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    Ncert biology

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    Ncert biology

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views3 pages

    Kech 1 Ps

    Uploaded by

    velanbalan001
    Ncert biology

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    answerS 9

    Inhalt

    Foreword iii
    Rationalisation of Content in the Textbooks v
    Unit 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1
    1.1 Importance of Chemistry 4
    1.2 Nature of Matter 4
    1.3 Properties of Matter and their Measurement 6
    1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement 10
    1.5 Laws of Chemical Combinations 14
    1.6 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 16
    1.7 Atomic and Molecular Masses 16
    1.8 Mole Concept and Molar Masses 18
    1.9 Percentage Composition 18
    1.10 Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations 20

    Unit 2 Structure of Atom 29


    2.1 Discovery of Sub-atomic Particles 30
    2.2 Atomic Models 32
    2.3 Developments Leading to the Bohr’s Model of Atom 37
    2.4 Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom 46
    2.5 Towards Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom 49
    2.6 Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom 53

    Unit 3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 74


    3.1 Why do we Need to Classify Elements ? 74
    3.2 Genesis of Periodic Classification 75
    3.3 Modern Periodic Law and the Present Form of the Periodic Table 78
    3.4 Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Numbers > 100 78
    3.5 Electronic Configurations of Elements and the Periodic Table 81

    Rationalised 2023-24
    10 (x) chemistry

    3.6 Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements: 82


    s-, p-, d-, f- Blocks

    3.7 Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements 85

    Unit 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 100


    4.1 Kössel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding 101
    4.2 Ionic or Electrovalent Bond 106
    4.3 Bond Parameters 107
    4.4 The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory 112
    4.5 Valence Bond Theory 117
    4.6 Hybridisation 120
    4.7 Molecular Orbital Theory 125
    4.8 Bonding in Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules 129
    4.9 Hydrogen Bonding 131

    Unit 5 Thermodynamics 136


    5.1 Thermodynamic Terms 137
    5.2 Applications 140
    5.3 Measurement of ∆U and ∆H: Calorimetry 145
    5.4 Enthalpy Change, ∆rH of a Reaction – Reaction Enthalpy 146
    5.5 Enthalpies for Different Types of Reactions 152
    5.6 Spontaneity 157
    5.7 Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium 162

    Unit 6 Equilibrium 168


    6.1 Equilibrium in Physical Processes 169
    6.2 Equilibrium in Chemical Processes – Dynamic Equilibrium 172
    6.3 Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant 174
    6.4 Homogeneous Equilibria 177
    6.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria 179
    6.6 Applications of Equilibrium Constants 181
    6.7 Relationship between Equilibrium Constant K, 184
    Reaction Quotient Q and Gibbs Energy G

    Rationalised 2023-24
    answerS (xi ) 11

    6.8 Factors Affecting Equilibria 184


    6.9 Ionic Equilibrium in Solution 188
    6.10 Acids, Bases and Salts 189
    6.11 Ionization of Acids and Bases 192
    6.12 Buffer Solutions 202
    6.13 Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts 204
    Appendices 215
    Answer to Some Selected Problems 229

    Rationalised 2023-24

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