NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

THE RESEARCH PROCESS

Research- organized investigation and study of
materials and sources to create facts and reach
new in your own. Prieto, et.al. (2017) also added that the following
are involved in the Research Processes:
• Developing appropriate solutions to improve
the individual’s quality of life.
1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM: What is the
• a systematic and objective search for
problem?
reliable knowledge (Walker, 2010).
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: What
RESEARCH CAN BE CATEGORIZED INTO TWO:
evidence is already presented?
1. Basic research- type of research that is a
3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS: How are we
purely direct application but increasing
going to find/look for the answer to the questions
the nature of understanding about the
being studied?
problem. It develops the scientific theories
to be more understandable to the readers.
4. RESEARCH DESIGN: Where will the study be
shown and with what population?
2. Applied research- type of research that
needs an answer to a specific question. It
provides solutions and validation to apply to 5. COLLECTING DATA: Are we ready to gather
the real setting. the data? Where do we find the data?

CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND 6. ANALYZING DATA: How do the data answer the
ETHICS IN RESEARCH research queries?

Characteristics of Research 7. INTERPRET AND REPORT: What are the

implications of the results?
EMPIRICAL- based on observations and
experiments of theories. Research Ethics

SYSTEMATIC- follows orderly and sequential According to Resnik, 2007, ethical norms are
procedures, based on valid procedures and significant in conducting research studies as
principles. explained in the following:
CONTROLLED- all variables are kept constant
(except those that are tested/ experimented on)  First, ethics promotes the pursuit of
EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS- a search for facts, knowledge, truth, and credibility. It also
fosters values that are essential
answers to questions and solutions to problems.
collaborative work.
ANALYTICAL- shows analytical procedures in  Second, ethical norms help individuals to
gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, be accountable in every act that the
and or case study. researcher/s undertake.
OBJECTIVE- unbiased and logical. All findings are  Third, ensure that researchers are held
logically based on real-life situations. accountable to the public. o Lastly, an
ethical norm in research also needs
ORIGINAL WORK- requires its own examination public awareness. This can be evaluated
and produces the data needed to complete the by the researcher before conducting the
study. study because this may help a certain
population in an area once the study is
completed.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research, is concerned with the experiences, understanding
Resnik, 2007 and words of the individual. (maximum of 20
respondents) (open -ended question)
Given the importance of ethics in the conduct QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND ITS
of a research, you will follow codes and policies IMPORTANCE IN DAILY LIFE
for research:
Qualitative Research- concerned with the
 Honesty- Maintain all communication. Data experiences, understanding and words of the
should not be . individual. Aims to develop deep and holistic
understanding of phenomenon.
 Objectivity- Avoid biases in experimental
designs, data analysis, interpretation, Phenomenon- fact or situation that is observed to
expert testimony, and other aspects of exist or happen, especially one whose cause or
research. explanation is in question.
 Integrity- Keep your promises and
agreements.
 Carefulness- Avoid careless errors and Characteristics and Uses of Qualitative
negligence. Research
 Openness- Share data, results, ideas and
tools. Be open to criticism and new ideas. 1. Qualitative research takes place in a natural
setting like home, school, institution, or
 Confidentiality- Protect confidential
community.
communication.
2. Researchers gain actual experiences of the
 Responsible Publication- Avoid
research participants.
duplicating publications.
3. It focuses on participants’ perceptions and
 Responsible Mentoring- Help to educate,
experiences (Fraenkel and Wallen, 1988 in
mentor, and advise others.
Creswell, 2013)
 Respect Colleagues- Treat all peers fairly.
4. It is a process of describing a situation,
 Social Responsibility- Strive to promote analyzing data for themes or categories,
social good. Avoid social harm. and interpretations making or drawing
 Non- Discrimination- avoid discrimination conclusions.
against colleagues or students on the basis 5. Data are collected through observation,
of sex, races, ethnicity, and others. interviews, documents, e-mails, blogs,
 Legality- Be informed and obey relevant videos, etc.
laws and institutional governmental 6. It may result in changes in research
policies. questions after discoveries occur. It
 Respect of Intellectual Property- Give develops from a specific to a general
proper acknowledgment or credits to all understanding of concepts.
researchers. 7. It is a process of describing a situation,
 Human Subject- Minimize risks that analyzing data for themes or categories,
involve human lives, dignity, and privacy. and interpretations making or drawing
conclusions.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH- a positivist scientific 8. It may be subjected to the researcher’s
method which refers to a general set of orderly personal interpretation.
discipline procedures to acquire information (Beck, 9. The researchers, as a primary instrument in
2004). Mostly, it is concerned with numbers and data collection, view social phenomena and
measurement. (minimum of 50 respondents) situations holistically.
(closed -ended question)
Strengths of Qualitative Research

