FACULTY OF INORMATION MANAGEMENT

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM)

CAWANGAN KEDAH

IMC258 : METADATA DEVELOPMENT IN INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

Prepared by:

FARISHA EMYLIA BINTI 2022752165

MAZUKI

Prepared for:
MISS NORYANA BINTI AHMAD KHUSAINI

SUBMISSION DATE:
8 NOVEMBER 2023
IMD 258: : METADATA DEVELOPMENT IN INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

Prepared by:

FARISHA EMYLIA BINTI 2022752165

MAZUKI

IM110-Diploma in Information Management

FACULTY OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM)

CAWANGAN KEDAH

8 NOVEMBER 2023
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First thing first, I want to express all our sincere to my lecturer MISS NORYANA BINTI
AHMAD KHUSAINI for keep help us a lot to complete this assignment. A big thanks to miss
for keep a good guideline and give the best guidance to completing this assignment. This
assignment can't be completed if we’re doing it all alone without your help. And thank you for
giving this task since now we must know in more detail about to Interpersonal Communication
& Relationship. Secondly, I would like to thanks to all those classmates in KCDIM1104A for
help us a lot on what we don't really understand. They keep giving a lot of respond immediately
and discussed it together in the group chat. We can't get so much information that I did not
know without them.

And lastly, I want to thanks to both of our parent that keep supporting us from the
beginning of this assignment. They also help us when I'm asking for something when I don’t
know and not so sure.

After this assignment, I have learnt a new thing that we’ll never knew. It was great to
have an assignment like this. I wish we could have used it one day in the future.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENT PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 What is metadata

2.0 METADATA 2-3

2.1 History of metadata

3.0 TYPES OF METADATA 4

3.1 Descriptive Metadata

3.2 Technical Metadata
3.3 Administrative Metadata

4.0 METADATA STANDARDS 5-6

4.1 IFLA
4.2 ISO
4.3 W3C
4.4 NISO

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5.0 CONCLUSION

6.0 REFERENCE
 1.0 INTRODUCTION

Data that offers details about other data is known as metadata. Basically, it's "data about
data." The content, structure, origin, and other features of the data it relates to are all described
by the metadata. Users and systems may more effectively organise, find, and manage data
with the aid of metadata. Researchers and librarians created cataloguing systems in ancient
libraries and archives to help with the arrangement and location of books and scrolls. This is
where metadata first appeared. These early cataloguing attempts provided information on the
contents and origins of these priceless documents, thereby acting as a crude type of metadata.
On the other hand, the advent of the digital era marked the real revolution of metadata.

With the exponential expansion of digital content and the need for effective information
retrieval, search, and classification, metadata has become an indispensable tool. Libraries,
databases, and digital repositories have all embraced standardised metadata standards,
making it possible to convey information about digital goods in an organised manner. The
emergence of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s greatly elevated the significance of
metadata. Search engines can now crawl and gather valuable data from the growing web
thanks to the HTML meta element, which allowed website builders to include metadata directly
into online pages.

As we go into the twenty-first century, metadata is becoming crucial in many fields,

including data science, information retrieval, content management, and digital asset
organisation. The metadata landscape is changing because of the ongoing development of
technology and data-driven businesses, which presents both new possibilities and difficulties.
This study will examine how metadata has changed over time, as well as its fundamental
elements, importance in the digital era, and ongoing effects on how we interact with data and
information.

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 2.0 METADATA

2.1 History of metadata

In today's vast digital world, data management and structure are essential. In this
process, metadata—a notion deeply ingrained in our modern digital world—is essential. This
study examines the field of metadata, examining its evolution, importance, and history in our
digital lives. Metadata functions as organised reference information that facilitates the
classification and identification of characteristics of the content it represents. It is also
referred to as data about other data. Metadata is compared to both a cosmos and DNA in
John W. Warren's book "Zen and the Art of Metadata Maintenance". In information
technology, the prefix "meta" usually denotes a description or underlying definition.

Condensing important information about data, metadata makes it easier to recognise,

use, and reuse certain data instances. Metadata for basic document files contains author,
production date, modification date, and file size. Finding certain documents is made easier
by having the option to search for metadata items. Web pages also benefit from metadata,
which includes content descriptions and keywords associated with the page's content. Users'
decisions to visit a website are influenced by this metadata, which frequently shows up in
search engine results.

