社区:修订间差异
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[[File:Williamsburg, Kentucky.jpg|thumb|240px|美國威廉斯堡社區]] |
[[File:Williamsburg, Kentucky.jpg|thumb|240px|美國威廉斯堡社區]] |
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[[File:Black Swan Terrace, Upper Spon Street - geograph.org.uk - 506448.jpg|thumb|240px|英國小型社區]] |
[[File:Black Swan Terrace, Upper Spon Street - geograph.org.uk - 506448.jpg|thumb|240px|英國小型社區]] |
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'''社区'''({{Lang-de| |
'''社区'''({{Lang-de|Gemeinschaft}}、{{Lang-en|Community}}),也亦稱'''社群'''、'''共同體'''或'''禮俗社會''',是由19世紀德國社會學家[[斐迪南·滕尼斯|滕尼斯]]提出,指與“社會”(Gesellschaft,或曰'''法理社會''')相對的通過血緣、鄰里和朋友關係建立起來的人群組合。後來也指:因為共享共同[[價值觀]]或[[文化]]的人群,居住於同一区域,以及從而衍生的互動影響,而聚集在一起的{{Link-en|分析單位|Level of analysis|社會單位}}。 |
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雖然絕大部分社群是由同類[[人]]或[[物種]]面對面後才能夠組成較小的团体,但是也有針對[[民族]]、[[國際社會]]、[[虛擬社群]]等較大或者由多個共同組成之社群進行之研究。其中社群傳統定義是一群彼此有互動且居住在共同區域的人,而今常用來指具有共同價值觀或者因有共同地域關係而產生[[團體凝聚力]]的一群人。 |
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⚫ | {{Cquote|一群客觀上相互聯繫的團體或網絡能夠彼此產生相對持久的社會關係,除了超越眼前的家庭關係之外,且彼此能夠定義出關聯作為他們社會身份和社會實踐的重要事項。<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = James | first1= Paul | authorlink = :en:Paul James (academic) | last2 = Nadarajah | first2= Yaso | last3 = Haive | first3 = Karen |last4= Stead | first4 = Victoria |title = Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea |url = http://www.academia.edu/3230875/Sustainable_Communities_Sustainable_Development_Other_Paths_for_Papua_New_Guinea_author_with_Nadarajah_Stead_and_Have_University_of_Hawaii_Press_Honolulu_2012 | year = 2012 | page = 14 | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | location= Honolulu }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = James | first = Paul |authorlink= :en:Paul James (academic) | title= Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In — Volume 2 of Towards a Theory of Abstract Community |url = http://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_author_Sage_Publications_London_2006 | year= 2006 | publisher= Sage Publications | location = London }}</ref>}} |
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⚫ | “社區”一詞源于拉丁語,原意是親密的關係和共同的東西,於[[古法語]]中指稱夥伴關係或者有組織社會的「comunete」,而後者更是從[[拉丁語]]中專指共同持有東西的詞彙「{{Link-en|communitas|communitas}}」延伸而來<ref>"community" Oxford Dictionaries. May 2014. [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/community Oxford Dictionaries] {{Wayback|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/community |date=20120709054235 }}</ref>。在[[社會學]]中對於社群的內涵曾有很大的爭議,[[社會學家]]也尚未對社群的定義達成共識,其中在1950年中期關於社群就有49種不同的定義<ref>Hillery, George A., Jr., "Definitions of Community: Areas of Agreement," Rural Sociology, 20 (4), 1955, p. 111.</ref>。部分社群可以提出或者行使[[政治]]或[[社會]][[權利]],其中又有些社群是建立在[[民主]]基礎上的,但並非全數社群都是施行民主制度。其中一個能寬泛包括所有不同形式社群的定義為: |
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⚫ | {{Cquote|一群客觀上相互聯繫的團體或網絡能夠彼此產生相對持久的社會關係,除了超越眼前的家庭關係之外,且彼此能夠定義出關聯作為他們社會身份和社會實踐的重要事項。