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神导演化论：修订间差异

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{{Creationism sidebar}}
{{translation|tfrom=[[:en:Theistic evolution]]|tpercent=翻譯進度百分數6}}
'''神导演化论'''，或称“演化创造论”，不是一个科学意义上的理论学说，而是关于[[演化论]]学说的宗教解读观点。更确切地说，是关于经典宗教教义如何与生物演化的理解部分或完全相融的总体观点。这些观点被许多基督教会所接纳，包括[[天主教會|罗马天主教]]和大多数[[更正教]]主流宗派，部分[[犹太教]]宗派，以及其他不拘泥字句理解圣经的基督教组织。[[福音派]]基督徒，包括传道家[[葛培理]]，对神导演化论也持开放态度<ref name="Creation Science">{{Cite web|title=Creation Science|url=http://www.answersincreation.org/|accessdate=2006-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421053511/http://www.answersincreation.org/|archivedate=2012-04-21|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。


用这种方式研讨[[演化]]，《[[圣经]]》经文中的《[[创世记]]》故事便可以寓于自然的方法解读。许多人强调《创世记》不是严谨的科学论文，而相信上帝主导了人类产生的演化过程。
'''神导进化论'''，或称“进化创造论”，不是一个科学意义上的理论学说，而是关于[[进化论]]学说的宗教解读观点。更确切地说，是关于经典宗教教义如何与生物进化的理解部分或完全相融的总体观点。这些观点被许多基督教会所接纳，包括[[罗马天主教]]和大多数[[更正教]]主流宗派，部分[[犹太教]]宗派，以及其他不拘泥字句理解圣经的基督教组织。[[福音派]]基督徒，包括传道家[[葛培理]]，对神导进化论也持开放态度。[http://www.answersincreation.org/]


在达尔文的演化论出现前很久，犹太教徒和基督徒就已经把《创世记》看作是寓言，而不是历史书。公元一世纪，犹太学者[[斐洛]]写道：世界是六天或者任意一段时间内创造出来的想法是错误的<ref name="Creation Science" />。[[圣奥古斯丁]]在公元四世纪采用的[[神学]]观点是，宇宙万物是神在同一时刻创造出来的，《创世记》中的一天甚至不可以从字面上理解为24小时<ref>{{cite web|title=THE CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE OF AUGUSTINE|url=http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Bible-Science/PSCF3-88Young.html|accessdate=2006-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214012715/http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Bible-Science/PSCF3-88Young.html|archivedate=2006-02-14|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。
用这种方式研讨[[进化]]，《[[圣经]]》经文中的《[[创世纪]]》故事便可以寓于自然的方法解读。许多人强调《创世纪》不是严谨的科学论文，而相信上帝主导了人类产生的进化过程。


“演化创造论”一词用来特指一种信仰：上帝超越正常的时间和空间，自然界不能独立于其旨意。这种思想与《创世记》的描述和客观科学均不冲突，因为创造世界的事件发生于我们所知道的时间之外。
Both Jews and Christians have been considering the idea of the [[Allegorical interpretations of Genesis|creation history as an allegory]] (instead of an historical description) long before the development of Darwin's theory of evolution. [[1st century]] Jewish scholar [[Philo of Alexandria]] wrote that it would be a mistake to think that creation happened in six days, or in any set amount of time. [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book2.html] [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]] in the [[4th century]] suggested on [[theology|theological]] grounds that everything in the universe was created by God in the same instant, and not in seven 24 hour days as a literal intrepretation of Genesis would require. [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Bible-Science/PSCF3-88Young.html]
== 定义 ==
神导演化论认为，宗教界对[[演化生物学]]的接纳与对[[天文学]]或[[气象学]]的接纳并无本质不同。后二者也是采用[[自然主义]]基础的[[方法论]]来研究和解释自然界，而不探究[[超自然]]的存在与否。这种观点将古老的宗教文献重新解读，从而使宗教与现代科学在演化论方面的发现调和起来。


基于信仰和宗教信条的[[目的论]]假设仍可归入[[创造论]]，认为[[生命起源]]中有神的干预，或物种的形态为神的律法所管辖，然而在演化论与创造论的争论中，该理论的支持者常常站在“演化论者”一边。鉴于这个理由，争论双方都有人用“神导演化论”而非“演化创造论”来描述这一信仰。
The term ''evolutionary creationism'' is used in particular for beliefs in which God transcends normal time and space, with nature having no existence independent of His will. It allows interpretations consistent with both a literal Genesis and objective science, in which, for example, the events of creation occurred outside time as we know it.


