What I Can Do

In your research notebook, do the following as the application of your

knowledge learned:
1. List down the primary sources of related literature you can find in your school.
2. List down the secondary sources of related literature you can find in
your school.
3. Categorize them by supplying the column below:

Location of the
Title List of Primary Title List of
Related Literature
Sources in Secondary Sources Local or Foreign
Sources (Library,
Alphabetical Order in Alphabetical Order
classroom, etc.)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Lesson
ORGANIZING RELATED
4 LITERATURE
What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have learned where you can locate the sources of related
literature and studies. The sources can be classified as primary or secondary sources and
can be categorized as foreign / international or local. Another important learning you have
gained are the simple steps in using websites and search engines to locate sources of related
literature and studies.
21 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 4
 What’s New
Now, let’s us have this activity in preparation for the new lesson.

Directions: Using the graphic organizer, supply how the review of related literature and study
will be organized given the examples presented.

Organizing Review of Related Literature

and Studies

1.Through _ 2.Through 3.Through _ 4.Through

_ _

77,000 people died

Gardner Theory of
Aparejo( 2015) on aids Jose Rizal
M. I. (1996 )
worldwide.

Philippines Gardner supported by

Gaston ( 2018 ) noted problem Geimer et.al. (2000) Apolinario Mabini
on aids.

Mindanao made Gains (2002), Uhlir

Calipusan (2020) move on (2000) supported
preventing aids. Bienvinido Santos
Gardner

What Is It
One of the greatest problems among researchers in writing the related literature is how
to organize the review. There are times that we tend to include all that we have read leaving
our Chapter 2 unorganized and crowded. Then, our Chapter 2 will lose its coherence and
unity. However, if you are a keen observer, you will notice how some researches follow a
certain format to make their work coherent. Here are the ways on how to organize your review
of literature and studies:

22 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 4

1. Through Chronological Order (date/year)

In organizing your related literature using chronological method, you could write
your research paper review according to when they were published. If this approach be
used, it has to be ensured that clear development of the way, location or place of where
such research are to be noted following the flow of years or specific dates.

This is considered the easiest way in organizing coherent literature reviews and
studies. It features how the topic is changed according to year or time and how such topic
is thought of today (Cronin, Ryan& Coughlan, 2008).

According to Calderon & Gonzales (2015) related materials may also be cited
chronologically, that is, according to the year they were written. Materials which were written
earlier should be cited first before those which were written later. This can be done
especially when citation is by author or writer.

Chronology of Events. The circled years tell the chronological arrangement of

events.

The earliest recognized case of LD occurred in 1802 when Franz Joseph Gall a German
French anatomist and physiologist recognized an association between brain injury in soldiers
and subsequent expressive language disorders. In 1822, Gall published a book entitled Sur
les Fonctions, in which he outlined his belief that the brain was divided into twenty- seven
separate "organs," each corresponds to a discrete human faculty. He believed one of those
separate organs controlled the memory of things; the memory of facts; educability;
perfectibility.
In the year 1867, a German teacher for the deaf named Heinrich Stotzner had
founded the school for slow learners. This was done because he discovered that there were
children though without problem on mental retardation exhibit difficulty to read and write
because of poor motor coordination.
In 1877, Adolph Kassmaul-a German physician-coined the phrase word blindness
for loss of ability to read (Hagw& Silver, 1990). The phrase, which is still used today to
describe a form of dyslexia, refers to a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the
ability to read or understand the written word, either totally or partially. Partial word blindness
permits the individual to recognize letters, but read only certain types of words (Miller, 2002).

2. Through broad-to-specific topic

According to Cronin, Ryan & Coughlan (2008), you can also organize your related
review of literature and studies by starting it from a general issue of topic, then lower it down
to specific issues in the literature until it reaches and links to your research title, question,
research keywords, thesis statement and hypothesis.

An example of this is when you start the problem of teenage pregnancy

internationally or globally. Start by establishing the trend of such problem globally, then at
national level, to your province, city or locality and to your own barangay (Aparejo, 2010).

3. Through major models or major theories

Another approach in writing coherent and organized review of related literature and
studies is by arranging it according to its significant models or major theories. When various
models or theories emerge in your studies, it is better to arrange them according to their
importance in your research. Group the articles you read and researched by models and
theories to get coherent view of your review of related literature and studies (Cronin, Ryan &
Coughlan, 2008).

