Naturalism is an educational philosophy that takes nature as the whole of reality. It focuses on developing a child's natural talents and emotions. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a prominent advocate of naturalism in the 18th century. He believed education should follow the natural interests of the child and aim for holistic development. According to naturalism, parents are the natural teachers and schools are unnecessary. The curriculum should be child-centered and based on the present and future needs of the child. It emphasizes learning through direct experience and activities rather than books. The goal of education is participation in life and developing the child emotionally and morally according to their needs.
Naturalism is an educational philosophy that takes nature as the whole of reality. It focuses on developing a child's natural talents and emotions. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a prominent advocate of naturalism in the 18th century. He believed education should follow the natural interests of the child and aim for holistic development. According to naturalism, parents are the natural teachers and schools are unnecessary. The curriculum should be child-centered and based on the present and future needs of the child. It emphasizes learning through direct experience and activities rather than books. The goal of education is participation in life and developing the child emotionally and morally according to their needs.
Naturalism is an educational philosophy that takes nature as the whole of reality. It focuses on developing a child's natural talents and emotions. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a prominent advocate of naturalism in the 18th century. He believed education should follow the natural interests of the child and aim for holistic development. According to naturalism, parents are the natural teachers and schools are unnecessary. The curriculum should be child-centered and based on the present and future needs of the child. It emphasizes learning through direct experience and activities rather than books. The goal of education is participation in life and developing the child emotionally and morally according to their needs.
Naturalism What is Naturalism? • in the western world naturalism is the oldest philosophy. • takes nature as the whole of reality • In naturalism importance has been given to man’s natural talents and emotions (Pathak, 2007). • naturalism is termed as materialism because the basic of the world is matter. • deny the existence of any such thing as the supremacy of God, to them there is nothing else than matter which is ultimate reality and ultimate truth (Singh, 2007). What is Naturalism? • Jean Jacques Rousseau was one of the famous nature philosophers of the 18th century. • Rousseau published his famous book “Emile” which contained Rousseau’s ideas on naturalism. • Rousseau believed that education should be given according to the natural interest of the child aiming at a holistic development of the personality • Nature is the best teacher and means of education What is Naturalism? • Rousseau believed that education does not only mean to memorize or store information and knowledge rather it is the process which results in the development of the child’s nature and personality internally. • Naturalism states that parents are natural teachers and there is no need for the institutions such as school (Pathak, 2007). • A child is a child and not an adult in the making. Naturalism Naturalism and the Curriculum • According to naturalists curriculum must be child centered according to the present and future needs of the child (Pathak, 2007). • Naturalists have divided curriculum under two stages • Earlier stage and Later stage • In the early stage sensory training is given to the child. • At the later stage the naturalists included in the curriculum subjects as physical sciences, language, mathematics, social studies, anatomy and other subjects (Seetharamu, 2004). • Moral education also begin part of the curriculum is given through activities and occupations but not through lectures on ethics (Shahid, 2000). Naturalism and the Curriculum • Stages of Education:
1. Infancy
When the child is at this stage, the child is not
mature. Infants’ psychology is totally different from the adults. At this stage the child can be taught through normal conversation (Chandra and Sharma, 2006). Naturalism and the Curriculum • Stages of Education:
2. Childhood
Rousseau believed that child should not be given
books up till the age of twelve. The child must learn through experience. The child learns naturally through his own actions and starts developing the ability of reasoning (Chandra and Sharma, 2006). Naturalism and the Curriculum • Stages of Education:
3. Adolescence
At this stage the child can be taught formal education.
The child is exposed to various subjects such as physical sciences, language, mathematics, social studies and music and drawing and some kind of professional training. According to Rousseau, education should be given through activities and not by books because activities give more knowledge than books (Chandra and Sharma, 2006). Naturalism and the Curriculum • Stages of Education:
4. Youth
At this stage special emphasis is laid on moral and
religious education. Moral education can also be derived through actual experience. Religious education can be taught through the teachings of history, mythological stories and religious stories (Chandra and Sharma, 2006). Naturalism and the Curriculum • According to Rousseau, aim of education is not preparation for life, but participation in it. • The aim of education during the first stage of a child is to gain knowledge and all the wants and needs of a child are to be fulfilled. • The second aim of education is to provide the child with the strength that the child lacks of the ability of being free (Khalid, 1998). • At the third stage the aim of education is to enable the child to acquire useful knowledge which would satisfy the child’s wants. • The aim of education is to develop the child emotionally and morally according to the child’s needs (Shahid, 2000). Naturalism The Teacher and the Students • According to naturalists people learn more through direct experience that is by doing rather than by reading the books. • Another method is Heuristic method which means to find or to discover, the children are provided with situation and opportunities and the children search. • Naturalists stress upon direct method of teaching. Teaching through things rather than words is given importance (Saho, 2002). • Rousseau emphasized two-way play method of teaching, learning by doing, during play also child learns a lot and is educated (Khalid, 1998). Thank you for listening and God bless.
Understanding The Job Satisfaction of Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health Teachers in Indigenous People Schools As Predicted by Motivation A Convergent Parallel Approach
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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