==定义==
== 观点 ==
接受[[微观演化]]和[[宏观演化]]的科学概念，同时保留[[神学]]信念，认为世界归根结底是神的创造物，演化只是手段。
Theistic evolution holds that the religious acceptance of [[evolutionary biology]] is not fundamentally different from the acceptance of other [[science]]s, such as [[astronomy]] or [[meteorology]]. The latter two are also based on a [[methodology|methodological]] assumption of [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalism]] to study and explain the natural world, without assuming the existence or nonexistence of the [[supernatural]]. In this view, it is held both religiously and scientifically correct to reinterpret ancient religious texts in line with modern-day scientific findings about evolution.


如下所列，一些宗教组织接受演化论，虽然其神学解释各有不同。需要说明的是，这些组织内部的一些人或团体未必接受演化思想，接受程度也因时而异。
This synthesis of the [[teleology]] underlying [[faith]] and religious teachings with science can still be described as [[creationism]] in holding that divine intervention brought about the [[origin of life]] or that divine Laws govern formation of species, but in the [[creation-evolution controversy]] its proponents generally take the "evolutionist" side. For this reason, some on both sides prefer to use the term "theistic evolution" over "evolutionary creationism" to describe this belief.


{{see|創造論}}
==观点==
Evolutionary creationism describes an approach to the biological world that accepts the scientific concepts of [[microevolution]] and [[macroevolution]] while retaining the theistic belief that the world is ultimately the result of divine [[Creation (theology)|creation]], of which [[evolution]] is held to be the mechanism.


=== 自然神论 ===
As cited below, several religious organizations accept evolutionary theory, though their related theological interpretations vary. Additionally, individuals or movements within such organizations may not accept evolution, and stances on evolution may have adapted (or evolved) throughout history.
[[自然神论]]相信神或者[[第一作用]]是基于[[理性]]，而胜于[[信仰]]或[[启示]]。大多数自然神论者相信上帝不干预这个世界或者创造[[神迹]]。一些自然神论者相信上帝创造了世界，然后演化在其中发生，是这个系统和自然法则的设计方式；同时许多自然神论者相信上帝创造了生命，然后才有演化。有人觉得，认为上帝自身而非演化机制在不断地改变其创造物是不敬虔的想法。也有人认为，上帝为自然界设定了运动法则后，便功成身退了。


=== 基督教思想 ===
''See also sections of [[Abrahamic creationism]] on "The Christian Critique of Creationism" and "The western world outside the United States".''
《[[创世记]]》的字面解读与演化论互相矛盾：然而，对于[[罗马天主教会]]和一些[[新教]]教会，[[基督教基要主义]]并非必须。某些保守派基督徒认为，把《创世记》当做民间传说是一种“立场软弱”，这段《圣经》一直在按照字面理解，直到生物演化论出现。但是，许多宗教历史学家认为圣经的拘泥于字句的解读出现在[[基督教新教]]兴起以后；在[[宗教改革]]以前，《圣经》并非完全照字面理解。


许多[[基督教宗派]]支持或接受神导演化论，罗列如下：
===自然神论===
[[Deism]] is belief in a [[God]] or [[first cause]] based on [[reason]], rather than on [[faith]] or [[revelation]]. Most Deists believe that God does not interfere with the world or create [[miracle]]s. Some deists believe that a [[Divine Creator]] initiated a universe in which evolution occurred, by designing the system and the natural laws, although many deists believe that God also created life itself, before allowing it to be subject to evolution. They find it to be undignified and unwieldy for a deity to make constant adjustments rather than letting evolution elegantly adapt organisms to changing environments.