23 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 4

4. Through prominent authors

If a certain author, writer or researcher had developed a certain innovation, model,

theory or education breakthrough and then other authors or researchers continue studying
and developing it, it is good to arrange such authors by their popularity or fame. It is also
better if authors be organized according to whose famous authors they agreed upon. With
this organization, coherence of author’s view on specific issues from one author to another
is vividly followed (Cronin, Ryan& Coughlan, 2008).

5. Through contrasting schools of thought

By this approach of organizing your related literature and study, you can group
together major arguments or contrasting differences that came up in your research with
researchers stressing their agreement and disagreement in their approaches and ideas.

6. Through thematic concept or by topic

The thematic concept of topic reviews refers to the related reviews that are
organized on specific topic or a concept, an issue or trend of the time. It is different form
chronological and by publication because it focuses on concept or topic rather than time
and year of publication.
For instance, a review of the impact of internet to Philippine political system.
Although in this type of organization the chronological and thematic organization can still
be present in its development, the focus in the thematic approach is not the year nor the
theme but the role of the internet in political system of government. Note however that more
authentic thematic reviews tend to break away from chronological order. A review
organized in this manner would shift between time periods within each section according
to the point made.
If different authors or writers have the same opinion about the same topic, it is
discussed and cited under the names of the authors or writers. This is a summary of their
opinions or findings. This is done to avoid separate and long discussions of the same topic.
Example:
There have been several researchers of web-based applications in different
disciplines such as in engineering (Lam, n.d.), clinical and medical services
(Chakravorty,2006, Holzinger, 2007, Nijland, et. al., 2011, Sahoo, 2012, Maymone, et. al.
,2018, business and organizations (Zia, 2015), e-learning and in Science (Malavolta, 2016,
Xu & Ming, 2012, Yaldir, 2016, Eagleso, et. al. 2017, Abriata, 2018).
Source: Aparejo, Calipusan & Brandino (2018) titled “Improving Data Management
System of Senior High School Through E – form Web Application”

In the example, it shows that there are several authors who confirmed that web-
applications are used in clinical and medical services and in business and organizations. Note
that clinical and medical services is considered one theme and business and organization is
another theme.
7. Through Methodological approach
In the methodological approach, the focus is on the method the researcher used.
For example, the literature review focuses on the method used by the graduating Senior
High School students to raise funds for their entrepreneurship proposal or method used to
increase agricultural yields among agriculture students. It can also be the method used by
the STEM students in their researches on the preservation of our nature using the
innovation brought by technology.
In an example cited by Practical Research 1 book published by Rex Bookstore,
24 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 4
methodological organization is evident in this scenario. It states for instance the Internet in
American presidential politics projects. One methodological approach would be to look at
cultural difference between the portrayal of American presidents on American, British, and
French websites or their view might focus on the fundraising impact of the internet on a
particular political party. A methodological scope will influence either the types of documents
in the review or the way in which these documents are discussed.
Any method used in research by researchers or by respondents that would become
a phenomenon of innovation, breakthrough, success or failure will become the subject of
discussion, focus and interest on researchers’ world.
To help you understand what is method, let us try to answer this first.
1. Enumerate the methods used in communication or in sending ideas.
Possible answers are: language, letters, using technology, verbal and written
or oral communication.
2. Enumerate the method used in order to become professional or educated
Possible answers are: schooling, self-study, online study, etc.
Example
It is concluded that using differentiated instructions is considered an effective way
of addressing the diverse classrooms. This confirmed the study of Robinson,
Maldonado& Whaley (2014) stating that if teachers are provided with the knowledge and
tools to differentiate in their classrooms it may increase test scores and help low achieving
students find success and Mc Cullough (2012) while expanding the learning growth of
gifted and talented students.
Source: Aparejo (2015) titled “Using Differentiated Instruction Designs Through
Multiple Intelligence Theory to Improve the Academic Performance of Students at Risk
with LD

This example uses methodological approach considering that the method used in
increasing academic performance is the differentiated instructions inspired by the Theory of
Multiple Intelligences.
If you can already decide what method or organization you will be using in your review
of related literature, it will become easy for you to fill up the blank space of your Chapter 2
since you have now the idea of what to do and where to go. Using chronological organization
and thematic deal on concepts or others, this does not mean you are to limit your organization
on what is being discussed here. You can still add whatever type of organization you think you
can use provided it is necessary.

