PAPER PRESENTATION ON EMBEDDED SYSTEMS (ROBOTIC SPACECRAFT) BY

K.VENKATESH B.TECH: III YEAR E.C.E [email protected] ph no: 9505022637 S PRASANNA KUMAR B.TECH: III YEAR E.C.E [email protected] ph no: 9866866192

KSHATRIYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING NH-16, CHEPUR-ARMOOR-503224

INDEX

1. ABSTRACT 2. INTRODUCION 3. ROBOTIC SPACE CRAFT a) HISTORY b) DESIGN c) CONTROL d) LIST OF SPACE PROBES 5. CONCLUSION 6. BIBILIOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, sometimes with real-time computing constraints. It is usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks depending on programming. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. For example, Handheld computers share some elements with embedded systems such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power them but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected. Here we have highlighted Robotic spacecraft which comes under the category of Embedded system. In this Robotic spacecraft different lists of space probes are discussed. So, Embedded systems have become very important today as they control many of the common devices we use.

INTRODUCTION:
The embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure. A robotic spacecraft is a spacecraft with no humans on board, that is usually under telerobotic control. A robotic spacecraft designed to make scientific research measurements is often called a space probe.

An artist's interpretation of the Messenger spacecraft at Mercury.

HISTORY :
The first space mission, Sputnik 1, was an artificial satellite put into Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957. On 3 November 1957, the Soviets orbited Sputnik 2, the first to carry a living animal into space a dog. The United States achieved its first successful space probe launch with the orbit of Explorer I on 31 January 1958. Explorer I weighed less than 14 kilograms compared to 83.6 kg and 508.3 kg for Sputniks 1 and 2 respectively. Only six other countries have successfully launched missions using their own vehicles: France (1965), Japan (1970), China (1970), the United Kingdom (1971), India (1981) and Israel (1988).

DESIGN :

In spacecraft design, the United States Air Force considers a vehicle to consist of the mission payload and the bus (or platform). The bus provides physical structure, thermal control, electrical power, attitude control and telemetry, tracking and commanding.

CONTROL :
Robotic spacecraft use telemetry to radio back to Earth acquired data and vehicle status information. Although generally referred to as "remotely-controlled" or "telerobotic", the earliest orbital spacecraft -- such as Sputnik 1 and Explorer I -- did not receive control signals from Earth. Newer probes such as Cassini-Huygens is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program established in 1974, is an inter-governmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, established in 1974, is an inter-governmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member states.

List of space probes : Lunar probes

Luna program Soviet Lunar exploration (19591976). Ranger program US Lunar hard-landing probes (19611965). Zond program Soviet Lunar exploration (19641970). Surveyor program US Lunar soft-landing probe (19661968). Lunar Orbiter program US Lunar orbital (19661967). Lunokhod program Soviet Lunar Rover probes (19701973). Muses-A mission (Hiten and Hagoromo) Japanese Lunar orbital and hardlanding probes (19901993). Clementine US Lunar orbital (1998). Lunar Prospector US Lunar orbital (19981999). Smart 1 European Lunar orbital (2003). SELENE Japanese lunar orbiter (2007).

The Luna programme (from the Russian word "Luna" meaning "Moon"), occasionally called Lunik or Lunnik, was a series of robotic spacecraft missions sent to the Moon by the Soviet Union between 1959 and 1976. Fifteen were successful, each designed as either an orbiter or lander, and accomplished many firsts in space exploration. They also performed many experiments, studying the Moon's chemical composition, gravity, temperature, and radiation. The estimated cost of Luna Program was about $4.5 billion.

Achievements
The major achievement of the Luna programme, with Luna 16, Luna 20 and Luna 24 spacecrafts, was the ability to collect samples of lunar soil and return them to Earth, by 1970. The program returned 0.326 kg of lunar samples. SELENE (moon), better known in Japan by its nickname Kaguya is the second Japanese lunar orbiter spacecraft. Produced by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science and NASDA, the spacecraft was launched September 14, 2007 UTC. The name stands for Selenological and Engineering Explorer; Selene was a lunar deity in Greek mythology. After the successful release of its sub-satellites Rstar and Vstar, they were named Okina and Ouna, also from folklore. SELENE launched at 01:31:01, September 14, 2007 UTC on an H-IIA (Model H2A2022) carrier rocket from Tanegashima Space Center into a 281.55 km (perigee) / 232960 km (apogee) geocentric parking orbit. The total launch mass was 3020 kg

Mars probes
Zond program failed Soviet flyby probe Mars probe program Soviet orbiters and landers Viking program Two US orbiters and landers (1974) Mars Pathfinder Lander and wheeled robot (1997) Mars Express (Mars Express Orbiter and Beagle 2) European orbiter and failed lander 2003

Mars Exploration Rovers US rovers (2004) Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter US, launched 2005 Phoenix launched August 3, 2007 Mars Science Laboratory US, to be launched 2009 The Mars Pathfinder was launched on December 4, 1996 by NASA aboard a

Delta II just a month after the Mars Global Surveyor was launched. After a 7-month voyage it landed on Ares Vallis, in a region called Chryse Planitia on Mars, on 4 July 1997. It was the second project from NASA's Discovery Program, which promotes the use of low-cost spacecraft and frequent launches under the motto "cheaper, faster and better" promoted by the then administrator, Daniel Goldin.

