6 Documenting Sources

A. Speaking : Travelling

If there is one main characteristic of the

modern world that makes our lives different
from our grandparents’ , it is probably speed.
We are always on the move , and we don’t
have much patience with slow systems of
transportation. We want to get there . We want
to do it fast. Car-makers, airline owners, the
planners of mass transit systemss all share a
common goal. They are all trying to provide us
with faster and faster ways to reach our
destinations.⁽¹⁴⁾

• What are popular tourist destinations in your country?

o Have you been to any of them?
o Which would you recommend if you could only recommend one? Why?

• Where are you going to go the next time you travel?

o When are you going to go?
o Who are you going to go with?
o How long are you going to go for?
o What are you going to do there?
o What kind of things do you think you will buy?

• Which is better, package tour or a tour you organize and book yourself?
• Why do you travel?

• What kind of travel do you prefer? (Plane, Train, Bus, Car, Ship, Etc.)

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 B. Task 1 : Conversational questions

Instruction: Work with your partner and discuss about the questions below.

• Describe your best trip.

• Describe your worst trip.
• Did your class in high school go on a trip together?
o If so, where did you go?
o How long did you stay?
o How did you get there?
o How many times?
o What airlines have you flown with?
• Have you ever gotten lost while traveling? If so, tell about it.
• How do you spend your time when you are on holiday and the weather is bad?
• How many countries have you been to? How many states?
• How much luggage do you usually carry?
• What are some countries that you would never visit?
• What are some things that you always take with you on a trip?
• What countries would you not like to visit? Why?
• What country do you most want to visit?
• What do you need before you can travel to another country?
• What is the most interesting city to visit in your country?
• What place do you want to visit someday?
• What's the most beautiful place you've ever been to?
• When was the last time your traveled?
• Where did you go on your last vacation?
o How did you go?
o Who did you go with?⁽¹⁴⁾

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C. Task 2 : Group Discussion

Instruction: Work with your groups and discuss about the things you should do and
the thinhs you shouldn’t do when you travel. After that, discuss it with the other
groups.

NO. SHOULD SHOULD’T REASONS

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

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D. Listening
Questions 1-4 Label the map.
Write the correct letter A—I next to Questions 1-4.

1 Hell's Gate Thermal Reserve

2 Arts and Craft Institute
3 Volcanic valley
4 Tamaki Village⁽²⁰⁾

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Question 5-10
Complete the table below
Use no more than one word and/or a number for each answer

Name of attraction Special features Cost

Hell's Gate Thermal Reserve • very 5 …………………volcanic area adults $12
• boiling whirlpool children $6
• hot waterfall (temperature 6…………. °C)
Arts and Crafts Institute • see traditional Maori 7 …………………. free
• learn about use of geothermal waters
for
Volcanic valley • formed by volcanic eruption in 8 ……… adults 9 ………..
• boat trip on lake children $5
Tamaki Village • tour by Maori guide no extra charge
• 'Hangi' — traditional feast cooked over
10 ……………..in ground⁽²⁰⁾

E. Writing

Documenting Sources
To document means to furnish readers with information about the materials (books,
articles, pamphlets, films, interviews, questionnaires) you have used for the factual
support of your statements. When you document, you acknowledge that you consulted
(and profited from) someone else's work and that you are giving readers necessary
information about that source. You must provide all the essential facts, such as author's
name, title of the work, where and when it was published (or produced), and the precise
page numbers where you took the information.

Documentation of Sources
When you document, you transfer the information listed on your note and
bibliography cards (see pages 256-260) to the text of your paper and to the list of
references at the end of that paper. Documentation, therefore, is a vital step in the
process of writing a research paper.
In this chapter we will give you practical and precise directions on what to
document and how to do it efficiently and consistently. Of the various systems (or
formats) of documentation, perhaps footnoting is the one most familiar to you. In this
chapter you will learn about other methods of documenting your sources. The major

49
emphasis, however, will be on the parenthetical documentation system advocated by
the Modern Language Association. You will find a sample research paper using
parenthetical documentation at the end of this chapter.

What Functions Documentation Serves

1. Documentation informs your readers that you consulted experts on the subject
and that you relied on the most current and authoritative sources to build your
case.
2. Documentation gives proper credit to these sources. Citing works by name is not
a simple act of courtesy; it is an ethical requirement and, because so
of this material is protected by copyright, a point of law. By documenting your
sources, you will avoid plagiarism—that is, stealing someone else's ideas and
listing them as your own. If you are found guilty of plagiarism, you could be
expelled from school or fired from your job.
3. Documentation informs readers about a specific book or article you used if they
want to read it themselves for additional information or to verify the facts you
have listed from that source.

