https://rijournals.

com/current-research-in-humanities-and-social-sciences/
RESEARCH INVENTION JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES 3(1):32-40, 2024

©RIJCRHSS Publications ISSN 1597-8745

Challenges of Inadequate Funding in the Administration of

University Education in Nigeria.
Lucky Uko A.
Department of Public Administration Kampala International University Uganda

ABSTRACT
Inadequate funding is a major challenge facing the administration of universities in Nigeria. The university system
requires a lot of funds for effective administration to be realized. The annual budgetary allocation for the
administration of universities in Nigeria is grossly inadequate. The inability of the federal government to stick to
the UNESCO 26% of national budget for education is affecting the management of Nigerian universities. For over
a decade now, the annual budget for the entire educational sector in Nigeria is below 15% and this is affecting the
effective administration of the different levels of education in the country, including the university system. The
poor funding of education is responsible for the poor quality of the universities’ education in Nigeria. The annual
budget for the administration of universities in the country is not adequate to provide the needed infrastructural
facilities and human resources that the various universities required to function properly. This study therefore
discussed the benefits of funding tertiary education in Nigeria. The provision of adequate funds in the university
system will lead to the expansion of the universities and the establishment of more universities in the country.
Moreover, adequate funding of tertiary institutions will help to fix the infrastructural facilities gap in the various
institutions, attract international lecturers, prevent strike actions, enhance research development, improve
international ranking, among more others.
Keywords: Inadequate Funding, Challenge, Administration, University education, Benefits
INTRODUCTION
One of the major problems of higher education in Nigeria for a sustainable development is funding. Higher
education in Nigeria has remained under funded over the years [1-5]. During the former President Mohammadu
Buhari’s administration (2015–2023), a paltry fraction of 5-7 percent of the total budget was allocated to education
as against the United Nations recommendation of at least 26 percent of the annual budget of any nation to
education [6-8]. It is therefore, obvious that the government is not committed to the sustainable development of
higher education in Nigeria. One of the major problems of funding higher education in Nigeria is government
policy [9-13]. Today, there is an unprecedented growth of Federal Universities together with student‘s
enrollment/population, without a corresponding increase in the budgetary allocation [14-17]. [4], observed that
higher education plays a key role in the economic and social development of any nation. This is particularly the
case in today‘s globalized information and knowledge-based economy. No country can expect to successfully
integrate in and benefit from the 21st century economy without a well-educated workforce [18-24]. [5], noted
that in today‘s life-long learning framework, higher education provides not only high level skills necessary for
every market but also the training essentials for teachers, doctors, nurses, civil servants, engineers, humanist,
entrepreneurs, scientist and a myriad of personnel [25-30]. In collaboration, the National policy on education [6]
also stressed that, university education shall make optimum contribution to national development by intensifying
and diversifying its programmes for the development of higher level manpower within the context of the need of
the nation [31-34]. It is these trained individuals who develop the capacity and analytical skills that drive local
economics, support civil society, teach children, lead effective governments and make important decisions which
affect the entire society [35-38]. As regards higher education in Nigeria, the national policy in Education (2013)
highlights the following as the expected goals of higher education in Nigeria:
 To contribute to national development through high level relevant manpower training;
 To develop and inculcate proper values for the survival of the individual and the society;
 To develop the intellectual capacity of individuals to understand and appreciate their local and external
32

environments;
 To acquire both physical and intellectual skills which will enable individuals to be self-reliant and useful
Page

members of the society;

