ORAL

COMMUNICATION
IN CONTEXT
Communication
-Communication occurs between two or more
people.
-Communication can be expressed through
written or spoken words.
-Communication is a process.
The communication process.

The receiver sends response

to the speaker accurately.
 Transactional model
-a multilayer of communication
processes where the characters
and environment change
overtime
Linear Model
-communication model
focuses on the message sent
to the recipient
example of a one-way
communication model
Encoding
The process of converting the message into
words, actions, or other forms that
the speaker understands.
Communication Breakdown -
occurs when communication
is incomprehensible to one
party or entirely absent
between two people
Barriers to Communication
refers to items that can distort or prevent
communication within an organization
 BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATION
Physical Barriers - are natural or
environmental conditions that act as a barrier to
communication in sending the message from the
sender to the receiver.
Ex. People talking too loud
Noise from the construction site
Loud noise of karaoke
Blaring of jeepney horns
Psychological Barriers – are called mental
barriers
- refers to social and personal issues of
a speaker towards communicating with
others.
Ex. Depression,
trauma,
Shyness, lack of confidence
stage fright
Cultural Barriers – communication problems
encountered by people regarding their intrinsic
values, beliefs and traditions in conflict with
others.
Ex. Different beliefs,
Traditions and customs,
manners of dressing
speaking
Linguistic Barriers – conflicts with regard to
language and word meanings

Ex. Difference in language,

accent and dialect,
use of jargon and slang,
speech defects or language impairments
Verdever (1991) gives a similar idea of barrier when
he classifies noise into three kinds: External,
Internal and Semantic Noise
External Noises are the” sight, sound and other
stimuli that draw people’s attention away from
intended meaning.”
Examples:
Noise from vehicles
Singing at the neighborhood
Visual aids in front of the classroom
The dog barking
The sound of airplane
Internal Noises are the “thoughts and feelings that
interfere with meaning”.

Examples:
Confrontation with a friend
Fear of speaking in front of the class
Racial prejudice
Semantic Noises are the “alternate meanings aroused
speaker’s symbols”
means that a word may have another meaning in
minds of the students
 This is affected by the language in which they grew
the culture in which they are exposed
Examples:
Incorrect grammar
Using excessive technical jargon
Using idiomatic expressions
Tips on How to Avoid Communication Breakdown
by: Broom, Cutlip and Center (2012)
They listed the 7Cs of Effective Communication in their
book Effective Public Relations.
These are:
• Completeness 5. Courtesy
• Conciseness 6. Clearness
• Consideration 7. Correctness
• Concreteness
 7C's of Effective Communication
1. Completeness
It is important to whole communication process. The
speaker should include everything that the receiver needs
to hear, respond, react, or evaluate properly. S/he should
be able to convey all pertinent details so listener or
audience will be able to grasp the intended message.
 7C's of Effective Communication
2. Conciseness
The message should be direct or straight to the
point and should be expressed in the least possible
number of words. Irrelevant information should not
be included.
 7C's of Effective Communication
3. Consideration
In order to be effective, the speaker should give high
regard and courtesy to audience’s background information
such as his/her culture, education, religion, status, mood,
feelings, and needs. This will result in building rapport or
connection with the audience.
 7C's of Effective Communication
4. Concreteness
Effective communication is backed up by
facts, figures, and real-life examples or
situations. This will make the receiver to
understand the message better.
 7C's of Effective Communication
5. Courtesy
The speaker can show respect to his/her receivers through
understanding their culture, values, and beliefs. This implies good
choice of words and language and a consideration of the audience’s
perspectives and feelings on the part of the sender. Showing courtesy
helps create a positive vibe with the audience. This implies good choice
of words and language on the part of the sender and consideration of
audience’s perspectives.
 7C's of Effective Communication
6. Clearness
It implies the use of simple and specific words to
express ideas. When the speaker focuses on specific
ideas, it will not confuse the audience.
 7C's of Effective Communication
7. Correctness
Avoiding mistakes in grammar helps to boost the
credibility and effectiveness of the message, and at
the same time it eliminates negative impact on the
audience.
Nonverbal communication
Refers to a collaboration of movements that
does not require any spoken words in order
to convey a message. This incorporates
actions such as hand gestures, body
language, facial expressions, stance,
appearance and others in order to convey a
message. Some of the commonly used
nonverbal means of communication are:
1. Bodily Kinesthetic
1.1. Head Movement
1.2. Eye Movement
1.3. Facial Expressions
1.4. Sitting
1.5. Standing
1.6. Walking
1.7. Hand Gestures
2. Attitude and/or
Behavior to specific
situations
3. Manner of Dressing

4. Tone of Voice
Importance of nonverbal communication:
Makes the message more
meaningful.
 Expresses message without the use
of words.
 Makes audience more enthusiastic.
Defines the kind of speaker one is.
Makes one a dynamic speaker.
Gives confidence to the speaker.
 Adds color to a speech.
 Connects the speaker to the
audience.
Gives the speaker a variety of
ways to deliver his/her message.
Picture A shows a parent-figure explaining
something to a child who needs to be
reprimanded because of something that
she did. As suggested by their behavior,
the child listens attentively to what her
mother is telling her. Their facial
expressions also suggest that the mother
is serious about what she is telling her
child. The picture shows control and
regulation as a communicative function.
Picture B shows a group of friends
who are casually talking with
each other. It also suggests a very
relaxed atmosphere as they hang
out and probably share their
funny stories. As you might have
guessed, social interaction is the
function of communication.
Picture C takes you inside a
classroom where the teacher
explains the lesson to her eager
young learners who are all
absorbed in the discussion. In this
context, information dissemination
is used because the teacher’s
primary goal is to share important
information regarding the topic.
Picture D shows an image of a
mother who is trying to console her
child who might have shared her
problems. Evidently, communication
functions here as an emotional
expression since both speakers use
nonverbal cues - such as tone of
voice, body movement, and facial
expression - to connect and properly
express one’s feelings and emotions.
 Picture E gives you a closer look at a
sports fest in a school. The speaker in
the picture, who is possibly the school
principal, talks in front of the students
to do their best in the games.
Properly selected words and phrases
are essential for motivation because
this function of communication is all
about persuasion and inspiration for
the listeners to move and act.
Types of Speech
Context
CONTEXT
Refers to the setting in which the
communication takes place. It
helps to establish meaning and
can influence what is said and how
it is said.
“J.A. Devito (2005)
 1 INTRAPERSONAL

2 TYPES OF
2 INTERPERSONAL
SPEECH
CONTEXT
INTRAPERSONAL
This refers to a type of communication that is
focused on one person, where the speaker
acts both as the sender and as the receiver of
the message. The message is made up of
thoughts and feelings while the medium is the
brain that processes what you think and feel.
(Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 16)
 EXAMPLE OF
INTRAPERSONAL

This can be talking to There is a voice within you When you told
yourself, reading that tells you, “It’s okay, you yourself not to talk to
aloud, writing, can still do it! You can make your friends when you
thinking, meditating, it!” when you are losing your have read in a Facebook
singing, and drive to finish the task that you post that they were in a
analyzing for are doing. party and you were not
instance. invited.
INTERPERSONAL
This refers to the type of communication
that takes place between and among
people and creates a personal relationship
between and among them. Normally, it
includes two individuals, and it can vary
from casual and very personal to formal
and impersonal.
 1
DYAD
COMMUNICATION

2
SMALL GROUP
COMMUNICATION
PUBLIC
3
4TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
INTERPERSONAL 4 MASS
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
 DYAD COMMUNICATION
Communication that happens between
two people.
Examples:
 You consoled your brother who was
feeling down.
 A conversation between your father and
mother about the latest announcement of
your Barangay Chairman.
 SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION
This applies to interactions involving
at least three but not more than twelve
people engaged in face-to-face
interactions to achieve the desired
goal. In this type of conversation, all
participants can freely express their
ideas throughout the discussion..
EXAMPLE
 You are having a discussion with your two
brothers about the surprise party you are
planning for your Mom’s birthday.
 Kathlyn who came back from the United
States called her three brothers and four
sisters and announced that she is getting
married.
 PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
This type refers to a communication that enables
you to send or deliver a message before a crowd.
The message can be transmitted for informative or
persuasive purposes. "In public communication,
unlike interpersonal and small groups, the channels
are more exaggerated. The voice is louder and the
gestures are more expansive because the audience
is larger” (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 19).
EXAMPLE
 Delivering a graduation speech to
your fellow graduates.
You were elected as the new SSG
president of your school and were
given a chance to deliver a message of
gratitude to your fellow students.
 MASS COMMUNICATION

This refers to communication

through television, radio,
newspapers, magazines,
books, billboards, the internet,
and other types of media.
EXAMPLE
 You are watching a televised
briefing on COVID-19.
 You have recorded a commentary
for your school’s Online Discussion
of the pandemic and uploaded it in
your social media account.
 -Communication that is focused on one person
-It can vary from casual and very personal to
formal and impersonal
-Useful in our daily lives
-Takes place between and among people
-Speaker acts both as the sender and as the receiver
of the message