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艾奥瓦州:修订间差异

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{{不是|愛達荷州}}
{{Coord|41.8780025|-93.097702|source:GoogleMaps|display=title}}
{{Coord|41.8780025|-93.097702|source:GoogleMaps|display=title}}
{{noteTA
{{noteTA
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|G2=地名
|G2=地名
|1=zh-hans:县;zh-hk:縣;zh-tw:郡;
|1=zh-hans:县;zh-hk:縣;zh-tw:郡;
|2=zh-hans:得梅因; zh-hant:迪蒙恩; zh-hk:德梅因; zh-tw:第蒙;
|3=zh-cn:伊利诺伊州;zh-tw:伊利諾州;zh-hk:伊利諾州;
|4=zh-hans:印第安;zh-tw:印地安;
|5=zh-hans:威斯康星州; zh-hant:威斯康辛州;
}}
}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
{{US state info|
Full-ZH-name=愛荷華州|
|Full-ZH-name=愛荷華州
|official_name=State of Iowa
Name = Iowa |
Fullname = State of Iowa |
|image_flag=Flag of Iowa.svg
|flag_border={{#ifeq:Iowa|Ohio||border}}
Type = [[美國州份|联邦州]]|
|flag_alt=
Flag = Flag of Iowa.svg |
|flag_link=愛荷華州州旗
Seal = Iowa-StateSeal.svg |
|flag_type=州旗
Map = Iowa in United States.svg |
|image_seal=Iowa-StateSeal.svg
Nickname = 鷹眼之州<ref name=TravelIowa>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveliowa.com/aspx/general/dynamicpage.aspx?id=37 |title=State Symbols |publisher=Iowa Department of Economic Development |access-date=September 9, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902061507/http://www.traveliowa.com/statesymbols.aspx |archive-date=September 2, 2011 }}</ref> |
|seal_alt=
Capital =[[德梅因]]|
|seal_link=愛荷華州州徽
OfficialLang = [[英語]] |
|seal_type=州徽
LargestCity = capital|
|nickname=鷹眼之州<ref name=TravelIowa>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveliowa.com/aspx/general/dynamicpage.aspx?id=37 |title=State Symbols |publisher=Iowa Department of Economic Development |access-date=2011-09-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902061507/http://www.traveliowa.com/statesymbols.aspx |archive-date=2011-09-02 }}</ref>
PostalAbbreviation = IA |
|motto=
Governor = {{link-en|金·雷諾斯|Kim Reynolds}}([[共和黨 (美國)|R]])|
|anthem=
Lieutenant Governor = {{link-en|亞當·格雷格|Adam Gregg}}([[共和黨 (美國)|R]])|
|image_map=Iowa in United States.svg
Senators = [[查克·葛雷斯利]]([[共和黨 (美國)|R]])<br /> [[喬尼·恩斯特]]([[共和黨 (美國)|R]])|
|map_alt=
AreaRank = 26 |
|OfficialLang=[[英語]]
TotalArea = 145,743 |
|Languages=
LandArea = 144,701 |
|population_demonym=
WaterArea = 1,042 |
|seat=[[德梅因]]
PCWater = 0.71 |
|LargestCity=capital
PopRank = 30 |
|LargestMetro=
2000Pop = 2,926,324 |
|area_rank=26
DensityRank = 33 |
|area_total_km2=145,743
2000Density = 20.22 |
|width_km=320
AdmittanceOrder = 29 |
|length_km=500
AdmittanceDate = 1846年12月28日 |
|area_water_percent=0.71
TimeZone = [[北美中部時區]]:[[UTC-6]]/[[UTC-5]] |
|coordinates={{#if:{{both|40°23'N-43°30'N|89°5'W-96°31'W}}|40°23'N-43°30'N, 89°5'W-96°31'W}}
Latitude = 40°23'N-43°30'N |
|population_rank=30
Longitude = 89°5'W-96°31'W |
|2010Pop=
Width = 320 |
|2000Pop=2,926,324
Length = 500 |
|2010Density=
HighestElev = 509 |
|2000Density=20.22
MeanElev = 335 |
|MedianHouseholdIncome=
LowestElev = 146 |
|IncomeRank=
ISOCode = US-IA |
|elevation_max_point=
Website = www.iowa.gov
|elevation_max_m=509
|elevation_m=335
|elevation_min_point=
|elevation_min_m=146
|Former=艾奥瓦领地
|AdmittanceDate=1846年12月28日
|AdmittanceOrder=29
|Governor={{link-en|金·雷諾斯|Kim Reynolds}}([[共和黨 (美國)|R]])
|Lieutenant Governor={{link-en|亞當·格雷格|Adam Gregg}}([[共和黨 (美國)|R]])
|Legislature=
|Upperhouse=
|Lowerhouse=
|Senators=[[查克·葛雷斯利]]([[共和黨 (美國)|R]])<br /> [[喬尼·恩斯特]]([[共和黨 (美國)|R]])
|Representative=
|timezone1_location=
|utc_offset1=[[北美中部時區]]:[[UTC-6]]/[[UTC-5]]
|timezone2_location=
|utc_offset2=
|postal_code=IA
|TradAbbreviation=
|iso_code=US-IA
|website=www.iowa.gov
|footnotes=
}}
}}
{{各地中文名
{{各地中文名
|name=Iowa
|name=Iowa
|t=1
|t=1
|cn=艾奥瓦州<ref>{{Cite web|title=艾奥瓦州概况|url=http://chicago.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ddgk/zwjiaqi/201907/20190702884555.shtml|access-date=2023-06-04|website=chicago.mofcom.gov.cn|publisher=中国商务部|archive-date=2023-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605055732/http://chicago.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ddgk/zwjiaqi/201907/20190702884555.shtml|dead-url=no}}</ref>
|cn=艾奥瓦州
|tw=愛荷華州
|tw=愛荷華州
}}
}}
'''愛荷華州'''{{notetag|又譯「衣-{}-阿-{}-華」、「愛-{}-阿-{}-華」、「愛-{}-我-{}-華」,中华人民共和国使用的正式译名为「艾-{}-奥-{}-瓦」。中華民國外交部、國立編譯館與國家教育研究院使用的漢語標準譯名為「愛-{}-荷-{}-華」。}}({{lang-en|State of Iowa}})是[[美國]][[美國中西部|中西部]]的一個[[美国州份|州]]。東北部接壤[[威斯康星州]],東部和東南部接壤[[伊利諾州]],南部接壤[[密蘇里州]],西部接壤[[內布拉斯加州]],[[南達科他州]]在其西北部,[[明尼蘇達州]]在其北部。
'''愛荷華州'''{{notetag|又譯「衣-{}-阿-{}-華」、「愛-{}-阿-{}-華」、「愛-{}-我-{}-華」,中华人民共和国使用的正式译名为「艾-{}-奥-{}-瓦」。中華民國外交部、國立編譯館與國家教育研究院使用的漢語標準譯名為「愛-{}-荷-{}-華」。}}({{lang-en|State of Iowa}})是[[美國]][[美國中西部|中西部]]的一個[[美国州份|州]]。東北部接壤[[威斯康星州]],東部和東南部接壤[[伊利諾州]],南部接壤[[密蘇里州]],西部接壤[[內布拉斯加州]],[[南達科他州]]在其西北部,[[明尼蘇達州]]在其北部。


在18世紀和19世紀初,愛荷華州是法屬路易斯安那和西班牙屬路易斯安那的一部分;後于1846年加入[[美国]]。根據2020年的人口普查,愛荷華州的總面積排名第26,人口在美國50個州中排名第31,為3,190,369人。該州的首府[[德梅因]]同时是本州人口最多的城市<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=Resident Population for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf|url-status=live|website=Census.gov|access-date=2021-12-02|archive-date=2021-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426194205/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf}}</ref>。內布拉斯加州的[[奧馬哈都會區]]的一部分延伸到了愛荷華州西南部的三個縣<ref name="msapop">{{cite web|author=United States Census Bureau|title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2010–2018|url=https://census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html|access-date=2019-06-07|archive-date=2019-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602005545/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html}}</ref>。愛荷華州被列為美國最安全的州之一<ref>{{cite web|title=N.H. Receives Lowest Crime Ranking; Nevada Ranks as Worst State|url=http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2009/03/25/99012.htm?print=1|website=Insurance Journal|publisher=Wells Publishing|date=2009-03-25|access-date=2009-08-08|archive-date=2012-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315045443/http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2009/03/25/99012.htm?print=1}}</ref>。
在18世紀和19世紀初,愛荷華州是法屬路易斯安那和西班牙屬路易斯安那的一部分;後于1846年加入[[美国]]。根據2020年的人口普查,愛荷華州的總面積排名第26,人口在美國50個州中排名第31,為3,190,369人。該州的首府[[德梅因]]同时是本州人口最多的城市<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=Resident Population for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf|url-status=live|website=Census.gov|access-date=2021-12-02|archive-date=2021-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426194205/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf}}</ref>。內布拉斯加州的[[奧馬哈都會區]]的一部分延伸到了愛荷華州西南部的三個縣<ref name="msapop">{{cite web|author=United States Census Bureau|title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2010–2018|url=https://census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html|access-date=2019-06-07|archive-date=2019-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602005545/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html}}</ref>。愛荷華州被列為美國最安全的州之一<ref>{{cite web|title=N.H. Receives Lowest Crime Ranking; Nevada Ranks as Worst State|url=http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2009/03/25/99012.htm?print=1|website=Insurance Journal|publisher=Wells Publishing|date=2009-03-25|access-date=2009-08-08|archive-date=2012-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315045443/http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2009/03/25/99012.htm?print=1}}</ref>。
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1673年,[[雅克·馬凱特|雅克·马凯特]]和[[路易·喬利埃]]沿[[密西西比河]]进行探险期间抵达艾奥瓦东部,这是[[欧洲人]]首次抵达该地。由于此地距离出海口和经济中心较远,早期殖民者大多数是[[法国]]和[[英国]]的皮毛贸易商,因此此地没有大型定居点,只有为数众多的商站。1763年之前,此地属于法国北美殖民地[[新法兰西]]的[[法属路易斯安那|路易斯安那]]行政区,但也有英国人活动。1763年[[英法七年战争]]后,法国与[[西班牙]]签署了签署了[[枫丹白露条约|1762年枫丹白露条约]],艾奥瓦地区被割让给了西班牙。此后,该地的的贸易大受打击。不过,由于不久后该地的[[法国裔美国人|法国裔]]和[[德国裔美国人|德国裔]]移民发动叛乱,艾奥瓦地区又重新回到法国的统治<ref name="peterson2009">{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=Cynthia L.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=12–29|chapter=Historical Tribes and Early Forts|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|chapter-url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=2021-12-02|archive-date=2016-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm}}</ref><ref name="carlson2009">{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Gayle F.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=104–120|chapter=Fort Atkinson, Nebraska, 1820–1827, and Other Missouri River Sites|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|chapter-url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=2021-12-02|archive-date=2016-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_ildefonso.html|title=Treaty of San Ildefonso 1800|website=Napoleon-series.org|access-date=2020-04-14|archive-date=2020-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232551/https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_ildefonso.html}}</ref>。
1673年,[[雅克·馬凱特|雅克·马凯特]]和[[路易·喬利埃]]沿[[密西西比河]]进行探险期间抵达艾奥瓦东部,这是[[欧洲人]]首次抵达该地。由于此地距离出海口和经济中心较远,早期殖民者大多数是[[法国]]和[[英国]]的皮毛贸易商,因此此地没有大型定居点,只有为数众多的商站。1763年之前,此地属于法国北美殖民地[[新法兰西]]的[[法属路易斯安那|路易斯安那]]行政区,但也有英国人活动。1763年[[英法七年战争]]后,法国与[[西班牙]]签署了签署了[[枫丹白露条约|1762年枫丹白露条约]],艾奥瓦地区被割让给了西班牙。此后,该地的的贸易大受打击。不过,由于不久后该地的[[法国裔美国人|法国裔]]和[[德国裔美国人|德国裔]]移民发动叛乱,艾奥瓦地区又重新回到法国的统治<ref name="peterson2009">{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=Cynthia L.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=12–29|chapter=Historical Tribes and Early Forts|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|chapter-url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=2021-12-02|archive-date=2016-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm}}</ref><ref name="carlson2009">{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Gayle F.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=104–120|chapter=Fort Atkinson, Nebraska, 1820–1827, and Other Missouri River Sites|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|chapter-url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=2021-12-02|archive-date=2016-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_ildefonso.html|title=Treaty of San Ildefonso 1800|website=Napoleon-series.org|access-date=2020-04-14|archive-date=2020-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232551/https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_ildefonso.html}}</ref>。