What Must Be Documented?

This question often puzzles writers. If you document the following materials, you will be
sure to avoid plagiarism and to assist the reader of your research paper or report:
1. Any direct quotations, even if it is a single phrase or key word. Quotations from
the Bible, from Shakespeare, or any literary text should be identified according to
the specific work (Exodus, Merchant of Venice) and the place in that work (for
example, act 3, scene 4, line 23, listed as 3.4.23).
2. Any paraphrase or summary of another individual's written work.
3. Any opinions—expressed verbally or in writing—that are not your own.
4. Any statistical data that you have not compiled yourself.
5. Any visuals that you have not constructed yourself—photographs, tables, charts.

Of course, do not document obvious facts, such as normal body temperature, well-
known dates (the first moon landing in 1969; Harry Truman was the thirty-third
president of the U.S.), formulas H2O; the quadratic formula), or proverbs from folklore
("The hand is quicker than the eye").

Parenthetical and Footnote Documentation

Numerous formats exist for documenting sources. Two of these formats are
parenthetical documentation and footnote documentation. The following section will
introduce you to parenthetical documentation by contrasting it with the footnote
method.
A widely used system of parenthetical documentation is found in the MLA
Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Second Edition, edited by Joseph Gibaldi and
Walter S. Achtert (New York: Modern Language Association, 1984). Although used

50
primarily by individuals in the humanities, the MLA system is in many ways very similar
to the methods of documenting sources in the sciences, technological fields, and
business. For that reason this method will be emphasized in this chapter. The MLA
system does not recommend footnotes—footnote numbers, footnote pages—to
document sources, nor does it contain a bibliography of works the writer may have
consulted but has not cited directly in the paper.
Instead, the MLA method uses parenthetical, or in-text, documentation.
According to this method, the writer tells readers directly in the text of the paper, at the
moment the acknowledgment is necessary, what reference is being cited—by including
the author's last name in parentheses together with the appropriate page number(s)
from which the information is borrowed. Seeing (Morgan 205), for example, the reader
knows that the writer has borrowed information from Morgan, specifically from page
205 of Morgan's work. Such sources (authors' names with page numbers) refer to an
alphabetical list of works that the writer has cited in the text of the paper. This list—
called "Works Cited" or "References Cited"—is placed at the end of the paper.
As you may recall from other writing courses, when you document using
footnotes you insert a slightly raised arabic numeral in the place in the text to which the
source refers, like this.' The order in which the footnotes are cited in your paper must
correspond exactly to the order in which they are listed at the end of the paper on a
footnote page, which gives details about author's name, title of the work, and date and
place of publication. When readers see a foot-note , for example, they expect to find
information about the particular source for this footnote under 7 on the notes page.
Figure 9.1 shows a paragraph that uses footnote documentation and a section of
the footnote page containing information about the footnoted sources. Figure 9.2, on
the other hand, shows how the same paragraph is prepared using parenthetical
documentation and reprints the relevant section of the Works Cited page.
To provide accurate parenthetical documentation for your readers, you must
first prepare a careful Works or References Cited page and then include the
documentation in the right form and place in your text. Preparing the Works Cited page
and documenting within the text of a paper are discussed in the next two sections.⁽²⁶⁾

Preparing the Works Cited Page

Before you can document your sources parenthetically within your paper you
must first establish what those sources are. Even though the list of references cited
comes at the end of your paper, it is important that you prepare this list before you start
to document. By preparing the list first you will know what sources you must cite and
what page numbers you must list.
When you prepare your list of references, you must include the information in the
following order:

Books Articles
Author(s) Author(s)
Editor(s) of article(put in quotation marks)
Title(underscored) name of journal(underscored)

51
Edition(if second or subsequent)

place of publication volume number (in arabic numerals)

publisher's name date of publication
date of publication page number(s)

The examples below will show you how to list different types of books and articles.
• Book with one author
Enockson, Paul G. A Guide for Selecting Computers and Software for Small Businesses.
Reston, VA: Reston Books, 1983. 11
Note that no page numbers are listed in this citation because the appropriate page
numbers to Enockson's book would be included parenthetically in the paper.
• Two or more books by the same author
Flesch, Rudolf. Art of Readable Writing. New York: Harper, 1974.
---. Say What You Mean. New York: Harper, 1972.
When you cite two or more works by the same author, do not repeat the author's name
in the second or subsequent reference. Type three hyphens in place of the name and
then a period. (List the works in alphabetical order.)
• Book with two authors.
Muggins, Carolyn, and Keith Applebauer. The Art of Interviewing. Chicago: General
Books, 1986.
Both authors' names are listed in the order they appear on the title page; do not worry
about alphabetical order. But make sure that the first author's name is listed in reverse
order.
• Book with three or more authors
Andreoli, Kathryn G., and others. Comprehensive Cardiac Care: A Text for Nurses,
Physicians, and Other Health Care Practitioners. St. Louis: Mosby, 1978.
When there are three or more authors, list only the first author's name in reverse order
and add et al. or "and others" after the comma following

Fig.9.1 A paragraph using footnotes to document sources.

