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Preface 7
VIDEO NOTES
VideoNotes are step-by-step videos that guide readers through the solution to an end-of-
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indicate where a VideoNote enhances a topic. Fully navigable problems allow for self-
paced instruction. VideoNotes are located at www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/savitch.
OTHER FEATURES
Pitfall sections, programming tip sections, and examples of complete programs with
sample I/O are given throughout each chapter. Each chapter ends with a summary
section and a collection of programming projects suitable to assign to students.
How to Access Instructor and Student Resource

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concepts and paradigms of popular high-level programming languages.
A self-study and homework tool, a MyProgrammingLab course consists of hun-
dreds of small practice problems organized around the structure of this textbook. For
students, the system automatically detects errors in the logic and syntax of their code
submissions and offers targeted hints that enable students to figure out what went
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SUPPORT MATERIAL
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Numerous individuals have contributed invaluable help and support in making this
book happen: My former editor, Susan Hartman at Addison-Wesley, first conceived of
the idea for this book and worked with me on the first editions; My current editor, Matt
8 Preface
Goldstein, provided support and inspiration for getting subsequent editions reviewed,
revised, and out the door; Kelsey Loanes, Rose Kernan, Demetrius Hall, and the other
fine people at Pearson also provided valuable assistance and encouragement.
The following reviewers provided corrections and suggestions for this book. Their
contributions were a great help. I thank them all. In alphabetical order they are:
Jim Adams Chandler-Gilbert Community College
Gerald W. Adkins Georgia College & State University
Dr. Bay Arinze Drexel University
Tamara Babaian Bentley University
James Baldo George Mason University
Prof. Richard G. Baldwin Austin Community College
Kevin Bierre Rochester Institute of Technology
Jon Bjornstad Gavilan College
Janet Brown-Sederberg Massasoit Community College
Tom Brown Texas A&M University, Commerce
Charlotte Busch Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi
Stephen Chandler NW Shoals Community College
Hong Cheng Southern Arkansas University
KY Daisy Fan Cornell University
Adrienne Decker University of Buffalo
Brian Downs Century College
Jeffrey Edgington University of Denver
Keith Frikken Miami University
Ahmad Ghafarian North Georgia College & State University
Arthur Geis College of DuPage
Massoud Ghyam University of Southern California
Susan G. Glenn Gordon College
Nigel Gwee Louisiana State University
Judy Hankins Middle Tennessee State University
May Hou Norfolk State University
Sterling Hough NHTI
Chris Howard DeVry University
Eliot Jacobson University of California, Santa Barbara
Balaji Janamanchi Texas Tech University
Suresh Kalathur Boston University
Edwin Kay Lehigh University
Dr. Clifford R. Kettemborough IT Consultant and Professor
Preface 9
Frank Levey Manatee Community College

Xia Lin Drexel University
Mark M. Meysenburg Doane College
Sridhar P. Nerur The University of Texas at Arlington
Hoang M. Nguyen Deanza College
Rick Ord University of California, San Diego
Prof. Bryson R. Payne North Georgia College & State University
David Primeaux Virginia Commonwealth University
Neil Rhodes University of California, San Diego
W. Brent Seales University of Kentucky
Lili Shashaani Duquesne University
Riyaz Sikora The University of Texas at Arlington
Christopher Simpkins Georgia Tech
Jeff Six University of Delaware
Donald J Smith Community College of Allegheny County
Tom Smith Skidmore College
William Smith Tulsa Community College
Xueqing (Clare) Tang Governors State University
Ronald F. Taylor Wright State University
Thomas VanDrunen Wheaton College
Shon Vick University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Natalie S. Wear University of South Florida
Dale Welch University of West Florida
David A. Wheeler
Wook-Sung Yoo Gannon University
Special thanks goes to Kenrick Mock (University of Alaska Anchorage) who

executed the updating of this edition. He once again had the difficult job of satisfying
me, the editor, and himself. I thank him for a truly excellent job.
Walter Savitch
Pearson wishes to thank and acknowledge the following people for their work on the
Global Edition:
Contributors
Vikas Deep Dhiman Amity University
Madhurima Hooda Amity University
Reviewers
Manasa Rengarer NMAM Institute of Technology
S.H. Chung Wawasan Open University
Issam A. El-Moughrabi Gulf University of Science and Technology
LOCATION OF VIDEONOTES IN THE TEXT VideoNote
www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/savitch
Chapter 1 Compiling a Java Program, page 42