1803年,饱受战争打击的[[法兰西第一帝国]]因财政拮据不得不把路易斯安那出售给[[美国]],史称“[[路易斯安那购地|路易斯安那购地案]]”,艾奥瓦成为美国的[[路易斯安那领地]]的一部分<ref name="mckusick2009">{{cite book|last=McKusick|first=Marshall B.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=55–74|chapter=Fort Madison, 1808–1813|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|chapter-url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=2021-12-02|archive-date=2016-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm}}</ref>。為了控制貿易並建立美國對密西西比河上游的統治地位,美國在此建造了麥迪遜堡,美國政府鼓勵移民在密西西比河東邊定居,並將印第安人遷往西邊<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of Jackson County, Iowa, Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, &c., Biographical Sketches of Citizens |date=1879 |publisher=Western Historical Co. |location=Chicago |page=531 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guides.loc.gov/indian-removal-act|title=Research Guides: Indian Removal Act: Primary Documents in American History: Introduction|last=Drexler|first=Ken|website=guides.loc.gov|access-date=2020-04-14|archive-date=2020-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405194808/https://guides.loc.gov/indian-removal-act}}</ref>。第一批美國定居者於1833年6月正式移居愛荷華州,主要是來自俄亥俄州、賓夕法尼亞州、紐約州、印第安納州、肯塔基州和吉尼亞州的家庭,他們沿著密西西比河西岸定居,建立了現代城市的迪比克和貝爾維尤。1838年7月4日,美國國會設立[[艾奥瓦领地]],當時有 22 個縣和 23,242 人口。这个领地包含的地区不仅仅是艾奥瓦州全境,还包括[[密苏里河]]以东和[[密西西比河]]干流以西之间的土地。1846年12月28日,爱荷华领地东南部建州为爱荷华州;其余部分则成为[[无建制领土]]。由于艾奥瓦州全境处于[[玉米带]],加上[[密苏里妥协案]]的规定,建立的艾奥瓦州是[[自由州]]<ref name="Settlers">{{cite web|url=http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html|title=History of Iowa|publisher=Iowa State University|author=Schwieder, Dorothy|access-date=2009-06-06|archive-date=2009-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903191039/http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://co.jackson.ia.us/history.htm|title=Jackson County, Iowa History Information|publisher=Jackson County, Iowa|access-date=2019-11-03|archive-date=2019-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104000006/https://co.jackson.ia.us/history.htm}}</ref>。
1803年,饱受战争打击的[[法兰西第一帝国]]因财政拮据不得不把路易斯安那出售给[[美国]],史称“[[路易斯安那购地|路易斯安那购地案]]”,艾奥瓦成为美国的[[路易斯安那领地]]的一部分<ref name="mckusick2009">{{cite book|last=McKusick|first=Marshall B.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=55–74|chapter=Fort Madison, 1808–1813|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|chapter-url=http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm|access-date=2021-12-02|archive-date=2016-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817031053/http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm}}</ref>。為了控制貿易並建立美國對密西西比河上游的統治地位,美國在此建造了麥迪遜堡,美國政府鼓勵移民在密西西比河東邊定居,並將印第安人遷往西邊<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of Jackson County, Iowa, Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, &c., Biographical Sketches of Citizens |date=1879 |publisher=Western Historical Co. |location=Chicago |page=531 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guides.loc.gov/indian-removal-act|title=Research Guides: Indian Removal Act: Primary Documents in American History: Introduction|last=Drexler|first=Ken|website=guides.loc.gov|access-date=2020-04-14|archive-date=2020-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405194808/https://guides.loc.gov/indian-removal-act}}</ref>。第一批美國定居者於1833年6月正式移居愛荷華州,主要是來自俄亥俄州、賓夕法尼亞州、紐約州、印第安納州、肯塔基州和吉尼亞州的家庭,他們沿著密西西比河西岸定居,建立了現代城市的迪比克和貝爾維尤。1838年7月4日,美國國會設立[[艾奥瓦领地]],當時有 22 個縣和 23,242 人口。这个领地包含的地区不仅仅是艾奥瓦州全境,还包括[[密苏里河]]以东和[[密西西比河]]干流以西之间的土地。1846年12月28日,爱荷华领地东南部建州为爱荷华州;其余部分则成为[[无建制领土]]。由于艾奥瓦州全境处于[[玉米带]],加上[[密苏里妥协案]]的规定,建立的艾奥瓦州是[[自由州]]<ref name="Settlers">{{cite web|url=http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html|title=History of Iowa|publisher=Iowa State University|author=Schwieder, Dorothy|access-date=2009-06-06|archive-date=2009-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903191039/http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://co.jackson.ia.us/history.htm|title=Jackson County, Iowa History Information|publisher=Jackson County, Iowa|access-date=2019-11-03|archive-date=2019-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104000006/https://co.jackson.ia.us/history.htm}}</ref>。


愛荷華州在內戰期間支持聯邦,該州沒有發生任何戰鬥,但愛荷華州向軍隊和東部城市運送了大量食物,在總人口675,000人中,約有116,000人服兵役<ref>Lendt, David L. "Iowa and the Copperhead Movement." The Annals of Iowa 40 (1970), 412-427. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.7965 {{Wayback|url=https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.7965 |date=20220510004833 }} Hosted by Iowa Research Online</ref>。愛荷華州在內戰軍事服務中貢獻的人數比北方或南方的任何其他州都多,還向武裝部隊派遣了超過75,000名志願者,其中超過六分之一在南方投降之前被殺<ref name="Iowa Official Register page 315">Iowa Official Register, Volume No. 60, page 315</ref>。內戰之後,愛荷華州的人口繼續急劇增長,從1860年的674,913人增加到1880年的1,624,615人<ref>[https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html "1860 Census: Population of the United States"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html |date=20210121165007 }}. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 7, 2019.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1883/dec/vol-01-population.html|title=1880 Census: Volume 1. Statistics of the Population|last=Bureau|first=US Census|website=The United States Census Bureau|access-date=2020-04-14|archive-date=2020-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611125326/https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1883/dec/vol-01-population.html}}</ref>。
愛荷華州在內戰期間支持聯邦,該州沒有發生任何戰鬥,但愛荷華州向軍隊和東部城市運送了大量食物,在總人口675,000人中,約有116,000人服兵役<ref>Lendt, David L. "Iowa and the Copperhead Movement." The Annals of Iowa 40 (1970), 412-427. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.7965 {{Wayback|url=https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.7965 |date=20220510004833 }} Hosted by Iowa Research Online</ref>。愛荷華州在內戰軍事服務中貢獻的人數比北方或南方的任何其他州都多,還向武裝部隊派遣了超過75,000名志願者,其中超過六分之一在南方投降之前被殺<ref name="Iowa Official Register page 315">Iowa Official Register, Volume No. 60, page 315</ref>。內戰之後,愛荷華州的人口繼續急劇增長,從1860年的674,913人增加到1880年的1,624,615人<ref>[https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html "1860 Census: Population of the United States"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html |date=20210121165007 }}. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 7, 2019.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1883/dec/vol-01-population.html|title=1880 Census: Volume 1. Statistics of the Population|last=Bureau|first=US Census|website=The United States Census Bureau|access-date=2020-04-14|archive-date=2020-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611125326/https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1883/dec/vol-01-population.html}}</ref>。
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愛荷華州東臨[[密西西比河]],西接[[密蘇里河]],是唯一一個東西邊界幾乎完全由河流構成的州<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.50states.com/facts/iowa.htm|title=Iowa Fast Facts and Trivia|publisher=50states.com|access-date=2013-02-24|archive-date=2013-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128111247/http://www.50states.com/facts/iowa.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofcarterlake.com/about-carter-lake-|access-date=2020-10-07|title=About Carter Lake|archive-date=2020-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009210417/http://www.cityofcarterlake.com/about-carter-lake-}}</ref>。北部邊界是一條沿北緯43度30分的線。南部邊界是得梅因河和一條沿北緯約40度35分的不太直的線<ref>{{cite book|title=Preamble to the 1857 Constitution of the State of Iowa |url=http://www.legis.state.ia.us/Constitution.html#pre1 |access-date=2009-08-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802085648/http://www.legis.state.ia.us/Constitution.html |archive-date=2009-08-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Jeff |last=Morrison |title=Forty-Thirty-five or fight? Sullivan's Line, the Honey War, and latitudinal estimations |url=http://homepage.mac.com/jeffmorrison/maps/sullivanline.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101232646/http://homepage.mac.com/jeffmorrison/maps/sullivanline.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-01-01 |date=2005-01-13 |access-date=2009-08-09 }}</ref>。愛荷華州的岩石地質歷史一般從東到西年齡遞減。在愛荷華州西北部,[[白堊紀]]基岩已有7400萬年的歷史;在愛荷華州東部[[寒武紀]]基岩可追溯到五億年前<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prior |first1=Jean Cutler |others=Adapted from ''Iowa Geology 2007'', [[Iowa Department of Natural Resources]] |title=Geology of Iowa: Iowa's Earth History Shaped by Ice, Wind, Rivers, and Ancient Seas |url=http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/geoiowa/GEOIOWA.HTM |access-date=2009-08-09 |publisher=Iowa Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416104106/http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/browse/geoiowa/geoiowa.htm |archive-date=2009-04-16 }}</ref>。連綿的黃土丘陵位於該州西部邊界,其中一些丘陵厚達數百英尺,沿密西西比河上游的愛荷華州東北部由陡峭的山丘和山谷組成.<ref name=Prior91>{{cite book|author=Prior, Jean C. |date=1991 |title=Landforms of Iowa |publisher=University of Iowa Press, Iowa City |url=http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/landform.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302084724/http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/landform.htm |archive-date=2009-03-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/info/loess/ | title=Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa | date=July 1999 | access-date=2008-03-26 | publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] | archive-date=2008-03-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328103032/http://pubs.usgs.gov/info/loess/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uni.edu/iowaonline/prairievoices/images/Landforms_of_Iowa.pdf |title=Landforms of Iowa |publisher=Uni.edu |access-date=2020-04-07 |archive-date=2012-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731024555/http://www.uni.edu/iowaonline/prairievoices/images/Landforms_of_Iowa.pdf }}</ref>。在歐洲人定居之前,該州有400到600萬英畝的土地被濕地覆蓋,其中約95%的濕地已被排乾<ref name=Odessa>{{cite web|url=http://www.iowadnr.com/fish/fishing/lakes/ode58.html |title=Odessa |publisher=Iowa Department of Natural Resources |access-date=2009-06-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921204808/http://www.iowadnr.com/fish/fishing/lakes/ode58.html |archive-date=2008-09-21 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iowadnr.gov/environmental-protection/water-quality/water-monitoring/wetlands|title=Wetlands|website=Iowadnr.gov|access-date=2020-04-07|archive-date=2020-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407181024/https://www.iowadnr.gov/environmental-protection/water-quality/water-monitoring/wetlands}}</ref>。
愛荷華州東臨[[密西西比河]],西接[[密蘇里河]],是唯一一個東西邊界幾乎完全由河流構成的州<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.50states.com/facts/iowa.htm|title=Iowa Fast Facts and Trivia|publisher=50states.com|access-date=2013-02-24|archive-date=2013-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128111247/http://www.50states.com/facts/iowa.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofcarterlake.com/about-carter-lake-|access-date=2020-10-07|title=About Carter Lake|archive-date=2020-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009210417/http://www.cityofcarterlake.com/about-carter-lake-}}</ref>。北部邊界是一條沿北緯43度30分的線。南部邊界是得梅因河和一條沿北緯約40度35分的不太直的線<ref>{{cite book|title=Preamble to the 1857 Constitution of the State of Iowa |url=http://www.legis.state.ia.us/Constitution.html#pre1 |access-date=2009-08-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802085648/http://www.legis.state.ia.us/Constitution.html |archive-date=2009-08-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Jeff |last=Morrison |title=Forty-Thirty-five or fight? Sullivan's Line, the Honey War, and latitudinal estimations |url=http://homepage.mac.com/jeffmorrison/maps/sullivanline.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101232646/http://homepage.mac.com/jeffmorrison/maps/sullivanline.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-01-01 |date=2005-01-13 |access-date=2009-08-09 }}</ref>。愛荷華州的岩石地質歷史一般從東到西年齡遞減。在愛荷華州西北部,[[白堊紀]]基岩已有7400萬年的歷史;在愛荷華州東部[[寒武紀]]基岩可追溯到五億年前<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prior |first1=Jean Cutler |others=Adapted from ''Iowa Geology 2007'', [[Iowa Department of Natural Resources]] |title=Geology of Iowa: Iowa's Earth History Shaped by Ice, Wind, Rivers, and Ancient Seas |url=http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/geoiowa/GEOIOWA.HTM |access-date=2009-08-09 |publisher=Iowa Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416104106/http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/browse/geoiowa/geoiowa.htm |archive-date=2009-04-16 }}</ref>。連綿的黃土丘陵位於該州西部邊界,其中一些丘陵厚達數百英尺,沿密西西比河上游的愛荷華州東北部由陡峭的山丘和山谷組成.<ref name=Prior91>{{cite book|author=Prior, Jean C. |date=1991 |title=Landforms of Iowa |publisher=University of Iowa Press, Iowa City |url=http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/landform.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302084724/http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/landform.htm |archive-date=2009-03-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/info/loess/ | title=Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa | date=July 1999 | access-date=2008-03-26 | publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] | archive-date=2008-03-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328103032/http://pubs.usgs.gov/info/loess/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uni.edu/iowaonline/prairievoices/images/Landforms_of_Iowa.pdf |title=Landforms of Iowa |publisher=Uni.edu |access-date=2020-04-07 |archive-date=2012-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731024555/http://www.uni.edu/iowaonline/prairievoices/images/Landforms_of_Iowa.pdf }}</ref>。在歐洲人定居之前,該州有400到600萬英畝的土地被濕地覆蓋,其中約95%的濕地已被排乾<ref name=Odessa>{{cite web|url=http://www.iowadnr.com/fish/fishing/lakes/ode58.html |title=Odessa |publisher=Iowa Department of Natural Resources |access-date=2009-06-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921204808/http://www.iowadnr.com/fish/fishing/lakes/ode58.html |archive-date=2008-09-21 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iowadnr.gov/environmental-protection/water-quality/water-monitoring/wetlands|title=Wetlands|website=Iowadnr.gov|access-date=2020-04-07|archive-date=2020-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407181024/https://www.iowadnr.gov/environmental-protection/water-quality/water-monitoring/wetlands}}</ref>。


