Ancy Lost Oma

Ancylostoma Duodenale
(Hook worm)
Presented
By
Dr. Maria Akhtar
Ancylostoma
 Derived from two Greek words
 Ankylos = Hook
 Stoma =Mouth
Signifying the curved anterior end of

the worm that gives it a hook-like
appearance
 Common name: Old world hookworm

 Habitat: Small intestine
 Definitive host: Human
 Route of infection: Filariform larvae
penetrates the human skin
 Infective stage: 3rd stage larvae
( filariform)
 Diagnostic stage: Eggs in Stool
 Disease: Hookworm infection,
Ancylostomiasis
Geographical Distribution
 Hookworms infect an estimated 1 billion

people worldwide, mostly in tropical and
sub-tropical climates
 Found mainly in dryer and colder areas
 North India, Pakistan, North China, Middle
East and North Africa.
Morphology
Ancylostoma duodenale
Egg
Rhabditiform
larva
Adult
Morphology
 Shape of Adult Worms:

Cylindrical with the head bent
sharply backwards giving them a
hooked appearance
 Size : 10 mm long
 Color : white or light pinkish
Morphology
Adults
♀+♂
Ancylostoma
duodenale
Adult Male & Female A.Duodenale
Adult Male A.Duodenale Worm
 Copulatory bursa at
posterior end .
 Smaller than the females
 5-11mm in size
Adult Male A.Duodenale Worm
Copulatory bursa of male

Adult Female
 Size : 9-13 mm
 The anterior end have Buccal Capsule
(analogous to mouth) armed with two
ventral pairs of teeth. females have simple
conical tail.
Ancylostoma hooks
Chitinous
teeth plates
Scanning electron micrograph of the mouth capsule
of Ancylostoma duodenale, note the presence of
four "teeth," two on each side.
Eggs
 Shape : oval with an empty space between the
shell and content
 Size: 60 x 40 μm
 Shell: Thin egg shell
 Color: Colorless and transparent
 Content: 4-8 cell unembryonated
 Immature eggs pass in feces
(20,000 eggs ⁄ day).
Eggs
Transmission
 Filariform juveniles wait in soil or
feces and wave back and forth to
increase chances of finding a host
 Filariforms then penetrate the skin
(usually hands or feet)
 Children, elderly people and people
who work about contaminated soil
are at high risk
Life Cycle and Reproduction
 Eggs are passed in the feces and hatch into
rhabditiform larvae in about 48 hours in the
feces or in the soil
A. duodenale
Life cycle continued
 Juveniles feed on feces for about 3 days
then molt into 2nd stage juveniles
 They molt again 5-10 days later into
filariform larvae. Can survive 3-4 weeks
outside host.
Life Cycle
Infect humans by penetrating skin

and then travel to the heart and
lungs where they penetrate the
pharynx and are swallowed. When
they reach the small intestine
they attach to the intestinal wall
and feed on blood.
Life Cycle
 Worms molt again two more times to
reach maturity
 Adult worms copulate and eggs
appear in the feces in about 6 weeks
(females can produce several
thousand eggs in one day)
 Cycle starts over again and adults
live 1-2 years
Life Cycle
3-Rhabditiform (Rod, wand) larva:
-thin
-size: 200-400µ
-long buccal cavity.
-rhabditiform oesophagus
-pointed tail end.
4-Filariform (Thin hair like) larva:

-size: 600-700µ.
-cylindrical oesophagus(1/3rd of the
body length)
-sharply pointed tail
Rhabditiform Larvae (wet mount)
Pathogenic Effects
 Asymptomatic until worms have already
started multiplying
 Symptoms include:
 Irritation of skin at site of penetration
 Iron-deficiency anemia
 Abdominal pain
 Diarrhea
 Loss of appetite
 Weight loss
 Tiredness
 Difficulty breathing
 Cardiomegaly
 Irregular heartbeat
 Extreme cases include stunted growth and
mental retardation
Clinical Manifestations
1-Invasion stage:
The skin, at the site of entry of filariform larva
Maculopapular lesions “ ground itch” or “dew itch”
Itching, edema.
2-Migration stage: passage of the larvae in

the lung leads to:
Haemorrhages and pneumonia, cough, fever,
eosinophylia.
Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma braziliense
Ancylostoma caninum
Dog hookworm
Ancylostoma
braziliense
Cat hookworm
Both cause creeping

eruptions
Ground itch or “dew itch”
3-Intestinal stage:
3-Intestinal stage:
1) sucking of blood by the worm (iron-dificiency anaemia ),

 Severe anaemia leads to weakness.
 0.15-0.26 mL of blood may be withdrawn by a Ancylstoma in
24 houre.
 Approximately 50% of the red blood cells are hemolyzed
2) Bleeding at the site of attachment and after movement to a

new sites.
3) Toxic substances .
-intestinal ulcers: flatulence, nausea, vomiting ,diarrhea.
Feeding hookworms
Hookworms do not permanently attach in one spot, but move

around the gut and reattach when they are ready to feed.
Diagnosis
1-Diagnosis can be determined by

looking for hookworm eggs in a
recently collected stool sample.
2-Blood tests for anemia and
nutritional deficiencies, particularly
iron, can help to confirm the
diagnosis.
Diagnosis
 Stool samples showing eggs or
actual worms
 Watching for symptoms
Treatment
 Albendazole
 Drug of choice
 Ovicidal and larvicidal
 400 mg single dse in adults and children over 2
years old
 Mebendazole
 500 mg single dose in adults and children
 Not recommended for children below 2 years old
Prevention
 Wear shoes
Prevention and Control
 Sanitary disposal of human faeces
 Health education
 Treatment of infected individuals
 Scientist are trying to develop a
vaccine

Ancy Lost Oma

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ancy Lost Oma

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ancylostoma Duodenale

Signifying the curved anterior end of

 Common name: Old world hookworm

 Hookworms infect an estimated 1 billion

 Shape of Adult Worms:

Copulatory bursa of male

Infect humans by penetrating skin

4-Filariform (Thin hair like) larva:

2-Migration stage: passage of the larvae in

Both cause creeping

1) sucking of blood by the worm (iron-dificiency anaemia ),

2) Bleeding at the site of attachment and after movement to a

Hookworms do not permanently attach in one spot, but move

1-Diagnosis can be determined by

You might also like