“ MORPHOLOGY “

Introduction to Linguistic

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By:

Group 6
Fathur Rahman (1952042001)
Nurul Azizah Amiruddin (1952042012)
Nilasari Rustan (1952042026)
Asmaul Husna (1952042025)

English Education Department

Faculty of Language and Literature
State University of Makassar
2019-2020
 A. Definition of Morphology, Morpheme, and Allomorph

1. Morphology
A word Morphology is from Greece “morphe “that has meaning “forms”. It means
the morphology is a science of language that focuses on language and how that language
special word formed.

In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their
relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and
parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes.

Morpholgy according to Dr. C. George Boeree is Morphology is the study of

morphemes, obviously. Morphemes are words, word stems, and affixes, basically the
unit of language one up from phonemes. Although they are often understood as units of
meaning, they are usually considered a part of a language's syntax or grammar. It is
specifically grammatical morphemes that this chapter will focus on.

2. Morpheme
Morpheme is the smallest part of the word. The smallest part "has meaning". For
example, 'Eat' has implications that are not the same as 'Eats'. Likewise, the word 'un-
like-ly', where un and ly have their own meaning and linguistic implications. In English,
morphemes are divided into 2, namely free morphemes and bound morphemes.

a. Kinds of Morpheme
1. Free Morpheme
Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone and have a meaning without having
to be attached with another morpheme. Free morpheme have several basic types,as
follows :
a. Preposition
b. Adjective
c. Noun
d. Article
e. Verb
f. Counjuction

Free morphemes has two categories,namely :

a. Lexical Morpheme
 Lexical morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone and its stil can delivered the
content of the message. It is also referred as open class/content words, so it can be add
morphemes to these words. Such as verb,noun,and adjectives.
Example : beauty (Adj), play (verb), book (noun).

b. Functional Morpheme

Functional morpheme is morpheme that can stand alone but it can’t delivered the
content of the message. It is also referred as closed class, so it can’t be added to other
morphemes. Functional morpheme divided into four, namely Counjuction, pronoun,
preposition, and article.
Example : but (conj), at (prep), the (artc), he (pronoun).

2. Bound Morpheme
Bound morpheme is a morpheme that can’t stand alone and must be attached to other
morpheme. Bound morpheme divided into two types,namely derivational morpheme and
inflectional morpheme. Bound morphemes has two categories, namely:

a. Derivational Morpheme
Derivational morphemes are morphemes that if we bound it with another morpheme
will make or form another morpheme or words that different with the previous word.
There are two types of derivational, such as:
• Prefixes; re-, pre-, un-, ex-, mis-, etc.
• Suffixes; -ish, -ful, -less, -ly, etc.

Example : The word beautiful (adj) derivied from the word beauty (noun) which added a
a morpheme ‘ful’ and its changes form noun to adjective.

b. Inflectional morpheme
Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that if we bound it with another morpheme
only to identify the grammar, not to make a new words or forms that different from
previous word. Inflectional morpheme has 8 in english:
1. Noun: posssessive noun(‘s), plural (s).
2. Verb: 3rd person singular (s), progressive verb(-ing), past tense (-ed), past participle(-
en).
3. Adjective: comparative(-er), superlative(-est)

Example : The word cars (noun) is derivied from the word car (noun) which added a
morpheme ‘s’ and changes become books and its to explain that there are many books
(plural).
 3. Allomorph
The different forms of a morpheme are called allomorphs or can also be called
various forms of variants of the morphemes regarding sounds and phonetic symbols, but
they do not change the meaning. There are three types of allomoph, namely:

1. Allomorphs which are formed from article: an (before vowels, ex: an elephant) and a
(before consonant, ex: a dog) both have one meaning, namely singular.
2. Allomorphs that are formed from the morpheme past tense.
/id/ after d,t : hated
/t/ after all other voiceless sounds : picked
/d/ after all other voiced sounds : wedged
/im/ before bilabial sounds : impossible
/il/ before consonant /l/ : illegal
/in/ elsewhere : independent
Some allomorphs of the negative prefix in-. The choice of allomorphs is
determined by a particular morpheme, not just by its pronunciation, ex: morpheme –
sume replaced –sumpt- on (consume = consumption)

3. Lexical allomorph
The choice of allomorphs is unpredictable, so it is necessary to memorize the word
based on the word, ex: ox-plural-oxen, sheep-plural-sheep.
Example:
 Three different allomorphs
· Cats / s /
Dogs / z /
Boxes / iz /
 One allomorph
Disagreement / dis /
· Discount / dis /
Disbelieve / dis /
 Two different allomorphs
Voiced / d /
Walked / t /
Stopped / t /
· Kicked / t /

So, allomorph is a variant form of the morpheme about sounds and phonetic symbols but
that does not change the meaning. Allomorphs have different pronunciation and spelling
according to their conditions. This means that the allomorphs will have a different sound,
pronunciation or spelling under different conditions.

B. Root, Affix, Base and Stem

Complex words consist of a root and one or more affixes.

1. Roots

Root is the irreducible core of a word, with absolutely nothing else attached to it. Roots can
be free morpheme or a word element which the other new words grow, usually through addition
prefixes and suffixes. A root has no lexical meaning and the semantic range of the root is vague
if there is any at all.

Examples : Walk, teach, cold, play.

2. Stems

Stem is a word element to which grammatical or inflectional suffixes can be added. Every
word that end with inflectional suffixes, we called it ‘stem’.