愛荷華州的自然植被是高地草原和熱帶稀樹草原,洪氾平原和受保護的河谷有茂密的森林和濕地,北部草原地區有坑洼濕地。愛荷華州的大部分地區用於農業;農田全州的60%,草原30%,森林占7%;城市和水域各1%<ref>Iowa DNR: Iowa's Statewide Land Cover Inventory, [http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/landcvr/landcvr.htm Uiowa.edu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502010333/http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/landcvr/landcvr.htm |date=2009-05-02 }}</ref>。愛荷華州南部被歸類為中央森林-草原過渡生態區,愛荷華州北部較乾燥的部分被歸類為中央大草原的一部分<ref>{{Cite book|title=Terrestrial ecoregions of North America : a conservation assessment|url=https://archive.org/details/terrestrialecore0000unse|date=1999|publisher=Island Press|others=Ricketts, Taylor H.|isbn=1-55963-722-6|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=40856986}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0805|title=Central tall grasslands {{!}} Ecoregions {{!}} WWF|website=World Wildlife Fund|access-date=2020-04-07|archive-date=2020-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810230034/https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0805}}</ref>。愛荷華州缺乏自然區域;曾經覆蓋愛荷華州大部分地區的草原只有不到1%完好無損;該州濕地僅存約5%,大部分原始森林已消失<ref>Iowa's Threatened and Endangered Species Program, [http://www.iowadnr.gov/Environment/ThreatenedEndangered.aspx Iowadnr.gov] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035847/http://www.iowadnr.gov/Environment/ThreatenedEndangered.aspx |date=2015-09-24 }}</ref>。高密度牲畜設施數量的激增導致農村水污染加劇和空氣質量下降。其他對愛荷華州環境產生負面影響的因素包括老式燃煤發電廠的廣泛使用、作物生產中的肥料和殺蟲劑對地下水的污染<ref name="IPT runoff">{{cite web|url=http://www.iptv.org/iowajournal/story.cfm/556 |title=Iowa Works to Reduce Run-off Polluting the Gulf of Mexico |date=2009-09-17 |website=The Iowa Journal |publisher=Iowa Public Television |access-date=2009-11-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106172619/http://www.iptv.org/iowajournal/story.cfm/556 |archive-date=2009-11-06 }}</ref><ref name="ISU 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/opinion/columnists/iowa-view/2020/02/18/cafos-animal-feeding-hogs-harms-iowa-have-worsened-moratorium/4794608002/|title=Living with Hogs in Rural Iowa|year=2003|website=Iowa Ag Review|publisher=[[Iowa State University]]|access-date=2009-11-25|archive-date=2022-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510004827/https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/opinion/columnists/iowa-view/2020/02/18/cafos-animal-feeding-hogs-harms-iowa-have-worsened-moratorium/4794608002/}}</ref><ref name="gazette coal">{{cite news|url=http://gazetteonline.com/breaking-news/2009/11/24/report-many-iowa-coal-plants-among-nations-oldest|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208190707/http://gazetteonline.com/breaking-news/2009/11/24/report-many-iowa-coal-plants-among-nations-oldest|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-08|title=Report: Many Iowa coal plants among nation's oldest|last=Heldt|first=Diane|date=2009-11-24|work=Cedar Rapids Gazette|access-date=2009-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://gazetteonline.com/local-news/2009/12/06/heavy-use-draining-aquifer |title=Heavy use draining aquifer |last=Love |first=Orlan |date=2009-12-06 |publisher=Cedar Rapids Gazette |access-date=2009-12-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209064212/http://gazetteonline.com/local-news/2009/12/06/heavy-use-draining-aquifer |archive-date=2009-12-09 }}</ref>。
愛荷華州的自然植被是高地草原和熱帶稀樹草原,洪氾平原和受保護的河谷有茂密的森林和濕地,北部草原地區有坑洼濕地。愛荷華州的大部分地區用於農業;農田全州的60%,草原30%,森林占7%;城市和水域各1%<ref>Iowa DNR: Iowa's Statewide Land Cover Inventory, [http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/landcvr/landcvr.htm Uiowa.edu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502010333/http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/landcvr/landcvr.htm |date=2009-05-02 }}</ref>。愛荷華州南部被歸類為中央森林-草原過渡生態區,愛荷華州北部較乾燥的部分被歸類為中央大草原的一部分<ref>{{Cite book|title=Terrestrial ecoregions of North America : a conservation assessment|url=https://archive.org/details/terrestrialecore0000unse|date=1999|publisher=Island Press|others=Ricketts, Taylor H.|isbn=1-55963-722-6|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=40856986}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0805|title=Central tall grasslands {{!}} Ecoregions {{!}} WWF|website=World Wildlife Fund|access-date=2020-04-07|archive-date=2020-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810230034/https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0805}}</ref>。愛荷華州缺乏自然區域;曾經覆蓋愛荷華州大部分地區的草原只有不到1%完好無損;該州濕地僅存約5%,大部分原始森林已消失<ref>Iowa's Threatened and Endangered Species Program, [http://www.iowadnr.gov/Environment/ThreatenedEndangered.aspx Iowadnr.gov] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035847/http://www.iowadnr.gov/Environment/ThreatenedEndangered.aspx |date=2015-09-24 }}</ref>。高密度牲畜設施數量的激增導致農村水污染加劇和空氣質量下降。其他對愛荷華州環境產生負面影響的因素包括老式燃煤發電廠的廣泛使用、作物生產中的肥料和殺蟲劑對地下水的污染<ref name="IPT runoff">{{cite web|url=http://www.iptv.org/iowajournal/story.cfm/556 |title=Iowa Works to Reduce Run-off Polluting the Gulf of Mexico |date=2009-09-17 |website=The Iowa Journal |publisher=Iowa Public Television |access-date=2009-11-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106172619/http://www.iptv.org/iowajournal/story.cfm/556 |archive-date=2009-11-06 }}</ref><ref name="ISU 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/opinion/columnists/iowa-view/2020/02/18/cafos-animal-feeding-hogs-harms-iowa-have-worsened-moratorium/4794608002/|title=Living with Hogs in Rural Iowa|year=2003|website=Iowa Ag Review|publisher=[[Iowa State University]]|access-date=2009-11-25|archive-date=2022-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510004827/https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/opinion/columnists/iowa-view/2020/02/18/cafos-animal-feeding-hogs-harms-iowa-have-worsened-moratorium/4794608002/}}</ref><ref name="gazette coal">{{cite news|url=http://gazetteonline.com/breaking-news/2009/11/24/report-many-iowa-coal-plants-among-nations-oldest|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208190707/http://gazetteonline.com/breaking-news/2009/11/24/report-many-iowa-coal-plants-among-nations-oldest|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-08|title=Report: Many Iowa coal plants among nation's oldest|last=Heldt|first=Diane|date=2009-11-24|work=Cedar Rapids Gazette|access-date=2009-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://gazetteonline.com/local-news/2009/12/06/heavy-use-draining-aquifer |title=Heavy use draining aquifer |last=Love |first=Orlan |date=2009-12-06 |publisher=Cedar Rapids Gazette |access-date=2009-12-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209064212/http://gazetteonline.com/local-news/2009/12/06/heavy-use-draining-aquifer |archive-date=2009-12-09 }}</ref>。


