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    1) Pashto literature has a history spanning over 5,000 years originating from oral traditions, though the earliest recorded literature began in the 16th century. 2) The 17th century is considered a golden age of Pashto literature due to poets like Khushal Khan Khattak who introduced new forms and modern trends. 3) Efforts to promote Pashto continued through the 20th century with literary organizations established and poets contributing works about freedom and nationalism. Pashto literature continues to develop despite challenges.

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    1) Pashto literature has a history spanning over 5,000 years originating from oral traditions, though the earliest recorded literature began in the 16th century. 2) The 17th century is considered a golden age of Pashto literature due to poets like Khushal Khan Khattak who introduced new forms and modern trends. 3) Efforts to promote Pashto continued through the 20th century with literary organizations established and poets contributing works about freedom and nationalism. Pashto literature continues to develop despite challenges.

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    191 views31 pages

    Sindhi Language

    Uploaded by

    Taha Maroof
    1) Pashto literature has a history spanning over 5,000 years originating from oral traditions, though the earliest recorded literature began in the 16th century. 2) The 17th century is considered a golden age of Pashto literature due to poets like Khushal Khan Khattak who introduced new forms and modern trends. 3) Efforts to promote Pashto continued through the 20th century with literary organizations established and poets contributing works about freedom and nationalism. Pashto literature continues to develop despite challenges.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    of 31

    SINDHI LANGUAGE

    Scheme OF Presentation
    • Introduction
    • Significance
    • Vocabulary
    • History & promotion
    • Development of Language
    • Shah Abdul latif Bhittia
    • Golden periods
    • CIE questions
    Sindhi At Glance
    Native to: Sindh, Pakistan and Kutch,India. Also immigrant communities in India, Hong
    Kong, Oman, Philippines,Indonesia, Singapore, UAE, UK, USA, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka

    Native speakers: 25 million

    Language family: Indo-European


    • Sindhi
    WritingWriting
    system system : Arabic Devanagari, KhudabadiArabic,
    alphabet,Devanagari, Khudabadi
    Laṇḍā, Gurmukhi [
    alphabet, Laṇḍā, Gurmukhi
    Official Status : Official language in Pakistan and India.
    Einführung
    • Sindhi is an Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-
    European language family.
    • It is the language of the historical Sindh region, spoken by the Sindhi people.
    • In India, Sindhi is one of the scheduled languages officially recognized by the
    federal government.
    • With the advent and influence of Arabs in the Sub Continent Sindhi
    changed its form and adopted maximum words of Arabic and also of Persian
    and Turkish.
    • It was mostly written in Marwari and Arz Nagari ways of writing but later
    changed into arabic script.
    Significance
    • Sindhi has a vast vocabulary and a very old literary tradition. This
    trend has made it a favorite of many writers.

    • At the time of partition, both Bengali and Sindhi were official


    languages in their respective provinces.

    • When Sindh was occupied by British army and was annexed with
    Bombay, governor of the province Sir George Clerk ordered to make
    Sindhi the official language in the province in 1848.
    Vocabulary
    • Historically, the Sindh region suffered frequent invasions.
    Arabs under Mohammad bin Qasim conquered parts of Sindh
    and the region was Islamized gradually under the Sultanate of
    Delhi and later under the Mughal Empire until the British
    conquest in 1843. Hence, the Sindhi language borrowed many
    Arabic and Persian words.

    • In addition, Sindhi has borrowed from English and Hindustani.


    Today, Sindhi in Pakistan is heavily influenced by Urdu as well
    !
    History &Promotion
    • Sindhi has passed through Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) and Middle Indo-Aryan
    (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha) stages of growth, and it entered the New
    Indo-Aryan stage around the 10th century.

    • Sindhi became a popular literary language between the 14th and 18th centuries. This
    is when mystics or Sufis such as Shah Abdul Latif,Sachal Sarmast, Lal Shahbaz
    Qalandar (as well as numerous others) narrated their theosophical poetry depicting
    the relationship between humans and Allah.
    History &Promotion (Cont.)
    Now days various steps had been taken for the growth and promotion of Sindhi
    language :

    • Organistions such as 'Sindhi Literary Board' in 1948 and


    1. Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Maula in 1954 were set up.