Solution to Programming Project 1.7, page 88
Chapter 2 Using printf, page 94
Pitfalls Involving nextLine(), page 115
Chapter 3 Nested Loop Example, page 177
Debugging Walkthrough, page 184
Generating Random Numbers, page 191
Chapter 4 Information Hiding Example, page 239
Example Using the StringTokenizer Class on a CSV File, page 279
Chapter 5 Deep Copy vs. Shallow Copy Example, page 353
Chapter 6 Arrays of Objects, page 390
Chapter 7 Inheritance Walkthrough, page 464
Chapter 8 Late Binding Example, page 518
Chapter 9 Solution to Programming Project 9.1, page 609
Chapter 10 Reading a Text File, page 625
Chapter 11 Recursion and the Stack, page 696
Chapter 15 Walkthrough of the Hash Table Class, page 906
Chapter 16 Using HashMap with a Custom Class, page 948
Chapter 17 GUI Layout Using an IDE, page 1009
Chapter 18 Walkthrough of a Simple Drawing Program, page 1082
Chapter 19 Walkthrough of a Program with Race Conditions, page 1134
Networking with Streams, page 1138
Functional Programming Example, page 1172
Chapter 20 No video notes (Chapter on website)
This page intentionally left blank
Brief Contents
Chapter 1 Getting Started 33

Chapter 2 Console Input and Output 89
Chapter 3 Flow of Control 131
Chapter 4 Defining Classes I 205
Chapter 5 Defining Classes II 291
Chapter 6 Arrays 377
Chapter 7 Inheritance 459
Chapter 8 Polymorphism and Abstract Classes 515
Chapter 9 Exception Handling 555
Chapter 10 File I/O 613
Chapter 11 Recursion 683
Chapter 12 UML and Patterns 725
Chapter 13 Interfaces and Inner Classes 747
Chapter 14 Generics and the ArrayList Class 795
Chapter 15 Linked Data Structures 839
Chapter 16 Collections, Maps and Iterators 935
Chapter 17 Swing I 981
Chapter 18 Swing II 1057
Chapter 19 Java Never Ends 1119
Chapter 20 Applets and HTML (online at
www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/savitch)
Appendix 1 Keywords 1199
Appendix 2 Precedence and Associativity Rules 1201
Appendix 3 ASCII Character Set 1203
Appendix 4 Format Specifications for printf 1205
Appendix 5 Summary of Classes and Interfaces 1207
Index 1275
13
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Chapter 1 Getting Started 33
1.1 Introduction to Java 34

Origins of the Java Language ★ 34
Objects and Methods 35
Applets ★ 36
A Sample Java Application Program 37
Byte-Code and the Java Virtual Machine 40
Class Loader ★ 42
Compiling a Java Program or Class 42
Running a Java Program 43
TIP: Error Messages 44
1.2 Expressions and Assignment Statements 45

Identifiers 45
Variables 47
Assignment Statements 48
TIP: Initialize Variables 50
More Assignment Statements ★ 51
Assignment Compatibility 52
Constants 53
Arithmetic Operators and Expressions 55
Parentheses and Precedence Rules ★ 56
Integer and Floating-Point Division 58
PITFALL: Round-Off Errors in Floating-Point Numbers 59
PITFALL: Division with Whole Numbers 60
Type Casting 61
Increment and Decrement Operators 62
1.3 The Class String 65