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH- naturalistic method of • Issues can be analyzed through detailed

research which deals with the concern of human and deep examination.
difficulty by discovering it straightly.” (Beck, 2004) It
 • Interviews are not being delimited to specific Grounded theory- occurs when a researcher
questions and can be guided/redirected by discovers a new theory based on the data
the researcher along the process. collected. It is a research methodology for
• The research framework and direction can discovering theory in a substantive area.
be easily revised as new information
emerges. Case study- involves an investigation of a person,
• The obtained data from human experience group, organization, or situation for a long period of
is powerful and sometimes more interesting time to explain why such things occur to the subject
than quantitative data. under study. Some examples of this type of study
• Data usually are collected from a few cases are the fields of social care, nursing, psychology,
education, etc.
or individuals so findings cannot be
generalized to a larger population. Findings Content and Discourse Analysis- This method
can however be transferable to another requires the examination or analysis of the
substance or content of the communication that
setting. takes place through letters, books, journals, photos,
Weaknesses of Qualitative Research video recordings, short message services, online
messages, emails, audio-visual materials, etc.
 Research quality is heavily dependent on Historical Analysis- study of primary documents
the researcher’s skills and may be to explain the connection of past events to the
influenced by the researcher's outlooks. present time.
 The volume of data makes analysis and
Action Research- practical and iterative approach
interpretation time-consuming.
to problem-solving and improvement. It involves a
 It is sometimes hard to prove.
systematic process where researchers, typically
 The researcher's presence during data practitioners or stakeholders, actively engage in
gathering, which is often unavoidable in investigating and solving real-world issues within
qualitative research, can affect the subjects' their own context.
attitudes towards the process.
 Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can
bring/result in problems when presenting
VARIABLES
findings. ➢ Findings can be more difficult and
take time to visualize.
 Dependent Variables- Depends on other
Kinds of Qualitative Research variable or factors. It is something that is
influenced and affected.
Narrative- Research investigate the lives of
individuals and ask a person or group of individual  Independent Variables- Affects the
to tell their life. This information is retold by the dependent variable. It is something you
researcher in a narrative chronology. have control over, one which you can
choose and manipulate. However, in some
Biography- Study of individuals' life. His or her
case, you may not be able to manipulate the
struggles. It deals with interesting stories which can independent variable.
be found in documents. Concerned with the
reconstruction of life histories.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Phenomenology- study of how people give
meaning to their experiences, like the death of
loved ones, care for the people, and friendliness of Review of Related Literature- comprehensive
the people. analysis and presentation of literature and studies
that are related to the current research/
Ethnography- understanding how a particular thesis/dissertation.
cultural group goes about their daily lives which
includes their organizational set-up, internal
operations, and lifestyle.
INTRODUCTION- Topic sentence that states the your sources depends on the writing style manual
broad topic of your thesis. Following sentence/s your professor wants you to use for the class [e.g.,
that state what is included/excluded (parameters). (American Psychological Association (APA),
Final sentence/s that signals list of key topics that Modern Language Association (MLA), Chicago,
will be used to discuss the selected sources. Turabian, etc.].
BODY- Divide up your text into sections/topics as
indicated in the last sentence of your introduction. ACCORDING TO THIS AUTHOR, THE
FOLLOWING ARE THE PURPOSE OF CITATION.
Each paragraph will be a synthesis of the many
texts that you have chosen for your literature
 To give importance and respect to other
review. CONCLUSION- summary of all the related
people for what they know about the field.
literature and studies. It may be composed of 5 to
10 sentences.  To give authority, validity and credibility to
other people’s claim, conclusions and
arguments
CHARACTERISTICS:  To prove your broad and extensive reading
of authentic and relevant materials about
 Relevant (highly connected) your topic
 To help readers find contact the sources of
 Recent (not long ago, current) ideas easily.
 To permit readers to check the accuracy of
your work and
GUIDE IN WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW;
 To save yourself from plagiarism