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited
https://rijournals.com/current-research-in-humanities-and-social-sciences/
 To promote and encourage scholarships and community services;
 To forge and cement national unity;
 To promote national and international understanding and interactions
Section 5, paragraph 82 of the National Policy on Education (2013) further emphasized that higher education shall
pursue these goals through (a) quality student intake; (b) quality teaching and learning; (c) research and
development; (d) high standard in the quality of facilities, services and resources; (e) staff welfare and development
programmes; among many others. Considering these even goals of higher education in Nigeria, it could be seen
that essentially higher education is meant for developing individuals intellectuals and otherwise so as to enable
them cope with the challenges of contemporary society and to be able to meaningfully contribute to the
development of the society [39-43]. This implies that investment in higher education is an investment in the
present and future development of a nation for its relevance and survival. In spite of the laudable goals and
objectives which higher education is expected to achieve as enumerated in the National Policy on Education [6],
one of the major problems affecting higher education in Nigeria is that of inadequate funding. This paper therefore
discusses the challenges of under-funding in Nigeria’s higher institutions [44-49].
Issues of Under-Funding of Higher Education in Nigeria
There has been an increasing concern about the growing shortage of funds and learning resources in the
university system, considering the fact that Nigeria government over the years has not been meeting the United
Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recommendation of 26% of total budget
allocation to the education sector [50-55]. [7], observed that Nigeria ranked the least among 20 selected
countries as regards annual budgetary allocation to education while smaller countries such as Ghana, Cote d‘ivore
and Uganda were the first three countries with highest budgetary allocation to education in Africa. This obviously
is an indication of the underfunding of education in Nigeria. Worst still, this low allocation to education would
have to be competed for by various sectors of the educational system. Similarly, [8], also buttressed that the
university system in Nigeria has witnessed a lot of turbulence [56-58]. The crisis has been characterized by a
combination of chronic underfunding, rapidly increasing students’ enrolment, inadequate facilities, deterioration of
physical infrastructure and periodic staff strikes [59-64]. Some of the challenges of the nation’s higher educational
system are inadequate water supply and irregular electricity [65-70]. Without steady water supply most of the
laboratory equipment procured cannot be used and without a regular power supply some experiments cannot be
effectively performed [9]. In addition, most government owned institutions now introduce some token fees to help
in defraying some sundry expenses. Attempts to generate revenues have led many higher institutions to embark
on mounting revenue generating programmes [71-74]. Incidentally, efforts at solving these problems have often
led to collision between government and staff unions [11]. In the view of [12], aside funding shortage, other
problems have made significant contributions to the general problems of underfunding of higher education in
Nigeria; such problems include lack of prioritization and poor funds management and accountability [75-82].
Benefits of Funding Tertiary Education in Nigeria
a. Sufficient Funds in the System
The availability of funds plays a significant role in determining the provision of quality higher education. Thus,
adequate funding of tertiary education in Nigeria will lead to adequate funds in the various higher institutions'
systems. This will help to ensure the effective administration and management of each institution. Higher
institution managers will have access to adequate funds to implement the various programme of the institutions.
Administrators of tertiary institutions will have enough money to spend on the provision of quality infrastructural
facilities in various higher institutions. [13], opined that adequate funding of tertiary institutions will enable the
institutions to carry out their cardinal programme of teaching, researching and community service programme.
The problems of shortage of funds in the system can be solved through adequate budgetary allocation of funds to
the system.
b. Fix Infrastructural Facilities Gap
Adequate funding of tertiary institutions in Nigeria will help to fix the infrastructural facilities gap in the various
institutions. [14], defined educational infrastructure as facilities that are aiding the smooth delivery of academic
and non-academic services in educational institutions. Educational infrastructural facilities include; libraries,
laboratories, halls, offices, administrative blocks, hostels, road network, water, electricity, internet etc. The
availability of infrastructural facilities in adequate quantities will support the effective administration of
educational institutions. Infrastructural facilities have been described by [15] as one of the major components of
the university system that support the implementation of teaching, researching and provision of community
service. [16, 17] concluded that poor investment in higher institutions is a major cause of the shortage of
33

infrastructure facilities in Nigeria. This problem can be solved through adequate funding of various higher
institutions in Nigeria. More funding will help the higher institutions' management in providing more facilities
Page

such as hall halls, classrooms, laboratories, libraries and instructional materials.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited
https://rijournals.com/current-research-in-humanities-and-social-sciences/