[[File:Iowa rainfall.jpg|thumb|250px|愛荷華州降水量]]
[[File:Iowa rainfall.jpg|thumb|250px|愛荷華州降水量]]
愛荷華州全州屬濕潤大陸性氣候,常有極端炎熱和寒冷。得梅因的年平均氣溫為10°C;對於北部的某些地方,例如梅森城,該數字約為7°C,而密西西比河上的Keokuk平均溫度為11°C<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-of-america/iowa-936/|title=Climate Iowa: Temperature, climate graph, Climate table for Iowa - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2020-04-06|archive-date=2019-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424143949/https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-of-america/iowa-936/}}</ref><ref name="Thunderstorm Hazard">[http://www.srh.noaa.gov/key/HTML/tstmhazards.htm US Thunderstorm distribution]. src.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 13, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015060809/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/key/HTML/tstmhazards.htm |date=2006-10-15 }}</ref>。降雪很常見,得梅因一年有大約26天的降雪,而其他地方,例如雪蘭多,一年大約有11天的降雪<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Iowa/annual-snowfall.php|title=Average Annual Snowfall Totals in Iowa - Current Results|website=Currentresults.com|access-date=2020-04-06|archive-date=2020-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221044826/https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Iowa/annual-snowfall.php}}</ref>。愛荷華州平均每年約有 50 天的雷暴活動。平均每年的龍捲風數是47<ref name="Annual Average Number of Tornadoes">{{cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dmx/?n=iators2013|title=Des Moines, IA|website=noaa.gov|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-date=2014-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821013206/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dmx/?n=iators2013}}</ref>。愛荷華州的夏季以炎熱和潮濕著稱,白天的溫度有時接近32°C,有時超過38°C。該州的平均冬季遠低於冰點,甚至低於-28°C<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.cityofkeokuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Keokuk-Comprehensive-Plan-2018.pdf|title=Keokuk Comprehensive Plan 2018|date=June 2018|access-date=2020-04-06|archive-date=2021-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220154035/http://www.cityofkeokuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Keokuk-Comprehensive-Plan-2018.pdf}}</ref>。1934年7月20日,在全國圍的熱浪期間,愛荷華州的歷史最高溫度為48°C。1912年1月12日,Washta記錄了歷史最低溫度-44°C<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/01/07/washta-coldest-spot-in-iowa/4352579/|title=Site of Iowa's coldest temp shivers with rest of state|last=Munson|first=Kyle|website=USA TODAY|access-date=2020-04-06|archive-date=2020-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228050414/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/01/07/washta-coldest-spot-in-iowa/4352579/}}</ref>。愛荷華州的降水梯度相對平穩,該州東南部地區每年平均降雨量超過970毫米,該州西北部地區每年降雨量不到710毫米<ref>[http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/pcpn/ia.gif Average Annual Precipitation Iowa, 1961–1990 (GIF File)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/pcpn/ia.gif |date=20100213012932 }}—Christopher Daly, Jenny Weisburg</ref>。愛荷華州的降水模式是季節性的,夏季降雨較多。最乾燥的月份是1月或2月,最潮濕的月份是6月,經常有陣雨和雷暴,其中一些會產生冰雹、破壞性大風和或龍捲風。在大致位於該州中部的得梅因,4月至9月的降雨量為882毫米,其中超過三分之二的降雨量來自5月至8月,6月達到峰值<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0231 |title=Average Weather for Des Moines, IA—Temperature and Precipitation, Weather.com, Retrieved 2009-01-07 |publisher=Weather.com |access-date=2010-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203141541/http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0231 |archive-date=2010-12-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>。
愛荷華州全州屬濕潤大陸性氣候,常有極端炎熱和寒冷。得梅因的年平均氣溫為10°C;對於北部的某些地方,例如梅森城,該數字約為7°C,而密西西比河上的Keokuk平均溫度為11°C<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-of-america/iowa-936/|title=Climate Iowa: Temperature, climate graph, Climate table for Iowa - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2020-04-06|archive-date=2019-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424143949/https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-of-america/iowa-936/}}</ref><ref name="Thunderstorm Hazard">[http://www.srh.noaa.gov/key/HTML/tstmhazards.htm US Thunderstorm distribution]. src.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 13, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015060809/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/key/HTML/tstmhazards.htm |date=2006-10-15 }}</ref>。降雪很常見,得梅因一年有大約26天的降雪,而其他地方,例如雪蘭多,一年大約有11天的降雪<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Iowa/annual-snowfall.php|title=Average Annual Snowfall Totals in Iowa - Current Results|website=Currentresults.com|access-date=2020-04-06|archive-date=2020-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221044826/https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Iowa/annual-snowfall.php}}</ref>。愛荷華州平均每年約有 50 天的雷暴活動。平均每年的龍捲風數是47<ref name="Annual Average Number of Tornadoes">{{cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dmx/?n=iators2013|title=Des Moines, IA|website=noaa.gov|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-date=2014-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821013206/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dmx/?n=iators2013}}</ref>。愛荷華州的夏季以炎熱和潮濕著稱,白天的溫度有時接近32°C,有時超過38°C。該州的平均冬季遠低於冰點,甚至低於-28°C<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.cityofkeokuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Keokuk-Comprehensive-Plan-2018.pdf|title=Keokuk Comprehensive Plan 2018|date=June 2018|access-date=2020-04-06|archive-date=2021-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220154035/http://www.cityofkeokuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Keokuk-Comprehensive-Plan-2018.pdf}}</ref>。1934年7月20日,在全國圍的熱浪期間,愛荷華州的歷史最高溫度為48°C。1912年1月12日,Washta記錄了歷史最低溫度-44°C<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/01/07/washta-coldest-spot-in-iowa/4352579/|title=Site of Iowa's coldest temp shivers with rest of state|last=Munson|first=Kyle|website=USA TODAY|access-date=2020-04-06|archive-date=2020-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228050414/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/01/07/washta-coldest-spot-in-iowa/4352579/}}</ref>。愛荷華州的降水梯度相對平穩,該州東南部地區每年平均降雨量超過970毫米,該州西北部地區每年降雨量不到710毫米<ref>[http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/pcpn/ia.gif Average Annual Precipitation Iowa, 1961–1990 (GIF File)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/pcpn/ia.gif |date=20100213012932 }}—Christopher Daly, Jenny Weisburg</ref>。愛荷華州的降水模式是季節性的,夏季降雨較多。最乾燥的月份是1月或2月,最潮濕的月份是6月,經常有陣雨和雷暴,其中一些會產生冰雹、破壞性大風和或龍捲風。在大致位於該州中部的得梅因,4月至9月的降雨量為882毫米,其中超過三分之二的降雨量來自5月至8月,6月達到峰值<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0231 |title=Average Weather for Des Moines, IA—Temperature and Precipitation, Weather.com, Retrieved 2009-01-07 |publisher=Weather.com |access-date=2010-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203141541/http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0231 |archive-date=2010-12-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>。
{| class="wikitable sortable" "text-align: center; font-size: 90%;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" "text-align: center; font-size: 90%;"
|+ 愛荷華州主要城市月均高低溫 (°F)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ustravelweather.com/iowa/|title=Iowa Weather-Iowa Weather Forecast-Iowa Climate|website=ustravelweather.com|access-date=2011-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131181314/http://www.ustravelweather.com/iowa/|archive-date=2011-01-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|+ 愛荷華州主要城市月均高低溫 (°F)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ustravelweather.com/iowa/|title=Iowa Weather-Iowa Weather Forecast-Iowa Climate|website=ustravelweather.com|access-date=2011-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131181314/http://www.ustravelweather.com/iowa/|archive-date=2011-01-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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|footnote=Source: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2021-12-09 |archive-date=2021-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html }}</ref>
|footnote=Source: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2021-12-09 |archive-date=2021-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html }}</ref>
}}
}}
2020年4月1日,美國人口普查局確定愛荷華州的人口為3190369人,比2010年美國人口普查增加了4.73%<ref name="2020 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-tableE.pdf|title=Numeric and Percent Change in Resident Population|website=2020 Census Apportionment Results|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=2021-04-26|access-date=2021-04-27|archive-date=2021-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426202130/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-tableE.pdf}}</ref>。愛荷華州6.5%的人口年齡在5歲以下,22.6%在18歲以下,14.7%年齡在65歲或以上。男性約人口的49.6%。人口密度為每平方英里52.7人。在愛荷華州的居民中,70.8%出生在愛荷華州,23.6%出生在其他州,0.6%出生在[[波多黎各]]和[[島嶼地區]],5%在外國出生。來自美國以外的移民導致人口淨增加29,386人,而美國境內的移民導致淨損失41,140人<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/19000.html |title=U.S. Census quickfacts |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527093102/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/19000.html |archive-date=2010-05-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|title=U.S. Census website|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=1996-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/}}</ref>。根據2016年美國社區調查,愛荷華州5.6%的人口是西班牙裔或拉丁裔:墨西哥裔(4.3%)、波多黎各裔(0.2%)、古巴裔(0.1%)和其他西班牙裔或拉丁裔血統(1.0%)<ref name="ACS2016DEMO">{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey—Demographic and Housing Estimates |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US19 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2018-11-21 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005631/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US19 |archive-date=2020-02-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>。五個最大的群體是:德國裔(35.1%)、愛爾蘭裔(13.5%)、英國裔(8.2%)、本土化血統者(5.8%)和挪威裔(5.0%)<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey—Selected Social Characteristics |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP02/0400000US19 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2018-11-21 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005716/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP02/0400000US19 |archive-date=2020-02-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>。
2020年4月1日,美國人口普查局確定愛荷華州的人口為3190369人,比2010年美國人口普查增加了4.73%<ref name="2020 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-tableE.pdf|title=Numeric and Percent Change in Resident Population|website=2020 Census Apportionment Results|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=2021-04-26|access-date=2021-04-27|archive-date=2021-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426202130/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-tableE.pdf}}</ref>。愛荷華州6.5%的人口年齡在5歲以下,22.6%在18歲以下,14.7%年齡在65歲或以上。男性約人口的49.6%。人口密度為每平方英里52.7人。在愛荷華州的居民中,70.8%出生在愛荷華州,23.6%出生在其他州,0.6%出生在[[波多黎各]]和[[島嶼地區]],5%在外國出生。來自美國以外的移民導致人口淨增加29,386人,而美國境內的移民導致淨損失41,140人<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/19000.html |title=U.S. Census quickfacts |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527093102/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/19000.html |archive-date=2010-05-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|title=U.S. Census website|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=1996-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/}}</ref>。根據2016年美國社區調查,愛荷華州5.6%的人口是西班牙裔或拉丁裔:墨西哥裔(4.3%)、波多黎各裔(0.2%)、古巴裔(0.1%)和其他西班牙裔或拉丁裔血統(1.0%)<ref name="ACS2016DEMO">{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey—Demographic and Housing Estimates |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US19 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2018-11-21 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005631/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US19 |archive-date=2020-02-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>。五個最大的群體是:德國裔(35.1%)、愛爾蘭裔(13.5%)、英國裔(8.2%)、本土化血統者(5.8%)和挪威裔(5.0%)<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey—Selected Social Characteristics |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP02/0400000US19 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2018-11-21 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005716/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP02/0400000US19 |archive-date=2020-02-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>。
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible nowrap" style="text-align: right; display:inline-table;"
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible nowrap" style="text-align: right; display:inline-table;"
|+ '''愛荷華州人口種族構成'''<ref name="ACS2019DEMO">{{cite web |title=2019 American Community Survey—Demographic and Housing Estimates |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2021-04-28 |archive-date=1996-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ }}</ref>
|+ '''愛荷華州人口種族構成'''<ref name="ACS2019DEMO">{{cite web |title=2019 American Community Survey—Demographic and Housing Estimates |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2021-04-28 |archive-date=1996-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ }}</ref>
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2016年,愛荷華州全州總就業人口1354487人,用人單位總數81563個<ref>{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Iowa |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/IA |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=2020-01-01 |archive-date=2019-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110053724/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/IA }}</ref>。CNBC 的“2010 年最佳商業州”名單將愛荷華州列為全美第六大州。在10個單獨的類別中,愛荷華州在“經商成本”方面排名第一;這包括所有稅收、公用事業成本和其他與開展業務相關的成本。愛荷華州的“經濟”排名第 10,“商業友好度”排名第 12,“教育”排名第 16,“生活成本”和“生活質量”排名第 17,“勞動力”排名第 20,“技術與創新”排名第29 ,“交通”排第32位,最低位為“資本進入”排第36位<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/37516043 |title=America's Top States for Business in 2010 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=2011-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226183123/http://www.cnbc.com/id/37516043 |archive-date=2011-12-26 }}</ref>。
2016年,愛荷華州全州總就業人口1354487人,用人單位總數81563個<ref>{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Iowa |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/IA |website=Census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=2020-01-01 |archive-date=2019-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110053724/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/IA }}</ref>。CNBC 的“2010 年最佳商業州”名單將愛荷華州列為全美第六大州。在10個單獨的類別中,愛荷華州在“經商成本”方面排名第一;這包括所有稅收、公用事業成本和其他與開展業務相關的成本。愛荷華州的“經濟”排名第 10,“商業友好度”排名第 12,“教育”排名第 16,“生活成本”和“生活質量”排名第 17,“勞動力”排名第 20,“技術與創新”排名第29 ,“交通”排第32位,最低位為“資本進入”排第36位<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/37516043 |title=America's Top States for Business in 2010 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=2011-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226183123/http://www.cnbc.com/id/37516043 |archive-date=2011-12-26 }}</ref>。