What’s More

Directions: Look at this example from the study of Ghamrawi (2013) titled “The Relationship
between the Leadership Styles of Lebanese Public-School Principals and Their
Attitudes towards ICT versus the Level of ICT Use by Their Teachers”. Using other
sections of related literature such as: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in
Educational Leadership and ICT and Attitudes and Level of Use of ICT in Schools, what do
you think is the type of organization in writing the review of related literature used by the author?

25 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 4

 Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Education

There are opposing views to the impact ICT has on the acquisition of leaning by
students. On one hand, ICT has been viewed as a tool for promoting quality learning.
This is supported by studies from several parts of the globe such as Ghamawi (2011),
Gillespie (2006), Romeo (2006), Murphy (2006), Wonget.al. (2006) Becta (2003),
Yelland (2001) Oliver (2000) and Grimus (2000). Grimus (2000) assures that “…by
teaching ICT skills in primary schools the pupils are prepared to future development
based on proper understanding” (p.362). This is also manifested by Yelland (2001)
who emphasizes the fact that there is no efficient and effective schooling unless ICT is
well integrated within teaching and learning.

Leadership and ICT

A huge body of literature argues that school leaders play an imperative role in
terms of setting the stage for effective integration of ICT in schools (Kerney & McGarr,
2009; Kirkland & Sutch, 2009; Haynes, 2007; Steed et al., 2005; Jacobson & Hunter
2004; Schiller, 2003; Solwinski, 2000). Condie and Munro (2007) who enlist a large
number of barriers against the effective integration of ICT in schools, assure that
school leadership tops this list. Sweeny (2005) assures that “effective leadership is the
most critical component in ensuring the successful implementation of any program in
an educational setting (p.48)

Attitudes and Level of Use of ICT in Schools

Studies addressing ICT integration in the teaching and learning process have
underscored also teachers’ attitudes towards ICT (Albirini, 2006). Kluever et al. (1994)
consider attitudes as a key factor determining whether teachers would tend to accept
computers as teaching tools that they would employ in their teaching. Harrison and
Rainer (1992) assure that teachers with weak attitudes towards ICT often display low
competencies in using computers. They would be, therefore, less likely to use ICT in
their teaching and learning.

What I Have Learned

Let us have this activity to find out how far you have learned in Lesson 2.

In lesson 2, you have learned how to organize and write your review of related
literature coherently. This follows proven organization such as:
1. through
2. through
3. through
4. through
5. through
6. through
7. through

26 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 4

 What I Can Do

Directions: Work with a partner. Arrange the 5 findings of Practical Research 1 Abstracts found
in your library and classrooms or 5 Abstracts from scholarly websites by using
Chronological order in one paragraph only. Write your answer in one whole sheet
of paper with your names. Use one- inch margin in all sides following a double-
spaced format.

Lesson
Making Links Between
5 Studies

What’s In

In previous lesson, you have learned that there is a structure in the format of writing
the review of related literature. The following are; through chronological order, through broad-
to-specific topic, through major models or major theories, through prominent authors
arrangement, through contrasting school of thoughts, through thematic concept or by topic
and through methodological approach.

What’s new
Directions: As you move on to the next lesson, you have to answer first the fill in the blank
test. Choose your answer from the box to complete the statement.
similarly moreover however while so

1. Aparejo’s (2008) research findings on the multiple intelligence of students at risk with
dyslexia is linked to the findings of Adlof, & Hogan (2018).
2. Students with dyslexia struggle in language skills. these students possess multiple
intelligences (Aparejo, 2008) to be used to cope up with their academic performance.

3. Students with dyslexia often have language deficits (Adlof & Hogan,
2018) ______ there is still hope for these students to learn by tapping their
multiple intelligences.

4. Students with dyslexia should not be labeled as idiots, dull, and slow learners
____________ they must be treated regular students.

5. In addition to the language deficiencies of these students, they may be at risk for slower
language acquisition (Adlof & Hogan, 2018) ___________their academic performance
will be affected too if they are not given an intervention (Aparejo,2008)
27 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 4
 What is It

Making links between studies is another skill in writing research or particularly in writing
review of related literature. This skill needs a thorough analysis from the research articles,
literature, abstracts and studies. After reading the literature reviews, abstracts and studies
comprehending and analyzing them are the next steps in order to decide whether the findings
of those materials have linked to your studies.

Here are the Effective Transitions in Research Manuscripts Writing introduced by

Panter, M. (2020)

Introductory words or phrases

The transitional devices written below are frequently used to linked one study to
another, one finding to another, one theory to another. However, these are also transitional
devices that would help to emphasize disagreement or in opposition thereto.
I want to... Informal Formal transition
Transition
Add And, In addition, additionally, moreover, furthermore
besides, also
Compare In comparison, similarly
Contrast But, yet In contrast, conversely, however, nevertheless, on the
one hand/on the other hand
Provide an Or Alternatively, on the one hand/on the other hand
alternative
Provide an For example, for instance
example
Specify Especially In particular, more specifically
Emphasize In fact, indeed, in other words
Conclude So In sum, in summary, in conclusion, thus, therefore,
consequently, taken together
Here are the examples of the transitional words used to link one study to another
by Mahmood (2016).

Agreements
• Similarly, author B points to…
• Likewise, author C makes the case that…
• Author D also makes this point…
• Again, it is possible to see how author E agrees with author D…

Disagreements
• However, author B points to…
• On the other hand, author C makes the case
• that…
• Conversely, Author Dargues…
• Nevertheless, what author E suggests argues the study of…

28 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 4

 What’s More

After knowing the transitional devises used to link one research to another, it is now
your time to work this activity below.

Directions: Analyze whose author/s agree/s or disagree/s with the given findings below.
Write the author/s who agree/s or disagree/s on the column provided.

Given findings: Students with parents abroad struggle in their school achievement

1. Aparejo (2019) found students with parents working abroad manifested significant
achievement in terms of their academic independence.

2. Students in Senior High School whose parents were working in foreign lands
performed low in their academic performance (Obedencio , 2019).

3. Academic performance has no significant effect on students with parents working

abroad (Balan,2018)

4. Overseas parents’ absence to SHS students has no significant effect on their

academic performance because they were matured when parents left them
(Baldelovar, 2019).

5. The study of Aparejo (2018) revealed that majority of students with overseas parents
belonged to the low- average academic achievers.

Authors in Agreement Authors in Disagreement

What I Have Learned

You have learned in this lesson how to link one findings of the study to another findings
of study using transitional devices. Now, let us try to find out what have you understood by
completing the statements below.

1. I realized that the transitional devices that I will use when

1.1. I have to add another study are
_______________________________________________
1.2. I have to disagree are
_______________________________________________
1.3. I have to make conclusion are
_______________________________________________
1.4. I have to compare are
_______________________________________________
and to contrast are
_______________________________________________
1.5. I have to provide alternative are
_______________________________________________

29 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 4

 What I Can Do

In your research notebook, practice making links from one study to another study using
transitional devices that you have learned in this lesson. Connect the findings given below by
writing one paragraph in all findings showing agreement and another paragraph for
disagreement.

Given findings: Students with parents abroad struggle in their school achievement

1. Aparejo (2019) found students with parents working abroad manifested significant
achievement in terms of their academic independence.

2. Students in Senior High School whose parents were working in foreign lands
performed low in their academic performance (, 2019).

3. Academic performance has no significant effect on students with parents working

abroad (Balan, 2018)

4. Overseas parents’ absence to SHS students has no significant effect on their academic
performance because they were matured when parents left them (Baldelovar,2019).

5. The study of Aparejo (2018) revealed that majority of students with overseas parents
belonged to the low- average academic achievers.

Lesson
CONTENT OF THE REVIEW
6 OF RELATED LITERATURE

What’s In

In lesson 5, you have learned about how to connect one finding to another findings of
the studies by using transitional devices. Such transitional devices help Add, Compare
Contrast, Provide an Alternative, Provide an Example, Specify, Emphasize and Conclude one
finding to other findings of the study.

30 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 4

 What’s New

Directions: Look at the sketch of a house. Enumerate its three important parts.

1.

2.

3. _

What is It

Writing review of related literature has its own structure. Researcher has to follow the
structure for its guided format. Like building a house, a carpenter or the engineer has to
design a structure of a house before he has to build it. Writing review of related literature
follows the same procedure too. The researcher will make or follow the procedural structure
in writing review such as an introduction, body and conclusion.

1. Introduction

The introduction explains the focus and establishes the importance of the subject. It
discusses what kind of work has been done on the topic and identifies any controversies
within the field or any recent research which has raised questions about earlier assumptions.

The introduction can be seen as the beginning paragraph of Chapter 2, or the

beginning paragraph of the body of related literature. Example: If the topic under
consideration is SHS students under Pres. Duterte’s declaration of Martial law, the
introduction can be like this: “This review will not explore the accounts of SHS students in
Visayas and Luzon but only in Mindanao (Martial Law is only implemented in Mindanao –
2017- 2019).

When you write an introduction, you have to bear in mind that it must have a focus and
has to emphasize on the subject or topic or problem of the study. It explains what kind of study
or research has been done and its purpose too. It also describes on any controversies
31 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 4
encompassing the previous and recent studies incorporating the present problems under
investigation. It also provides the background of the study or research. Sometimes an
introduction will summarize or evaluate the kind of research the researcher would like to
undertake or may suggest how the findings of research will lead to further researches.

Read the examples of the introduction of review of related literature and learn how to
write it on your own to avoid plagiarism.

Examples of introduction in Chapter 2 – Related Literature

Related Literature

Example 1. An introduction that expresses opposing views

There are opposing views to the impact ICT has on the acquisition of learning by
students. On one hand, ICT has been viewed as a tool for promoting quality learning.
This is supported by studies from several parts of the globe such as Ghamrawi (2011),
Gillespie (2006), Romeo (2006), Murphy (2006), Wongetal(2006),Becta (2003), Yelland
(2001), Oliver (2000) and Grimus (2000).

Source: Aparejo, Brandino & Calipusan (2020)

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This study is designed to explore the lived experiences of street children in

Gingoog City who are enrolled in Open High School Program (OHSP). To give the
comprehensive view of this research, review of related literature and studies are
presented below (Lloren, 2016).

Source: Lloren (2016)

2. Body of Review of Related Literature

The second content of the review of related literature is the body. The body of related
review of literature is oftentimes divided into major headings and subheadings. In most cases
to, the body of related literature and studies will summarize, evaluate and assess the field of
knowledge under study in current stage. It gives reports and findings on themes, issues,
topics, trends for researchers to confirm or negate. Note that if review is about a preliminary
of a research project, then the body will focus on the argument in order to justify the issues,
topics or problems under investigation.

32 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 4

 Example of Body of Review of Related Literature in Chronological Order

Several researchers confirmed that more module authors have developed different
modules in their specified field. Thorton (1971) reported in detail about a project where
programmed instructions were used in a module on "Cellular Respiration". The modular
format contained instructional objectives, necessary pre-requisites and time required,
diagnostic pre-test, key for the test, required materials for the program, instructions for
the use of the program and self-scored post-test. Collagan (1972) as cited by KK John (
2010 ) constructed certain modules of a programmed course in Astronomy. Wilkerson
(1973) developed and validated modules utilizing five stages of which the first four may
be identified as the stages of planning and development. These stages were: (i)
exploratory reading and research into the area of the instructional system and attitude;
(ii) completion of rough draft and collection of revision data from researchers and
reviewers; (iii) revision of the modules and (iv) informal field test. Cohan (1973)
developed, and field tested a module to instruct student teacher with respect to critical
thinking and the teacher behavior which promote critical thinking. Girard & Pinar ( 2011 )
research study advances the understanding of the usability of marketing case study
modules in the area of interactive web-based technologies through the assignment of
seven interactive case modules in a Principles of Marketing course and in same year
Teaching Modules for nanotechnology were developed, implemented and evaluated in
the research study of Shabani, et al. ( 2011)

Source: Camocamo, R. (2014 ) ”DEVELOPING LOCALIZED ECONOMICS MULTIMEDIA MODULES

3. Conclusion

The conclusion will give the summary of all the evidences that are being presented
from introduction to the body of related literature and studies. Aside from that, the conclusion
will also give the precise key findings of other studies of the review in general concepts.