c. Employment of Adequate Staff

Adequate funding of tertiary education in Nigeria will lead to the employment of adequate academic and non-
academic staff in various higher institutions across the country. [18], viewed academic staff as the implementer of
the school curriculum and lecture presenters. Academic staffs are the teachers and deliverer of instruction in the
higher institutions. Academic staffs are the knowledge and character builders in the higher institution. The
academic staffs are the engine room of the higher institutions. [19], outlined functions of the academic staff to
include lecturing, preparing the lecture note, preparing the lesson note, giving assignments to students, assessing
the students through continuous assessment and examination, setting exams questions, marking the answer sheet,
supervising students research work especially projects, theses and dissertation and prepare the students' grade
points.
[20, 21] attested to the problem of shortage of academic staff in Nigerian higher institutions. They further
remarked that inadequate lecturers are a serious problem facing all the higher institutions in Nigeria. Many higher
institutions do not have adequate lecturers to deploy for teaching in the various institutions. The shortage of
lecturers is responsible for the poor quality of teaching and learning in most Nigerian higher institutions. [13],
stated that the availability of funds is very crucial in the employment of qualified personnel in educational
institutions. Studies have shown that the funding level is a factor that is used to attract quality personnel. It is,
therefore, necessary that funds should be provided to acquire this crucial human resource in educational
institutions. This is because the presence of qualified personnel will help in transmitting quality knowledge to the
students.
d. Increment in Salaries
Adequate funding of the tertiary institutions in Nigeria will also guarantee improvement in the welfare packages
of staff and increase in their salaries. All the unions in the tertiary institutions have been agitating for salaries
increment and increments in other benefits they are entitled. University workers are often underpaid and most
times the Government pays part salaries to lecturers. Lecturers are not happy because many politicians go home
with bags of money even when such politicians are not as educated as they are. According to [22], the
underpayment of university staff vis-à-vis their counterparts in other economic sectors and the discriminating
salary structure between the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) and the Non-Academic Staff Union of
Universities (NASU) have been a major cause of their dissatisfaction. [23], recommended the increment in the
higher institution investment to cater for salaries and staff welfare packages.
e. Reduction Brain-drain
Adequate investment in tertiary education in Nigeria will help to fix the problem of brain drain in the various
higher institutions in Nigeria. Brain drain according to [14] refers to the movement of professionals from
developing countries to developed countries for better job offers. Brain drain is a situation whereby professional
individuals are migrating from their countries to another country to seek greener pastures. Many lecturers and
researchers are leaving public universities in Nigeria for other parts of African countries and Europe for better job
offers and a more conducive working environment. [22], have linked the factors responsible for higher brain drain
in Nigeria to include; poor motivation, un-conducive working environment, insecurity, underfunding and political
interferences. [26], agreed that poor funding of higher institutions is the major cause of problems in the
universities such as brain drain. [8], recommended adequate funding to solve the problem of brain drain. Adequate
funding is critical in the administration of higher institutions and it is one of the resources to deploy to fix various
problems facing the institutions.
f. Prevention of Strike Actions
Adequate funding of higher institutions in Nigeria will also help to reduce the strike actions in the various
institutions across the country. [27], defined a strike as an organized work stoppage by a body of workers to
enforce compliance with demands made on an employer or a group of employers. It is an aspect of industrial
conflict used by workers to express their grievances. [22], viewed the strike as the collective, organized, cessation
or slowdown of work by employees, to force acceptance of their demands by the employers. Nigerian higher
institutions are known for strike actions, especially universities. [28], disclosed that the recent lecturers' union
strike of 2022 is the 16th since Nigeria's return to democracy in 1999, shutting down academic activities in public
universities for a cumulative period of more than four years within 23 years, a duration that is sufficient to
complete a four-year degree programme, with some strikes lasting few weeks and others for several months. [20],
opined that the issues of funding and facilities have been the cause of friction between ASUU and the government
34

in almost all instances. This is because the union at different periods has been finding it difficult to teach in an
environment without the expected amenities or with poor facilities. ASUU's contention has been to refuse
Page

underfunding of the universities which undermines the capacity of universities to maintain standards at desirable
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited
https://rijournals.com/current-research-in-humanities-and-social-sciences/
levels. Underfunding has made staff and students not to have access to the latest books and journals in their
libraries, lack of reagents and equipment in the laboratories, so experiments cannot be conducted and local
research funds have virtually dried up [29]. The budgetary allocation devoted to education has been considered to
be grossly inadequate considering the phenomenon of an increase in student enrolment and increasing costs,
which have been aggravated by inflation. A serious problem confronting Nigerian public university education
today is the scarcity of funds [21]. Government financial policies on education have therefore been subjected to
constant review to allocate more resources to university education.
The attraction of International Lecturers
Adequate funding of tertiary education in Nigeria will help to reposition the higher institutions in Nigeria to be
attractive to international lecturers. The adequate funding of higher institutions will help to guarantee funds that
can be used to pay lecturers based on global best practices. The mass movement of international lecturers from
tertiary education in Nigeria was due to poor salaries. The budgetary allocation for the administration of public
higher education in Nigeria is not adequate to expand and develop higher education to the level that the various
higher institutions will have space to admit all the students [22]. The provision of adequate funds in the
university system will lead to the expansion of the universities and the establishment of more universities in the
country. The increment in the number of universities will provide more access to young Nigerians to apply and
gain admission. The increment in the number of universities in Nigeria will reduce the number of Nigerians
seeking international education, especially university education. This will help to reduce the pressure in the
demand for foreign education and help to improve the Nigerian economy. [30], suggested that the government
should increase the funding of higher education in Nigeria. This will help in the higher education expansion plans
and programmes.
Research Development
Research is the second cardinal programme of higher institutions. Research is very important to the development
of the society. Research is conducted mostly in the higher institutions' environment to solve problems affecting
society. The academic staff is saddled with the responsibility of carrying out research in the universities.
Conducting research is one criterion for measuring their performance. [19], submitted that the conduct of
research is one of the basic functions of tertiary institutions, which comprised Universities, Polytechnics,
Monotechnics and Colleges of Education. The academic staffs of these institutions are compulsorily required to
carry out research activities as their promotions are primarily based on their research outputs. Apart from the
academic staff being promoted through research publications, research activities enhance their credibility, and
status, and also add value both to their immediate community and the larger global community. [31], opined that
the role of higher education research in national development cannot be overemphasized. Research programmes in
higher institutions are faced with the problem of shortage of funds [30]. Inadequate research fund is a major
problem facing research programme in Nigerian public universities. The budgetary allocation for the
administration of the research programme is not adequate. Adequate funding of public universities in Nigeria will
help to develop the research programme of the universities. Adequate funding will help to ensure the provision of
modern laboratories, ICT facilities and staff development. [32], recommended that the government should
increase the funding of public universities in the country. This will enable the public universities to meet other
pressing needs like developing the research programmes of the institutions.
Improvement in International Ranking
The poor ranking of public universities in Nigerian by international organizations like Time higher education
(THE) has been linked to the poor funding of both the federal and state universities across the country. In the
2023 THE ranking only twelve Nigerian universities were ranked out of 220 as listed by NUC (2022). Out of these
twelve, only four occupied 350 to 450 positions in the ranking. West Africa's best university came from Ghana
while the African best university came from South Africa. Though the 2023 ranking saw improvement in some of
the Nigerian universities, adequate provision and proper use of funds in the administration and management of
universities in Nigeria will help to improve the number of Nigerian universities in the international ranking and
better position them in strategic positions. [7], stated that funding is a prerequisite to the sustainable
development of higher education. Adequate funding is the key to the implementation of higher education
programmes. There cannot be any meaningful development in the higher education sector without adequate
funding. The government and institutions saddled with the responsibilities of supervision and ensuring quality
standards in higher institutions in Nigeria should wake up and ensure every higher institution in the country is
adequately funded [30].
Effective Staff Training
35

