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Application of Various Translation Models On Shane
Application of Various Translation Models On Shane
Submitted by: Group 4, Department of English Language and Literature, Islamic International University, Islamabad
Contents
Translation Studies.. 3 Role of Translator 3 Purpose of Translation.... 4 Summary of Source Text. 4 Literature Review 5 Application of models Nidas model 9 Vinay and Darbelnets model 13 Catford and Translation Shifts..18 Text Type. 24 Hallidayan model.... 27 Findings 30 Role of Translator... 32 Conclusion 33
Translation Studies:
Translation studies is an academic discipline related to the study of the theory and the phenomenon of Translation. The term translation refers to the field, the product or the process of translation. Translation has three types: intralingual, interlingual and intersemiotic. We will be dealing with interlingual translation which is the translation between two different languages. The practice of translation is long established. However the study of the field developed into an academic discipline only in the second half of the twentieth century. Translation has proved itself to be quite helpful in knowing and understanding various cultures which are otherwise inaccessible because of our lack of competence in various languages.
Role of Translator:
The role of translator has been a controversial one. It varied from culture to culture and from language to language. There are no definite guidelines that what a role of translator must be? However the translator can be viewed from the following perspectives: Translator as an autonomous being: The translator takes some liberties while translating a source text, thats why we call a translator as an autonomous being. The freedom of the translator is related to the nature of the ST. if the ST is culture bound then the translator can take but little freedom in translating the ST. Translator as a creative being: The translator is also a creative person because he creates the ST for a second time in a new language. He is called a creative being because he is not only involved in translating but also in replacing the source text. He is a creative person because he deals with aesthetics. A good translator translates the whole ST because lapses in the translation make the text erroneous and questions the creativity of the translator.
Translator as a Mediator: Translator acts as a mediator as he stands at the center of the dynamic process of translation. He has a unique place where he has to identify the disparities and differences. Translator as a Reconciliator: Translator acts as a reconciliatory agent as he solves the disparities and differences between ST and TT. Thus he first acts as a mediator, finding the disparities and differences and then as a reconciliator, solving those disparities and differences.
Source text:
The source text, Shane, is written by Jack Warner Schaefer, who was born on November 19, 1907, in Cleveland Ohio. Shane was Schaefers first and most successful novel. It was published in 1949.
Short Summary
The novel opens with the entrance of a mysterious stranger into the life of Joe Starrett, a moral, hardworking Wyoming farmer. The stranger reveals little about himself except that his name is Shane. Joe, however, trusts the man and offers to let him stay on the farm. Before long, Shane becomes a part of the household. To Joe, he is a
worker and friend on whom he can rely. To Joes son, Bob, he becomes a hero. To Joes wife, Marian, Shane becomes a dear companion. While staying on the farm, Shane fights his own emotional torment. He longs to settle down as a farmer and forget his past deeds as a gunman, which haunt him. When he learns about the tensions in the village, he does not want to become involved, fearing his own reactions. He cannot, however, stand by and let Fletcher, a wealthy and greedy villager, seize the land of Joe and the other farmers who have homesteaded their farms. In the end, he decides he must use his ability as a gunman to fight for Joe and protect his farm. Although he realizes that his involvement will probably end in bloodshed, he feels he must prove his loyalty and friendship to Joe. The duel takes place in the saloon. Shane first shoots and kills Wilson, Fletchers assistant. When Fletcher fires on Shane and injures him, he kills Fletcher as well. Fearing he will never again be accepted or trusted in the valley, Shane decides to leave immediately, without even saying goodbye to the Starrett family that he has come to love. Joe and Marian are crushed that Shane departs without even saying farewell or allowing them to say thanks for saving their farm; but they know that Shane has positively touched their lives forever.
Target Text:
Shane was translated in to Urdu language, with the title , by Shan ul Haq Haqqi in 2010.
He divided the meanings in to three types: linguistic meaning, referential meaning and emotive meaning. Referential meaning refers to the dictionary meaning. Emotive meaning refers to the connotative meaning. The technique of hierarchal structuring was also given by him in which words are differentiated on the basis of their level. The technique of semantic structure analysis was also given by Nida which shows that a single word can have different meanings depending upon the context. Nida also described various types of transfer that occur during translating a text. These are: Literal transfer: this is word for word translation. Minimal translation: here the pronouns or nouns are added to the message. Literary Transfer: this is sense for sense translation. Here the message is conveyed with alteration. Nidas contribution to Equivalence of meaning is also remarkable. He gave two types of Equivalence: Formal Equivalence: Formal Equivalence lays stress on the form and content of the message. It is oriented towards ST Structure. Dynamic Equivalence: Dynamic Equivalence stresses on the naturalness of words. The closest possible word should be written in TT.
2. Vinay and Darbelnets Model: Vinay and Darbelnet noted the differences between the languages and identifying different translation strategies and procedures. The two general translation strategies identified by Vinay and Darbelnet are direct translation and oblique translation, which hark back to the literal vs. free translation. Literal translation is given by the authors as a synonym for direct translation while oblique translation is synonymous to free translation. The two strategies comprise seven procedures of which direct translation covers the three: 1. Borrowing: 6
The SL word is transferred directly to the TL. 2. Calque: This is a special kind of borrowing where the SL expression or structure is transferred in a literal translation. 3. Literal translation: This is word for word translation. 4. Transposition: This is a change of one part of speech for another without changing the sense. Vinay and Darbelnet see transposition as probably the most common structural change undertaken by translators. They list ten different categories, such as: verb-noun, adverb-verb etc 5. Modulation: This changes the semantics and point of view of the SL. 6. Equivalence: Vinay and Darbelnet use this term to refer to cases where languages describe the same situation by different stylistics or structural means. Equivalence is particularly useful in translating idioms and proverbs. 7. Adaptation: This involves changing the cultural references when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture.
1. A level shift: would be something which is expressed by grammar in one language and texts in another. 2.Category shift: is subdivided into four kinds: 1. Structural shift: These are said by Catford to be the most common form of shift. They mostly involve a shift in grammatical structure. 2. Class shift: these comprise shifts from one part of speech to another.
3. Unit shift or rank shifts: These are the shifts where the translation equivalent in the TL is at a different rank to the SL. Rank refers to the hierarchical linguistics unit of sentence, clauses, group word and morpheme. 4. Intra system shifts: These are the shifts that take place when the SL and TL possess approximately corresponding systems but where the translation involves selection of a non- corresponding term in the TL system. 4.Text Type Katharina Reisss work in the 1970 builds on the concept of equivalence but views the text, rather than the word or sentence, as the level at which communication is achieved and at which equivalence must be sought. Reiss has divided texts into four types, depending upon their function.The main characteristics of each text type are summarized by Reiss as: Informative text: In these texts there is plain communication of facts i.e, information, knowledge, opinions etc. The language dimension used to transmit the information is logical and referential. The context or topic is the main focus of the communication.
Expressive text: These texts are actually creative composition. The author uses the aesthetic dimension of language. The author or sender is fore grounded, as well as the form of the message. Operative text type: These texts induce behavioral responses. The aim of the appellative function is to appeal to or to persuade reader or receiver of the text to action in a certain way. The form of language is dialogue, the focus is appellative. Audio Medial Texts: Audio medial text, such as films and visual, spoken advertisement etc.. supplement the other three functions with visual images, music, etc. Reiss states that the transmission of the predominant function of the SL is the determining factor by which the TT is judged. She suggests specific translation methods according to text type. These methods can be described as follows: The TT of an informative text should transmit the full referential or conceptual context of the ST. The translation should be in plain prose without redundancy and with the use of explicitation when required. The TT of an expressive text should transmit the aesthetic and artistic form of the ST. The translation should use the identifying method, with the translator adopting the standpoint of the ST author. The TT of an operative text should produce the desired response in the TT receiver. The translation should employ the adaptive method, creating an equivalent effect among TT readers. Audio medial texts require what Reiss calls the supplementing written words with visual images and music.
5. Hallidayan model: (Hallidayan model of discourse analysis, based on what he terms systemic functional grammar, is geared to the study of language as communication, seeing meaning in the writers linguistic choices to a wider socio-cultural framework.) Hallidayan model has a flow chart; in this chart socio-cultural environment leads to Genes and genes leads to register analysis. Register analysis further leads to discourse framework and lexico grammar. Register comprises three variable elements (1) (2) (3) Field: What is being written about? Tenor: Who is communicating and to whom. Mode: The form of communication
The field of a text is associated with ideational meaning, which is realized through transitivity patterns. The tenor of a text is associated with interpersonal meaning, which is realized through the patterns of modality. The mode of a text is associated with textual meaning, which is realized through the thematic and information structure a context.
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Application of Models: Nidas Model: Types of meanings Referential meaning: It is the dictionary meaning. Examples:
He rode easily in the saddle leaning his weight lazily into the stirrups. (Page 3)
(Page 5)
(Page 21) He drew rein not twenty feet from me. (Page 3)
(Page 7) In the above examples the dictionary meaning of the words saddle, stump and rein is used in the TT.
There was a cat like certainty in his every movement. (Page 133)
(Page 141) A bad ones poison. A good ones straight grains clear through. (Page10)
(Page 15) These statements have an underlying meaning which is the connotation.
Hierarchical Structuring: it distinguishes words on the basis of their level. Examples: Super ordinate:
A cowboy was riding lazily back and forth a bunch of Cattle. (Page 63)
(Page 67)
Hyponyms:
I saw a pair of cowhands.( Page 1)
(Page 5)
12
(Page 55) He and the horse were blowing a bit.(Page#50)
(Page 55) 4. I don see a pig in sight. (Page #72)
(Page 76) Here cattle is an umbrella term. It is at the higher level than the hyponyms.
Examples:
You hit it right. ( page #18)
(Page 23) But the only way he could get in to position to swing the axe into the opening was to drop on his right knee. (Page# 31)
13
(Page 35) Then she was excited as she was running right with me. (Page # 31)
(Page 36) In all of these sentences the meaning of the word right changes with its context.
(Page 27)
2.
(Page 34) 3. Fletcher was nice and polite as he could be.(page109)
(Page 115) 4. The salt would be gone.(page116)
14
(Page 124)
(Page 154) They did not even scold me. (Page# 145)
(Page 154) I am leaving now. For good. (page# 64)
(Page 69) In these examples the form of the original ST text is tried to be maintained by means of word for word translation.
Dynamic Equivalence:
Could I ever repay the man?( page# 53)
15
(Page 58) She was an unpredictable woman. (page #7)
(Page 11) 1. But there's something about him.(page10)
(Page 15)
2. They could not get past it (page30)
(Page 35)
(Page 63)
16
2.
I was imagining myself in hat and belt and boots like those.(page 5)
(Page 9)
3.
(Page 16)
4.
(Page 30)
5.
The folks in town and the kids at school liked to talk about Shane.(page
150)
(Page 159)
6.
Someone must have been in that chair, because chips were at the place and
(Page 145)
The borrowed words highlighted in the above examples have become so common that they are considered to be a part of Urdu language. 17
(Page 70)
2. There were several men on the long porch of the building by the saloon
doors.(page 135)
(Page 143)
3. I was planning to have a deep dish apple pie.(page 34)
(Page 39)
4. "Marian", father said, "I would like you to meet Mr. Shane".(page 7)
(Page 11) In the above mentioned examples the English words are used as it is. The English words used in the above sentences are not used frequently in the TL and Urdu equivalents are present for them. This shows calque.
18
(Page 10)
2.
(Page 103)
3.
(Page 103)
4.
(Page 111)
5.
(Page 105)
19
(Page 11)
2. Adverb. Verb
A cowboy was riding lazily back and forth by a bunch of cattle. (page 63)
(Page 67)
Modulation: It changes the semantic and the point of view of the ST.
1.
(Page 27)
2.
(Page 16)
3.
(Page 38) 4. He drew rein not, twenty feet from me.(page 3) 20
( Page 7)
5.
38)
(Page 42)
6. 81)
Some of the assurance that was In him when he came was gone now.(page
(Page 86) Equivalence: In equivalence the same situation is described by different stylistics or structural means. 1. 136) They were line up elbow to elbow nearly the entire length of the bar.(page
(Page 145)
2.
A bad ones poison. A good one's straight grain clear through.(page 10)
21
(Page 15)
3.
(Page 141) 4. She was an unpredictable woman.(page 7)
(Page 11)
5.
(Page 30)
Adaptation: the translator moulds the culture of the ST according to target culture.
Examples: 1. Two bottles of Soda pop. (page 75)
(Page 81) 2. Index finger.
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Catford and Translation Shifts:
a)
Formal Correspondent: this is word for word translation. He rode into our valley in the summer of 89.(Page 1)
1.
(Page 5) 2. My name's Starret.(page 6)
(Page 10) 3. I think that was the happiest summer of my life.(page 51)
(Page 56)
4.
(Page 111)
In all of these examples the TL occupies the same place as that of SL.
Textual Equivalent:
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no interference.(page 6)
(Page 11)
2. Mother's face was deep pink. She pulled the bow out and the hat from her
head. She held it swinging from her hand by the sash ends. Her hair was messed up and she was really mad.(page 25)
(Page30)
4. He straightened and stretched his arms high and wide.(page 29)
(Page 33)
5. "Well-l-l", she said, "Shane suggested it Then she added slyly, "But I told
him to go ahead."(page50)
24
(Page 55)
Level shifts:
1.
(Page 65) 2. Hey those steers are running away.( page 50)
(Page 55)
3. I was fascinated(Page 5)
(Page 9) In the above two examples the tense of the sentence has changed which comes under the category of lexical shift.
Structural Shifts:
These shifts involve change in the sentence structure (subject, verb, and object) or change in the tense. 1. Wonder where Starrett keep the critters.(page72)
25
(Page 76)
(Page 76)
4.
(Page 74)
5.
(Page 90)
In the above examples a change in sentence structure is seen. The sentence structure of English is subject, verb, object, while that of Urdu is subject, object, verb.
(Page 72)
26
(Page 85)
2.
noun----pronoun
(Page 53)
(Page 76) 3. Adverb-----adjective
(Page 15)
Rank Shifts: In these shifts the rank of TL is different from that of ST.
1. They were impartial with attentions like that.(page72)
27
)67(Page
.2
)58Father took to wearing his gun all the time even in the fields.(page
)09 (Page
.3
That was how they felt as they muttered their good nights and bunched out
)121 (Page
.4
)321 (Page
.5
)731A haze of thinning smoke was by the ceiling over them all.(page
)541 (Page
82
1.
The stranger took it all in, sitting there easily in the saddle.(page3)
(Page 8) In English there is a proper article system and to specify we use a definite article. However this article system is not there in Urdu language. 2. She reached out and rumpled my hair.(page26)
(Page 31) In English hair is used in singular as well as plural terms. While in urdu we have
for plural.
In those days guns were as familiar all through the territory as boots and
saddles(page46)
(Page 51) 4. We had wooden floors.(page3)
(Page 7)
29
5.
Already I was imagining myself in hat and belt and boots like those.(page5)
(Page 9) In the above examples floors, saddles and boots are plural however in Urdu these nouns are singular.
6.
(Page 150) In the above example second form of big is used in the SL expression. However in the TL first form of big is used.
He rode into our valley in the summer of 89. I was a kid then, barely
(Page 5) 30
2.
He wore dark trousers of some serge material tucked into tall boots and held
at the waist by a wide belt both of a soft black leather tooled in intricate design. A cot of the same dark material as the trousers were neatly folded and strapped to his saddle roll. His shirt was spun linen, rich brown in color. (page 2)
(Page 6) In the above sentences the writer is just providing the information. Both of the excerpts provide information about Shane, thats why the text is termed as partly informative. 3. "I like him". Mother's voice was serious. "He is so nice and polite and sort of gentle. Not like most men I have met out here, but there is something about him. Something underneath the gentleness.. something.." Her voice railed away. "Mysterious?" suggested father. "Yes, of course mysterious. But more than that dangerous". (page 10)
31
.
(Page 15) In the above sentence the writer is sharing the opinion of Mariane regarding Shane, which makes the text informative to some extent.
3.
He sat there, easy and friendly telling her how they were wearing white
floppy-brimmed bonnets with lots of flowers in front on top and slits in the brims for, scarves to come through and be tied in bows under their chins. (page 14)
(Page 19) In the above example the author is sharing the knowledge about the culture of the people.
Expressive:
It is the creative composition in which the author uses the aesthetic dimensions of the language. The author is fore grounded as well as form of the message.
1.
Father had tried burning brush piles against it. That old stump just jeered at
fire. The scorching seemed to make the wood harder than ever. (page 16)
(Page 21)
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2.
(page 16)
(Page 21)
3.
He rode easily, relaxed in the saddle leaning his weight lazily into the
stirrups. Yet even in this easiness was a suggestion of tension. It was the easiness of a coiled spring of a trap set. (page 3)
(Page 7)
4.
In the moment before you saw only the splendor of movement, the flowing
(Page 103)
n the above examples the author has used aesthetically beautiful language so we can say that the text Shane is also partly expressive.
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Field:
The field of a text is associated with ideational meaning which is realized through verb types, active/ passive structures.
(Page 95)
(Page 33) In the first example an active sentence is rendered passive while in the second example a passive sentence is changed in to active.
(Page 55)
(Page
9)
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(Page 15) 6. He was tall and straight in the saddle the few seconds it took father to close the gate.(page 50)
(Part 55)
7. It was exciting at first watching them.(page 25)
(Part 29)
8. It was planned that Shane was beginning to enjoy living with us and working the place.(page 52)
(Page 57)
Tenor:
The tenor of the text is associated with interpersonal meaning, which is realized through the patterns of modality (modal verb, act verbs, evaluative lexis etc). 1. Ledyard was a small, thin featured man.(page 17)
(Page 22)
2.
The steady rhythm of double blows so together they sounded almost as one,
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(Page 32)
4.
They would hang them out any where along the line an opportunity offered.
(page 72)
(Page 77)
5.
(Page 90)
MODE: It is associated with textual meaning, which is realized through the thematic and information structures (mainly the older and structuring of elements in a clause) and cohesion (the way text hangs together, including the use of pronouns, ellipses, collocation, repititions etc). 1. "He's so nice and polite and sort of gentle. Not like most men I have met out
there. But there is something about him. Something underneath the gentleness . Something.."
36
)51 (Page .In this example ellipsis is used .2 )42 They were hitting a fast pace. (page
)92 (Page .3 )52 "Yes, ma'am" he said, "About like that".(page
)03 (Page
.4 .No-o-o-o. There is nothing wrong about Shane
)35 (Page )55 5. Shane Shane! Whats the matter? (Page
)06 (Page
73
5.
That was how they felt as they muttered their good nights and bunched out
(Page 121)
6. He was up pacing back and forth.(Page 115)
(Page 122) In the above example collocation is used. Collocation is when two words come together.
Findings:
After the analysis of the translation of the novel Shane, from the perspective of various models, we have found out the following facts: Nidas model is applied to the target text. Among various types of meanings described by Nida, two of them are found in the TT. Referential meaning is the one that is most frequently found in the TT, as it is the simple dictionary meaning. Emotive meaning is also present at instances where the author has used idiomatic and metaphoric expressions, thereby highlighting the connotative meaning. The techniques of hierarchical structuring and semantic structure analysis are also employed. We frequently see that a single word is used at a number of places but the meaning of the word is, each time, determined by its context. Among various types of transfer given by Nida, only literary transfer is found in the novel. We have seen that the target text beautifully maintains both formal equivalence, which is word for word translation, and dynamic equivalence, which stands for the communication of an equivalent message in the TT as that of ST. Most of the aspects of Nidas model hold true in our TT.
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The application of the model of Vinay and Darbelnet shows the differences that occur in a text when it is transferred from one language to another. All the seven aspects of this model are traceable in the novel. Three aspects of the literal translation are: borrowing, calque and literal translation. Borrowing shows that how those words of source language, which become too much common in the target language, are kept as it is in the translation. Calque shows that how the words are some times literally translated in the TL. It also employs the incorporation of unfamiliar words in the TT, when the equivalents in the TT are present. Literal translation also holds true at some instances. Oblique translation is also seen in the TT. Among the aspects of oblique translation transposition is seen in the text. However this does not change the meaning. Modulation is extensively observed in the target text. We have seen that how the translator has moulded the source text, thereby changing the meaning and perspective of the source text. Equivalence is also observed, especially at those instances where the writer has used idiomatic and aesthetic language. The translator has also at times moulded the source text according to the target culture, which is Adaptation. Thus we see that the TT shifts from literal translation to oblique translation.The phenomenon of servitude and option is also observed in . Servitude refers to the compulsory changes. Servitude has been frequently employed because English and Urdu belong to two different literary systems. The sentence structure of both languages differs. So, the translator has to make changes according to the target language sentence structure. Optional changes are also made by the translator. These changes are mostly made in the form and style of the sentences, by the selection of words. As far as the model of Catford and Translation shifts is concerned, we have traced out the examples of formal correspondent, usually taken as word for word translation and textual equivalence. We have also noted that how sometimes the translator omits a certain portion of ST from being translated into TT, so as to maintain textual equivalence. The two types of shifts: level shift and category shift, are also vivid in TT. We have also observed that how the use of various types of shifts e.g. structural shifts, class shifts, unit shifts and intra system shifts are responsible for the changes that occur in the TT during the
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process of translation. These changes also highlight the essential differences between the two languages, English and Urdu. Stepping forward to the next model, which is text type by Kathrina Reiss . We have observed that is an amalgam of Informative and Expressive text types. At some instances the translator has used plain language, just communicating the information, opinions and knowledge. Because of these instances we call the text as an informative text. At other places, the translator has used complex language and has maintained the aesthetic beauty of the ST. Because of these instances we also call the text as being Expressive. So, the text is partially Informative and partially Expressive. Lastly, the application of Hallidayian model on ST clarifies the specific context of Wyoming valley. The context is made clear by the register. Register is apparent in the ST by three things: field, tenor and mode. In Field we observe that how the sentence structure changes when the ST is rendered in to TT. In Tenor we observe the differences that occur in the TT because of modal verbs and adverbs. In Mode we looked on the fact that how a text hangs together by means of cohesive links and coherence. One of our main findings is the analysis of the role played by the translator.
Role of Translator:
The role of translator can be viewed from the following perspectives: The translator here is seen as an independent personality who enjoys his autonomy. When the text is culture bound then the translator has to restrict himself to the text. The text Shane is not culture bound as it tells very little about the culture of the people of Wyoming valley rather it just narrates a story. This is also a reason thats why the translator has enjoyed his autonomy. The translator has often made changes in the meaning and the perspective. The translator has also changed the paragraphing pattern, as the paragraphing of TT is different from that of ST. At some instances, the translator has used ellipsis, without omitting any part of ST, in the TT which is not present in the ST. The translator has also pointed out the change of the scene, within a chapter, by means of a specific sign. However no sign is used in ST for the change of the scene.
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The translator has also acted as a creative person. He has understood the source text correctly and also transmitted it correctly in the translated text. This means that the translator has correctly encoded and recorded the message of the translated text. The translator is also a creative person because he has dealt with aesthetics as Shane is partly expressive because the writer has used aesthetically beautiful language. The same aesthetic language is maintained by the translated text translator. At many a times the translator has replaced the idiomatic and metaphorical expressions of the source text by the idiomatic and metaphorical expression of the translated text. Thus aesthetic beauty is maintained in the translated text by the translator. The role of translator is also important because it is related to the adequacy of the target text. If the translater maintains the intralinguistic and extralinguistic criteria of the text is considered to be adequate. For an informative text, the semantic meaning which is intralinguistic criteria, has to be preserved. In this text the semantics is preserved. For an expressive text, the stylistic criteria have to be preserved which is preserved well in the text. Translator acts as a mediator between the source text and the target text. He stands at a unique place where he identifies the disparities and differences between two cultures. In the translator, Shanul haq Haqqi has acted as a mediator. He sought out the differences between the two languages like structural shifts etc. The differences that the translator Shanul-Haq-Haqqi noted between the English and Urdu language are also apparent in the form of intra-system-shifts. Translator acts as a reconciliator after acting as a mediator. He finds the disparities and differences between the two languages and then he tries to recon ciliate them to maintain a balance. The translator explicitly follows the Vinay and Darbelnet and Catford's model which list the differences that take place while translating. The translator borrowed some of the frequently used words from English and at some places he has just translated the borrowed words (Calque). The translator has employed his freedom by making translations, (which maintains the semantic sense) and modulations (which changes the semantic sense as well as the point of view of the text). Level shifts also show that how the
41
translator recon ciliates by changing grammar into text or vice versa. To bridge the differences between the two texts, the translator has made use of adaptation, which familiarizes the text to the reader. The translator has not used either word for word translation or free translation. Rather he has used both of them. According to the end note writer Hafiz Muhammad Safwan ,Word for word translation is avoided by Shanul haq Haqqi. The title of the novel "Shane" translated as is also significant. Hafiz Muhammad Safwan commented that the title shane depicts the source culture. However the change of title from shane to depicts the culture of the target people. Moreover it is much more captivating and impressive for the target readers as it throws light on the theme of the ST The Urdu title can be termed as concise and comprehensive because it sums up the story. This title comes up to be thematically and symbolically significant as the novel narrates the story of the stranger who became a blessing in disguise for the people of the valley. Shane, a stranger who came in the valley. But later on the same stranger freeds the people from the tyranny of Fletcher.The Urdu title is also ironical because after the Shane's departure from the valley he was no more a stranger. Rather he was remembered by all and sundry and people talked about him. So he was no longer a stranger. While considering the role of translator, we also focus on lapses or the portion of the source text omitted by the translator. The presence of lapses in the target text makes it erroneous. In , we hardly come across a few paragraphs that have not been translated. Those paragraphs are not translated to maintain the textual equivalence of the text. So we don't consider this text to be erroneous as there are few lapses in the text and these too are present on purpose.
Conclusion:
In conclusion we applied a number of models from various theories. However no theory or model is fully applicable with all its dimensions. In the models we observed that all of the aspects are not applicable, e.g, in Nida's model we don't find literal transfer and
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minimal transfer in the TT. Similarly all of the four basic requirements of the translation given by Eugene Nida are not fulfilled in . Thus we observe that no model or theory is fully applicable. Among the other models that we have chosen Vinay and Darbelnet, Catford, text type and Hallidayan; most of the aspects are applicable but yet not all of the aspects. In a nutshell, we observe that translation is an emerging field and different models are emerging with the passage of time. Every model helps in the better understanding of translation so no model should be disregarded as being useless.
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