Inflectional suffixes :

1. –s (plural)
2. –s (possessive)
3. –s (third singular person)
4. –ed (past tense)
5. –en (past participle)
6. –ing (present participle)
7. –er (comparative)
8. –est (superlative)

Examples :

Bag (root) – bag(s) = bags (stem)

Play (root) – play(er)(base)+(s) = players (stem)

3. Bases

Base is any unit to which affixes of any kind derivational/lexical affixes can be added. All
roots are bases. Bases are called stems only in the context of inflectional morphology.

Examples :
Like (root) + -dis = dislike(base)+ -ed (inflectional suffixes) = disliked( stem)
It means that stem ‘disliked’ come from base ‘dislike’

4. Affixes

Affixes is a morpheme (bound morpheme) which only occurs when attached to some other
morphemes such as a root, steam or base. There are three kinds of affixes which are as follow :

1. Prefix is an affix attached before a root, stem or base, like : re-,un-, -in, etc.
2. Suffixe is an affix attached after a root, stem, base, like : -ly, -er, -ist, -s, -ing, and –ed.
3. Infix is an affix inserted into the root itself, like ; in fuckin possible.

Example :

Write(root)+ (re-) = rewrite(base)+ (-ed) = rewrited (stem)

C. Words Formation

1. Compounding

Compounding forms a word out of two or more root morphemes. The words are called
compounds or compound words. In Linguistics, compounds can be either native or borrowed.
Native English roots are typically free morphemes, so that means native compounds are
made out of independent words that can occur by themselves.

Examples:

a. Mailman (composed of free root mail and free root man)

b. Mail carrier
c. dog house
d. fireplace
e. fireplug (a regional word for 'fire hydrant')

2. Blending

Blending is the process whereby new words are formed by combining parts of two words,
usually the beginning of one word and the end of another (cf. Godby et al,. 1982).

Example:

a. Smog (smoke + fog),

b. Brunch (breakfast + lunch),
c. Heliport (helicopter + airport),
d. Motel (motor + hotel).
Notice that enough of each word is normally retained so that the complex whole
remains fairly readily analyzable.

3. Clipping

Clipping is a type of abbreviation of a word in which one part is 'clipped' off the rest, and
the remaining word now means essentially the same thing as what the whole word means or
meant.

Example:

The word rifle is a fairly modern clipping of an earlier compound rifle gun, meaning a gun
with a rifled barrel. (Rifled means having a spiral groove causing the bullet to spin, and thus
making it more accurate.) Another clipping is burger, formed by clipping off the beginning of
the word hamburger. (This clipping could only come about once hamburg+er was reanalyzed
as ham+burger.)

4. Acronyms

Acronymy is the process whereby a new word is formed from the initial letters of the
constituent words of a phrase or sentence.

Example:

From the initial letters of the words of the phrase North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the
word NATO \ "neIt´U\ is formed. Similarly, from the initial letters of the constituent words
of the phrase unidentified flying object, the word UFO \Æ ju…ef "´U\ (or\ " ju…f´U\) is
formed.

5. Borrowing

Borrowing is the process whereby new words are formed by adopting words from other
languages together with the concepts or ideas they stand for (cf. Brun, 1983; Pei 1966).

Example:

Tango, mango, taco, burrito from Spanish; fiancé, very (adapted from Old French verai),
garage from French; pizza, mafia from Italian; and so on. Usually, the pronunciation and
morphology of the borrowings (borrowed terms or loanwords) are adapted to the phonology
and morphology of the host language (i.e., the language which

6. Word Coinage

Word coinage (or invention) is the process whereby new words are created outright,
either deliberately or accidentally, to fit some purpose. Usually, words are coined to express
new ideas, processes, products, etc. in the language.

Example:

Brand names such as Xerox, Kodak, Exxon, Kleenex,8 Nylon, Dacron, etc.; pooch, snob,
nerd, blurb, googol, etc. It is worth pointing out that the invention of new words is sometimes
based on existing words, such as Jell-o on gel, Kleenex on clean. Many acronyms such as
Cobol, laser, etc. are based on phrases for which they stand. However, words are more often
created out of thin air, i.e., without basing on any other pre-existing word.

CONCLUSION
 Morphology is one aspect in linguistic specially studies about a word and linguistic about
language, we must study morphology so that we can make a good and right language because
morphology is one of basic thing in linguistic. If we understand the morphology we will east to
make new word or make a right word,so morphology is very important for every people.

Morphology are divided into two types namely free morpheme and bound norpheme. Free
morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone and still have a meaning without having to be
attached with another morpheme, and bound morpheme are morpheme that can’t stand alone
and it should be attached with another morpheme.

REFERENCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)

http://jomblogregeeet.blogspot.com/2015/03/morphemes-morphology.html

https://www.scribd.com/document/422740311/Makalah-Morphology

https://www.linguistikid.com/2017/01/free-morpheme-bound-morpheme.html?m=1

https://www.scribd.com/doc/78717519/Introduction-of-Linguistics-Makalah

https://www.ilmubahasainggris.com/linguistic-pengertian-morphology-pembagian-jenis-dan-
contohnya-dalam-bahasa-inggris/

http://www.sfu.ca/person/dearmond/323/323%20/323-Roots-Bases-Stems.fm6.htm

http://parasmitadinda.blogspot.com/2015/05/morph-morpheme-allomoph.html

http://webdelprofesor.ula.ve/humanidades/azapata/materias/english_4/
unit_1_types_of_words_and_word_formation_processes.pdf