Mars Pathfinder

Organization: Mission type: Orbital date: Launch date: insertion

NASA - JPL Lander, rover Landed 04 July 1997 UT 16:57 4 December 1996 at 06:58:07 UTC from ESMC / launch

complex 17B Mass: Power: 264 kg (lander), 10.5 kg (rover) 35 W (lander) 13 W (rover)

The Mars Science Laboratory is a NASA rover scheduled to launch in September 2009 and perform a precision landing on Mars in July-September 2010.

Mars Science Laboratory

2007 Mars Science Laboratory concept Organization: Mission type: Orbital insertion date: NASA Rover July-September 2010

Phoenix is a robotic spacecraft on a space exploration mission to Mars under the Mars Scout Program. Phoenix launched successfully on August 4, 2007, and is scheduled to land on Mars on May 25, 2008.

Phoenix spacecraft as it will look on Mars Organization: Mission type: Launch date: Mission duration: NASA Lander August 4, 2007 90 sols, 92.46 days

Venus probes

Pioneer Venus project US Venus orbiter Venus Express ESA probe sent for the observation of the Venus's weather in 2005.

The US Pioneer program of unmanned space missions was designed for planetary exploration. While he was at a briefing, the spacecraft was described to him as a "lunarorbiting vehicle with an infrared scanning device.".

Pioneer 10, undergoing construction in 1971. Venus Express is the first Venus exploration mission of the European Space Agency. It is currently in orbit around Venus and collecting scientific data.

Venus Express

Venus Express in Venus orbit Mission type: Satellite of: Launch date: Orbiter Venus November 9, 2005

Mission duration: Mass:

Cruise Earth to Venus: 150 days; in-orbit around Venus: 1000 days 1270 kg

Gas giant probes

Pioneer program US Jupiter and Saturn flybys Voyager program US Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune flyby and study of interstellar space Galileo probe US Jupiter orbiter and atmosphere probe Cassini-Huygens US-European Saturn orbiter and Titan lander Huygens (1997present)

Galileo was an unmanned spacecraft sent by NASA to study the planet Jupiter and its moons. It arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995, a little more than six years later, via gravitational assist flybys of Venus and Earth.

Galileo Orbiter

Galileo is prepared for mating with the IUS booster Organization: Mission type: NASA Orbiter, fly-by

Satellite of: Launch date: Mission duration: Mass:

Jupiter October 18, 1989 by Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS-34 mission September 21, 2003 (deorbited) 2380 kg

Comet and asteroid probes

Giotto mission European flyby of Comet Halley (1986) NEAR Shoemaker US asteroid lander, launched 1996 Deep Space 1 US comet/asteroid flyby, 19982000 Stardust probe US comet flyby and sample return, launched 1999, returned January 15, 2006 CONTOUR US comet flyby mission; launch failure in 2003 Hayabusa Japanese asteroid orbiter, lander and sample return, launched 2003 Rosetta European comet orbiter and lander (Philae); launched 2004 Deep Impact successful US comet impactor, launched 2005 Stardust is an American interplanetary spacecraft, whose primary purpose was to

investigate the makeup of the comet Wild 2 and its coma. It was launched on February 7, 1999 by NASA, travelled nearly 3 billion miles (5109 km), and returned to Earth on January 15, 2006 to release a sample material capsule. It is the first sample return mission to collect cosmic dust and return the sample to Earth.

Artist's conception of the Stardust spacecraft Organization: Mission type: Satellite of: Launch date: Mission duration: Mass: Power: NASA Fly-by, sample collection Sun February 7, 1999 21:04:15 UTC 7 years 300 kg 330 W

Deep Impact is an ongoing NASA space probe launched on January 12, 2005 that was designed to study the composition of the interior of the comet 9P/Tempel by colliding a section of the spacecraft into the comet. At 5:52 UTC on July 4, 2005, the impactor of the Deep Impact probe successfully impacted the comet's nucleus, excavating debris from the interior of the nucleus. Consequently, Deep Impact flew by Earth on December 31, 2007 on its way to an extended mission called EPOXI with a dual purpose to study extrasolar planets and comet Hartley 2.

Illustration of the Deep Impact space probe after impactor separation (artist's conception). Organization: Mission type: Launch date: Mission duration: Mass: NASA Flyby, Impactor January 12, 2005 3 months 22 days 650 kg (1,430 lbs)

CONCLUSION :
Robotic spacecraft use telemetry to radio back to Earth acquired data and vehicle status information. So, Embedded systems have become very important today as they control many of the common devices we use.

REFERENCES : 1 . www.google.com 2 . Magazines : ELECTRONICS FOR YOU , ELECTRONICS TODAY