String Constants and Variables 65
Concatenation of Strings 66
Classes 67
String Methods 69
Escape Sequences 74
String Processing 75
The Unicode Character Set ★ 75
15
16 Contents
1.4 Program Style 78

Naming Constants 78
Java Spelling Conventions 80
Comments 81
Indenting 82
Chapter Summary 83
Answers to Self-Test Exercises 84
Programming Projects 86
Chapter 2 Console Input and Output 89
2.1 Screen Output 90

System.out.println 90
TIP: Different Approaches to Formatting Output 93
Formatting Output with printf 93
TIP: Formatting Monetary Amounts with printf 97
TIP: Legacy Code 98
Money Formats Using NumberFormat ★ 99
Importing Packages and Classes 102
The DecimalFormat Class ★ 104
2.2 Console Input Using the Scanner Class 108

The Scanner Class 108
PITFALL: Dealing with the Line Terminator, '\n' 115
The Empty String 116
TIP: Prompt for Input 116
TIP: Echo Input 116
Example: Self-Service Checkout 118
Other Input Delimiters 119
2.3 Introduction to File Input 121

The Scanner Class for Text File Input 121
Chapter Summary 124

Chapter 3 Flow of Control 131
3.1 Branching Mechanism 132

if-else Statements 132
Omitting the else 133
Compound Statements 134
TIP: Placing of Braces 135
Nested Statements 136
Contents 17
Multiway if-else Statement 136

Example: State Income Tax 137
The switch Statement 139
PITFALL: Forgetting a break in a switch Statement 143
The Conditional Operator ★ 144
3.2 Boolean Expressions 145

Simple Boolean Expressions 145
PITFALL: Using = in Place of == 146
PITFALL: Using == with Strings 147
Lexicographic and Alphabetic Order 148
Building Boolean Expressions 151
PITFALL: Strings of Inequalities 152
Evaluating Boolean Expressions 152
TIP: Naming Boolean Variables 155
Short-Circuit and Complete Evaluation 156
Precedence and Associativity Rules 157
3.3 Loops 164

while Statement and do-while Statement 164
Algorithms and Pseudocode 166
Example: Averaging a List of Scores 169
The for Statement 170
The Comma in for Statements 173
TIP: Repeat N Times Loops 175
PITFALL: Extra Semicolon in a for Statement 175
PITFALL: Infinite Loops 176
Nested Loops 177
The break and continue Statements ★ 180
The exit Statement 181
3.4 Debugging 182

Loop Bugs 182
Tracing Variables 182
General Debugging Techniques 183
Example: Debugging an Input Validation Loop 184
Preventive Coding 188
Assertion Checks ★ 189
3.5 Random Number Generation ★ 191

The Random Object 191
The Math.random() Method 193
Chapter Summary 194

18 Contents
Chapter 4 Defining Classes I 205
4.1 Class Definitions 206

Instance Variables and Methods 209
More about Methods 212
TIP: Any Method Can Be Used as a void Method 216
Local Variables 218
Blocks 219
TIP: Declaring Variables in a for Statement 220
Parameters of a Primitive Type 220
PITFALL: Use of the Terms “Parameter” and “Argument” 227
Simple Cases with Class Parameters 229
The this Parameter 229
Methods That Return a Boolean Value 231
The Methods equals and toString 234
Recursive Methods 237
TIP: Testing Methods 237
4.2 Information Hiding and Encapsulation 239

public and private Modifiers 240
Example: Yet Another Date Class 241
Accessor and Mutator Methods 242
TIP: A Class Has Access to Private Members of All Objects of the Class 247
TIP: Mutator Methods Can Return a Boolean Value ★ 248
Preconditions and Postconditions 249
4.3 Overloading 250
Rules for Overloading 250
PITFALL: Overloading and Automatic Type Conversion 254
PITFALL: You Cannot Overload Based on the Type Returned 256
4.4 Constructors 258
Constructor Definitions 258
TIP: You Can Invoke Another Method in a Constructor 266
TIP: A Constructor Has a this Parameter 266
TIP: Include a No-Argument Constructor 267
Example: The Final Date Class 268
Default Variable Initializations 269
An Alternative Way to Initialize Instance Variables 269
Example: A Pet Record Class 270
The StringTokenizer Class ★ 274
Chapter Summary 279