The conclusion for review of related literature is different from the conclusion of the
entire research findings of your study. This conclusion here is specifically for the review of
related literature only. It consists of one paragraph only summarizing the main points of all
the research findings from abstracts, theories and models used in the study or in your
research.

Example in Concluding the Review of Related Literature and Studies using

Summary

To sum up, the literature and studies mentioned above give the strong evidence
of what the researchers claim on the lived experiences of the respondents being
teenage mothers.

Example in Concluding the Review of Related Literature and Studies using

Evaluation

Different views on the lived experiences of teenage mothers have been

presented from different findings of various researches and different perspective from
prominent social theorists. Each view is supported by experiences of emotional and
psychological journey into a knowledge of an early motherhood.

33 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 4

 Example in Concluding the Review of Related Literature Using Linkage
of Existing Knowledge

Based from the related literature reviews and studies presented above,
teenage pregnancy is nothing new in historical point of view and in worldwide
phenomenon. The reviews and studies support the idea that teenage pregnancy is
mainly a social and not a medical problem.

What’s More

Directions: With your knowledge on the content of review of related literature, analyze if the
following short review of related literature contains the three (3) parts;
introduction, body, and conclusion.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This study would determine the factors affecting the academic performance of
students at risk with learning disabilities as basis for designing a supportive classroom
environment at Gingoog City Comprehensive National High School, Gingoog City for
school year 2018-2019.
Rationale, History and Background of Learning Disability

The oldest record of Learning Disability (LD) case happened in 1802 when Franz
Joseph Galla German- French anatomist and physiologist found out an association
between brain injury in soldiers and the continuous expressive language disorders. In
1822, book entitled “Sur les Fonctions,” written and published by Gall expressing his
belief in this way “brain was divided into twenty-seven separate "organs," each
corresponds to a discrete human faculty”. He further outlined that one of our memories
is controlled by such separate organs; the memory of facts; educability; perfectibility.
This belief of Gall was confirmed by other researchers stating that if imperfection occurs
in those processes of our brain, it must be due to a cranial fault (Who, 2005) as cited
by Carlson (2005).
In the year 1867, Heinrich Stotzner (German teacher teaching Deaf students)
opened school for slow learners because he discovered that there were children
though without problem on mental retardation, they exhibited difficulty to read and write
because of poor motor coordination.
In 1877, Adolph Kassmaul (German physician) introduced the term word
blindness” for loss of ability to read (Hagw &Silver,1990). This term is still employed
today to describe a form of dyslexia, refers to a neurological disorder characterized by
loss of the ability to read or understand the written word, either totally or partially. Partial
word blindness permits the individual to recognize letters, but read only certain types
of words (Miller, 2002).
It was James Hinshelwood, a Glass glow eye specialist who was cited as the
prime figure in discovering learning disability. It started when a boy who could not read
was referred to him and he concluded that the boy suffered a congenital word-
blindness. He pointed out that this might cause by a defected language-related area of
the brain but not due to his loss of vision.

34 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 4

Answer the following questions.
1. Is the review complete?
2. Is there an introduction?
3. Is there a body?
4. Is there a conclusion?

What I Have Learned

Congratulations! You are about to end this lesson. To ensure your learning, you have
to complete the following statements below:

1. I have learned that there are three important structures in review of related literature.
These are:
a. the introduction which deals on
_____________________________________________________________
b. the body which deals on
________________________________________________________________
c. the conclusion which deals on
________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

This is your time to practice what you have learned. If your research teacher has given
you the titles below, choose one research that is related to your track and develop a review
of related literature and studies with an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.

Sample titles:
1. The Lived Experiences of Students Enrolled in Academic Tracks
2. The Lived Experience of Students Enrolled in Technical Vocational Tracks

Alternative activity. Using your research notebook do the following for practice.

Exercise 1:

Imagine you are the president of SHS Students’ Club. Your teacher requests you to
give an introduction about what is SHS Student Club. Write your answer on the blank
provided.

35 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 4