<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = James | first1= Paul | authorlink = :en:Paul James (academic) | last2 = Nadarajah | first2= Yaso | last3 = Haive | first3 = Karen |last4= Stead | first4 = Victoria |title = Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea |url = http://www.academia.edu/3230875/Sustainable_Communities_Sustainable_Development_Other_Paths_for_Papua_New_Guinea_author_with_Nadarajah_Stead_and_Have_University_of_Hawaii_Press_Honolulu_2012 | year = 2012 | page = 14 | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | location= Honolulu }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = James | first = Paul | authorlink = :en:Paul James (academic) | title = Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In — Volume 2 of Towards a Theory of Abstract Community | url = http://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_author_Sage_Publications_London_2006 | year = 2006 | publisher = Sage Publications | location = London | access-date = 2018-11-08 | archive-date = 2020-01-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200123033214/https://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_2006_ | dead-url = no }}</ref>}} |
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一般而言群體會是比[[家]]還要大的社會單位,而當一群人為了達到目標或者解決問題、共同工作的計畫也能夠促使人們組成群體。群體這個詞也可以指一個[[民族]]或者全球性的社群,另外也有如[[合作社]]般是建立在[[經濟]]基礎上的群體。群體彼此可能同時面對或者共有[[目的]]、[[信念]]、[[自然資源|資源]]、[[偏好]]、{{Link-en|需求評估|Needs assessment|需求}}、[[風險]]等條件,而這也將影響參與者的[[身分 (社會學)|身分]]和凝聚力的強弱。在[[網際網路]]出現後群體的定義便比較不受到地域性的限制,因為即便在不同地區、人們仍然可以在同一個虛擬社群內交換訊息或者是分享共同的興趣或者國家。而在過去要組織如社會、學術團體等非實體社群時,往往會受到通訊和交通技術的限制而較難發展<ref>{{Cite book | last = Domínguez | first = Iñaki | title = Sociología Del Moderneo | year= 2017 | publisher= Melusina | location = Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España | isbn = 978-84-15373-48-3 }}</ref>。 |
一般而言群體會是比[[家]]還要大的社會單位,而當一群人為了達到目標或者解決問題、共同工作的計畫也能夠促使人們組成群體。群體這個詞也可以指一個[[民族]]或者全球性的社群,另外也有如[[合作社]]般是建立在[[經濟]]基礎上的群體。群體彼此可能同時面對或者共有[[目的]]、[[信念]]、[[自然資源|資源]]、[[偏好]]、{{Link-en|需求評估|Needs assessment|需求}}、[[風險]]等條件,而這也將影響參與者的[[身分 (社會學)|身分]]和凝聚力的強弱。在[[網際網路]]出現後群體的定義便比較不受到地域性的限制,因為即便在不同地區、人們仍然可以在同一個虛擬社群內交換訊息或者是分享共同的興趣或者國家。而在過去要組織如社會、學術團體等非實體社群時,往往會受到通訊和交通技術的限制而較難發展<ref>{{Cite book | last = Domínguez | first = Iñaki | title = Sociología Del Moderneo | year= 2017 | publisher= Melusina | location = Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España | isbn = 978-84-15373-48-3 }}</ref>。 |
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在[[汉语]]中,“community”本是舶来品,早期和“[[社会]]”最早不作区分,也不收录在词典中。1930年代,[[费孝通]]和同学在[[燕京大学]]学习社会学时,他和同学一起翻译老师英语授课内容,才将组合“社”和“区”创造出“社区”一词对应英语中的“community”,并用“社会”对应“society”以区别,此后这一新造词汇遂在汉语中广为使用。<ref>{{Cite book|edition=1|chapter=“社区”来历|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1003657820|location=深圳|isbn=978-7-80709-758-7|oclc=1003657820|last=张冠生|last2=|title=书生去:杂忆费孝通|first=|publisher=深圳报业集团出版社|year=2016|pages=}}</ref> |
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⚫ | 在具体指称某一人群的时候,其“共同文化”和“共同地域”两个基本属性有时会侧重于其中一点。如“和平里社区”、“四方社区”是侧重其共同地域属性,而“[[华人]]社区”、“[[穆斯林]]社区”、“[[客家]]社区”等则侧重其共同文化的属性。不过无论所指侧重哪边,社区一词都是强调人群内部成员之间的文化维系力和内部归属感。20世纪后期,无论[[台湾]],还是[[中国大陸]],有感于过去过度重视宏观[[经济]]发展忽略社区需求的情势,都分别将“社区建设”或“社区营造”提升到国家政策的层面。在地方组织方面,都开始在小型地缘组织中引入“社区”两字。如台湾的“社区理事会”,大陆 |
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⚫ | 在具体指称某一人群的时候,其“共同文化”和“共同地域”两个基本属性有时会侧重于其中一点。如“和平里社区”、“四方社区”是侧重其共同地域属性,而“[[华人]]社区”、“[[穆斯林]]社区”、“[[客家]]社区”等则侧重其共同文化的属性。不过无论所指侧重哪边,社区一词都是强调人群内部成员之间的文化维系力和内部归属感。20世纪后期,无论[[台湾]],还是[[中国大陸]],有感于过去过度重视宏观[[经济]]发展忽略社区需求的情势,都分别将“社区建设”或“社区营造”提升到国家政策的层面。在地方组织方面,都开始在小型地缘组织中引入“社区”两字。如台湾的“社区理事会”,大陆城市的村级[[基层群众性自治组织]]“[[居民委员会]]”之辖区亦称为“社区”,不过此举尚有很多法律问题没有厘清。 |
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“社區”一詞源于拉丁語,原意是親密的關係和共同的東西。將“社區”這個詞作為[[社會學]]的一個[[範疇]]來研究的,起於德國的社會學家[[斐迪南·滕尼斯]](1855―1936年)。滕尼斯所謂的社區是通過血緣、鄰里和朋友關係建立起來的人群組合。它根據人們的自然意願結合而成,人們的關係建立在習慣、傳統和宗教之上。血緣、鄰里和朋友的關係是社區的主要紐帶,在這裏人們交往的目的和手段是一致的,傳統的農村村莊是社區的代表。 |