Contents 19
Chapter 5 Defining Classes II 291
5.1 Static Methods and Static Variables 293

Static Methods 293
PITFALL: Invoking a Nonstatic Method Within a Static Method 295
TIP: You Can Put a main in Any Class 296
Static Variables 300
The Math Class 305
Wrapper Classes 309
Automatic Boxing and Unboxing 310
Static Methods in Wrapper Classes 312
PITFALL: A Wrapper Class Does Not Have a No-Argument Constructor 315
5.2 References and Class Parameters 316

Variables and Memory 317
References 318
Class Parameters 323
PITFALL: Use of = and == with Variables of a Class Type 327
The Constant null 329
PITFALL: Null Pointer Exception 330
The new Operator and Anonymous Objects 330
Example: Another Approach to Keyboard Input ★ 331
TIP: Use Static Imports ★ 333
5.3 Using and Misusing References 335

Example: A Person Class 336
PITFALL: null Can Be an Argument to a Method 341
Copy Constructors 345
PITFALL: Privacy Leaks 347
Mutable and Immutable Classes 351
Tip: Deep Copy versus Shallow Copy 353
TIP: Assume Your Coworkers Are Malicious 354
5.4 Packages and javadoc 354

Packages and import Statements 355
The Package java.lang 356
Package Names and Directories 356
PITFALL: Subdirectories Are Not Automatically Imported 359
The Default Package 359
PITFALL: Not Including the Current Directory in Your Class Path 360
Specifying a Class Path When You Compile ★ 360
Name Clashes ★ 361
Introduction to javadoc ★ 362
Commenting Classes for javadoc ★ 362
Running javadoc ★ 364
20 Contents
Chapter Summary 366

Chapter 6 Arrays 377
6.1 Introduction to Arrays 378

Creating and Accessing Arrays 379
The length Instance Variable 382
TIP: Use for Loops with Arrays 384
PITFALL: Array Indices Always Start with Zero 384
PITFALL: Array Index Out of Bounds 384
Initializing Arrays 385
PITFALL: An Array of Characters Is Not a String 387
6.2 Arrays and References 388

Arrays Are Objects 388
PITFALL: Arrays with a Class Base Type 390
Array Parameters 390
PITFALL: Use of = and == with Arrays 392
Arguments for the Method main ★ 397
Methods that Return an Array 399
6.3 Programming with Arrays 400

Partially Filled Arrays 401
Example: A Class for Partially Filled Arrays 404
TIP: Accessor Methods Need Not Simply Return Instance Variables 408
The “for-each” Loop ★ 408
Methods with a Variable Number of Parameters ★ 412
Example: A String Processing Example ★ 415
Privacy Leaks with Array Instance Variables 416
Example: Sorting an Array 420
Enumerated Types ★ 424
TIP: Enumerated Types in switch Statements ★ 429
6.4 Multidimensional Arrays 431

Multidimensional Array Basics 431
Using the length Instance Variable 434
Ragged Arrays ★ 435
Multidimensional Array Parameters and Returned Values 435
Example: A Grade Book Class 436
Chapter Summary 442

Contents 21
Chapter 7 Inheritance 459
7.1 Inheritance Basics 460

Derived Classes 461
Overriding a Method Definition 471
Changing the Return Type of an Overridden Method 471
Changing the Access Permission of an Overridden Method 472
PITFALL: Overriding versus Overloading 473
The super Constructor 474
The this Constructor 476
TIP: An Object of a Derived Class Has More than One Type 477
PITFALL: The Terms Subclass and Superclass 480
Example: An Enhanced StringTokenizer Class ★ 481
7.2 Encapsulation and Inheritance 484