Technical writing has expanded rapidly since World War II. The newest market
seeking technical writers is in data processing. In fact, it is one of the fastest growing
fields for technical writers. Technical writers are especially in demand to prepare the
documentation necessary for computer software systems manufactured by many
different companies . In preparing this documentation the technical writer often has to
explain complex information to audiences totally unfamiliar with computers. This
obstacle is increasingly difficult to overcome because of the growing complexity of
computers. To solve this problem, the technical writer must function like a computer
specialist while thinking like a layperson.

52
 Footnotes
'Julie Teunissen, "Opportunities for Technical Writers," Computer Outlook 10
(1985): 98.
2George Tullos, "Technical Writers and the Needs of the Computer Industry,"

Journal of Computer Operations 17 (1985): 13.

3Mary Bronstein, The New Generation of Technical Writers (San Francisco:

Harbor House, 1982) 45.

Fig. 9.2 A paragraph using parenthetical documentation of sources.

Technical writing has expanded rapidly since World War II. The newest market seeking
technical writers is in data processing. In fact, it is "one of the fastest growing fields for
technical writers" (Teunissen 98) . Technical writers are especially in demand to prepare
the documentation necessary for computer software systems manufactured by many
different companies (Tullos 13) . In preparing this documentation, the technical writer
often has to explain complex information to audiences totally unfamiliar with
computers. This obstacle is increasingly difficult to overcome because of the growing
complexity of computers. To solve this problem, "the technical writer must function like
a computer specialist while thinking like a layperson" (Bronstein 45).

Works Cited
Bronstein, Mary. The New Generation of Technical Writers. San Francisco: Harbor
House, 1982.
Teunissen, Julie. "Opportunities for Technical Writers." Computer Outlook 10 (1985): 98-
99.
Tullos, George. "Technical Writers and the Needs of the Computer Industry," Journal of
Computer Operations 17 (1985): 13.
the first author's name. When a book has a subtitle, include it. The title and subtitle are
separated by a colon as in the example above.

• Corporate author
National Institute for the Foodservices Industry. Applied Foodservice Sanitation.
Lexington, MA: Heath, 1978.
A corporate author refers to an organization, society, association, institution, or
government agency that publishes a work under its own name, for example, Federal
Aviation Administration. In the example above, the institute (often cited as NIFI) wrote
the book. Notice how the state is given after the city. This further identification tells
readers that the book was published in Lexington, Massachusetts, as opposed to
Lexington, Kentucky, or Lexington, Virginia. The name of the state is not used after well-
known cities such as Boston, Chicago, or San Francisco. For this reason the writer using
the Enockson book—the example under Book with one author—cites the state, Virginia.

53
• An edited collection of essays
Tyson—Jones, Sandra, ed. The Ten Best Ways to Invest in Stocks and Bonds. New York:
Merrimack, 1985.
The abbreviation "ed." for editor follows the editor's name listed in reverse order.

• An essay included within a collection

Holcomb, Barry T. "Municipal Bonds: A Good Investment Opportunity." The Ten Best
Ways to Invest in Stocks and Bonds. Ed. Sandra Tyson—Jones. New York: Merrimack,
1985. 321-329.
The name of the author of the article in this collection comes first—in reverse order—
then the title of the article in quotation marks. Next comes the title of the collection
underscored. The editor's name is listed after the title, with "Ed." before her name to
indicate that she is the editor. The editor's name is not listed in reverse order.

• An article in a professional journal

Mahlin, Stuart J. "Peak—Time Pay: A Way to Attract and Keep Better Part—Time
Employees." Bank Administration 55 (Mar. 1984): 85-88.
Note how a reference to a journal article differs from one to a book. The title of the
article is in quotation marks, not underscored; no place of publication is listed for a
journal. The volume number immediately follows the title of the journal with no
intervening punctuation. And the page numbers on which the article is found follow the
colon placed after the publication information within parentheses.