==== 圣公会 ====
One good example of this is the recent ([[December 2004]]) conversion to deism of the former atheist philosopher Professor [[Antony Flew]], who now argues that recent research into the origins of life supports the theory that some form of intelligence was involved. Whilst accepting subsequent Darwinian evolution, Flew argues that this cannot explain the complexities of the origins of life. He has also stated that the investigation of [[DNA]] "has shown, by the almost unbelievable complexity of the arrangements which are needed to produce [life], that intelligence must have been involved."
虽然[[圣公会]]（包括[[美国圣公会]]和[[英国国教会]]）相信[[圣经]]“包含了得救所需的一切知识”，仍认为“科学和基督教神学能够在真理的探索中相和谐。”特别是在创造－演化的论题上，圣公会认为“宇宙大爆炸学说”与“从无到有的创造和持续的概念”非常协调。在英国《卫报》的一次[http://www.guardian.co.uk/religion/Story/0,,1735404,00.html 采访] {{Wayback|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/religion/Story/0,,1735404,00.html |date=20080829235334 }}中，[[坎特伯里大主教]][[羅恩·威廉斯]]博士表达了他的观点：“创造论被错误地归类，某种程度上，就如把《圣经》看作是众多理论之一的错误一样。无论创世在《圣经》中是如何表述的，它不是与其他理论并列的一种理论……，我担心[[创造论]]弱化而非强化了创世的信条。”他的观点是，创造论不应在公立学校教授。


==== 罗马天主教 ====
Some Deists contend that God ceased to exist after setting in motion the laws of the universe.
{{Main|罗马天主教会与演化论}}


罗马天主教会对于演化论的立场在过去的两个世纪经历了很多转变：从无明确官方立场，到1950年代的中立，及最近几年的接纳。时至今日，天主教会的官方立场是争议的焦点，并且是泛泛而谈，只说信仰与人类躯体演化方面的科学发现没有冲突，而天主的存在对解释人类起源的精神因素是必不可少的。有名天主教徒認為，根據《創世紀》，「第五天」中被創造的動物各按其類繁衍後代，演化其進新的種類；「第六天」中被創造的動物各按其類繁衍後代，亦演化其進新的種類。「第五天」中被創造的動物沒有和不會演化成「第六天」中被創造的動物；「第六天」中被創造的動物亦沒有和不會演化成「第五天」中被創造的動物。在「第六天」中被創造的亞當與厄娃，即人類的祖先，並不是由動物演化而來，亞當是由天主親手用塵土創造成，厄娃是由天主親手用亞當的一根肋骨創造成，人類是萬物之靈，並不是萬物的後代。
===基督教思想===
Many [[Christian denomination|denominations]] of [[Christianity]] support or accept theistic evolution. Particular instances are noted below:
=====圣公会=====
Although [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]] (including the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America]], the [[Church of England]] and others) believe that the Bible "contains all things necessary to salvation," nonetheless "science and Christian theology can complement one another in the quest for truth and understanding." Specifically on the subject of creation/evolution, Anglicans view "Big Bang cosmology" as being "in tune with both the concepts of creation out of nothing and continuous creation." Their position is clearly set out in the [http://www.episcopalchurch.org/19021_58398_ENG_HTM.htm Catechism of Creation Part II: Creation and Science]. In [http://www.guardian.co.uk/religion/Story/0,,1735404,00.html an interview], the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] Dr [[Rowan Williams]] expressed his thought that "creationism is, in a sense, a kind of category mistake, as if the Bible were a theory like other theories. Whatever the biblical account of creation is, it's not a theory alongside theories.... My worry is creationism can end up reducing the doctrine of creation rather than enhancing it." His view is that creationism should not be taught in schools.


=====罗马天主教=====
==== [[衛理公會]] ====
聯合衛理公會的正式宣言：「我們認知神所創造的自然世界，用科學來詮釋是有道理的。我們確認用科學來描述自然世界是正確的，我們也確認用科學來決定何為科學方法是正確的。我們在解決神學問題時，不把科學列入考量；但在解決科學問題時，也不把神學列入考量。我們覺得用科學來描述宇宙，地理和生物進化與神學並不互相衝突。」<ref>[http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=3082929&ct=6715227 Science and Technology] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607070533/http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=3082929&ct=6715227|date=2011-06-07}}</ref>
:''Main Article: [[Evolution and the Roman Catholic Church]]''


=== 伊斯兰 ===
The position of the Roman Catholic Church on the theory of evolution has changed over the last two centuries from a large period of no official mention, to a statement of neutrality in the 1950s, to a more explicit acceptance in recent years. Today, the official Church's position remains a focus of controversy and is fairly non-specific, stating only that faith and scientific findings regarding the evolution of man's material body are not in conflict, and that the existence of God is required to explain the spiritual component of man's origins.
一些穆斯林相信神导演化，特别是[[伊斯兰教]]中的自由派。更多的原教旨主义者，特别是[[瓦哈比主义]]信徒，则拒绝物种通过同一祖先演化而来的理论，因为这与《[[可兰经]]》不相容。然而，即使在接受演化论的穆斯林中，大多数人相信人类是神特别的创造。