PITFALL: Use of Private Instance Variables from the Base Class 485
PITFALL: Private Methods Are Effectively Not Inherited 486
Protected and Package Access 487
PITFALL: Forgetting about the Default Package 490
PITFALL: A Restriction on Protected Access ★ 490
7.3 Programming with Inheritance 493

TIP: Static Variables Are Inherited 493
TIP: “is a” versus “has a” 493
Access to a Redefined Base Method 493
PITFALL: You Cannot Use Multiple supers 495
The Class Object 496
The Right Way to Define equals 497
TIP: getClass versus instanceof ★ 499
Chapter Summary 504

Chapter 8 Polymorphism and Abstract Classes 515
8.1 Polymorphism 516
Late Binding 517
The final Modifier 519
Example: Sales Records 520
Late Binding with toString 527
PITFALL: No Late Binding for Static Methods 528
Downcasting and Upcasting 529
PITFALL: Downcasting 533
22 Contents
TIP: Checking to See Whether Downcasting Is Legitimate ★ 533

A First Look at the clone Method 536
PITFALL: Sometimes the clone Method Return Type Is Object 537
PITFALL: Limitations of Copy Constructors ★ 538
8.2 Abstract Classes 541

Abstract Classes 542
PITFALL: You Cannot Create Instances of an Abstract Class 546
TIP: An Abstract Class Is a Type 547
Chapter Summary 548

Chapter 9 Exception Handling 555
9.1 Exception Handling Basics 557

try-catch Mechanism 557
Exception Handling with the Scanner Class 559
TIP: Exception Controlled Loops 560
Throwing Exceptions 562
EXAMPLE: A Toy Example of Exception Handling 564
Exception Classes 569
Exception Classes from Standard Packages 570
Defining Exception Classes 572
TIP: Preserve getMessage 576
TIP: An Exception Class Can Carry a Message of Any Type 578
Multiple catch Blocks 583
PITFALL: Catch the More Specific Exception First 585
9.2 Throwing Exceptions in Methods 588

Throwing an Exception in a Method 588
Declaring Exceptions in a throws Clause 590
Exceptions to the Catch or Declare Rule 593
throws Clause in Derived Classes 594
When to Use Exceptions 595
Example: Retrieving a High Score 596
Event-Driven Programming ★ 599
9.3 More Programming Techniques for Exception

Handling 601
PITFALL: Nested try-catch Blocks 601
The finally Block ★ 601
Rethrowing an Exception ★ 603
The AssertionError Class ★ 603
Contents 23
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException 604
Chapter Summary 604

Chapter 10 File I/O 613
10.1 Introduction to File I/O 614

Streams 614
Text Files and Binary Files 615
10.2 Text Files 616

Writing to a Text File 616
PITFALL: A try Block Is a Block 622
PITFALL: Overwriting an Output File 622
Appending to a Text File 623
TIP: toString Helps with Text File Output 624
Reading from a Text File 625
Reading a Text File Using Scanner 625
Testing for the End of a Text File with Scanner 628
Reading a Text File Using BufferedReader 635
TIP: Reading Numbers with BufferedReader 639
Testing for the End of a Text File with BufferedReader 639
Path Names 641
Nested Constructor Invocations 642
System.in, System.out, and System.err 643
10.3 The File Class 645

Programming with the File Class 645
10.4 Binary Files ★ 649

Writing Simple Data to a Binary File 650
UTF and writeUTF 654
Reading Simple Data from a Binary File 655
Checking for the End of a Binary File 660
PITFALL: Checking for the End of a File in the Wrong Way 661
Binary I/O of Objects 662
The Serializable Interface 663
PITFALL: Mixing Class Types in the Same File 666
Array Objects in Binary Files 666
10.5 Random Access to Binary Files ★ 668

