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CompTIA Network+ Exam N10-008

Lesson 8
Explaining Network Topologies and
Types
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Objectives
Explain network types and characteristics
Explain tiered switching architecture
Explain virtual LANs
Lesson 8

Topic 8A
Explain Network Types and
Characteristics

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Client-server versus Peer-to-peer Networks
Server makes network applications and resources available
Client consumes the services provided by servers
Client-server
Machines are dedicated to a client or to a server role
Centralized administration
Peer-to-peer
Machines can be configured in both client and server roles
Administration is decentralized
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Network Types
Local area network (LAN)
Home/residential network/small office/home office (SOHO)
Small and medium sized enterprise (SME)
Larger network with hundreds or thousands of servers and clients
Campus area network (CAN)
Datacenters
Wide area network (WAN)
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
Personal area network (PAN)
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Network Topology
Physical topology is the placement of nodes
and media links between them
Logical topology is the flow of data
Point-to-point topology
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Star Topology
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Mesh Topology
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Ring Topology
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Bus Topology
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Hybrid Topology
Different logical and physical
topologies
Switched Ethernet is a logical
bus but physical star
Star-wired ring
Hierarchical hybrid topology
Hierarchical star
Hierarchical star-mesh
Star of stars
Star with ring
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Review Activity: Network Types and Characteristics
• Client-server versus Peer-to-peer Networks
• Network Types
• Network Topology
• Star Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Ring Topology
• Bus Topology
• Hybrid Topology
Lesson 8

Topic 8B
Explain Tiered Switching Architecture

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Three-tiered Network Hierarchy
Access/edge layer
Workgroup switches connect end systems
Distribution/aggregation layer
Fault tolerant links between access blocks
and core
Layer 3 switches
Core layer
Network backbone
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Spanning Tree Protocol
Multiple paths between switches (or bridges)
provide fault tolerance
But multiple paths allow infinite loops as
Ethernet has no TTL
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
Prevent switching loops
Designate a single active path from any
one device to the root bridge
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Spanning Tree Protocol Configuration
Ensure selection of appropriate root bridge
Devices exchange bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) to determine topology
Network is converged when all bridge ports are blocking or forwarding
Rapid STP (RSTP)/IEEE 802.1w reduces outages
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Switching Loop and Broadcast Storm Issues
Switching loops can be catastrophic as there is no Time To Live (TTL) to expire a frame
Broadcast storms occur when switches keep receiving the same broadcasts and re-broadcast
them continually and also start flooding unicast traffic
“Classic” cause is to bridge two ports with a misplaced patch cord
Verify STP is functioning correctly
Verify physical configurations and interconnections
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Review Activity: Tiered Switching Architecture
• Three-tiered Network Hierarchy
• Spanning Tree Protocol
• Spanning Tree Protocol Configuration
• Switching Loop and Broadcast Storm Issues
Lesson 8

Topic 8C
Explain Virtual LANs

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Virtual LAN IDs and Membership
Virtual LANs (VLANs)
Break up broadcast domains
Filter traffic between VLAN segments
using access control lists (ACLs)
Prioritize traffic in voice VLANs
Static assignment
Set VLAN ID as part of switch port
interface configuration
Dynamic assignment
Assign by MAC address
Assign by authentication
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Trunking and IEEE 802.1Q
Switches interconnected via trunk links
VLAN ID information might need to be
transported across trunks
802.1Q frame format used on trunks to store
VLAN ID
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Tagged and Untagged Ports
Untagged
Host or access ports
Switch assigns tags, not end systems
Tagged port
Typically, a trunk link
Also used by virtualization hosts
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Voice VLANs
Voice over IP (VoIP) bandwidth and latency requirements
Voice VLAN allows VoIP handset to share physical port with PC
Handset operates a 2-port switch
PC data sent as untagged frames
VoIP data sent as 802.1Q in a voice or auxiliary VLAN
Switch assigns PC data to one VLAN and VoIP data to another
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Review Activity: Virtual LANs
• Virtual LAN IDs and Membership
• Trunking and IEEE 802.1Q
• Tagged and Untagged Ports
• Voice VLANs
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CompTIA Network+ Exam N10-008

Lesson 8
Summary

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