1. Choose a topic. Your literature review BALLENGER IN 2012 ALSO ADDED MORE
should be guided by a central research IMPORTANT REASONS WHY CITATION IS
question. IMPORTANT. THE FOLLOWING REASONS ARE:
2. Decide on the scope of review. How many
studies do you need to look at? How 1. Citing other people's words and ideas
comprehensive should it be? How many 2. Other researcher's ideas can be used to
years should it cover? reinforce your arguments.
3. Select the databases you will use to conduct 3. The ideas of other researchers can be used
your searches. Make a list of the databases to explain reasons for alternative
you will search. approaches.
4. Conduct your search and find the literature. 4. Just as the ideas of other researchers can
Review the abstracts of research studies bolster your arguments, they can also
carefully. This will save you time. detract from your credibility if their research
5. Review the literature. What was the is challenged.
research question of the study you are 5. Ideas are considered intellectual property
reviewing? What were the authors trying to and there can be serious repercussions if
discover? Was the research funded by a you fail to cite where you got an idea from.
source that could influence the findings?
What were the research methodologies? NOTE: In any academic writing, you are
Analyze its literature review, the samples required to identify for your reader which ideas,
and variables used, the results, and the facts, theories, concepts, etc., are yours and
conclusions. which are derived from the research and
CITING RELATED LITERATURE USING thoughts of others. Whether you summarize,
STANDARD STYLES paraphrase, or use direct quotes, if it's not your
original idea, the source must be
CITATION- a formal reference to a published or
acknowledged.
unpublished source that you consulted and
obtained information from while writing your
research paper. The way in which you document
STYLES IN RELATED LITERATURE CITATIONS is what you can quote or repeat in writing
OR REFERENCES through this citation pattern.

The following are the three terms used to 4. Long Direct Quotation or Block
express your appreciation for recognition of Quotation or Extract- this citation pattern
people’s ownership of borrowed ideas (Sharp mane you copy the author’s exact words
2012) as cited by Baraceros (2016). numbering from 40 to 100 words. Under
APAA, the limit is eight lines. Placed at the
center of the page with no indentation, the
1. Acknowledgment – the beginning portion copied lines look like they compose a
of the work that identifies individuals who stanza of a poem.
have contributed something to produce the
paper. APA STYLE- (Walag, Canencia, & Fiedler,
2. References or Bibliography – a complete 2018)
list of all reading materials including books,
journals, periodical, etc. from where the
MLA STYLE- (Walag, Canencia, and
borrowed ideas came from.
Fiedler, 2018)
3. Citation or In-Text- Citation- references
within the main body of the text, especially
in Review of Related Literature CHICAGO STYLE- (Walag, Canencia, and
Fiedler 2018)
PATTERNS OF CITATION