雖然愛荷華州通常被視為農業州,但農業在該州多元化經濟中所的比重相對較小,製造業、生物技術、金融和保險服務以及政府服務對愛荷華州的經濟做出了重大貢獻。這種經濟多樣性幫助愛荷華州比大多數州更好地度過了2000年代後期的衰退,失業率大大低於全國其他地區。如果以國內生產總值衡量經濟,2005年愛荷華州的GDP約為1240億美元。如果按國家生產總值計算,2005年為1135億美元。2006年人均收入為23,340美元。2009年7月2日,標準普爾將愛荷華州的信用評級為AAA。截至2021年9月,該州的失業率為4.0%。<ref>Iowa State University. [http://www.recap.iastate.edu/atlas/industries/gdp-by-state-industry.php Gross domestic product by sector and state]. Regional Capacity Analysis Program. Retrieved on: April 26, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009025120/http://www.recap.iastate.edu/atlas/industries/gdp-by-state-industry.php |date=2008-10-09 }}</ref><ref name="Facts">{{cite web |url=http://www.statelibraryofiowa.org/datacenter/quickfacts |title=Iowa Quick Facts—State Data Center |publisher=Statelibraryofiowa.org |date=2010-06-28 |access-date=2010-07-31 |archive-date=2010-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104011507/http://www.statelibraryofiowa.org/datacenter/quickfacts }}</ref><ref>Iowa officials tout credit rating, argue it shows state's finances are strong, ''Associated Press'' July 3, 2009, [http://www.timesrepublican.com/page/content.detail/id/84311.html?isap=1&nav=5013 Timesrepublican.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907071322/http://www.timesrepublican.com/page/content.detail/id/84311.html?isap=1&nav=5013 |date=2010-09-07 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-22|title=Iowa's Unemployment Rate Falls To 4.0 Percent In September|url=https://www.iowaworkforcedevelopment.gov/iowas-unemployment-rate-falls-40-percent-september|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-07|archive-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108211151/https://www.iowaworkforcedevelopment.gov/iowas-unemployment-rate-falls-40-percent-september}}</ref>
雖然愛荷華州通常被視為農業州,但農業在該州多元化經濟中所的比重相對較小,製造業、生物技術、金融和保險服務以及政府服務對愛荷華州的經濟做出了重大貢獻。這種經濟多樣性幫助愛荷華州比大多數州更好地度過了2000年代後期的衰退,失業率大大低於全國其他地區。如果以國內生產總值衡量經濟,2005年愛荷華州的GDP約為1240億美元。如果按國家生產總值計算,2005年為1135億美元。2006年人均收入為23,340美元。2009年7月2日,標準普爾將愛荷華州的信用評級為AAA。截至2021年9月,該州的失業率為4.0%。<ref>Iowa State University. [http://www.recap.iastate.edu/atlas/industries/gdp-by-state-industry.php Gross domestic product by sector and state]. Regional Capacity Analysis Program. Retrieved on: April 26, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009025120/http://www.recap.iastate.edu/atlas/industries/gdp-by-state-industry.php |date=2008-10-09 }}</ref><ref name="Facts">{{cite web |url=http://www.statelibraryofiowa.org/datacenter/quickfacts |title=Iowa Quick Facts—State Data Center |publisher=Statelibraryofiowa.org |date=2010-06-28 |access-date=2010-07-31 |archive-date=2010-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104011507/http://www.statelibraryofiowa.org/datacenter/quickfacts }}</ref><ref>Iowa officials tout credit rating, argue it shows state's finances are strong, ''Associated Press'' July 3, 2009, [http://www.timesrepublican.com/page/content.detail/id/84311.html?isap=1&nav=5013 Timesrepublican.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907071322/http://www.timesrepublican.com/page/content.detail/id/84311.html?isap=1&nav=5013 |date=2010-09-07 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-22|title=Iowa's Unemployment Rate Falls To 4.0 Percent In September|url=https://www.iowaworkforcedevelopment.gov/iowas-unemployment-rate-falls-40-percent-september|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-07|archive-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108211151/https://www.iowaworkforcedevelopment.gov/iowas-unemployment-rate-falls-40-percent-september}}</ref>


製造業是愛荷華州經濟的最大部門,主要製造業包括食品加工、重型機械和農業化學品。愛荷華州16%的勞動力致力於製造業。食品加工是製造業的最大組成部分。除加工食品外,工業產品還包括機械、電氣設備、化工產品、出版和初級金屬。[[可再生能源]]已成為愛荷華州北部和西部的主要經濟力量,風力渦輪機發電量自1990年以來呈指數級增長。2019年,愛荷華州風電發電量的42%,發電量達10,201兆瓦。愛荷華州在美國各州的風能總發電量中排名第一,在風力發電能力方面僅次於德克薩斯州。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tysonfoods.com/Our-Story/Locations.aspx|publisher=Tysonfoods.com|title=Our story-locations|access-date=2014-07-16|archive-date=2014-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704071233/http://www.tysonfoods.com/Our-Story/Locations.aspx}}</ref><ref name="eia_epm0217">{{cite web|title=Electric Power Monthly|url=http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration|access-date=2020-06-02|archive-date=2018-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206223444/http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/}}</ref>
製造業是愛荷華州經濟的最大部門,主要製造業包括食品加工、重型機械和農業化學品。愛荷華州16%的勞動力致力於製造業。食品加工是製造業的最大組成部分。除加工食品外,工業產品還包括機械、電氣設備、化工產品、出版和初級金屬。[[可再生能源]]已成為愛荷華州北部和西部的主要經濟力量,風力渦輪機發電量自1990年以來呈指數級增長。2019年,愛荷華州風電發電量的42%,發電量達10,201兆瓦。愛荷華州在美國各州的風能總發電量中排名第一,在風力發電能力方面僅次於德克薩斯州。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tysonfoods.com/Our-Story/Locations.aspx|publisher=Tysonfoods.com|title=Our story-locations|access-date=2014-07-16|archive-date=2014-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704071233/http://www.tysonfoods.com/Our-Story/Locations.aspx}}</ref><ref name="eia_epm0217">{{cite web|title=Electric Power Monthly|url=http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration|access-date=2020-06-02|archive-date=2018-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206223444/http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/}}</ref>


工業規模的商品農業在愛荷華州的大部分地區占主導地位,[[有機農業]]部門也在迅速增長,愛荷華州的有機農場總數在全美排名第五。2016年,全州有機農場約732個,比上年增長約5%;有機畝103136畝,比上年增加9429畝<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/money/agriculture/2017/11/03/looking-greater-profits-more-iowa-farmers-move-organic-corn-soybeans/821234001/|title=Looking for greater profits, more Iowa farmers move to organic corn, soybeans|author=Eller, Donnelle|date=2017-11-03|newspaper=The Des Moines Register|access-date=2019-01-21|archive-date=2021-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220152205/https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/money/agriculture/2017/11/03/looking-greater-profits-more-iowa-farmers-move-organic-corn-soybeans/821234001/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.iowaorganic.org/|title=Iowa Organic Association|access-date=2019-04-16|archive-date=2019-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416151849/https://www.iowaorganic.org/}}</ref>。愛荷華州對當地可持續種植的食物的需求也有所增加。愛荷華州東北部在發展其區域食品系統方面處於領先地位,並且比愛荷華州任何其他地區種植和消費的本地食品都多<ref>{{citation|url=https://northeastiowarcd.org/wp-content/uploads/LF-Expansion-Plan_FINALWEB_Version.pdf|title=Northeast Iowa Local Foods Expansion Plan|publisher=Northeast Iowa Resource Conservation and Development|access-date=2019-01-21|archive-date=2019-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232925/https://northeastiowarcd.org/wp-content/uploads/LF-Expansion-Plan_FINALWEB_Version.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://northeastiowarcd.org/category/grow-the-local-food-system/|title=Grow The Local Food System|publisher=Northeast Iowa Resource Conservation and Development|access-date=2019-01-21|archive-date=2019-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122044054/https://northeastiowarcd.org/category/grow-the-local-food-system/}}</ref>。截至2007年,常規農產品的直接生產和銷售僅愛荷華州生產總值的3.5%左右。2002年,農業對愛荷華州經濟的間接影響,包括農業附屬企業,計算出的附加值分別為16.4%和總產出的24.3%。這低於非農製造業對經濟的影響,後者總增加值的22.4% 和總產值的26.5%。愛荷華州的主要傳統農產品是豬、玉米、大豆、燕麥、牛、雞蛋和乳製品<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/isu/genres/10180.html|title=Multiple Measures of the Role of Agriculture in Iowa's Economy|author1=Swenson, David A|author2=Eathington, Liesl|date=2002-12-01|publisher=Iowa State University, Department of Economics|agency=Staff General Research Papers, number 10180|access-date=2014-07-26|archive-date=2014-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715030735/http://ideas.repec.org/p/isu/genres/10180.html}}</ref>。愛荷華州是美國最大的玉米生產州和大豆主產區,2008年愛荷華州的92,600個農場生產了全國19%的玉米、17%的大豆、30%的生豬和14%的雞蛋<ref name=sdggg>{{cite web|url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=19&StateName=Iowa#.U8Q5wbEXtQs|title=Iowa State Fact Sheets|author=USDA|access-date=2015-02-21|archive-date=2015-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222014931/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=19&StateName=Iowa#.U8Q5wbEXtQs}}</ref>。乙醇生產消耗了愛荷華州約三分之一的玉米產量,可再生燃料該州國內生產總值的8%。2009年共有39家乙醇工廠生產了31億美國加侖(12,000,000立方米)燃料<ref name="ethanol1">{{cite web|url=http://gazetteonline.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/2010/02/26/ethanol-mandate-wouldn%e2%80%99t-help-prices |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208135435/http://gazetteonline.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/2010/02/26/ethanol-mandate-wouldn%E2%80%99t-help-prices |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-12-08 |title=Ethanol mandate wouldn't help prices |date=2010-02-26 |publisher=Cedar Rapids Gazette |access-date=2010-04-04 }}</ref>。
工業規模的商品農業在愛荷華州的大部分地區占主導地位,[[有機農業]]部門也在迅速增長,愛荷華州的有機農場總數在全美排名第五。2016年,全州有機農場約732個,比上年增長約5%;有機畝103136畝,比上年增加9429畝<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/money/agriculture/2017/11/03/looking-greater-profits-more-iowa-farmers-move-organic-corn-soybeans/821234001/|title=Looking for greater profits, more Iowa farmers move to organic corn, soybeans|author=Eller, Donnelle|date=2017-11-03|newspaper=The Des Moines Register|access-date=2019-01-21|archive-date=2021-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220152205/https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/money/agriculture/2017/11/03/looking-greater-profits-more-iowa-farmers-move-organic-corn-soybeans/821234001/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.iowaorganic.org/|title=Iowa Organic Association|access-date=2019-04-16|archive-date=2019-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416151849/https://www.iowaorganic.org/}}</ref>。愛荷華州對當地可持續種植的食物的需求也有所增加。愛荷華州東北部在發展其區域食品系統方面處於領先地位,並且比愛荷華州任何其他地區種植和消費的本地食品都多<ref>{{citation|url=https://northeastiowarcd.org/wp-content/uploads/LF-Expansion-Plan_FINALWEB_Version.pdf|title=Northeast Iowa Local Foods Expansion Plan|publisher=Northeast Iowa Resource Conservation and Development|access-date=2019-01-21|archive-date=2019-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232925/https://northeastiowarcd.org/wp-content/uploads/LF-Expansion-Plan_FINALWEB_Version.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://northeastiowarcd.org/category/grow-the-local-food-system/|title=Grow The Local Food System|publisher=Northeast Iowa Resource Conservation and Development|access-date=2019-01-21|archive-date=2019-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122044054/https://northeastiowarcd.org/category/grow-the-local-food-system/}}</ref>。截至2007年,常規農產品的直接生產和銷售僅愛荷華州生產總值的3.5%左右。2002年,農業對愛荷華州經濟的間接影響,包括農業附屬企業,計算出的附加值分別為16.4%和總產出的24.3%。這低於非農製造業對經濟的影響,後者總增加值的22.4% 和總產值的26.5%。愛荷華州的主要傳統農產品是豬、玉米、大豆、燕麥、牛、雞蛋和乳製品<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/isu/genres/10180.html|title=Multiple Measures of the Role of Agriculture in Iowa's Economy|author1=Swenson, David A|author2=Eathington, Liesl|date=2002-12-01|publisher=Iowa State University, Department of Economics|agency=Staff General Research Papers, number 10180|access-date=2014-07-26|archive-date=2014-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715030735/http://ideas.repec.org/p/isu/genres/10180.html}}</ref>。愛荷華州是美國最大的玉米生產州和大豆主產區,2008年愛荷華州的92,600個農場生產了全國19%的玉米、17%的大豆、30%的生豬和14%的雞蛋<ref name=sdggg>{{cite web|url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=19&StateName=Iowa#.U8Q5wbEXtQs|title=Iowa State Fact Sheets|author=USDA|access-date=2015-02-21|archive-date=2015-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222014931/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=19&StateName=Iowa#.U8Q5wbEXtQs}}</ref>。乙醇生產消耗了愛荷華州約三分之一的玉米產量,可再生燃料該州國內生產總值的8%。2009年共有39家乙醇工廠生產了31億美國加侖(12,000,000立方米)燃料<ref name="ethanol1">{{cite web|url=http://gazetteonline.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/2010/02/26/ethanol-mandate-wouldn%e2%80%99t-help-prices |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208135435/http://gazetteonline.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/2010/02/26/ethanol-mandate-wouldn%E2%80%99t-help-prices |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-12-08 |title=Ethanol mandate wouldn't help prices |date=2010-02-26 |publisher=Cedar Rapids Gazette |access-date=2010-04-04 }}</ref>。
[[File:Ethanol butler co iowa.jpg|240px|缩略图|位在[[巴特勒縣 (愛阿華州)|巴特勒縣]],正在興建中的[[乙醇]]工廠]]
[[File:Ethanol butler co iowa.jpg|240px|缩略图|位在[[巴特勒縣 (愛阿華州)|巴特勒縣]],正在興建中的[[乙醇]]工廠]]


