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  • Conic Sections Notes by KRK

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    Khi Ntenwi
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    Conic Sections notes by KRK

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    Conic Sections Notes by KRK

    Uploaded by

    Khi Ntenwi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 4

    Conic Sections: Circles, Ellipses, Parabolas and Hyperbolas

    Ellipses: The set of all points (on a plane) whose distances from 2 fixed points (in the plane)
    have a constant sum. The two fixed points are called the foci.
    𝑏 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥2 𝑦2
    + =1
    𝑐 𝑃1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐
    𝐹1 𝐹2 𝑎
    𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎 b>a 𝑐 2 = 𝑏2 − 𝑎2
    𝑎>𝑏 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑐 𝑏
    𝑃1 𝐹1 + 𝑃1 𝐹2 = 𝑘 𝑎
    𝑏 𝑎
    (𝑎 + 𝑐) + (𝑎 − 𝑐) = 2𝑎 𝑐

    Example: Find the foci of the ellipse 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 4 and sketch the graph.
    𝑥−2 2 (𝑦 − 1)2
    𝑥2 𝑦2 What about + =1
    Soln: First get into the form + =1 𝑐2 = 4 − 1 4 1
    22 12
    𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 3 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 3
    1
    𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖: − 3, 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( 3, 0) 1
    3 2 2− 3 2+ 3
    − 3
    2
    𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖: 2 − 3, 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2 + 3, 0)
    Parabolas: 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 A set of all points (in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point F (focus) and a fixed
    line (called the directrix).
    𝑦
    𝑦−𝑝 2 + 𝑥2 = 𝑦 + 𝑝 2

    (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦𝑝 + 𝑝2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦𝑝 + 𝑝2


    𝑦−𝑝 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦𝑝
    𝑝 1 2 1
    ∴𝑦= 𝑥 ∴𝑎=
    𝑦 = −𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑥 4𝑝 4𝑝
    directrix
    Given “a”, you can determine
    𝑦 2𝑥 2 the p, then the focus and the
    𝑥2 directrix.

    𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥
    𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 2
    Hyperbolas: The set of all points ( in a plane) whose difference of the two fixed points (foci) are a constant.
    𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦
    − =1 Example: Sketch the graph of 36𝑥 2 − 25𝑦 2 = 900
    𝑎2 𝑏2 Soln: 𝑥2 𝑦2
    𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) − =1 𝑐 2 = 25 + 36
    𝑃1 𝐹1 − 𝑃1 𝐹2 = 𝑘 52 62
    𝑃1 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 6, 𝑐 = 61
    𝑎 + 𝑐 − (𝑐 − 𝑎) = 2𝑎 𝐹1 − 𝑎 𝑎 𝐹2 𝑥 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖: − 61, 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( 61, 0)
    𝑦
    ❑ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
    ❑ Symmetry
    𝑏
    ❑ Asymptotes 𝑦 = ± 𝑎 𝑥 (if centre at the origin)
    𝑦
    − 61 − 5 5 61

    𝑦2 𝑥2
    − =1 Asymptotes: 𝑥 → ∞ 𝑦 →?
    𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑥
    𝑥2 − 1 𝑦2 6
    = ⇒ 𝑦=± 𝑥
    25 36 5
    You do! What happens for (𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑦 − 1)2
    − =1
    52 62

    Yes, its just the previous graph shifted to the right by 2 and up by 1.
    𝑦
    𝑐 2 = 25 + 36 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 6, 𝑐 = 61

    𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖: 2 − 61, 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2 + 61, 0)


    (2, 1)
    6
    𝑦 − 1 = ± (𝑥 − 2) which is
    5
    6 7 6 17
    𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 5 and 𝑦 = − 𝑥 +
    5 5

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