Reading and Writing to the Same File 668
PITFALL: RandomAccessFile Need Not Start Empty 674
24 Contents
Chapter Summary 674

Chapter 11 Recursion 683
11.1 Recursive void Methods 685

Example: Vertical Numbers 685
Tracing a Recursive Call 688
A Closer Look at Recursion 691
PITFALL: Infinite Recursion 693
Stacks for Recursion ★ 694
PITFALL: Stack Overflow ★ 696
Recursion versus Iteration 696
11.2 Recursive Methods That Return a Value 697

General Form for a Recursive Method That Returns a Value 698
Example: Another Powers Method 698
11.3 Thinking Recursively 703

Recursive Design Techniques 703
Binary Search ★ 704
Efficiency of Binary Search ★ 710
Example: Finding a File 712
Chapter Summary 715

Chapter 12 UML and Patterns 725
12.1 UML 726

History of UML 727
UML Class Diagrams 727
Class Interactions 728
Inheritance Diagrams 728
More UML 730
12.2 Patterns ★ 731

Adaptor Pattern ★ 731
The Model-View-Controller Pattern ★ 732
EXAMPLE: A Sorting Pattern 733
Restrictions on the Sorting Pattern 739
Efficiency of the Sorting Pattern ★ 739
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Absolute Java 6Th Global Edition by Walter Savitch Full Chapter

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(eBook PDF) Absolute Java, 6th Global

Edition by Walter Savitch

How to Access Instructor and Student Resource

The following resources are available to qualified instructors only at www.

Frank Levey Manatee Community College

Special thanks goes to Kenrick Mock (University of Alaska Anchorage) who

Chapter 1 Compiling a Java Program, page 42

Chapter 1 Getting Started 33

Chapter 1 Getting Started 33

1.1 Introduction to Java 34

1.2 Expressions and Assignment Statements 45

1.3 The Class String 65

1.4 Program Style 78

Chapter 2 Console Input and Output 89

2.1 Screen Output 90

2.2 Console Input Using the Scanner Class 108

2.3 Introduction to File Input 121

Chapter Summary 124

Chapter 3 Flow of Control 131

3.1 Branching Mechanism 132

Multiway if-else Statement 136

3.2 Boolean Expressions 145

3.3 Loops 164

3.4 Debugging 182

3.5 Random Number Generation ★ 191

Chapter Summary 194

Chapter 4 Defining Classes I 205

4.1 Class Definitions 206

4.2 Information Hiding and Encapsulation 239

Chapter Summary 279

Chapter 5 Defining Classes II 291

5.1 Static Methods and Static Variables 293

5.2 References and Class Parameters 316

5.3 Using and Misusing References 335

5.4 Packages and javadoc 354

Chapter Summary 366

Chapter 6 Arrays 377

6.1 Introduction to Arrays 378

6.2 Arrays and References 388

6.3 Programming with Arrays 400

6.4 Multidimensional Arrays 431

Chapter Summary 442

Chapter 7 Inheritance 459

7.1 Inheritance Basics 460

7.2 Encapsulation and Inheritance 484

7.3 Programming with Inheritance 493

Chapter Summary 504

Chapter 8 Polymorphism and Abstract Classes 515

TIP: Checking to See Whether Downcasting Is Legitimate ★ 533

8.2 Abstract Classes 541

Chapter Summary 548

Chapter 9 Exception Handling 555

9.1 Exception Handling Basics 557

9.2 Throwing Exceptions in Methods 588

9.3 More Programming Techniques for Exception

Chapter Summary 604

Chapter 10 File I/O 613

10.1 Introduction to File I/O 614

10.2 Text Files 616

10.3 The File Class 645

10.4 Binary Files ★ 649

10.5 Random Access to Binary Files ★ 668

9.3 More Programming Techniques for Exception