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==社区控制== |
==社区控制== |
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'''社区控制'''([[英文]]:{{lang|en|community control}})指居住在社区的居民影响公共设施让其服务于本社区的行为能力<ref> {{cite book | last1 = Popenoe | first1 = David | authorlink1 = | last2 = 李 | first2 = 强 | title = Sociology(社会学) | chapter = 词汇表 | date = 2007--10-01 | year = 2007 | pages = 694-714 | accessdate = 2010-09-08 | isbn = 978-7-300-08078-9}}</ref>。 |
'''社区控制'''([[英文]]:{{lang|en|community control}})指居住在社区的居民影响公共设施让其服务于本社区的行为能力<ref> {{cite book | last1 = Popenoe | first1 = David | authorlink1 = | last2 = 李 | first2 = 强 | title = Sociology(社会学) | chapter = 词汇表 | date = 2007--10-01 | year = 2007 | pages = 694-714 | accessdate = 2010-09-08 | isbn = 978-7-300-08078-9}}</ref>。 |
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==中華人民共和國== |
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21世纪以后,[[中華人民共和國]],除上海市以外的绝大部分地区,陆续将[[居民委员会]]进行合并,并在其名称中加上“社区”二字。此举的目的是希望对原来行政管理性质过浓的居民委员会的职能进行改造,使其更倾向于社区服务,所以改造后的居民委员会,不少同时加挂“社区服务中心”的牌子。 |
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此风也同时影响至农村地区。[[舟山市]]在2005年进行[[渔农村新型社区]]建设,在全市农村地区组建社区管理委员会。此外还有山东省[[诸城市]],也在全市乡村地区组建社区管理委员会。 |
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近年在[[上海市]],社区的概念则用于指称[[街道办事处]]的辖区“街道”,一般为一个街道设置一个社区服务中心。北京市[[石景山区]]鲁谷地区进行社区服务实践过程中,即借鉴了上海的经验,也采全街道统一安排社区服务的模式,后鲁谷地区正式设立[[鲁谷社区|鲁谷街道办事处]]时,便将社区服务中心设置于街道办事处层面。所以上海市主城区,和北京市鲁谷街道办事处的居民委员会,其名称中几乎都不含“社区”两字。社区的发展和国家的政治经济文化的发展息息相关,随着社会的发展起空间形态发随之发生着改变。 |
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==台湾社区营造中的社区== |
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台灣地区近些年推動的[[農村再生]]計畫,也包括傳統[[農村社區]]在內。<ref>[http://www.cichb.gov.tw/other/bus_detail.asp?bus_dtl_id=1039 什麼是社區健康營造] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414035955/http://www.cichb.gov.tw/other/bus_detail.asp?bus_dtl_id=1039 |date=2016-04-14 }}嘉義市政府衛生局</ref> |
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*[[台中市]] |
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*[[南投縣]] |
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**[[澀水社區]] |
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**[[桃米社區]] |
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*[[宜蘭縣]] |
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**[[珍珠社區]] |
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**[[白米社區]] |
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== 參考文獻 == |
== 參考文獻 == |
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* [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim, Émile]]. 1950 [1895] ''The Rules of Sociological Method''. Translated by S. A. Solovay and J. H. Mueller. New York: The Free Press. |
* [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim, Émile]]. 1950 [1895] ''The Rules of Sociological Method''. Translated by S. A. Solovay and J. H. Mueller. New York: The Free Press. |
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* Cox, F., J. Erlich, J. Rothman, and J. Tropman. 1970. ''Strategies of Community Organization: A Book of Readings.'' Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock Publishers. |
* Cox, F., J. Erlich, J. Rothman, and J. Tropman. 1970. ''Strategies of Community Organization: A Book of Readings.'' Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock Publishers. |