    • Several newspapers are being published in Sindhi. These include


    Kawish, Ibrat, Naw-e-Sindhi and Khadim-e-Watan besides a
    2. number of weeklies. Along with radio and tv plays .

    • A sarmast academy has been established in the memory of sachal


    sarmast.
    3. • A sindhilogy department was established at sindh university.
    Development OF Language
    • Sindhi has a vast vocabulary and old tradition literary this trend makes
    it famous for many writers.

    •The earliest reference to Sindhi literature is contained in the writings


    of Arab historians. It is established that Sindhi was the first and the earliest
    language of East in which the Quran was translated in the eighth or ninth
    century A.D.

    • Many great poets were also attracted to this language and played and
    important role in the promotion and development of sindhi language. The
    growth of the language was further aided by journals such as Ta’alim
    Alkhashaf o Tauheed.
    Development (cont.)
    Some great poets of sindhi poetry are as follows :

    Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai

    Sachal Sarmast

    Makhdoom Noor
    Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai
    • The age of Shah Abdul Latif (Kalhora period 1658-1783) is most significant in
    the history of Sindhi literature.

    • He wrote Sassi Punnun, Umar Marvi in his famous book Shah Jo Risalo.

    • Bhittai gave new life, thought and content to the language and literature of
    Sindh.

    • Through simple folk tales, expressed profound ideas about the universal
    brotherhood of mankind, patriotism, war against injustice and tyranny, and
    above all the romance of human existence.
    Golden periods

    • The Somroo Period between 1050 – 1300 is considered to

    be the time when sindhi literature was at its peak.

    •Apart from this the second most important time in the


    sindhi literature is the Kalhora period (1658 – 1783) the
    time of Shah Abdul Latif. Bhattai.
    1) Invasions in sindh caused it to inherit words
    1) One of the important regional language. from Persian and Arabic.

    2) With the advent of Arabs in subcontinent, it 2) It has been influenced by Urdu as well.
    adopted words from Persian and Turkish. 3) Passed through the indo Aryan stages (
    3) Also a important language in India. Sanskrit) .

    Summary
    1) Became a popular literary language between the 14th
    1) Kalhora period and Somroo period is the most
    and 18th centuries because of Sufis such as Shah Abdul
    important period in history of sindhi literature.
    Latif,Sachal Sarmast etc.
    2) Shah abdul latif bhattai Focused on creating
    2) Organistions such as 'Sindhi Literary Board' and
    brotherhood, justice and love for humanity.
    Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Maula were set up in 1948.
    CIE Question relating Sindhi language

    Q. By the end of the indepndace what steps


    were taken for the promotin of sindhi
    language? (7)
    Q. Why develop sindhi ? (4)
    • Native name: ‫[پښتو‬paʂˈto]

    • Alternative names: Pushtu, Pushto, Pukhto, Afghan(i)

    • Linguistic affiliation : Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Southeastern

    • Number of speakers: c. 45-55 million

    • Spoken in: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, India, Tajikistan

    • First written: 16th century

    • Writing system: Arabic script

    • Status: One of the official languages of Afghanistan


    • The history of Pashto literature spreads over five thousand
    years having its roots in the oral tradition of Tapa. However, the
    first recorded period begins with Bayazid Ansari (1526-74), who
    founded his own Sufi school of thoughts and began to preach
    his beliefs.
    • The second period is perhaps the most prolific and glorious
    one. Khushal Khan Khattak (1613-89), father of Pashto, is the
    central figure of this period. He introduced new forms and
    modern trends in Pashto literature. The Persian ghazal, rubai
    and masnavi influenced the Pashto poets and writers of this
    period. The Sufism of Hafiz Shirazi found an echo in Rahman
    Baba's works.