== 教育 ==
== 教育 ==
愛荷華州是高中運動的主要州之一,並且今天仍然是教育表現最好的州之一<ref>Goldin C, Katz LF. [https://scholar.harvard.edu/lkatz/publications/why-united-states-led-education-lessons-secondary-school-expansion-1910-1940 Why the United States Led in Education: Lessons from Secondary School Expansion, 1910 to 1940] {{Wayback|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/lkatz/publications/why-united-states-led-education-lessons-secondary-school-expansion-1910-1940 |date=20210211203143 }}. In: Eltis D, Lewis F, Sokoloff K Human Capital and Institutions. Cambridge University Press ; 2009.</ref>。2017年高中生的四年畢業率為91.3%<ref name="Grad rate 2016">{{cite web|url=https://educateiowa.gov/about-iowas-education-system|title=About the Iowa Education System|publisher=Iowa Department of Education|access-date=2019-11-03|archive-date=2019-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103234650/https://educateiowa.gov/about-iowas-education-system}}</ref>。愛荷華州有333個學區共1,329座校舍,學生與教師的比例為1:14.2<ref name="NEA">{{cite web|title=Rankings And Estimates Report 2018|publisher=National Education Association|url=https://www.nea.org/assets/docs/180413-Rankings_And_Estimates_Report_2018.pdf|access-date=2019-11-03|archive-date=2019-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112074604/http://www.nea.org/assets/docs/180413-Rankings_And_Estimates_Report_2018.pdf}}</ref>。交通支出是農村學區預算的重要組成部分,因為許多學區地域遼闊,必須遠距離運送學生<ref>{{cite web|author=Boden, Sarah|url=http://iowapublicradio.org/post/lawmakers-scrounge-bus-money-rural-school-districts|title=Lawmakers Scrounge Up Bus Money for Rural School Districts|publisher=[[Iowa Public Radio]]|date=2015-02-03|access-date=2018-06-18|archive-date=2018-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617193409/http://iowapublicradio.org/post/lawmakers-scrounge-bus-money-rural-school-districts}}</ref>。該州最古老的學校建築位於貝爾維尤歷史悠久的傑克遜縣法院大樓,自1848年以來一直作為學校使用<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Telegraph Herald|url=https://www.telegraphherald.com/news/tri-state/article_36b1a715-bca2-5ddc-956f-52e599a753bc.html|title=Bellevue school board sets referendum for $16 million bond issuance|access-date=2019-11-03|archive-date=2019-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103234640/https://www.telegraphherald.com/news/tri-state/article_36b1a715-bca2-5ddc-956f-52e599a753bc.html}}</ref>。2003年,愛荷華州的[[SAT考試]]平均成績為全美第二高分,並在超過20%的畢業生參加測試的SAT平均成績亦為全美第二高分。[[ACT]]試務中心位於愛荷華城,ITBS與ITED試務系統由[[愛荷華大學]]建構。愛荷華有[[愛荷華大學]]、[[愛荷華州立大學]]、[[北愛荷華大學]]3所州立大學,62所公立和私立大学和28所社區大學。<ref name="BoR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iowaregents.edu/the-board/faq/what-is-the-board-of-regents|title=What is the Board of Regents?|date=2016-06-22|website=Iowaregents.edu|access-date=2020-04-15|archive-date=2020-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611125406/https://www.iowaregents.edu/the-board/faq/what-is-the-board-of-regents}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/srp.php?clq=%7B%22basic2005_ids%22:%2215%22%7D&start_page=standard.php|title=Carnegie Classifications {{!}} Standard Listings|website=carnegieclassifications.iu.edu|access-date=2020-04-21|archive-date=2020-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611141751/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/srp.php?clq=%7B%22basic2005_ids%22:%2215%22%7D&start_page=standard.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aau.edu/who-we-are/our-members|title=Our Members {{!}} Association of American Universities (AAU)|website=Aau.edu|access-date=2020-04-21|archive-date=2021-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111193305/https://www.aau.edu/who-we-are/our-members}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donovan |first1=Todd |last2=Redlawsk |first2=David |last3=Tolbert |first3=Caroline |date=September 2014 |title=The 2012 Iowa Republican Caucus and Its Effects on the Presidential Nomination Contest |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_presidential-studies-quarterly_2014-09_44_3/page/447 |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=447–466 |doi=10.1111/psq.12132 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Swenson|first=David|title=The Economic Impact of the Iowa Caucus: Gauging the Worth of Its First‐in‐the‐Nation Position?|date=April 2008|url=https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/research/webpapers/paper_12911.pdf|access-date=2020-04-22|archive-date=2020-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404001453/http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/research/webpapers/paper_12911.pdf}}</ref>
愛荷華州是高中運動的主要州之一,並且今天仍然是教育表現最好的州之一<ref>Goldin C, Katz LF. [https://scholar.harvard.edu/lkatz/publications/why-united-states-led-education-lessons-secondary-school-expansion-1910-1940 Why the United States Led in Education: Lessons from Secondary School Expansion, 1910 to 1940] {{Wayback|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/lkatz/publications/why-united-states-led-education-lessons-secondary-school-expansion-1910-1940 |date=20210211203143 }}. In: Eltis D, Lewis F, Sokoloff K Human Capital and Institutions. Cambridge University Press ; 2009.</ref>。2017年高中生的四年畢業率為91.3%<ref name="Grad rate 2016">{{cite web|url=https://educateiowa.gov/about-iowas-education-system|title=About the Iowa Education System|publisher=Iowa Department of Education|access-date=2019-11-03|archive-date=2019-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103234650/https://educateiowa.gov/about-iowas-education-system}}</ref>。愛荷華州有333個學區共1,329座校舍,學生與教師的比例為1:14.2<ref name="NEA">{{cite web|title=Rankings And Estimates Report 2018|publisher=National Education Association|url=https://www.nea.org/assets/docs/180413-Rankings_And_Estimates_Report_2018.pdf|access-date=2019-11-03|archive-date=2019-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112074604/http://www.nea.org/assets/docs/180413-Rankings_And_Estimates_Report_2018.pdf}}</ref>。交通支出是農村學區預算的重要組成部分,因為許多學區地域遼闊,必須遠距離運送學生<ref>{{cite web|author=Boden, Sarah|url=http://iowapublicradio.org/post/lawmakers-scrounge-bus-money-rural-school-districts|title=Lawmakers Scrounge Up Bus Money for Rural School Districts|publisher=[[Iowa Public Radio]]|date=2015-02-03|access-date=2018-06-18|archive-date=2018-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617193409/http://iowapublicradio.org/post/lawmakers-scrounge-bus-money-rural-school-districts}}</ref>。該州最古老的學校建築位於貝爾維尤歷史悠久的傑克遜縣法院大樓,自1848年以來一直作為學校使用<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Telegraph Herald|url=https://www.telegraphherald.com/news/tri-state/article_36b1a715-bca2-5ddc-956f-52e599a753bc.html|title=Bellevue school board sets referendum for $16 million bond issuance|access-date=2019-11-03|archive-date=2019-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103234640/https://www.telegraphherald.com/news/tri-state/article_36b1a715-bca2-5ddc-956f-52e599a753bc.html}}</ref>。2003年,愛荷華州的[[SAT考試]]平均成績為全美第二高分,並在超過20%的畢業生參加測試的SAT平均成績亦為全美第二高分。[[ACT (测验)|ACT]]試務中心位於愛荷華城,ITBS與ITED試務系統由[[愛荷華大學]]建構。愛荷華有[[愛荷華大學]]、[[愛荷華州立大學]]、[[北愛荷華大學]]3所州立大學,62所公立和私立大学和28所社區大學。<ref name="BoR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iowaregents.edu/the-board/faq/what-is-the-board-of-regents|title=What is the Board of Regents?|date=2016-06-22|website=Iowaregents.edu|access-date=2020-04-15|archive-date=2020-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611125406/https://www.iowaregents.edu/the-board/faq/what-is-the-board-of-regents}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/srp.php?clq=%7B%22basic2005_ids%22:%2215%22%7D&start_page=standard.php|title=Carnegie Classifications {{!}} Standard Listings|website=carnegieclassifications.iu.edu|access-date=2020-04-21|archive-date=2020-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611141751/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/srp.php?clq=%7B%22basic2005_ids%22:%2215%22%7D&start_page=standard.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aau.edu/who-we-are/our-members|title=Our Members {{!}} Association of American Universities (AAU)|website=Aau.edu|access-date=2020-04-21|archive-date=2021-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111193305/https://www.aau.edu/who-we-are/our-members}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donovan |first1=Todd |last2=Redlawsk |first2=David |last3=Tolbert |first3=Caroline |date=September 2014 |title=The 2012 Iowa Republican Caucus and Its Effects on the Presidential Nomination Contest |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_presidential-studies-quarterly_2014-09_44_3/page/447 |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=447–466 |doi=10.1111/psq.12132 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Swenson|first=David|title=The Economic Impact of the Iowa Caucus: Gauging the Worth of Its First‐in‐the‐Nation Position?|date=April 2008|url=https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/research/webpapers/paper_12911.pdf|access-date=2020-04-22|archive-date=2020-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404001453/http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/research/webpapers/paper_12911.pdf}}</ref>


== 政治 ==
== 政治 ==
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** 洋杉激流市麥粒(Cedar Rapids Kernals,1A級中西部聯盟,母隊:[[洛杉磯安那罕天使]])
** 洋杉激流市麥粒(Cedar Rapids Kernals,1A級中西部聯盟,母隊:[[洛杉磯安那罕天使]])
** 四聯市搖擺(Swing of Quad Cities,1A級中西部聯盟,母隊:[[聖路易紅雀]])
** 四聯市搖擺(Swing of Quad Cities,1A級中西部聯盟,母隊:[[聖路易紅雀]])
** 柯林頓伐木王(Clinton Lumber Kings,1A級中西部聯盟,母隊:[[德克薩斯遊騎兵 (棒球)|德克薩斯遊騎兵]])
** 柯林頓伐木王(Clinton Lumber Kings,1A級中西部聯盟,母隊:[[德遊騎兵]])
[[File:June 23, 2006 657 2.JPG|240px|缩略图|夏季時於[[克林頓縣 (愛阿華州)|克林頓縣]](Clinton County)舉辦的[[熱氣球]]比賽]]
[[File:June 23, 2006 657 2.JPG|240px|缩略图|夏季時於[[克林頓縣 (愛阿華州)|克林頓縣]](Clinton County)舉辦的[[熱氣球]]比賽]]