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* Effland, R. 1998. [http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/model_complex.html The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations] Mesa Community College. |
* Effland, R. 1998. [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515120848/http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/model_complex.html The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations] Mesa Community College. |
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* Giddens, A. 1999. "Risk and Responsibility" ''Modern Law Review'' 62(1): 1-10. |
* Giddens, A. 1999. "Risk and Responsibility" ''Modern Law Review'' 62(1): 1-10. |
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* {{Cite book | last= James | first = Paul |authorlink = :en:Paul James (academic) | title = Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community |url = http://books.google.com.au/books?isbn=0761950737 |ISBN = 0761950737 |publisher = Sage Publications |location = London |year= 1996}} |
* {{Cite book | last= James | first = Paul |authorlink = :en:Paul James (academic) | title = Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community |url = http://books.google.com.au/books?isbn=0761950737 |ISBN = 0761950737 |publisher = Sage Publications |location = London |year= 1996}} |
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* {{Cite book |last = James |first = Paul |authorlink = :en:Paul James (academic) |title = Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In — Volume 2 of Towards a Theory of Abstract Community |url = http://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_author_Sage_Publications_London_2006 |year= 2006 |publisher = Sage Publications |location = London }} |
* {{Cite book |last = James |first = Paul |authorlink = :en:Paul James (academic) |title = Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In — Volume 2 of Towards a Theory of Abstract Community |url = http://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_author_Sage_Publications_London_2006 |year = 2006 |publisher = Sage Publications |location = London |access-date = 2018-11-08 |archive-date = 2020-01-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200123033214/https://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_2006_ |dead-url = no }} |
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* {{Cite book |last1 = James |first1 = Paul |authorlink = :en:Paul James (academic) |last2 = Nadarajah |first2 = Yaso |last3= Haive |first3 = Karen |last4 = Stead |first4 = Victoria |title = Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea |url = http://www.academia.edu/3230875/Sustainable_Communities_Sustainable_Development_Other_Paths_for_Papua_New_Guinea_author_with_Nadarajah_Stead_and_Have_University_of_Hawaii_Press_Honolulu_2012 |year = 2012 |publisher = University of Hawaii Press |location = Honolulu }} |
* {{Cite book |last1 = James |first1 = Paul |authorlink = :en:Paul James (academic) |last2 = Nadarajah |first2 = Yaso |last3= Haive |first3 = Karen |last4 = Stead |first4 = Victoria |title = Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea |url = http://www.academia.edu/3230875/Sustainable_Communities_Sustainable_Development_Other_Paths_for_Papua_New_Guinea_author_with_Nadarajah_Stead_and_Have_University_of_Hawaii_Press_Honolulu_2012 |year = 2012 |publisher = University of Hawaii Press |location = Honolulu }} |
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* Lenski, G. 1974. ''Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology.'' New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. |
* Lenski, G. 1974. ''Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology.'' New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. |
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* {{Cite book |last = Linares Martínez |
* {{Cite book |last = Linares Martínez |first = Francisco |title = ''Sociología y teoría social analíticas'' |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0qBGDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |year = 2018 |publisher = Alianza Editorial |location = San Cristóbal de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna |isbn = 978-84-91810-17-9 |access-date = 2018-11-08 |archive-date = 2021-04-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210410160134/https://books.google.com/books?id=0qBGDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |dead-url = no }} |
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* Long, D.A., & Perkins, D.D. (2003). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Sense of Community Index and Development of a Brief SCI. ''Journal of Community Psychology'', 31, 279-296. |
* Long, D.A., & Perkins, D.D. (2003). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Sense of Community Index and Development of a Brief SCI. ''Journal of Community Psychology'', 31, 279-296. |
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* McMillan, D.W., & Chavis, D.M. 1986. "Sense of community: A definition and theory." ''American Journal of Community Psychology'', 14(1), 6-23. |
* McMillan, D.W., & Chavis, D.M. 1986. "Sense of community: A definition and theory." ''American Journal of Community Psychology'', 14(1), 6-23. |
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* [[讓-呂克·南希|Nancy, Jean-Luc]]. ''La Communauté désœuvrée'' - philosophical questioning of the concept of community and the possibility of encountering a non-[[subject (philosophy)|subjective]] concept of it |
* [[讓-呂克·南希|Nancy, Jean-Luc]]. ''La Communauté désœuvrée'' - philosophical questioning of the concept of community and the possibility of encountering a non-[[subject (philosophy)|subjective]] concept of it |
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* {{Cite journal |title = Platforms, communities and business ecosystems: Lessons learned about entrepreneurship in an interconnected world |date = 2013 |last = Muegge |first = Steven |journal = Technology Innovation Management Review |url = http://timreview.ca/article/655 |issue = February |pages = 5–15 }} |
* {{Cite journal |title = Platforms, communities and business ecosystems: Lessons learned about entrepreneurship in an interconnected world |date = 2013 |last = Muegge |first = Steven |journal = Technology Innovation Management Review |url = http://timreview.ca/article/655 |issue = February |pages = 5–15 |access-date = 2018-11-08 |archive-date = 2018-11-08 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181108025639/https://timreview.ca/article/655 |dead-url = no }} |
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* Newman, D. 2005. ''Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life,'' [http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/9006_Chapter_5.pdf Chapter 5. "Building Identity: Socialization"] Pine Forge Press. Retrieved: 2006-08-05. |
* Newman, D. 2005. ''Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life,'' [http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/9006_Chapter_5.pdf Chapter 5. "Building Identity: Socialization"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/9006_Chapter_5.pdf |date=20120106033450 }} Pine Forge Press. Retrieved: 2006-08-05. |
||
* {{link-en|M·斯科特·派克|M. Scott Peck|Peck, M.S.}} 1987. ''The Different Drum: Community-Making and Peace.'' New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-84858-7 |
* {{link-en|M·斯科特·派克|M. Scott Peck|Peck, M.S.}} 1987. ''The Different Drum: Community-Making and Peace.'' New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-84858-7 |
||
* Perkins, D.D., Florin, P., Rich, R.C., Wandersman, A. & Chavis, D.M. (1990). Participation and the social and physical environment of residential blocks: Crime and community context. ''American Journal of Community Psychology'', 18, 83-115. |
* Perkins, D.D., Florin, P., Rich, R.C., Wandersman, A. & Chavis, D.M. (1990). Participation and the social and physical environment of residential blocks: Crime and community context. ''American Journal of Community Psychology'', 18, 83-115. |
||
第76行: | 第59行: | ||
* {{link-en|西摩·萨拉森|Seymour B. Sarason|Sarason, S.B.}} 1974. ''The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology.'' San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. |
* {{link-en|西摩·萨拉森|Seymour B. Sarason|Sarason, S.B.}} 1974. ''The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology.'' San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. |
||
:— 1986. "Commentary: The emergence of a conceptual center." ''Journal of Community Psychology'', 14, 405-407. |
:— 1986. "Commentary: The emergence of a conceptual center." ''Journal of Community Psychology'', 14, 405-407. |
||
* Smith, M. K. 2001. [http://www.infed.org/community/community.htm Community]. ''Encyclopedia of informal education''. Last updated: January 28, 2005. Retrieved: 2006-07-15. |
* Smith, M. K. 2001. [http://www.infed.org/community/community.htm Community] {{Wayback|url=http://www.infed.org/community/community.htm |date=20121029121012 }}. ''Encyclopedia of informal education''. Last updated: January 28, 2005. Retrieved: 2006-07-15. |
||
* Tönnies, F. 1887. ''Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft,'' Leipzig: Fues's Verlag, 2nd ed. 1912, 8th edition, Leipzig: Buske, 1935; translated in 1957 as ''Community and Society.'' ISBN 978-0-88738-750-0 |
* Tönnies, F. 1887. ''Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft,'' Leipzig: Fues's Verlag, 2nd ed. 1912, 8th edition, Leipzig: Buske, 1935; translated in 1957 as ''Community and Society.'' ISBN 978-0-88738-750-0 |
||
* {{Cite book |last = Widmer-Huber |first = Irene |title = ''Zu viel allein ist ungesund: Wege zu tragenden Beziehungen'' |year = 2018 |publisher = arteMedia xcentris GmbH |location = Lenzburg, Schweiz |isbn = 978-39-05290-87-5 }} |
* {{Cite book |last = Widmer-Huber |first = Irene |title = ''Zu viel allein ist ungesund: Wege zu tragenden Beziehungen'' |year = 2018 |publisher = arteMedia xcentris GmbH |location = Lenzburg, Schweiz |isbn = 978-39-05290-87-5 }} |
||
== 外部链接 == |
== 外部链接 == |
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* [http://sixstar.moc.gov.tw/ 台灣:台灣社區通網站] |
* [http://sixstar.moc.gov.tw/ 台灣:台灣社區通網站] {{Wayback|url=http://sixstar.moc.gov.tw/ |date=20131019150929 }} |
||
*[https://localwiki.org/taipeicommunity/ 臺北市社區營造資料庫 LocalWiki] |