• A signed magazine article

Martial, Gene G. "Bulls Who Snort at IBM Bears." Business Week 2 July 1984: 78.
Unlike the more scholarly journal articles, popular and frequently issued magazines
(such as Business Week, Time, U.S. News & World Report) are listed by date and not
volume number. Note again, the page number(s) following the date. No "p." or "pp."
should be used with them.

• An unsigned magazine article

"When Dream Homes Turn into Nightmares." U.S. News & World Report 11 Dec. 1978:
43.
Many magazine articles do not carry an author's name (or by-line) because they are
written by one of the staff members of the magazine. If this is the case, begin with the
title of the article. Unsigned works are always listed according to the first word of their
title (excluding a, an, or the).

• An article in a newspaper
Wittington, Delores. "The Dollar Buys More Vacation Overseas This Year." Springfield
Herald 30 July 1984, late ed.: A10.

54
Give the title of the newspaper as it appears at the top of the first page of the
newspaper, including the name of the city if it is part of that title. List the article by day,
month, and year, not according to the cumbersome volume and issue numbers. Identify
section, page, and edition information for readers. In the example above, readers know
that the story appeared in the late edition on page 10 in section A. Sometimes the story
you cite will not require these details as the example below on page 2 of a paper that
issues one edition per day:
Bulkeley, William M. "Data General Corporation Is Ready

• An article in an encyclopedia
Truxal, John. "Telemetering." McGraw—Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.
5th ed.
Because it is a multivolume, alphabetical work, only the particular edition or year of an
encyclopedia has to be listed on the Works Cited page. If you cite the name of the
author of an article in an encyclopedia, begin your reference with his or her last name.
Some encyclopedia articles are not signed or are signed only with the author's initials
(see page 247).

• A pamphlet
Boone, Roberta T. Ghetto Children and Their Diets. Washington, DC: U.S. Children's
Bureau, 1968.
Document a pamphlet the same way you would a book.

• A film
Understanding, Emphysema. Sound filmstrip. New York: Eye Gate Media, 1978. Order
number TP835. 37 min.
Underscore the title of a film and include the distributor and order number. If you
indicate the length of the film-45 min., 1 hr., 10 min., include this information last.

• Radio or television program

Sixty Minutes. CBS News. 7 Oct. 1984.
"The Dilemma." Rich Man, Poor Man. PBS. WTQA, Springfield. 21 Apr. 1985.
Underscore the title of a program but put an individual episode in a series within
quotation marks, as in the title from Rich Man, Poor Man above. (In your Works Cited
page, Sixty Minutes would be listed under S.)

• Computer program
Smith, Judith. Learner's Guide to Computer Graphics. Computer software. Tulsa:
General Computers, Inc., 1985.
• A published interview
Zeluto, Thomas. "Interview with Former Budget Director." Findlay Magazine, Feb. 1985:
2-4.
Begin with the name of the individual being interviewed. Then indicate the title of the
interview.

55
 • An unpublished interview
Jensen, Barbara. Professor of Physics, Berry College. Telephone interview. 15 May 1985.
Begin with the name of the individual—in reverse order—and then indicate how and
when the interview was conducted.
• A questionnaire
Questionnaire for Secretaries. Distributed between 5-10 Oct. 1985 by Seager
Construction Company.

How to Alphabetize the Works in Your Reference List

Your list of references must be in alphabetical order to enable readers to find them
quickly. Here are some guidelines to follow when you alphabetize your list.
1. Make sure that each author's name is in correct alphabetical sequence with the
author's (or the first of multiple authors) names in reverse order. Jones, Sally T., not
Sally T. Jones.
2. Hyphenated last names should be alphabetized according to the first of the
hyphenated names.
Grundy, Alex H.
Mendez-Greene, A. Y. Mundt, Jill.
3. List corporate authors as you would names of individuals, but do not invert the
corporate name.
Marine Fisheries Association. Nally, Mark.
National Bureau of Standards. Nuttal, Marion.
4. List names beginning with the same letters according to the number of letters in
each name—the shorter names precede the longer ones.
Lund, Michael.
Lundford, Sarah. Lundforth, Jeffrey.
5. Disregard the article (a, an, the) when you list an unsigned article or a film.
The Cable Television Guidebook. (an unsigned pamphlet, listed under C on the Works
Cited page)
The Godfather, Part IL (film)
Harris, Timothy. "Rebates." The Economist 25 (1986): 21-30.
"An Improved Means of Detecting Computer Crime." (unsigned article).⁽²⁶⁾

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F. Vocabulary-check

CHECK LIST
NO. VOCABULARY
O.K. ?
1. Speed
2. Provide
3. Probably
4. Mass transit
5. Common goal
6. Destination
7. Recommend
8. Popular
9. Package
10. Souvenir

57