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== 友好行政區 ==
== 友好行政區 ==
艾奥瓦州与下列行政区有友好合作关系:<ref name="">{{cite web |url=https://www.iowasisterstates.org/about.html |title=Iowa Sister States |language=en |publisher=Iowa Sister States |accessdate=2023-08-02 |archive-date=2023-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802084522/https://www.iowasisterstates.org/about.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

* {{flag|日本}}[[山梨縣]](1960年)
* {{flag|日本}}[[山梨縣]](1960年)
* {{flag|墨西哥}}[[尤卡坦州]](1964年)
* {{flag|墨西哥}}[[尤卡坦州]](1965年)
* {{flag|中华人民共和国}}[[河北省]](1983)
* {{flag|中华人民共和国}}[[河北省]](1983年)
* {{flag|马来西亚}}[[登嘉樓州]](1987)
* {{flag|中华民国}}臺灣(1989年)
* {{flag|中华民国}}[[臺灣省 (中華民國)|臺灣省]](1989)
* {{flag|乌克兰}}[[切爾卡瑟州]](1996年)
* {{flag|俄罗斯}}[[斯塔夫羅波爾邊疆區]](1989)
* {{flag|意大利}}[[威尼托大區]](1997年)
* {{flag|乌克兰}}[[切尔卡瑟区]](1996)
* {{flag|科索沃}}(2013年)
* {{flag|意大利}}[[威尼托大區]](1997)
* {{flag|科索沃}}[[普里什蒂納州]](2013)


== 註釋 ==
== 註釋 ==

2024年4月22日 (一) 00:39的最新版本

41°52′41″N 93°05′52″W / 41.8780025°N 93.097702°W / 41.8780025; -93.097702

愛荷華州
 美国联邦州
State of Iowa
綽號:鷹眼之州[1]
地图中高亮部分为愛荷華州
地图中高亮部分为愛荷華州
坐标:40°23'N-43°30'N, 89°5'W-96°31'W
国家 美国
建州前艾奥瓦领地
加入聯邦1846年12月28日
(第29个加入联邦)
首府
最大城市
德梅因
政府
 • 州长英语List of Governors of {{{Name}}}]]
 • 副州长英语List of lieutenant governors of {{{Name}}}]]
金·雷諾斯英语Kim ReynoldsR
亞當·格雷格英语Adam GreggR
联邦参议员英语List of United States Senators from {{{Name}}}]]查克·葛雷斯利R
喬尼·恩斯特R)
面积
 • 总计145,743 平方公里(56,272 平方英里)
面积排名全美第26
尺寸
 • 长度500 千米(300 英里)
 • 宽度320 千米(200 英里)
海拔335 公尺(1,099 英尺)
最高海拔509 公尺(1,670 英尺)
最低海拔146 公尺(479 英尺)
人口
 • 排名全美第30名
 • 收入排名全美第名
语言
 • 官方语言英語
郵政代碼IA
ISO 3166码US-IA
时区[[UTC北美中部時區UTC-6/UTC-5]]({{{timezone1}}})
網站www.iowa.gov
「Iowa」的各地常用譯名
中国大陸艾奥瓦州[2]
臺灣愛荷華州

愛荷華州[註 1](英語:State of Iowa)是美國中西部的一個。東北部接壤威斯康星州,東部和東南部接壤伊利諾州,南部接壤密蘇里州,西部接壤內布拉斯加州南達科他州在其西北部,明尼蘇達州在其北部。

在18世紀和19世紀初,愛荷華州是法屬路易斯安那和西班牙屬路易斯安那的一部分;後于1846年加入美国。根據2020年的人口普查,愛荷華州的總面積排名第26,人口在美國50個州中排名第31,為3,190,369人。該州的首府德梅因同时是本州人口最多的城市[3]。內布拉斯加州的奧馬哈都會區的一部分延伸到了愛荷華州西南部的三個縣[4]。愛荷華州被列為美國最安全的州之一[5]

愛荷華州为美国重要农业基地,2008年生產了美國全國19%的玉米、17%的大豆、30%的生豬和14%的雞蛋[6]。20世纪中后期,愛荷華州由農業經濟為主過渡到多元化經濟,如高級製造業、金融保險生物技術綠色能源產品等。[7][8]

歷史

[编辑]
1718年繪製的愛荷華州地圖

愛荷華名稱源自印第安部落「Ioway」。當美洲印第安人在13,000多年前首次抵達現在的愛荷華州時,他們是生活在更新世冰川邊緣的獵人和採集者。美洲印第安人適應了當地的環境和生態系統,到歐洲探險家和貿易商訪問愛荷華州時,美洲印第安人主要是擁有復雜經濟、社會和政治體系的定居農民。3000多年前,愛荷華州的美洲印第安人開始利用馴化植物。隨後的林地時期對農業和社會復雜性的依賴增加,土墩、陶瓷和專業生活的使用增加。大約從公元900年開始,玉米使用量的增加和社會變革導致了社會繁榮和大型聚落的產生[9]

1673年,雅克·马凯特路易·喬利埃沿密西西比河进行探险期间抵达艾奥瓦东部,这是欧洲人首次抵达该地。由于此地距离出海口和经济中心较远,早期殖民者大多数是法国英国的皮毛贸易商,因此此地没有大型定居点,只有为数众多的商站。1763年之前,此地属于法国北美殖民地新法兰西路易斯安那行政区,但也有英国人活动。1763年英法七年战争后,法国与西班牙签署了签署了1762年枫丹白露条约,艾奥瓦地区被割让给了西班牙。此后,该地的的贸易大受打击。不过,由于不久后该地的法国裔德国裔移民发动叛乱,艾奥瓦地区又重新回到法国的统治[10][11][12]

1803年,饱受战争打击的法兰西第一帝国因财政拮据不得不把路易斯安那出售给美国,史称“路易斯安那购地案”,艾奥瓦成为美国的路易斯安那领地的一部分[13]。為了控制貿易並建立美國對密西西比河上游的統治地位,美國在此建造了麥迪遜堡,美國政府鼓勵移民在密西西比河東邊定居,並將印第安人遷往西邊[14][15]。第一批美國定居者於1833年6月正式移居愛荷華州,主要是來自俄亥俄州、賓夕法尼亞州、紐約州、印第安納州、肯塔基州和維吉尼亞州的家庭,他們沿著密西西比河西岸定居,建立了現代城市的迪比克和貝爾維尤。1838年7月4日,美國國會設立艾奥瓦领地,當時有 22 個縣和 23,242 人口。这个领地包含的地区不仅仅是艾奥瓦州全境,还包括密苏里河以东和密西西比河干流以西之间的土地。1846年12月28日,爱荷华领地东南部建州为爱荷华州;其余部分则成为无建制领土。由于艾奥瓦州全境处于玉米带,加上密苏里妥协案的规定,建立的艾奥瓦州是自由州[16][17]

愛荷華州在內戰期間支持聯邦,該州沒有發生任何戰鬥,但愛荷華州向軍隊和東部城市運送了大量食物,在總人口675,000人中,約有116,000人服兵役[18]。愛荷華州在內戰軍事服務中貢獻的人數比北方或南方的任何其他州都多,還向武裝部隊派遣了超過75,000名志願者,其中超過六分之一在南方投降之前被殺[19]。內戰之後,愛荷華州的人口繼續急劇增長,從1860年的674,913人增加到1880年的1,624,615人[20][21]

1917年,美國加入了第一次世界大戰,愛荷華州的農民經歷了戰時經濟帶來的繁榮,在經濟結構上愛荷華州也發生了變化,商業和製造業逐漸增加。但從農業經濟向混合經濟的轉變進展緩慢。在大蕭條和第二次世界大戰加速了小農耕作向較大的農場的轉變,開始了城市化的趨勢。第二次世界大戰後的時期製造業快速增長[22][23][24]

1980年代的農業危機導致愛荷華州出現嚴重衰退,造成大蕭條以來未見的貧困,這場危機引發了長達十年的人口下降。在80年代觸底反彈後,愛荷華州的經濟開始減少對農業的依賴。到21世紀初,它的經濟特點是製造、生物技術、金融和保險服務以及政府服務的混合。自1900年人口普查以來,愛荷華州的人口增長速度比整個美國慢,儘管愛荷華州現在主要是城市人口。愛荷華州經濟發展局成立於 2011年,取代了愛荷華州經濟發展部[25][26]

地理

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愛荷華州水系圖

愛荷華州東臨密西西比河,西接密蘇里河,是唯一一個東西邊界幾乎完全由河流構成的州[27][28]。北部邊界是一條沿北緯43度30分的線。南部邊界是得梅因河和一條沿北緯約40度35分的不太直的線[29][30]。愛荷華州的岩石地質歷史一般從東到西年齡遞減。在愛荷華州西北部,白堊紀基岩已有7400萬年的歷史;在愛荷華州東部寒武紀基岩可追溯到五億年前[31]。連綿的黃土丘陵位於該州西部邊界,其中一些丘陵厚達數百英尺,沿密西西比河上游的愛荷華州東北部由陡峭的山丘和山谷組成.[32][33][34]。在歐洲人定居之前,該州有400到600萬英畝的土地被濕地覆蓋,其中約95%的濕地已被排乾[35][36]

愛荷華州的自然植被是高地草原和熱帶稀樹草原,洪氾平原和受保護的河谷有茂密的森林和濕地,北部草原地區有坑洼濕地。愛荷華州的大部分地區用於農業;農田占全州的60%,草原占30%,森林占7%;城市和水域各占1%[37]。愛荷華州南部被歸類為中央森林-草原過渡生態區,愛荷華州北部較乾燥的部分被歸類為中央大草原的一部分[38][39]。愛荷華州缺乏自然區域;曾經覆蓋愛荷華州大部分地區的草原只有不到1%完好無損;該州濕地僅存約5%,大部分原始森林已消失[40]。高密度牲畜設施數量的激增導致農村水污染加劇和空氣質量下降。其他對愛荷華州環境產生負面影響的因素包括老式燃煤發電廠的廣泛使用、作物生產中的肥料和殺蟲劑對地下水的污染[41][42][43][44]

愛荷華州降水量

愛荷華州全州屬濕潤大陸性氣候,常有極端炎熱和寒冷。得梅因的年平均氣溫為10°C;對於北部的某些地方,例如梅森城,該數字約為7°C,而密西西比河上的Keokuk平均溫度為11°C[45][46]。降雪很常見,得梅因一年有大約26天的降雪,而其他地方,例如雪蘭多,一年大約有11天的降雪[47]。愛荷華州平均每年約有 50 天的雷暴活動。平均每年的龍捲風數是47[48]。愛荷華州的夏季以炎熱和潮濕著稱,白天的溫度有時接近32°C,有時超過38°C。該州的平均冬季遠低於冰點,甚至低於-28°C[49]。1934年7月20日,在全國範圍的熱浪期間,愛荷華州的歷史最高溫度為48°C。1912年1月12日,Washta記錄了歷史最低溫度-44°C[50]。愛荷華州的降水梯度相對平穩,該州東南部地區每年平均降雨量超過970毫米,該州西北部地區每年降雨量不到710毫米[51]。愛荷華州的降水模式是季節性的,夏季降雨較多。最乾燥的月份是1月或2月,最潮濕的月份是6月,經常有陣雨和雷暴,其中一些會產生冰雹、破壞性大風和或龍捲風。在大致位於該州中部的得梅因,4月至9月的降雨量為882毫米,其中超過三分之二的降雨量來自5月至8月,6月達到峰值[52]

愛荷華州主要城市月均高低溫 (°F)[53]
城市 一月 二月 三月 四月 五月 六月 七月 八月 九月 十月 十一月 十二月
達文波特[54] 30/13 36/19 48/29 61/41 72/52 81/63 85/68 83/66 76/57 65/45 48/32 35/20
得梅因[55] 31/14 36/19 49/30 62/41 72/52 82/62 86/67 84/65 76/55 63/43 48/31 34/18
基奧卡克[56] 34/17 39/21 50/30 63/42 73/52 83/62 87/67 85/65 78/56 66/44 51/33 33/21
梅森城[57] 24/6 29/12 41/23 57/35 69/46 79/57 82/61 80/58 73/49 60/37 43/25 28/11
蘇城[58] 31/10 35/15 47/26 62/37 73/49 82/59 86/63 83/63 76/51 63/38 46/25 32/13

行政区划

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艾奥瓦州共轄99個和947个城市,其中有490个城市居民少于500人。

重要城市

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愛荷華州

都会区

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排名 都会区名稱 人口
1 得梅因-西得梅因英语Des Moines metropolitan area MSA 655,409
2 锡达拉皮兹英语Cedar Rapids, Iowa metropolitan area MSA 272,295
3 爱荷华城英语Iowa City metropolitan area MSA 173,401
4 达文波特-莫林-罗克岛英语Quad Cities metropolitan area MSA (州内部分) 173,283
5 奥马哈-康瑟尔布拉夫斯英语Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area MSA (州内部分) 122,730
6 滑铁卢-锡达福尔斯英语Waterloo – Cedar Falls metropolitan area MSA 169,659
7 苏城英语Sioux City metropolitan area MSA (州内部分) 102,539
8 埃姆斯 MSA (州内部分) MSA 98,105
9 迪比克 MSA 96,854
10 梅森城英语Sioux City metropolitan area μSA英语Micropolitan statistical area 50,100
達文波特的天際線

人口

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历史人口数
调查年人口备注
184043,112
1850192,214345.8%
1860674,913251.1%
18701,194,02076.9%
18801,624,61536.1%
18901,912,29717.7%
19002,231,85316.7%
19102,224,771−0.3%
19202,404,0218.1%
19302,470,9392.8%
19402,538,2682.7%
19502,621,0733.3%
19602,757,5375.2%
19702,824,3762.4%
19802,913,8083.2%
19902,776,755−4.7%
20002,926,3245.4%
20103,046,3554.1%
20203,190,3694.7%
Source: 1910–2020[60]

2020年4月1日,美國人口普查局確定愛荷華州的人口為3190369人,比2010年美國人口普查增加了4.73%[61]。愛荷華州6.5%的人口年齡在5歲以下,22.6%在18歲以下,14.7%年齡在65歲或以上。男性約占人口的49.6%。人口密度為每平方英里52.7人。在愛荷華州的居民中,70.8%出生在愛荷華州,23.6%出生在其他州,0.6%出生在波多黎各島嶼地區,5%在外國出生。來自美國以外的移民導致人口淨增加29,386人,而美國境內的移民導致淨損失41,140人[62][63]。根據2016年美國社區調查,愛荷華州5.6%的人口是西班牙裔或拉丁裔:墨西哥裔(4.3%)、波多黎各裔(0.2%)、古巴裔(0.1%)和其他西班牙裔或拉丁裔血統(1.0%)[64]。五個最大的群體是:德國裔(35.1%)、愛爾蘭裔(13.5%)、英國裔(8.2%)、本土化血統者(5.8%)和挪威裔(5.0%)[65]

愛荷華州人口種族構成[66]
種族 人口(2019年) 百分比
總數 3,155,070 100%
白人 2,835,536 89.9%
黑人 129,335 4.1%
印第安人 11,370 0.4%
亞裔 76,134 2.4%
太平洋島民 2,029 0.1%
其他 31,951 1.0%
混血 68,248 2.2%
愛荷華州歷史種族構成
種族構成 1990[67] 2000[68] 2010[69] 2020[70]
白人 96.6% 93.9% 91.3% 84.5%
黑人 1.7% 2.1% 2.9% 4.1%
印第安人 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5%
亞裔 0.9% 1.3% 1.7% 2.4%
太平洋島民 0.1% 0.2%
其他 0.5% 1.3% 1.8% 2.8%
混血 1.1% 1.8% 5.6%
各種族出生人口
種族 2013[71] 2014[72] 2015[73] 2016[74] 2017[75] 2018[76] 2019[77]
白人 32,302 (82.6%) 32,423 (81.7%) 32,028 (81.1%) 31,376 (79.6%) 30,010 (78.1%) 29,327 (77.6%) 29,050 (77.2%)
黑人 2,232 (5.7%) 2,467 (6.2%) 2,597 (6.6%) 2,467 (6.3%) 2,657 (6.9%) 2,615 (6.9%) 2,827 (7.5%)
亞裔 1,353 (3.5%) 1,408 (3.5%) 1,364 (3.4%) 1,270 (3.2%) 1,321 (3.4%) 1,176 (3.1%) 1,106 (2.9%)
印第安人 269 (0.7%) 284 (0.7%) 242 (0.6%) 147 (0.4%) 311 (0.8%) 152 (0.4%) 308 (0.8%)
拉美裔 3,175 (8.1%) 3,315 (8.3%) 3,418 (8.6%) 3,473 (8.8%) 3,527 (9.2%) 3,694 (9.8%) 3,695 (9.8%)
愛荷華州 39,094 (100%) 39,687 (100%) 39,482 (100%) 39,403 (100%) 38,430 (100%) 37,785 (100%) 37,649 (100%)

經濟

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收割中的瓊斯縣玉米

2016年,愛荷華州全州總就業人口1354487人,用人單位總數81563個[78]。CNBC 的“2010 年最佳商業州”名單將愛荷華州列為全美第六大州。在10個單獨的類別中,愛荷華州在“經商成本”方面排名第一;這包括所有稅收、公用事業成本和其他與開展業務相關的成本。愛荷華州的“經濟”排名第 10,“商業友好度”排名第 12,“教育”排名第 16,“生活成本”和“生活質量”排名第 17,“勞動力”排名第 20,“技術與創新”排名第29 ,“交通”排第32位,最低位為“資本進入”排第36位[79]

雖然愛荷華州通常被視為農業州,但農業在該州多元化經濟中所占的比重相對較小,製造業、生物技術、金融和保險服務以及政府服務對愛荷華州的經濟做出了重大貢獻。這種經濟多樣性幫助愛荷華州比大多數州更好地度過了2000年代後期的衰退,失業率大大低於全國其他地區。如果以國內生產總值衡量經濟,2005年愛荷華州的GDP約為1240億美元。如果按國家生產總值計算,2005年為1135億美元。2006年人均收入為23,340美元。2009年7月2日,標準普爾將愛荷華州的信用評級為AAA。截至2021年9月,該州的失業率為4.0%。[80][81][82][83]

製造業是愛荷華州經濟的最大部門,主要製造業包括食品加工、重型機械和農業化學品。愛荷華州16%的勞動力致力於製造業。食品加工是製造業的最大組成部分。除加工食品外,工業產品還包括機械、電氣設備、化工產品、出版和初級金屬。可再生能源已成為愛荷華州北部和西部的主要經濟力量,風力渦輪機發電量自1990年以來呈指數級增長。2019年,愛荷華州風電占發電量的42%,發電量達10,201兆瓦。愛荷華州在美國各州的風能總發電量中排名第一,在風力發電能力方面僅次於德克薩斯州。[84][85]

工業規模的商品農業在愛荷華州的大部分地區占主導地位,有機農業部門也在迅速增長,愛荷華州的有機農場總數在全美排名第五。2016年,全州有機農場約732個,比上年增長約5%;有機畝103136畝,比上年增加9429畝[86][87]。愛荷華州對當地可持續種植的食物的需求也有所增加。愛荷華州東北部在發展其區域食品系統方面處於領先地位,並且比愛荷華州任何其他地區種植和消費的本地食品都多[88][89]。截至2007年,常規農產品的直接生產和銷售僅占愛荷華州生產總值的3.5%左右。2002年,農業對愛荷華州經濟的間接影響,包括農業附屬企業,計算出的附加值分別為16.4%和總產出的24.3%。這低於非農製造業對經濟的影響,後者占總增加值的22.4% 和總產值的26.5%。愛荷華州的主要傳統農產品是豬、玉米、大豆、燕麥、牛、雞蛋和乳製品[90]。愛荷華州是美國最大的玉米生產州和大豆主產區,2008年愛荷華州的92,600個農場生產了全國19%的玉米、17%的大豆、30%的生豬和14%的雞蛋[6]。乙醇生產消耗了愛荷華州約三分之一的玉米產量,可再生燃料占該州國內生產總值的8%。2009年共有39家乙醇工廠生產了31億美國加侖(12,000,000立方米)燃料[91]

位在巴特勒縣,正在興建中的乙醇工廠

教育

[编辑]

愛荷華州是高中運動的主要州之一,並且今天仍然是教育表現最好的州之一[92]。2017年高中生的四年畢業率為91.3%[93]。愛荷華州有333個學區共1,329座校舍,學生與教師的比例為1:14.2[94]。交通支出是農村學區預算的重要組成部分,因為許多學區地域遼闊,必須遠距離運送學生[95]。該州最古老的學校建築位於貝爾維尤歷史悠久的傑克遜縣法院大樓,自1848年以來一直作為學校使用[96]。2003年,愛荷華州的SAT考試平均成績為全美第二高分,並在超過20%的畢業生參加測試的SAT平均成績亦為全美第二高分。ACT試務中心位於愛荷華城,ITBS與ITED試務系統由愛荷華大學建構。愛荷華有愛荷華大學愛荷華州立大學北愛荷華大學3所州立大學,62所公立和私立大学和28所社區大學。[97][98][99][100][101]

政治

[编辑]
總統選舉得票率[102]
民主黨 共和黨
1976 48.5% 619,931 49.5% 632,863
1980 38.6% 508,672 51.3% 676,026
1984 45.9% 605,620 53.3% 703,088
1988 54.7% 670,557 44.5% 545,355
1992 43.3% 586,353 37.3% 504,891
1996 50.3% 620,258 39.9% 492,644
2000 48.5% 638,517 48.2% 634,373
2004 49.2% 741,898 49.9% 751,957
2008 53.9% 828,940 44.4% 682,379
2012 51.9% 822,544 46.2% 730,617
2016 41.8% 653,669 51.2% 800,983
2020 44.9% 759,061 53.1% 897,672

愛荷華州每逢4年一度的美國總統大選期間,一定會成為全國各地矚目的焦點。美國總統大選通常在該年的1月份開始進行初選的投票,初選的類型可分為「黨團會議(caucus)」和「初選(primary)」兩種。最早舉行黨團會議的州就是愛荷華州,而最早舉行初選的州則是新罕布什尔州。新罕布什尔州的初選投票會比愛荷華州的黨團會議投票還要晚一個禮拜的時間。由於領先全國其他州開出初選結果,所以讓這兩州的初選投票有「美國總統大選前哨戰」之稱。[103][104]

文化

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愛荷華州60%的人信奉新教,18%信奉天主教,1%信奉伊斯蘭教[105]。最大的新教教派是聯合衛理公會 (United Methodist Church),擁有235,190名信徒,而美國的福音路德教會(Evangelical Lutheran Church)擁有229,557名信徒。最大的非新教宗教是天主教,有503,080名信徒[106]。英語是愛荷華州最常用的語言,是91.1%人口使用的唯一語言,西班牙語是愛荷華州僅次於英語的第二大常用語言,愛荷華州有120,000人是西班牙裔或拉丁裔,47,000人出生在拉丁美洲。第三大常用語言是德語,在全州有17,000人使用。[107][108][109]

愛荷華州宗教(2014年)[110]
宗教 占比
新教
60%
無宗教
21%
天主教
18%
穆斯林
1%
未回答
1%

棒球

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夏季時於克林頓縣(Clinton County)舉辦的熱氣球比賽

交通

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位於貝爾普萊恩(Belle Plaine)、美国30號州际公路旁的普萊斯頓服務站(Preston's Service Station)設立於1923年,目前已經改裝成林肯公路(Lincoln Highway)的紀念博物館

機場

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高速公路

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友好行政區

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艾奥瓦州与下列行政区有友好合作关系:[111]

註釋

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  1. ^ 又譯「衣阿華」、「愛阿華」、「愛我華」,中华人民共和国使用的正式译名为「艾奥瓦」。中華民國外交部、國立編譯館與國家教育研究院使用的漢語標準譯名為「愛荷華」。

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外部链接

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