. external jugular vein 1. What are the respiratory and skeletal muscular pumps,
d. median cubital vein and how do they assist in the return of venous blood to
the heart?
3. Which of the following vessels supplies the stomach wall and is
not a direct branch of the celiac trunk? 2. Compare and contrast arteries and veins with respect to
a. splenic artery function, tunic size, and lumen size.
b. right gastric artery 3. Trace the path of blood flow from the left ventricle of the heart to
c. left gastric artery the right atrium of the heart. List the types of vessels (e.g., elastic
d. common hepatic artery arteries, arterioles) the blood travels through, and identify the type
4. Which type of vessel has a large number of smooth muscle cell of blood vessel in which gas and nutrient exchange occur.
layers in its tunica media as well as elastic tissue confined to an 4. What is the main function of capillaries? What are the three
internal elastic lamina and external elastic lamina? kinds of capillaries?
a. elastic artery 5. Is blood pressure higher in arteries or veins? What are the
b. muscular artery consequences of hypertension?
c. arteriole 6. Identify the three main branches of the aortic arch that receive
d. venule oxygenated blood, and identify the areas of the body they supply.
5. Which statement is true about veins? 7. How is blood flow through the upper and lower limbs similar?
a. Veins always transport deoxygenated blood.
b. Veins drain into smaller vessels called venules. 8. Compare the systemic and pulmonary circulations. Discuss the
c. The largest tunic in a vein is the tunica externa. function of arteries and veins in each system.
9. How does aging affect blood vessel anatomy and function?
Answers to What
d. The lumen of a vein tends to be smaller than that of a
comparably sized artery. 10. What postnatal changes occur in the heart and blood vessels?
6. Which of the following is the pathway that blood follows Why do these occur?
through the upper limb arteries?
a. subclavian → axillary → ulnar → radial Developing Critical Reasoning Do You Think?
→ brachial
b. subclavian → axillary → brachial → cephalic
1. Two 50-year-old men are trying to determine their risk
for developing atherosclerosis. John jogs three times a The What Do You Think?
→ basilic week, maintains a healthy weight, and eats a diet low in
c. subclavian → ulnar → brachial → radial
d. subclavian → axillary → brachial → radial and ulnar
saturated fats. Thomas rarely exercises, is overweight, questions are answered at
and only occasionally eats healthy meals. Based on your
7. Which of the following veins typically does not drain directly
into the inferior vena cava?
knowledge of the cardiovascular system and atherosclerosis,
which man do you think is more at risk for developing the
the end of each chapter.
a. renal disease? What other factors could put a person at risk for
b. hepatic portal atherosclerosis?
c. common iliac 2. Arteries tend to have a lot of vascular anastomoses around body
d. right gonadal joints (such as the elbow and knee). Propose a reason why this
8. After birth, the umbilical vein becomes which structure? would be beneficial.
a. medial umbilical ligament 3. The internal thoracic artery is frequently used as a coronary
b. ligamentum venosum bypass vessel (a replacement artery for a blocked coronary
c. ligamentum arteriosum artery). What makes this vessel a good choice for this Chapter Twenty-Three Vessels and Circulation 713
d. round ligament of the liver surgery? Will blood flow to the thoracic wall be compromised
as a result? Why or why not?
xxii
FOR INSTRUCTORS
No surprises.
The Connect Calendar and Reports tools keep you on track with the
work you need to get done and your assignment scores. Life gets busy;
Connect tools help you keep learning through it all.
Top: Jenner Images/Getty Images, Left: Hero Images/Getty Images, Right: Hero Images/Getty Images
xxv
"Pankissa."
Mutta niin pian kuin nuori tyttö jää yhden miehen saaliiksi, on hän
mennyttä kalua. Sirkka vetäytyi yksinäisyyteen, vaipui haaveiluihin ja
itki ilman syytä. Luulimme häntä sairaaksi, mutta hän antoi
kierteleviä vastauksia ja koetti välttää keskustelua.
Katri nauroi:
"On siinä ero kuin yöllä ja päivällä. Jos mies rakastuu, hoitaa hän
siitä huolimatta tehtävänsä, mutta nainen kulkee ja uneksii
rakastetustaan, unohtaen koko maailman. Korkeintaan hän sepustaa
rakkauskirjeitä."
Huomasin Katrin alahuulesta, että hän piti tätä väitettä hirveänä
loukkauksena koko naissukua kohtaan. Ajattelin jo hiukan lieventää
sitä myöntämällä, että rakastunut nainen joskus lisäksi neuloo
kirjoitusmaton tai palttoon nimikirjaimet sulhaselleen.
"Miellyttääkö sinua?"
"Isännöitsijäkö?"
*****
Kesä meni kuin siivillä. Syyskuun ensi päiväksi piti Sirkan saapua
kaupunkiin alottamaan viimeistä kouluvuottansa. Hän oli maalla
voimistunut, tullut päivänpaahtamaksi ja vereväksi. Soitellut hän oli,
ei sentään läheskään niin paljoa kuin minä olisin tahtonut. Enimmän
aikansa hän käytti rakkausromaanien lukemiseen ja haaveiluun —
siltä ainakin minusta näytti. Vähintään pari kertaa viikossa hän
kirjoitti rakastetulleen Helsinkiin, ja ellei ensi postissa tullut
vastausta, kävi hän hermostuneeksi ja arveli jonkun onnettomuuden
tapahtuneen. Tyttö-hupakko oli pihkaantunut nenännipukkaa
myöten!
Setä oli huonolla tuulella, sadatteli ja noitui syksyä, joka oli niin
turmiollinen luuvaloisille. Kuuntelin kärsivällisesti valitusvirren
loppuun — muutoin ei olisi maksanut vaivaa edes puhua
rahapulastaan. Katsoinpa eduksi asialle muutamin valituin sanoin
huomauttaa, että setä oli viime aikoina tullut nuoremmaksi ja
terveemmän näköiseksi, niin etten ihmettelisi, vaikka joku nuori
neitonen vielä rakastuisi häneen.
"Vai että jo ollaan niin pitkällä! No, minkä niminen on yhtiö ja missä
talo sijaitsee?"
"Suuriko on osakepääoma?"
*****
"Minulla on asianajotoimisto."
"Pian on eduskuntavaalit."
"Me…? Te ja minä…?"
Tämän sanottuani osoitin hänelle sitä paikkaa, mistä tie kulki ulos.
Hän laski käden mahtipontisesti sydämelleen ja lausui kuin paras
näyttelijä: