Kidney Structure and Function
Kidney Structure and Function
Kidney Structure and Function
Learning Outcomes
5.4.6 (a), (b) and (d). List main components of 3 body fluids Describe how to test for glucose, protein and urea Describe how to find concentration of urea in a solution Determine the urea concentration of a fluid Outline the roles of the kidney in excretion and osmoregulation
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Urea Determination
Follow the instructions to produce a graph to determine the urea concentration of an unknown solution (U).
Urea Determination
Answer questions (a), (b) and (c) and 8.
Present as a coherent report. No need to reproduce the instructions, but you may if you wish.
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Homework materials
Todays work sheets Homework Exercises Useful Links
Go to www.rfosbery-biology.co.uk Use: life, line, lifeline to enter the site Click on OHS, username is oxford, password is soapysam
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Kidney dissection
Learning outcomes Describe the external features of the kidney Describe the position of the kidneys in the body and relationships with blood supply and rest of u/g system Draw and label LS kidney Recognise different parts of the kidney Make a drawing to scale
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Kidney functions
filtration of blood selective reabsorption by
active transport passive absorption
secretion
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Kidney - structure
Gross structure what you can see with the naked eye
Histology what you can see through the microscope
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Internal structure
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3 = cortex
4 = medulla
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3 = cortex
4 = medulla
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Kidney nephron
cortex
medulla
name the parts?
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glomerulus
DCT
PCT
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Bowmans capsule
Glomerulus
PCT
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Kidney - medulla
loops
collecting ducts capillaries
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Composition of urine
Substance Water Protein Glucose Urea Uric acid Ammonia Creatinine Na+ K+ ClPO43SO42Plasma / % Urine / % 90 95 8 0 0.1 0 0.03 2 0.004 0.05 0.0001 0.04 0.001 0.075 0.32 0.35 0.02 0.15 0.37 0.60 0.009 0.27 0.002 0.18 Increase 67x 12x 400x 75x 1x 7x 2x 30x 90x
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Sources
Where do these come from? Water Protein Glucose Urea Uric acid Creatinine Ammonia
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Sources
Water ingested drink and food / metabolic water Protein ingested food / tissue breakdown Glucose ingested food / glycogen / other compounds Urea deamination / urea cycle Uric acid metabolism of nucleotide bases Creatinine metabolism of creatine (creatine phosphate) Ammonia deamination
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Urea formation
Excess protein / excess amino acids Where from? Deamination Where? Urea formation Where? Transport and excretion
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Deamination
Oxidative deamination Aerobic! Liver (and other tissues) Amino acid (glutamic acid) + oxygen Keto acid + ammonia Coupled with reduction of NAD (co-enzyme) Ammonia!! Beware. Ammonia enters the urea cycle What happens to the keto acid?
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Deamination
Deamination is part of protein metabolism Catabolic reaction Details are at:
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/632oxdeam.html
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Urea/ornithine cycle
Ammonia comes from
deamination and from aspartic acid produced from transamination
Carbon dioxide comes from link reaction and Krebs cycle Urea is excreted Requires ATP
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Urea/ornithine cycle
Linked to:
deamination transamination Krebs cycle phosphorylation of ADP (because ATP is required)
Protein metabolism
Deamination and urea cycle are part of the metabolism of proteins and amino acids in the body. More details of biochemistry (useful for MPB) at:
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/index.html
Question 5
(a) Name? (b) Purpose? (c) Where? (d) Product (e) Intermediate (that gives its name to the cycle)
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Sources
Where do these come from? Sodium Potassium Chloride Phosphate Sulphate
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Sources
Where do these come from? Sodium extracellular cation Potassium intracellular cation Chloride extracellular anion Phosphate bone / tissue fluid Sulphate amino acids
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Build a nephron
Sort the cards into three groups: structures substances processes Make a drawing/diagram of a nephron. Use the structure cards to label it Which ones are left over? Use the substance cards to identify those carried into the kidney Use the process cards to locate where these processes occur You could use this approach to one of the tasks in your homework BUT you dont have to!
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Ultrafiltration
blood pressure gives hydrostatic pressure that brings about filtration
capillaries have endothelium with pores basement membrane is the filtration membrane podocytes give support and do not provide resistance to filtration
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Ultrafiltration
Relate structure to function Similar to filtration elsewhere in the body to produce tissue fluid Composition of filtrate is similar to blood plasma. What is missing?
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Question 6
X? Y? Z?
Bullet points for (b) Explain..
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Kidney nephron
cortex
medulla
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Selective reabsorption
absorption of glucose, amino acids, ions, vitamins by PCT
absorption of ions by DCT these are substances required by the body
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Selective reabsorption
Proximal convoluted tubule Returning substances to the blood Active uptake Requires energy Co-transport Passive uptake Endocytosis
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tight junction
filtrate
blood
microvilli
large surface area
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Selective reabsorption
Relate structure to function (see q. paper) Note outline of PCT cell. Describe Note detail inside cell. What? Edge of adjacent cells Draw in blood capillary Show direction by which substances are reabsorbed How is the composition of the filtrate changed?
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Co-transporter
Binding sites for two substances E.g. Na+ and glucose Absorption of glucose driven by electrochemical gradient for Na+ This gradient is maintained by sodium pumps in basal and lateral membranes The pumps maintain a low intracellular concentration of Na+
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medulla:
loops and collecting ducts arranged in parallel
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Question 5 (b)
Describe the relationship between the length of part D and water potential of the urine Suggest an explanation for the relationship you have described.
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Differential permeability
Descending loop is permeable to sodium ions and water Ascending loop is permeable to sodium ions but not to water Upper part of ascending loop pumps sodium ions out of the filtrate into the tissue fluid
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Sodium and chloride ions move from ascending limb of loop to tissue fluid Ions move from tissue fluid to descending limb of loop
Urea diffuses out of the urine from the collecting ducts into the tissue fluid
Urea and ions lower water potential of tissue fluid Actual water potential depends on depth of medulla and so lengths of loops 60
U-shaped loops help to retain solutes (ions and urea) in tissue fluid of medulla This gives a low water potential in this area When water is conserved collecting ducts become permeable and water diffuses from urine into the tissue fluid and into the capillaries
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AQP 2
present when needed
AQP 3
present all 63 the time
Aquaporin
Animation 1 Animation 2
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3+4 +5
2+6
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The Kidneys
receive 20-25% of the total output of the heart
filter
170 000 cm3 filtrate a day reclaim
almost all the water (180 litres) that is filtered each day produce 1200 to 2000 cm3 urine a day
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