    Similarly Abdul Qadir Khattak, Ashraf Khan Hijri, Kazim Khan Shaida, Ma`azullah Khan, Ahmad Shah Abdali and many
    others have left valuable treasure of literature in Pashto.
    The third which reached in the evolution of Pashto
    literature came to a close with the death of great warrior-
    king and poet, Ahmad Shah Abdali. Political rivalries
    were at their worst during this period. The decline of
    Mughal hegemony in India, on the one hand and the rise
    of Marhattas and Sikhs not to speak of the British
    machination in south-east India and Russian incursions
    greatly changed the outlook of people.
    • The 3rd period begins with the dawn of the twentieth
    century. The Khilafat and Hijrat Movements gave rise to a type
    of poetry that called out to soldiers of freedom. This generation
    of Amir Hamza, Khan Shinwari and Dost Mohammed of
    young poets enriched the poetry of the period with new
    idealism. Abdul Akbar Khan Akbar, Ghani Khan, Khadim
    Mohammad Akbar, Khaliq, Samandar Khan, Rahat Zakheli,
    Khan Mir Hilali, Makhfi, Sanober Hussain Kakajee, Khan
    Kamil played an important role in promoting the cause of
    Pashtoon's revivalism.
    Pashto language is not developed at a very high magnitude BUT
    still some people are still making efforts to promote it and the
    promotion started (as you learned from those THREE Periods)
    from Thirteenth Century.
    =>A large number of literary organizations took birth in 20th century. Olasi Adabi Jirga that is considered as the first
    ever organized literary organization of Pashto was founded by Sanober Hussain Kakajee, Dost Mohammed Kamil and
    Amir Hamza Khan Shinwari in 1949.Olasi Adabi Jirga made remarkable contributions to Pashto literature. Literary
    criticism and research on scientific lines were the two major achievements of this organization. It also produced great
    men of letters like Qalandar Moomand, Murad Shinwari, Saif-u- Rahman Salim, Hamish Khalil and some others.
    Qlandar Moomand founded Da Sahu Leekunkew Adabi Maraka in 1962 and rendered invaluable services to Pashto
    since its inception. Qalandar Moomand compiled the first ever Pashto to Pashto dictionary (Daryab) while Hamish
    Khalil compiled a comprehensive directory of Pashto poets and writers (Da Qalam Khawandan) containing necessary
    information about more than three thousand men of letters.
    => The younger generation of poets carried forward the legacy of
    these early poets and writers with great enthusiasm. The
    contributions of Kabul Adabi Tolana and Pashto Academy are
    immense.

    The Afghan scholars, researchers, linguists, historians, poets and


    writers namely Gul Bacha Ulfat, Adul Hai Habbibi, Adur-Rauf Benawa,
    Qayam -u- Din Khadim, Adul Shakoor Rashad, Sadiqullah Rashtin and
    many others have a major share in promoting Pashto language and
    literature. Aghan issue gave a much wider scope to the flourishing of
    Pahto literature. In the present day situation, Pashto literature is
    gaining popularity on foreign media due to the Afghan crisis. It is
    expected that with the resolution of the Afghan problem, Pashto
    literature will serve the Pakhtoon, s cause of cultural identity.
    In the recent years, one side effect of wars in Pakistan and Afghanistan is more attention
    has been given to Pashto Language by American and European Powers. This has resulted in
    funding dedicated for the purpose of learning Pashto Language. As a result some material,
    such as by Rosetta Stone, is becoming available that assists in learning basic elementary
    Pashto.
    The Pushto Academy Peshawar, some other literary societies and educational institutions such as Islamia
    College Peshawar helped develop Pushto literature.
     Education in pashtun homeland are taught in other language , not in pashtu.

     The books taught to the students are either in Urdu or in English language.

     Very few pashtun’s know how to read or write it.

     There are no organization ,researchers or poets nowadays that can help this
    language develop.
    CIE question relating Pushto
    Q. What are the main reasons because of which Phusto has not been
    able to develop as much as other regional languages. (7)

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