Adequate funding of higher education in Nigeria will guarantee effective staff development. Staff training is an
integral part of the higher institutions' system. [33], stated that training and development programs were
Page

necessary to improved employees' performance at work, updating their knowledge and improving their skills and
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited
https://rijournals.com/current-research-in-humanities-and-social-sciences/
development. [34], insisted that the purpose of training and development is to increase knowledge, skills and
changing the attitude of a person. This would result in several potential benefits for the individual and their
employer. Furthermore, [35] noted that training also increases the confidence, motivation and commitment of
staff, provides recognition, encourages responsibility, and enhances the possibility of a pay rise and promotion.
[14], posited that Inadequate funding of Nigerian higher education institutions is a major problem facing the
administration of professional development programs for employees across higher education institutions.
Adequate funding is vital for the implementation of the professional development program. Without adequate
funding, no professional development program can be fully implemented as planned. Inadequate funding has been
a major challenge to the development of higher education institutions in Nigeria. Many programs for higher
education institutions, such as the teaching program, research program and the community service program have
not developed due to poor funding. The professional capacity development program for higher education
institutions is not effectively implemented in many higher education institutions across the country due to the
poor funding of higher education in Nigeria. Adequate funding of the higher institutions will help to ensure a
sustainable staff training programme in Nigerian higher institutions.
CONCLUSION
In line with the above discussions, it is expedient for the Federal and State governments to increase the budgetary
allocations to higher education. This is important so that the needs of research and development could be met at
various levels and departments. Also, private individuals and organizations should be appealed to for contributions
in terms of capital investments, building of infrastructures such as classrooms, laboratories, (ICT) centres, giving
scholarship to deserving students and so on. Similarly, tertiary institutions should not only rely on Federal and
State Governments but source for other means of generating income internally such as setting up business
ventures in line with the needs of the environment. Importantly, university administrators should adequately
manage the funds allocated to Higher Education. All avenues of mismanagement of funds should be adequately
closed. This could be done by ensuring proper auditing of financial records on at least a quarterly basis. Lastly,
there should be provision of adequate and functional infrastructures to enhance teaching and learnng.
REFERENCES
1. Oteyi, Joyce & Godfrey, Chukwumeka & Nnadieze,. (2023). MEETING THE CHALLENGES OF
FUNDING HIGHER EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA.
2. Abenu, Abigail & Yusufu, Funmilayo & Ugochukwu, P. (2024). Sustainability Practices in Nigeria Higher
Education Institutions: The Case Study of a Public Tertiary Institution in North Western Region of
Nigeria. 3. 19-27.
3. Ubogu, Rowel. (2011). 36 FINANCING HIGHER EDUCATION IN NIGERIA.
4. Ojedele, P. K. & Fadokun, I. B. (2009). Educational Management: Theories and Tasks, Macmillan Nigeria
Publishers Limited, Lagos.
5. World Bank (2002). Constructing Knowledge Societies; New Challenges for Tertiary Education.
Washington. World Bank.
6. Federal Republic of Nigeria (2014). National Policy on Education. NERDC, press.
7. Odiaka, T.I. (2012). 2012 Budget and Nigerian universities. The Punch Newspaper 31st , October, 2012
retrieved at http://www.punchng.com/opinion/2013-budget-and-nigerianuniversities/On 20th
February, 2018. Adio, W. (2022) Changing How We Fund and Run Public Universities. Retrieved from:
https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/02/20/changing-how-we-fund-and-run-
publicuniversities/
8. Ariikewuyo, O. M. & Adegbesan, O.S. (2008). Practicum on the administration of personnel in education.
In J.B. Babalola & A.O. Ayeni (Eds.). Educational management: Theories and Tasks. Yaba, Lagos,
Nigeria: Macmillan.
9. Krome, Corinna. (2010). Review: Emmerson, Donald K. (ed.) (2008), Hard Choices. Security, Democracy,
and Regionalism in Southeast Asia. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs. 29. 143-147.
10.1177/186810341002900308.
10. Ipaye, B. (2007). “Reforms in Higher Education in Nigeria: Considering the Ethos and Ethnics of
Academia” Key-Note Address at the University of Maiduguri Faculty of Education Annual conference,
September 2007.
11. Sani, A., & Oluwasanumi, A. (2013). Challenges of Educational Development in Nigeria. National
Institute for Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA), Ondo.
12. Munzali, J. (2005). Perspective and Reflection on Nigerian Higher Education, university press, Ibadan,
36