Search engines use meta tags to determine the relevancy of a webpage. In the past,
search engine rankings were mostly determined by meta tags. However, some websites
started using keyword stuffing once search engine optimisation (SEO) became popular in
the late 1990s to trick search engines into giving their pages a better rating. As a result,
meta tags are no longer as important to search engines, though they are still considered
when indexing pages.

This information is usually shown via meta tags.Since the emergence of contemporary
information technology, the idea of metadata has undergone substantial evolution and may
be traced back to ancient civilizations. This is a quick synopsis of metadata's past:

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 Antiquated Libraries: Libraries from prehistoric Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt are
where the technique of cataloguing written works first emerged. Titles, authors, and
subject matters of the works were frequently included in cataloguing information
found on papyrus scrolls and clay tablets.
 Library Catalogues: In classical Greece and Rome, the concept of methodically
classifying and arranging literature in libraries was formalised. One of the most well-
known libraries in antiquity, the Library of Alexandria, used cataloguing techniques to
arrange its enormous collection.
 Bibliographic Metadata: Scholars and librarians worked to improve cataloguing
techniques during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Title pages and other
bibliographic metadata became customary when Johannes Gutenberg invented the
printing press in the fifteenth century.
 Dewey Decimal System: Melvil Dewey created the method in the late 19th century,
and it completely changed library cataloguing. Books were categorised and arranged
according to their themes using a numerical code in the DDC system.
 Library of Congress categorization: To organise books and papers in libraries, the
Library of Congress in the United States developed its own categorization scheme in
the late 19th century. This system is still extensively in use today.
 Card Catalogues: Libraries had card catalogues with metadata on actual index
cards until the digital era arrived, which made it simpler for patrons to locate books
and other resources. The 20th century saw the continuation of this practise.
 Digital Revolution: The creation, storing, and use of metadata underwent a
significant transformation with the introduction of computers and the subsequent
digital revolution in the late 20th century. Digital metadata standards emerged
because of libraries and other organisations beginning to digitise their catalogues
and materials.
 Metadata Standards: Several groups, including the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) and the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), started
developing standards for metadata across several areas. In the digital realm, these
standards aided in ensuring uniformity and compatibility.

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 3.0 TYPES OF METADATA

Descriptive Metadata

A digital entity's descriptive information can be used to define its content. It contains details
like subject classifications, abstracts, authors, titles, and keywords. In order for users to find
and comprehend the content of digital resources, they must have access to descriptive
metadata.

Technical Metadata

Technical metadata includes details on a digital asset's size, resolution, encoding, and kind of
file. For digital material to work and be interoperable across many platforms and systems, this
kind of information is essential.

Administrative Metadata

Digital asset management and administration are the focus of administrative metadata. It
explains provenance, ownership, rights, and limitations on access. Institutions and
organisations may better manage their digital assets with the help of administrative metadata.
It also sets restrictions and guidelines for user rights and data access. It also offers details on
the maintenance and management of data resources. Administrative metadata includes
details like the date of generation, file size and type, and archiving requirements. It is
commonly used in the context of ongoing research.

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 4.0 METADATA STANDARDS

The established rules and specifications known as metadata standards provide the format and
documentation requirements for metadata. It is simpler to communicate, trade, and manage
data and information across many systems and organisations thanks to these standards,
which guarantee consistency and interoperability. Many metadata standards have been
established for different applications and domains. Here are a few noteworthy metadata
standards from various fields:

IFLA

 MARC (Machine-Readable Cataloguing):MARC, which was created by the

International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA), is a widely used standard for
bibliographic description that is especially useful for managing and defining
bibliographic resources in libraries and archives. It is compatible with several formats,
including as UNIMARC and MARC21.

 FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records): FRBR is a conceptual

paradigm for characterising bibliographic materials that was designed by the
International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA). It offers an organised
framework for bibliographic metadata and is centred on ideas like Works,
Expressions, Manifestations, and Items.

 FRAD (Functional Requirements for Authority Data):When it comes to authority data,

the FRAD approach helps libraries manage and offer reliable information on authors
and subjects.

ISO

 ISO 19115 (Geographic Information - Metadata):An international standard called ISO

19115 is used to define geographic data. It offers a structure for guaranteeing data
discovery and interoperability in geospatial applications, as well as for recording
geographic data.

