白额雁:修订间差异
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| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=
| genus = Anser
| species = albifrons
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分布于西伯利亚、北美洲极北部、欧洲、格陵兰岛、日本、印度、缅甸、里海、黑海、地中海、西至北美洲大部分地区、南以及[[中国]][[黑龙江]]、[[辽宁]]、[[新疆]]、[[西藏]]、东部沿海各省至台湾、西至湖北、[[湖南]]等地,多栖息于湖泊。该物种的模式产地在意大利北部<ref name='id1420'/>。
[[File:Anser albifrons MWNH 0945.JPG|thumb|Egg, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]]
在[[不列顛群島]],有兩個亞種在冬季過冬:格陵蘭鳥類在蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭,俄羅斯鳥類在英格蘭和[[威爾士]]。它們聚集在傳統的農田上,著名的一群聚集在英格蘭[[格洛斯特郡]]的[[WWT斯林布里奇]]。<ref name=Slimbridge/> 格陵蘭鳥類也在愛爾蘭過冬,從九月下旬到冬季,愛爾蘭是幾乎50%的格陵蘭白額雁種群的家。<ref name=Peatlands/>▼
''A. a. albifrons''和''A. a. flavirostis''是''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds''([[非洲-歐亞水鳥協議]])適用的[[分類單元]]之一。▼
▲在[[不列顛群島]],有兩個亞種在冬季過冬:格陵蘭
▲''A. a. albifrons''和''A. a. flavirostis''是''[[w:Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
==行為和生態==
天氣條件是影響白額雁年度繁殖成功的關鍵因素。在北極,築巢、孵蛋和撫育雛鳥至會飛行狀態的機會窗口很短,約三個月。白額雁在五月底或六月初到達,九月初開始離開去秋季停留區域。因此,延遲的
===遷徙的起源===
第99行 ⟶ 第96行:
一種使用[[同位素]]識別個體遷徙飛行路徑的技術已經被開發出來。<ref name=Horacek2011/> 單隻遷徙鳥類上生長的不同類型羽毛可以用來追溯感染[[禽流感]]的個體鳥類的遷徙路徑,從而幫助找到可能感染的地區。這允許測量和標記受影響的區域。鳥羽的生長可以用作遷徙飛行期間營養攝入的時間表,了解感染的鳥類所經歷的路線,並確定該特定禽流感影響的區域。在遷徙飛行過程中,白額雁的羽毛會逐漸脫落,新羽毛生長(這一過程稱為[[換羽]])。每個鳥類訪問的地點都有其獨特的元素同位素特徵(包括碳、氫、氮和硫),可以被遷徙鳥類通過攝入該地區的食物而吸收。這些同位素可以通過收集羽毛並進行熱燃燒分析來研究。由於不同類型的羽毛有不同的生長速度,生長速度可以用來確定每個同位素信號被吸收的大致時間。每個同位素信號反過來可以與雁可能覓食的不同環境中的特徵進行比較。
==圖庫==
<gallery>
White-fronted.goose.750pix.jpg|歐洲白額雁(''A. a. albifrons'') 攝於 [[w:Slimbridge Wildfowl and Wetlands Centre|斯林布里奇溼地中心]]
Anser albifrons in flight at Llano Seco.jpg|飛行中
Anser_albifrons_hm.jpg|[[w:Allan Octavian Hume|艾倫·奧克塔維恩·休謨]]和馬歇爾和著的 《''[[Gamebirds of India, Burmah, and Ceylon|印度、緬甸和錫蘭的獵鳥]]''》一書中的插圖
Greater White-fronted Goose from the Crossley ID Guide Britain and Ireland.jpg|合成鑑識圖
</gallery>
== 参考文献 ==
{{Reflist|35em|refs=
<ref name=DU>{{cite web |url=http://www.ducks.org/hunting/waterfowl-id//white-fronted-goose |title=Ducks Unlimited, July/August 2011 |publisher=Ducks.org |access-date=27 February 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=AAB>{{Cite AllAboutBirds|Greater White-fronted Goose}}</ref>
<ref name=CRC>{{cite book |editor-last=Dunning |editor-first=John B. Jr. |title=CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses |publisher=CRC Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8493-4258-5 }}</ref>
<ref name=Perrins1987>{{cite book |title=New Generation Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/newgenerationgui00perr |url-access=limited |first1=Christopher M. |last1=Perrins |first2=David |last2=Attenborough |author-link2=David Attenborough |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, TX |year=1987 |isbn=0-292-75532-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/newgenerationgui00perr/page/n72 76]–77}}</ref>
<ref name=Kemp>{{cite journal |last=Kemp |first=John |year=2001 |title=Identification of Greenland White-fronted Goose |journal=[[Birding World]] |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=103–105}}</ref>
<ref name=Carboneras>{{Cite book |last=Carboneras |first=Carles |year=1992 |section=Family Anatidae (Ducks, Geese and Swans) |editor-last1=del Hoyo |editor-first1=Josep |editor-last2=Elliott |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last3=Sargatal |editor-first3=Jordi |series=[[Handbook of Birds of the World]] |title=1: Ostrich to Ducks |pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/536 536–629, plates 40–50] |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |isbn=84-87334-10-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/536 }}</ref>
<ref name=Banks>{{cite journal |last=Banks |first=R.C. |year=2011 |title=Taxonomy of Greater White-fronted Geese (Aves: Anatidae) |journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=226–233 |doi=10.2988/11-14.1|s2cid=85077293 }}</ref>
<ref name=Fox2002>{{cite journal |last1=Fox |first1=A.D. |last2=Stroud |first2=D.A. |year=2002 |title=Greenland White-fronted Goose |journal=Birds of the Western Palearctic Update |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=65–88}}</ref>
<ref name=Littlejohn1916>{{cite journal |last=Littlejohn |first=Chase |year=1916 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/95819 |title=Some unusual records for San Mateo County, California. Minutes of Cooper Club Meetings |journal=[[Condor (journal)|Condor]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages= 38–40 |doi=10.2307/1362896|jstor=1362896 }}</ref>
<ref name=Slimbridge>{{cite web |title=Slimbrdge Seasonal Birding Guide – Winter, January – March |publisher=Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Limited |year=2011 |url=http://www.wwt.org.uk/visit-us/slimbridge/things-to-see-and-do/slimbridge-seasonal-birding-guide/january-march/ |access-date=25 February 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref name=Peatlands >{{cite web |url=http://www.peatlandsni.gov.uk/wildlife/birds/g_wf_goose.htm |title=Peatlands |publisher=Peatlandsni.gov.uk |date=12 January 2011 |access-date=27 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030082226/http://www.peatlandsni.gov.uk/wildlife/birds/g_wf_goose.htm |archive-date=30 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=Geography2013>{{cite journal |last1=Ely |first1=Craig R. |last2=Nieman |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Alisauskas |first3=Ray T. |last4=Schmutz |first4=Joel A. |last5=Hines |first5=James E. |year=2013 |title=Geographic variation in migration chronology and winter distribution of midcontinent greater white-fronted geese |journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1182–1191 |doi=10.1002/jwmg.573|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229275 }}</ref>
<ref name=Horacek2011>{{cite journal |last1=Horacek |first1=Micha |year=2011 |title=Backtracking the movements of a migratory bird: a case study of a white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) |journal=Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry |volume=25 |issue=20 |pages=3146–3150 |doi=10.1002/rcm.5209|pmid=21953970 |bibcode=2011RCMS...25.3146H }}</ref>
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