Nigeria.
13. Nwafor, N. E. Uchendu, E, E. & Akani, C. O. (2015) Need for Adequate Funding in the
Page

Administration of Secondary Education in Nigeria. Global Journal of Educational Research, 14, 119-124
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited
https://rijournals.com/current-research-in-humanities-and-social-sciences/
14. Ogunode, N., Jegede, D., Adah, S., Audu, E. I., & Ajape, T. S. (2020). Administration of research
programme in Nigerian public universities: problems and the way forward. Riwayat: Educational Journal
of History and Humanities,3 (2), 21-32.
15. Otokunefer,T. (2015). NUC’s Sham Accreditation. Available from:
www.alphaedufoundation.org/index.php. [Accessed 7 October 2015].
16. Ogunode N. J, Lawan, A. & Solomon, A. T (2021) Evaluation of Causes of Inadequate Funds in Nigerian
Public Universities. Middle European Scientific Bulletin, (9), 93-103
17. Ishaya S,. A. & Ogunode, N,. J. (2021). Inadequate Infrastructural Facilities In Nigerian Public
Universities: Causes, Effects And Ways Forwards. American Journal of Social and Humanitarian
Research .2(4), 92-102
18. Jacob, Ogunode & Awwal, Adamu & Ayoko, Victor. (2023). Motivation, Non-Academic Staff' Job
Performance and Tertiary Education in Nigeria. 5. 20-30.
19. Ogunode, N. J., & Babatunde, A. F. (2021). Challenges facing teaching and learning of educational
administration and planning programme in Nigerian higher institutions and way forward. International
Journal of Culture and Modernity, 7, 76-87.
20. NEEDS, (2014). Needs assessment in the Nigerian education sector. International organization
for migration, Abuja, Nigeria.
21. Ogunode, N.J, Johnson, A. G & Olatunde-Aiyedun, T.G. (2022) Education Crisis in Nigeria and Way
Forward. Kresna Social Science and Humanities Research Proceedings of the International Conference on
Sustainable Development: Problems, Analysis and Prospects.33-47
22. Amadi, E. C & Urho, P. (2015) Educational management planners’ view of strike action and its effects on
educational management in Universities in Rivers state. Singaporean Journal of business economics, and
management studies, 4(7), 45–55.
23. Adio, W. (2022) Changing How We Fund and Run Public Universities. Retrieved from:
https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/02/20/changing-how-we-fund-and-run-
publicuniversities/
24. Ogiemwonyi, O. (2022). Factors influencing generation Y green behaviour on green products in Nigeria:
An application of the theory of planned behaviour. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 13,
100164.
25. Akpan, C. P. (2011) Quality assurance management in higher education. In: Bassey, S. U. and Bassey, U.
U. (Eds.) Management of Higher Education in Nigeria. Uyo: Abaam Publishers, 216-229.
26. Charity O. Igbokwe. Recent Curriculum Reforms at the Basic Education Level in Nigeria Aimed at
Catching Them Young to Create Change. American Journal of Educational Research. 2015; 3(1):31-37. doi:
10.12691/education-3-1-7.
27. Okwelle, Paulinus. (2013). K R E Okoye, Okwelle P Chijioke (2013). PRIVATE-PUBLIC
PARTNERSHIP AND TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING (TVET) IN A
DEVELOPING ECONOMY. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing. Arabian journal of Business
and management Review(OMAN Chapter) 2.
28. Leadership (2022) In 23 Years: Students Lose Cumulative 4 Years to 16 ASUU Strikes
https://leadership.ng/in-23-years-students-lose-cumulative-4-years-to-16-asuu-strikes/
29. Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1998), The Communist Manifesto. New York: Penguin group. Pemede, O.
(2007), An Appraisal of Contributions of Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) as a Trade Union
to Educational Development in Nigeria. The Social Sciences, 2(3): 357 – 364.
30. Ogunode N. J & Ajinomoh, Maryam Onize (2022) An Analysis of Challenges Facing Funding of Public
Universities in Nigeria. European Multidisciplinary Journal of Modern Science, (8), 77-88.
31. Yusuf, T.I. (2012) Information Needs Sources and Information Seeking Behaviour of Women Artisans in
Offa Metropolis. Library Philosophy and Practice, 10, 2012.
32. Ayoko, Victor & Peter, Thankgod & Jegede, Deborah. (2023). Inadequacy of Infrastructural Facilities in
Public Universities in Nigeria: Causes, Effects and Solutions. 6. 36-45.
33. Kulkarni, M. and Kote, J. (2013) Increasing Employment of People with Disabilities: The Role and Views
of Disability Training and Placement Agencies. Employ Response Rights, 26, 177-193.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10672-013-9216-z
34. Ukaegbu, Bernadette. (2017). Impact of Poor Implementation of Welfare Policies on Training and
Development on the Performance of Academic Staff in Selected Federal Universities in South-South
37

Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management. 10.18535/ijsrm/v5i12.19.

Page

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited
https://rijournals.com/current-research-in-humanities-and-social-sciences/
35. Owusu-Acheaw, M. and Larson, A.G. (2015) Use of Social Media and Its Impact on Academic
Performance of Tertiary Institution Students: A Study of Students of Koforidua Polytechnic, Ghana.
Journal of Education and Practice, 6, 94-101.
36. Bulhan Samanya, Tom Mulegi, Ramadhan Badru Malinga, Hussein Muhaise, Wallen Atwijukire (2023).
Examining the Influence of Regulatory Governance on Service Quality in Bwera District Hospital, Kasese
District, Western Uganda. IAA Journal of Management. 10(2):17-31.
37. Bulhan Samanya, Tom Mulegi, Ramadhan Badru Malinga, Hussein Muhaise, Wallen Atwijukire (2023).
Exploring the Impact of Decentralization on Service Quality at Bwera District Local Government
Hospital in Kasese District. IAA Journal of Management. 10(2): 1-16.
38. Asanairi Bwambale, Tom Mulegi, Samanya Bulhan. (2024). The Effect of Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
on Academic Performance of Primary School Pupils in Selected Primary Schools in Kasese District. IAA
Journal of Education 10(1):23-28.
39. Asanairi Bwambale, Tom Mulegi, Samanya Bulhan. (2024 The Effect of Transactional Leadership on
Academic Performance of Primary School Pupils in Social Studies in Munkunyu Sub County Kasese
District. IAA Journal of Education 10(1):17-22.
40. Asanairi Bwambale, Tom Mulegi, Samanya Bulhan. (2024 The Effect of Transformational Leadership on
Academic Performance of Primary School Pupils in Social Studies in Munkunyu Sub County Kasese
District. NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 4(2): 25-31.
41. Habimana Theogene, Tom Mulegi and Niyompano Hosee (2017). The contribution of financial ratios
analysis on effective decision making in commercial banks International Journal of Management and
Applied Science 3(6): 33-40
42. Tom Mulegi (2022). Evaluation of the Skill Mix of Health Professionals in Government Regional
Referral Hospitals in Uganda. International Digital Organization for Scientific Research. 7(1): 43-68.
43. Tom Mulegi. (2022). An Overview of Performance of Health Workers in Uganda. IDOSR JOURNAL OF
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 7(1): 113-124.
44. Jovita Nnenna Ugwu, Tom Mulegi, Mbabazi Asiati, Chidinma Esther Eze . (2023). Prospects and
Challenges of Sustainble Development in Africa. IDOSR JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION AND
ENGLISH. 8(1): 6-12.
45. Rachel Okwaja Puche and Eric Mabonga Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, Mbabazi Asiat, Tom Mulegi, Eze
Chidinma Esther, Aleke Jude Uchechukwu.(2023). Mentorship and Increased Participation of Women in
Politics: A Review. NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. 3(2):10-13.
46. Rachel Okwaja Puche and Eric Mabonga Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, Mbabazi Asiat, Tom Mulegi, Eze
Chidinma Esther, Aleke Jude Uchechukwu. (2023). The Impacts of Teaching Strategies and Skills for
Effective Learning of English Language in Cameroon. NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
CURRENT RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. 3(2):6-9.
47. Rachel Okwaja Puche and Eric Mabonga Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, Mbabazi Asiat, Tom Mulegi, Eze
Chidinma Esther, Aleke Jude Uchechukwu (2023). The Benefits of Emotional Intelligence to Healthcare
in Nigeria. NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. 3(2):1-5
48. Rachel Okwaja Puche and Eric Mabonga Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, Mbabazi Asiat, Tom Mulegi, Eze
Chidinma Esther, Aleke Jude Uchechukwu(2023). Evaluation of Factors that Affect Teachers’ Job
Satisfaction and the Impact on Student Academic Performances. NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN EDUCATION 3(3):6-9
49. Rachel Okwaja Puche and Eric Mabonga Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, Mbabazi Asiat, Tom Mulegi, Eze
Chidinma Esther, Aleke Jude Uchechukwu , (2023). Effect of Cultural Values on Character Formation:
Implication for Education. NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN
EDUCATION 3(3):1-5.
50. Mulegi Tom and Eleanor Kirahora Barongo Usman Bappi (2023). Examination of the level of governance
in Gombe local government, Nigeria. IDOSR JOURNAL OF BANKING, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES. 8(1):60-74.
51. Tom Mulegi, Usman Bappi and Bulus Jonah Saidu (2023). An Assessment of the Effect of Motivation and
Affirmative Action on Employee’s Performance in Gombe Local Government, Nigeria. IDOSR
38