*[https://localwiki.org/taipeicommunity/ 臺北市社區營造資料庫 LocalWiki] {{Wayback|url=https://localwiki.org/taipeicommunity/ |date=20160507032028 }} |
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== 參見 == |
== 參見 == |
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{{Portal box|社会}} |
{{Portal box|社会}} |
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* [[社区 (行政区划)]] |
* [[社区 (行政区划)]] |
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⚫ | |||
* [[社區網路]] |
* [[社區網路]] |
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2024年5月2日 (四) 08:41的最新版本
![]() | 此條目需要精通或熟悉相关主题的编者参与及协助编辑。 |
社区 |
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![]() |
概念 |
觀點 |
發展 |
相關 |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Williamsburg%2C_Kentucky.jpg/240px-Williamsburg%2C_Kentucky.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Black_Swan_Terrace%2C_Upper_Spon_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_506448.jpg/240px-Black_Swan_Terrace%2C_Upper_Spon_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_506448.jpg)
社区(德語:Gemeinschaft、英語:Community),也亦稱社群、共同體或禮俗社會,是由19世紀德國社會學家滕尼斯提出,指與“社會”(Gesellschaft,或曰法理社會)相對的通過血緣、鄰里和朋友關係建立起來的人群組合。後來也指:因為共享共同價值觀或文化的人群,居住於同一区域,以及從而衍生的互動影響,而聚集在一起的社會單位。
雖然絕大部分社群是由同類人或物種面對面後才能夠組成較小的团体,但是也有針對民族、國際社會、虛擬社群等較大或者由多個共同組成之社群進行之研究。其中社群傳統定義是一群彼此有互動且居住在共同區域的人,而今常用來指具有共同價值觀或者因有共同地域關係而產生團體凝聚力的一群人。
語源及定義
[编辑]“社區”一詞源于拉丁語,原意是親密的關係和共同的東西,於古法語中指稱夥伴關係或者有組織社會的「comunete」,而後者更是從拉丁語中專指共同持有東西的詞彙「communitas」延伸而來[1]。在社會學中對於社群的內涵曾有很大的爭議,社會學家也尚未對社群的定義達成共識,其中在1950年中期關於社群就有49種不同的定義[2]。部分社群可以提出或者行使政治或社會權利,其中又有些社群是建立在民主基礎上的,但並非全數社群都是施行民主制度。其中一個能寬泛包括所有不同形式社群的定義為:
“ | 一群客觀上相互聯繫的團體或網絡能夠彼此產生相對持久的社會關係,除了超越眼前的家庭關係之外,且彼此能夠定義出關聯作為他們社會身份和社會實踐的重要事項。[3][4] | ” |
一般而言群體會是比家還要大的社會單位,而當一群人為了達到目標或者解決問題、共同工作的計畫也能夠促使人們組成群體。群體這個詞也可以指一個民族或者全球性的社群,另外也有如合作社般是建立在經濟基礎上的群體。群體彼此可能同時面對或者共有目的、信念、資源、偏好、需求、風險等條件,而這也將影響參與者的身分和凝聚力的強弱。在網際網路出現後群體的定義便比較不受到地域性的限制,因為即便在不同地區、人們仍然可以在同一個虛擬社群內交換訊息或者是分享共同的興趣或者國家。而在過去要組織如社會、學術團體等非實體社群時,往往會受到通訊和交通技術的限制而較難發展[5]。
在汉语中,“community”本是舶来品,早期和“社会”最早不作区分,也不收录在词典中。1930年代,费孝通和同学在燕京大学学习社会学时,他和同学一起翻译老师英语授课内容,才将组合“社”和“区”创造出“社区”一词对应英语中的“community”,并用“社会”对应“society”以区别,此后这一新造词汇遂在汉语中广为使用。[6]
在具体指称某一人群的时候,其“共同文化”和“共同地域”两个基本属性有时会侧重于其中一点。如“和平里社区”、“四方社区”是侧重其共同地域属性,而“华人社区”、“穆斯林社区”、“客家社区”等则侧重其共同文化的属性。不过无论所指侧重哪边,社区一词都是强调人群内部成员之间的文化维系力和内部归属感。20世纪后期,无论台湾,还是中国大陸,有感于过去过度重视宏观经济发展忽略社区需求的情势,都分别将“社区建设”或“社区营造”提升到国家政策的层面。在地方组织方面,都开始在小型地缘组织中引入“社区”两字。如台湾的“社区理事会”,大陆城市的村级基层群众性自治组织“居民委员会”之辖区亦称为“社区”,不过此举尚有很多法律问题没有厘清。
社区控制
[编辑]社区控制(英文:community control)指居住在社区的居民影响公共设施让其服务于本社区的行为能力[7]。
參考文獻
[编辑]引用
[编辑]- ^ "community" Oxford Dictionaries. May 2014. Oxford Dictionaries (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Hillery, George A., Jr., "Definitions of Community: Areas of Agreement," Rural Sociology, 20 (4), 1955, p. 111.
- ^ James, Paul; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead, Victoria. Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 2012: 14.
- ^ James, Paul. Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In — Volume 2 of Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. London: Sage Publications. 2006 [2018-11-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-23).
- ^ Domínguez, Iñaki. Sociología Del Moderneo. Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España: Melusina. 2017. ISBN 978-84-15373-48-3.
- ^ 张冠生. “社区”来历. 书生去:杂忆费孝通 1. 深圳: 深圳报业集团出版社. 2016. ISBN 978-7-80709-758-7. OCLC 1003657820.
- ^ Popenoe, David; 李, 强. 词汇表. Sociology(社会学). 2007--10-01: 694–714. ISBN 978-7-300-08078-9.
来源
[编辑]- 書籍
- XU, Hao 徐皓. Die Idee der Pfirsichblütenquelle und die Freiraumentwicklung in chinesischen Städten. Dargestellt am Beispiel von Wohnanlagen in Kunming im späten 20. und frühen 21. Jahrhundert [桃花源现象和中国城市住区开放空间——以80年代到21世纪初昆明市住宅小区开放空间发展为例]. Hamburg. 2012: Xiii 引中文简介. ISBN 978-3-8300-6118-2 (德语).
- Barzilai, Gad. 2003. Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Beck, U. 1992. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage
- — 2000. What is globalization? Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Canuto, Marcello A. and Jason Yaeger, eds. (2000) The Archaeology of Communities. Routledge, New York.
- Chavis, D.M., Hogge, J.H., McMillan, D.W., & Wandersman, A. 1986. "Sense of community through Brunswick's lens: A first look." Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 24-40.
- Chipuer, H. M., & Pretty, G. M. H. (1999). A review of the Sense of Community Index: Current uses, factor structure, reliability, and further development. Journal of Community Psychology, 27(6), 643-658.
- Christensen, K., et al. (2003). Encyclopedia of Community. 4 volumes. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Cohen, A. P. 1985. The Symbolic Construction of Community. Routledge: New York.
- Durkheim, Émile. 1950 [1895] The Rules of Sociological Method. Translated by S. A. Solovay and J. H. Mueller. New York: The Free Press.
- Cox, F., J. Erlich, J. Rothman, and J. Tropman. 1970. Strategies of Community Organization: A Book of Readings. Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock Publishers.
- Effland, R. 1998. The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations Mesa Community College.
- Giddens, A. 1999. "Risk and Responsibility" Modern Law Review 62(1): 1-10.
- James, Paul. Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. London: Sage Publications. 1996. ISBN 0761950737.
- James, Paul. Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In — Volume 2 of Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. London: Sage Publications. 2006 [2018-11-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-23).
- James, Paul; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead, Victoria. Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 2012.
- Lenski, G. 1974. Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
- Linares Martínez, Francisco. Sociología y teoría social analíticas. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna: Alianza Editorial. 2018 [2018-11-08]. ISBN 978-84-91810-17-9. (原始内容存档于2021-04-10).
- Long, D.A., & Perkins, D.D. (2003). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Sense of Community Index and Development of a Brief SCI. Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 279-296.
- McMillan, D.W., & Chavis, D.M. 1986. "Sense of community: A definition and theory." American Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 6-23.
- Nancy, Jean-Luc. La Communauté désœuvrée - philosophical questioning of the concept of community and the possibility of encountering a non-subjective concept of it
- Muegge, Steven. Platforms, communities and business ecosystems: Lessons learned about entrepreneurship in an interconnected world. Technology Innovation Management Review. 2013, (February): 5–15 [2018-11-08]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-08).
- Newman, D. 2005. Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life, Chapter 5. "Building Identity: Socialization" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Pine Forge Press. Retrieved: 2006-08-05.
- Peck, M.S. 1987. The Different Drum: Community-Making and Peace. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-84858-7
- Perkins, D.D., Florin, P., Rich, R.C., Wandersman, A. & Chavis, D.M. (1990). Participation and the social and physical environment of residential blocks: Crime and community context. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 83-115.
- Putnam, R. D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster
- Sarason, S.B. 1974. The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- — 1986. "Commentary: The emergence of a conceptual center." Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 405-407.
- Smith, M. K. 2001. Community (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Encyclopedia of informal education. Last updated: January 28, 2005. Retrieved: 2006-07-15.
- Tönnies, F. 1887. Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, Leipzig: Fues's Verlag, 2nd ed. 1912, 8th edition, Leipzig: Buske, 1935; translated in 1957 as Community and Society. ISBN 978-0-88738-750-0
- Widmer-Huber, Irene. Zu viel allein ist ungesund: Wege zu tragenden Beziehungen. Lenzburg, Schweiz: arteMedia xcentris GmbH. 2018. ISBN 978-39-05290-87-5.
外部链接
[编辑]參見
[编辑]
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