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Upscaling Nigeria’s food production in a sustainable way

Riemer Kuik
Tom Goorhuis Oude Sanderink
Vester Knevelbaard
Bart-Jan van Dijk
Kas Jansma
Dhaifalla Alotaibi
Merlijn de Wolf
source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/1920px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1
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Contents
› Introduction
› Approach
› Problem definition
› Recommendations
› Questions

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Introduction
› The “Giant of Africa”
▪ Largest economy of Africa
▪ Most populated country in Africa
▪ “Emerging global power”
▪ Oil producer
▪ Nollywood https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestand:LocationNigeria.svg

▪ 33% lives in poverty (Posthumus, 2018)

› Size: 92,377,000 ha

› 853 km of coastline and a exclusive economic zone

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Approach

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Method

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Definition and design approach

› Sustainable Food System (SFS)
▪ Food security and nutrition for all
▪ Now and future

› Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (SDG)

▪ SDG 2: zero hunger

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(United Nations, 2019)
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Problem definition

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Problem definition
› High population growth
› High urbanisation rate
› 50% food import
› Rural areas: 71% food insecure
› Conclusion: not reliable, not
sustainable

(Posthumus, 2018)
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(FAO, 2019d)
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Problem definition
› Main problem: insufficient domestic food production

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Problem definition
› Main problem: insufficient domestic food production

› Sub problems
▪ Agriculture yield
- Deficiencies

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Deficits of Nigeria

(Posthumus, 2018) 11
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Agriculture

(FAO, 2019a) and (FAO, 2019b) 12

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Agriculture

(FAO, 2019a) and (FAO, 2019b) 13

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Agriculture: deficiencies
› Most crops are rainfed
▪ Only 0.7% irrigated while 10% is possible

› Not enough inputs cause decreasing yields

› Lack of farming equipment

▪ small farms with low capital
▪ little governmental investments

(Posthumus, 2018) and (FAO, 2019c) 14

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Problem definition
› Main problem: insufficient domestic food production

› Sub problems
▪ Agriculture yield
- Deficiencies
- Inequality

(Posthumus, 2018), (Olaoye & Ojebiyi, 2018) and (FAO, 2019c) 15

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Agriculture: inequality
› 80% of farms are smallholders

› Investments go mainly to large

farms (4% of GDP)

› Farm is worked predominantly by

women (60-80% of production)

› Lack of females access to education

and credit
https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/29/is-technology-contributing-to-increase
d-inequality/ 16
(Posthumus, 2018) (Jama, 2008) and (FAO, 2019c)
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Problem definition
› Main problem: insufficient domestic food production

› Sub problems
▪ Agriculture yield
- Deficiencies
- Inequality
▪ Aquaculture
- Illegal fishing
- Fishing methods

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(Posthumus, 2018), (Olaoye & Ojebiyi, 2018) and (FAO, 2019c)
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Aquaculture
› 853 km of coastline and a 200 nautical miles exclusive economic
zone
› Fishery sector contributes 5.4% to the nations GDP
› Nigeria imports over half its consumed fish (56%), being the 4th
largest importer in the world
› Increasing gap between production and demand due to
population growth and lack of new technologies
› Illegal fishing

(Nakazawa et. al., 2013)

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Aquaculture
› Artisanal: capturing fish from
natural water bodies such as
rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and
coastal areas
› Industrial: sea fishing with large
vessels
› Fish farming: growing aquatic
organisms under controlled
environments

(Olaoye & Ojebiyi, 2018), (Maiga, 2018),, (Odimayo, 2017) 19

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Problem definition
› Main problem: insufficient domestic food production

› Sub problems
▪ Agriculture yield
- Deficiencies
- Inequality
▪ Aquaculture
- Fishing methods
- Illegal fishing
▪ Infrastructure
- Lack of necessary infrastructure

(Posthumus, 2018), (Olaoye & Ojebiyi, 2018) and (FAO, 2019c) 20

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Infrastructure
› Poor and ineffective
› High losses due to poor
storage
› High logistic costs within
rural areas

(Alonge,2017) (Posthumus, 2018), & (Laurance, 2014 ) 21

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Problem definition
› Main problem: insufficient domestic food production

› Sub problems
▪ Agricultural yield
- Deficiencies
- Inequality
▪ Aquaculture
- Fishing methods
- Illegal fishing
▪ Infrastructure
- Lack of necessary infrastructure

(Posthumus, 2018), (Olaoye & Ojebiyi, 2018) and (FAO, 2019c) 22

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Recommendations

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Improve agricultural yield

› Large potential from Niger river

› Twice the yield possible with

irrigation

› Investments crucial

New World Encyclopedia, (2019), Niger River (retrieved from

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Niger_River)

(FAO, 1997), (Urama, 2004), Takeshima, 2016)

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Cooperative farming
› Cooperate with other local farmers
› Already exists in Nigeria
› Provides the structure for growth
› Positives:
▪ Knowledge, equipment and
infrastructure sharing
Purchasing together
▪ Common marketing and selling
▪ More attractive to investment

(Nlerum, 2014),(Francesconi, 2017) and (Jama, 2008) https://www.heifer.org/usa/index.html 25

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Cooperative farming
› Negatives
▪ Side selling undermines the cooperative
▪ In Africa, cooperatives have been made irrelevant by
government policies and neglect and need to be revitalized

(pinto, 2009) (Francesconi, 2017) 26

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Improved fishing
1.Move from artisanal to
industrial fishing to increase
supply
2.Decrease illegal fishing
3.Invest in fish farming
instead of importing fish
4.Improve fish farming
towards integrated multi-
trophic aquaculture (Stamhuis,
2019)

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Infrastructure
› Big investment in agriculture infrastructure is needed in order to
store and supply food from farms to cross the country

› Short value chain

› Food storage hubs

(Battisti, 2015), (Posthumus, 2018), & (Laurance, 2014 ) 28

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Infrastructure

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(Laurance, 2014 ) & (NATURE, 2014)
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Future risks
› Possible impacts of building (small) dams

› Risks of over-exploitation of land

› Blue water resource depletion due to irrigation

› Large cultivation of rice is sensitive to climate change

(Fao, 1997), (Urama, 2004), (Takeshima, 2016), (Ajetomobi, 2011) 30

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Conclusion
› Investments toward sustainable intensification of food production
should decrease the deficits and reduce import

› Investment in infrastructure will increase food production

› Largely dependent on political situation and female

empowerment

› Future research should focus on quantifying the effects of the

recommendations

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Questions?

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2. Nakazawa N, Komatsu M, Court B. Fisheries in Nigeria. Report to the Ministry of Agriculture. Nigerian Government. 2013. 11 p
3. Irene Canfora (2016). Is the Short Food Supply Chain an Efficient Solution for Sustainability in Food Market?Agriculture and Agricultural
Science Procedia, 8, 402 - 407.
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Area, all land-uses selected, 1998/2005/2016)
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http://www.fao.org/3/t0567e/T0567E0d.htm, voedselwaarden
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8. Olaoye, O. J., & Ojebiyi, W. G. (2018). Marine Fisheries in Nigeria: A Review. Marine Ecology - Biotic and Abiotic Interactions. doi:
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