JOURNAL OF BANKING, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. 8(1):50-59.

Page

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited
https://rijournals.com/current-research-in-humanities-and-social-sciences/
52. Mulegi Tom and Eleanor Kirahora Barongo Usman Bappi. (2023).Examination of the level of community
development in Gombe local government, Nigeria. IDOSR JOURNAL OF ARTS AND
MANAGEMENT. 8(2): 48-62.
53. Tom Mulegi and Lubaale G. Barongo E. K., Busingye J. D. (2023). Gendered Economic Gap in Uganda:
Education Attainment and Women’s Access to and Land Ownership in Bunyoro Sub-region. IDOSR
JOURNAL OF ARTS AND MANAGEMENT 8(2): 1-10.
54. Mulegi Tom and Barongo Kirahora Eleanor Rukundika Francois, Mwaniki Roseann (2023). Evaluation of
the effect of Education service interventions on re-integration of ex-combatant children in Haute-Kotto
Prefecture of the Central African Republic. NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
RESEARCH IN EDUCATION (NIJRE) 3(2): 120-131.
55. Tom Mulegi and Lubaale G. Barongo E. K., Busingye J. D. (2023). Gendered Economic Gap in Uganda:
Education Attainment and Women’s Access to and Land Ownership in Bunyoro Sub-region. IDOSR
JOURNAL OF ARTS AND MANAGEMENT 8(2):1-10.
56. Mulegi Tom and Barongo Kirahora Eleanor Rukundika Francois, Mwaniki Roseann. (2023). The effect of
Health service interventions on reintegration of ex-combatant children in Haute-Kotto Prefecture of the
Central African Republic. NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN
EDUCATION (NIJRE) 3(2):108-119.
57. Mulegi Tom and Barongo Kirahora Eleanor Rukundika Francois, Mwaniki Roseann (2023). The
influence of the family support interventions on re-integration of ex-combatant children in HauteKotto
Prefecture of the Central African Republic (CAR). NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
CURRENT RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (NIJCRHSS) 3(1):24-34.
58. Mwaniki Roseanne and Eleanor Kirahora Barongo Tom Mulegi, Ndagire Laila. (2023). A situational
analysis of Access to and utilization of sexual and reproductive health services under decentralization in
Kampala, Uganda. INOSR HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. 9(1):31-50.
59. Mwaniki Roseanne and Eleanor Kirahora Barongo Tom Mulegi, Ndagire Laila (2023). Social, economic
and cultural factors that influence access and utilization of sexual and reproductive health services under
decentralization In Kampala, Uganda. INOSR HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. 9(1): 15-30.
60. Barongo Eleanor Kirahora and Tom Mulegi (2023). Empowerment and Participation of Women in
Community Development in Lower Local Governments: A Case of Makindye Division, Kampala, Uganda.
INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 9(1): 48-61.
61. Mwaniki Roseanne and Eleanor Kirahora Barongo Tom Mulegi, Ndagire Laila (2023). Assessment of the
level of knowledge and awareness of women on sexual and reproductive health services (SRH) under
decentralization in Kampala Uganda. INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 9(2): 35-47
62. Jovita Nnenna Ugwu, Tom Mulegi, Mbabazi Asiati, Chidinma Esther Eze (2023). Challenges
Confronting Community Newspapers in Meeting Aesthetics Standards. IDOSR JOURNAL OF
COMMUNICATION AND ENGLISH 8(1): 1-5
63. Jovita Nnenna Ugwu, Tom Mulegi, Mbabazi Asiati, Chidinma Esther Eze. (2023). Barriers to Women
Leadership. IDOSR JOURNAL OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES 9(1): 6-10.
64. Tom Mulegi (2015). Skills and motivation of work performance of health professionals in government
regional referral hospitals in Uganda: presented at the Canadian International Conference on Advances in
Computer Science, Humanities and Education, April 1-2, 2015, Dubai, UAE.conference paper.
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12306/1304.
65. Olaide Olutola Fagbolu, Azizi Wasike. (2019). Model for Translation of English Language Noun Phrases
to Luganda. London Journal of Research in Computer Science and Technology. 19(3), 1-14.
66. Vincent Kayindu, Zahara Faridah Kiggundu, Azizi Wasike (2023). Religion as a Correlate of
Administrative Staff’s Adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) In Primary
Schools of Bukomansimbi District, Uganda. International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative
Ideas in Education. 9(4), 1220 – 1228.
67. Vincent Kayindu, Zahara Faridah Kiggundu, Azizi Wasike. (2023). Administrative Staff’s Age and Their
Adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) In Secondary Schools, Kampala District,
Uganda. International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education. 9(4), 1229 – 1235.
68. Barongo E. K, Busingye J. D., Tom Mulegi, Lubaale G (2023). Gendered Economic Gap In Uganda:
Education Attainment and Women’s access to, and Land ownership in Bunyoro Sub-Region. Idosr
39

Journal of Arts and Management. 8(2), 1-10.

Page

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited
https://rijournals.com/current-research-in-humanities-and-social-sciences/
69. Eleanor Kirahora Barongo, Tom Mulegi, Mary Tunde Nalubega (2023). Evaluation of the relationship
between Job Safety and Employee Productivity in Public and Private Organizations in Kampala, Uganda.
IAA Journal Arts and Humanities 10(1), 62-75.
70. Rukundika Francois, Mwaniki Roseann, Tom Mulegi, Eleanor Kirahora Barongo (2023).
The effect of Health service interventions on re- integration of ex-combatant children in Haute-Kotto
Prefecture of the Central African Republic. Newport International Journal of Research in Education 3(2),
108-119.
71. Mary Tunde Nalubega, Tom mulegi, Eleanor Kirahora Barongo. (2023). evaluation of the level of job
safety in some selected organizations in kampala, uganda. Idosr journal of current issues in arts and
humanities. 9(1), 60-73.
72. Robert Mpiira, Patrick Okello. (2020). A Multisectoral Approach To Eradication Of Malnutrition In
Vulnerable Groups: A Cluster-Randomized Trial. Acta Scientific Nutritional Health. 4(2), 1-7.
73. Ashirafu Masudi Kule, Mugizi Wilson, Kariisa Henry Ampeire, Victor Turiabe. (2012). Teacher
characteristics and the Use of ICT in Rural Secondary Schools of Bwera Sub County, Kasese District,
Uganda. Interdisciplinary Journal of Rural and Community Studies. 3(2), 30-40.
74. Sudar Rheina Romadhoni, Tatik Suryani. (2023). The relationship of workplace spirituality, job
characteristics employee engagement, and employee wellbeing. Enrichment: Journal of Management.
12(6), 4780-4787.
75. Ismail Bello, Asmau Isyaku Dutse, Sophia Kazibwe, Muzaare Gerald. (2022). Multinational Corporations,
Knowledge and Technology Transfer in Nigeria: An examination of Etisalat Telecommunications
Engineering Postgraduate Programme (ETEPP). International Journal of Research and Innovation in
Social Science. 6(5), 508-513.
76. Gerald Muzaare. (2017). Management of Integrated Development Programmes in Ibanda and Kiruhura
districts in Western Uganda. NIU Journal of Social Sciences. 2(2), 7-17.
77. Nakate Sylvia, Muzaare Gerald, Katunguka Aaron, Adam Matiko Charles, Mainrad Haule Lembuka,
Samanya John, Mutebe Janet. (2019). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in
Multinational Telecommunication in Uganda. Journal for Studies in Management and Planning 5(9), 49-
52.
78. Benson Tukundane, Muhammad Kibuuka, Arthur Sunday (2020). New Product Development Practices
and the Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises in Kampala Metropolitan, Uganda. International
Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. 4(4), 266-271.
79. Abura Samuel Pirir, Ongodia Ekomolot, Kiweewa Emmanuel, Tukundane Benson (2022). Assessment of
Recruitment Methods and Employees Performance in local Governments, Karamoja Sub Region, Uganda.
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. 6(7), 410-427.
80. Tukundane Benson, Kibuuka Muhammad, Sunday Arthur (2020). Information Technology Adoption and
Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area, Uganda. International
Journal of Advanced Research and Publications. 4(4), 69-74.
81. Tukundane Benson, Emuron Lydia (2023).The Role Played by Research and Development in Uganda’s
MSME toward Promoting SDGs. Springer Nature Singapore. 155-173
82. Mbyemeire Patrick, Deusdedit Byabashaija, Tumwesigye Mathias, Muhindo Tadeo, Beyongyera Julius,
Nyabuhuzi M Donatien. (2016). Human Resource Planning and Employee Performance in Rwanda: A
Perspective of Peoples Bank of Rwanda. Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management. 3(6),
316-320

CITE AS: Lucky Uko A. (2024). Challenges of Inadequate Funding in the Administration of
University Education in Nigeria. RESEARCH INVENTION JOURNAL OF CURRENT
RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 3(1):32-40.
40
Page

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited