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生物复杂性的演变

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低等动物即“高等动物”的对称。在动物学中，与高等动物无明确的界限。一般指体制簡單，组织及器官分化不显著，不具有脊椎的动物，如環節动物。


生物复杂性的演变是指生物在演化过程中日益複雜化，[1]即在生物进化中一些非常复杂的生物体产生了，尽管复杂程度在生物学中很难准确定义或衡量，所以诸如基因含量、细胞类型（英语：cell type）的数量或生物形態學等属性都被提议为複雜程度的衡量标准。[2][3][4]

许多生物学家曾经认为，进化是渐进式的（orthogenesis），并且有一个走向所谓 "高等生物 "的方向，尽管这一观点缺乏证据。Many biologists used to believe that 定向演化 and had a direction that led towards so-called "higher organisms", despite a lack of evidence for this viewpoint.[5] This idea of "progression" and "higher organisms" in evolution is now regarded as misleading, with 自然选择 having no intrinsic direction and organisms selected for either increased or decreased complexity in response to local environmental conditions.[6] Although there has been an increase in the maximum level of complexity over the Lua错误：bad argument #1 to 'gsub' (string expected, got nil)。, there has always been a large majority of small and simple organisms and the 众数 (数学) level of complexity appears to have remained relatively constant.

  1. ^ Werner, Andreas; Piatek, Monica J.; Mattick, John S. Transpositional shuffling and quality control in male germ cells to enhance evolution of complex organisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. April 2015, 1341 (1): 156–163. Bibcode:2015NYASA1341..156W. PMC 4390386 可免费查阅. PMID 25557795. doi:10.1111/nyas.12608. 
  2. ^ Adami, C. What is complexity?. BioEssays. 2002, 24 (12): 1085–94. PMID 12447974. doi:10.1002/bies.10192. 
  3. ^ Waldrop, M.; et al. Language: Disputed definitions. Nature. 2008, 455 (7216): 1023–1028. PMID 18948925. doi:10.1038/4551023a 可免费查阅. 
  4. ^ Longo, Giuseppe; Montévil, Maël. Dinneen, Michael J.; Khoussainov, Bakhadyr; Nies, André , 编. Computation, Physics and Beyond. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2012-01-01: 289–308. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.640.1835 可免费查阅. ISBN 9783642276538. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27654-5_22 （英语）. 
  5. ^ McShea, D. Complexity and evolution: What everybody knows. Biology and Philosophy. 1991, 6 (3): 303–324. S2CID 53459994. doi:10.1007/BF00132234. 
  6. ^ Ayala, F. J. Darwin's greatest discovery: design without designer. PNAS. 2007, 104 (Suppl 1): 8567–73. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8567A. PMC 1876431 可免费查阅. PMID 17494753. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701072104 可免费查阅. 
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