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  ISO 2709 (Information and Documentation - Format for Information Exchange): In the
context of library cataloguing and bibliographic information sharing, ISO 2709 is a
standard for bibliographic data interchange.

W3C

 RDF (Resource Description Framework): A W3C metadata standard called RDF is

used to describe online resources. It is a fundamental component of the Semantic
Web since it uses subject-predicate-object triples to represent connections.

 OWL (Web Ontology Language):The W3C also produced OWL, which expands on
RDF and offers a rich language for ontology construction. It is essential for explaining
complex relationships and making sense of metadata in the Semantic Web.

9.

 HTML meta tags: HTML meta tags: Web publishers may easily integrate metadata
into web pages thanks to the HTML specifications created by the W3C. This
information is used by web browsers and search engines to understand and display
web content.

NISO

 NISO Z39.50:NISO created the Z39.50 standard for information retrieval, which
enables search and retrieval requests to be transmitted between various databases
and systems.
 NISO Z39.87 (Data Dictionary - Technical Metadata for Digital Still photographs): By
defining technical information components for digital photos, this standard makes it
easier to archive and manage collections of digital images.

These organisations have played a significant role in the development of metadata

standards in their respective domains, enabling the successful use and sharing of
information in a variety of contexts, including libraries, archives, GIS systems, the web, and
other settings. The metadata standards of these groups are crucial in promoting global
interoperability and data exchange.

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 5.0 CONCLUSION

Current trends indicate that metadata is getting more and more recognition and is already
included in the specifications for complex software and IT applications. The UK government's
requirements for electronic document and records management systems, for instance, provide
baseline metadata standards. In order to expand on the endeavours started by these
individuals, several experts expected that system interfaces intended for the general public
and other users would be highly organised and user-friendly. In order to facilitate deeper
metadata integration, this is done. Organisations may require greater human control of the
management of these vital resources, or certain systems may rely on a more regulated,
traditionally authoritative approach to metadata for legitimate and pragmatic reasons. It's
exciting to think about how this wonderful resource can support future information sharing and
closer collaboration across other metadata companies.

Organisations like IFLA, ISO, W3C, and NISO have developed metadata standards that
guarantee consistency and interoperability, facilitating seamless data transfer between
systems, applications, and industries. Our information-driven society still relies heavily on
metadata, which powers search engines and the Semantic Web in addition to improving data
science and analytics and making library materials easier to access. But as metadata's use
grows, it faces additional challenges including maintaining data quality, adjusting to big data
and the Semantic Web, and addressing ethical and privacy issues. The area of metadata must
continuously innovate and adapt to these difficulties.

Ultimately, metadata's ongoing significance results from its capacity to open doors in our
digital world. By helping us to fully use data, it makes it possible for more effective research,
improved content management, and more information discovery. Metadata will be increasingly
relevant as technology develops and will continue to be crucial in shaping the future of data-
driven businesses.

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 REFERENCES

Mccallum, S. (2005). World Library and Information Congress: 71th IFLA General
Conference and Council “Libraries -A voyage of discovery” Code Number: 060-E Meeting:
150 SI -ICABS (IFLA/CDNL Alliance for Bibliographic Standards) Preservation Metadata
Standards for Digital Resources: What we have and What we need d.
https://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla71/papers/060e-McCallum.pdf

Kalita, D., & Deka, D. (2020, March 14). Searching the great metadata timeline: A review of
library metadata standards from linear cataloguing... ResearchGate; Emerald.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339934506_Searching_the_great_metadata_timeli
ne_A_review_of_library_metadata_standards_from_linear_cataloguing_rules_to_ontology_i
nspired_metadata_standards

Metadata, Metadata Schemas & Metadata Standards. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2023,
from
https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/2823/igbis_breytenbach_up.pdf?sequence
=5

Tallent, J. (2016, September). Final thoughts and where to go next - Learning Metadata for
Book Publishing. LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/learning/learning-metadata-for-book-
publishing/final-thoughts-and-where-to-go-next

Marr, B. (2021, July 2). What Is Metadata – A Simple Explanation Of What Everyone Should
Know | Bernard Marr. Bernard Marr. https://bernardmarr.com/services/