1. Summary- The citation in this case is SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND

shortened version of the original text that is STUDIES
expressed in yourown language. Making the
text short, you have to pick out only the Research and Thesis Writing, the sources
most important ideas or aspect of the text. of related literature and studies may include
the following:
2. Paraphrase- the antithesis of the first one
because, here, instead of shortening the
1. Books, encyclopedias, almanacs, and
form of the text, you explain what the text
other similar references.
means to you using your own words. In
doing so, it is possible that your
2. Articles published in professional
journals, magazines, periodicals,
explanations may decrease or exceed the
number of words of the original (Baraceros, newspapers, and other publications.
2016). 3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs,
speeches, letters and diaries.
Strategies in Paraphrasing: 4. Unpublished theses and dissertations.
5. The constitution, and laws and statures
 Read the original text or abstract. of the land.
Understand it as a whole, then, set 6. Bulletins, circulars, and orders
aside. emanating from government offices and
 Using your own memory, write down the departments, especially from the office
main points or concepts. of the Presidents of the Philippines and
 In your own words, summarize the text/ the Department of Education (DepEd).
abstract that helps make your point 7. Records of schools, public and private,
(University of Texas, 2016) especially reports of their activities.
8. Reports from seminars, educational or
3. Short Direct quotation- Only a part of the otherwise.
author’s sentence, the whole sentence, or 9. Official reports of all kinds, educational,
several sentences, not exceeding 40 words, social, economic, scientific,
 technological, political, etc. from the literature using chronological method, you
government and other entities. could write your research paper review
according to when they were published. If
The said sources can be categorized as: this approach be used, it has to be ensured
that clear development of the way, location
1. Primary Sources- artifacts, or place of where such research is to be
autobiographies, court records, diaries, noted following the flow of years or specific
Emails, speeches, letters, interviews, dates.
letters, official reports, drawings, maps,
photographs, speeches, 2. THROUGH BROAD-TO-SPECIFIC TOPIC-
According to Cronin, Ryan & Coughlan
2. Secondary Sources- biographies, critical (2008),
studies of an author's work, dictionaries, you can also organize your related review of
journal articles, handbooks, magazines, literature and studies by starting it from a
newspapers, textbooks, reports. general issue of topic, then lower it down to
specific issues in the literature until it
Related studies- studies, inquiries, or reaches and links to your research title,
investigations already conducted to which the question, research keywords, thesis
present proposed study is related or has some statement and hypothesis.
bearing or similarity.
They are usually unpublished materials such as 3. THROUGH MAJOR MODELS OR MAJOR
manuscripts, theses and dissertations (Calderon& THEORIES- Another approach in writing
Gonzales, 2015). coherent and organized review of related
literature and studies is by arranging it
according to its significant models or major
They may be classified as: theories. When various models or theories
1. Local- conducted in the Philippines. emerge in your studies, it is better to
2. Foreign / International- conducted in arrange them according to their importance
foreign lands. in your research. Group the articles you
read and researched by models and
LOCATING THE SOURCES OF RELATED theories to get coherent view of your review
LITERATURE AND STUDIES of related literature and studies (Cronin,
Ryan & Coughlan, 2008).
Generally, the sources of related literature and
studies according to Calderon & Gonzales 4. THROUGH PROMINENT AUTHORS- If a
(2015) can be accessed from the following: certain author, writer or researcher had
developed a certain innovation, model,
theory or education breakthrough and then
1. Libraries, either government or schools other authors or researchers continue
(private or public) studying and developing it, it is good to
arrange such authors by their popularity or
2. Government and private offices fame. It is also better if authors be
organized according to whose famous
3. The National Library and authors they agreed upon. With this
organization, coherence of author’s view on
4. Online websites (Aparejo, 2018) specific issues from one author to another is
vividly followed (Cronin, Ryan& Coughlan,
2008).
ORGANIZING RELATED LITERATURE
5. THROUGH CONTRASTING SCHOOLS OF
THOUGHT- By this approach of organizing
1. THROUGH CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
your
(DATE/YEAR)- In organizing your related
 related literature and study, you can group
together major arguments or contrasting INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP)- creations of the
differences that came up in your research mind such as inventions, literary and artistic works
with researchers stressing their agreement and symbols, names, and designs used in
and disagreement in their approaches and commerce.
ideas.
Two Categories
6. THROUGH THEMATIC CONCEPT OR BY • Industrial property- includes inventions
TOPIC- The thematic concept of topic (patents), trademarks, industrial designs,
reviews- and geographic indications of source;
related reviews that are organized on
specific topic or a concept, an issue or trend • Copyright- includes literary and artistic
of the time. It is different form chronological works such as novels, poems and plays,
and by publication because it focuses on films, musical works, artistic works such as
concept or topic rather than time and year drawings, paintings, photographs and
of publication. sculptures, and architectural designs"

CONTENT OF THE REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE Copyright Law

INTRODUCTION- explains the focus and This protects.

establishes the importance of the subject. It
discusses what kind of work has been done on the
topic and identifies any controversies within the 1. literary works.
field or any recent research which has raised 2. musical works, including any
questions about earlier assumptions. accompanying words;
3. dramatic works, including any
accompanying music;
BODY OF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE-
4. pantomimes and choreographic works;
second content of the review of related literature is
5. pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works;
the body. Oftentimes divided into major headings
6. motion pictures and other audiovisual
and subheadings. In most cases to, the body of
works; 7. sound recordings; and
related literature and studies will summarize,
8. architectural works.
evaluate and assess the field of knowledge under
study in current stage.

3. To understand the ethical use of

CONCLUSION- the summary of all the evidence
information - This helps you understand
that are being presented from introduction to the
the ethical use of information by providing
body of related literature and studies. Aside from
information on quoting, paraphrasing, and
that, the conclusion will also give the precise key
citing the work of others and on recognizing
findings of other studies of the review in general
and avoiding plagiarism. To use the work of
concepts.
others aside from respecting the intellectual
property right, you should know how to
Making Links Between Studies quote, summarize of paraphrase, and cite
properly the work of others.

Introductory words or phrases

ETHICAL STANDARD IN RESEARCH

1. Understand the Intellectual Property (IP)

rights