来自穆斯林对演化论的主要批评是，演化论是支持无神论的，所以应该被否定。参见：[http://www.harunyahya.com/incompatible02.php 为什么达尔文主义不符合《可兰经》]
====进化论与基督教对创世纪的诠释====
:''See also: [[Allegorical interpretations of Genesis]]


=== 犹太教 ===
A literal reading of [[Genesis]] is incompatible with evolution; however, according to Roman [[Catholicism]] and most [[Protestant]] Churches, [[Fundamentalist Christianity|Biblical Literalism]] is neither mandatory, nor universally accurate. Some conservative Christians think that seeing Genesis as a [[mythology|myth]] or as an allegory is some kind of "cop-out," and that it was always interpreted literally until biological evolution came and disproved it. However, many religious historians consider that Biblical literalism came about with the rise of [[Protestantism]]; before the [[Reformation]], the Bible was not usually interpreted in a completely literal way. Fr. [[Stanley Jaki]], a [[Benedictine]] priest and theologian who is also a distinguished physicist, states in his ''Bible and Science'' (Christendom Press, 1996):
一般而言，犹太教的主要宗派接受神导演化论，部分犹太正教除外。犹太教内支持神导演化论人士的一般看法是，《[[摩西五经]]》中的创世描述不可从字面理解，更多的是象征意义。


=== 其他宗教 ===
:"Insofar as the study of the original languages of the Bible was severed from authoritative ecclesiastical preaching as its matrix, it fueled literalism... Biblical literalism taken for a source of scientific information is making the rounds even nowadays among creationists who would merit [[Julian Huxley]]'s description of 'bibliolaters.' They merely bring discredit to the Bible as they pile grist upon grist on the mills of latter-day Huxleys, such as [[Fred Hoyle|Hoyle]], [[Carl Sagan|Sagan]], [[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould]], and others. The fallacies of creationism go deeper than fallacious reasonings about scientific data. Where creationism is fundamentally at fault is its resting its case on a theological faultline: the biblicism constructed by the [Protestant] Reformers." (Jaki, pages 110-111)
{{cn|另外一种观点是，[[造物主]]以随机的方式设立了[[量子力学|量子机制]]，以此向自然界展示权威。同时，造物主或许用奇迹的方式，在灵魂的创造过程中或[[来世]]，或者用其他超越[[物理学]]可理解的方式干预世界。}}


[[雷爾運動]]認為造物主其實是另一個星球的科學家，利用基因工程創造人類，而造物主的造物主也是用此種方法造物，並且認為若能解決目前的人類問題，將來也能利用科技創造生命，成為下一個有智慧生命的造物主。
Other Christian thinkers have pointed out that the concept of ''myth'' is not synonymous with being "false", and that some myths may be seen as "a truth in unfamiliar clothing" (For example, [[C.S. Lewis]] expounded this view, to which he had been introduced by his friends [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Owen Barfield]].)


== 批评 ==
However, the Russian Orthodox [[hieromonk]] Fr. [[Seraphim Rose]] has argued that the leading Orthodox saints such as [[Basil the Great]], [[Gregory Nazianzus|Gregory the Theologian]], [[John Chrysostom]] and [[Ephraim the Syrian]] believed that Genesis should be treated as a historical account. (''Genesis, Creation and Early Man'',
对神导演化论，来自[[无神论]]方面的批判主要集中于其超自然造物主信仰，认为这种信仰破坏了方法[[自然主义]]和[[科学哲学]]的[[证伪]]要求。如果自然选择能够解释演化现象，那么运用[[奥卡姆剃刀]]原理，超自然的干预就被剔除。在这个立场上，[[罗伯特·托德·卡罗尔]]认为“无论上帝是否存在，宇宙对于我们而言看上去都是一个样”。
Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, Platina, CA, 2000) [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/phronema/evolution_frseraphim_kalomiros.aspx], [http://www.answersingenesis.org/tj/v16/i3/orthodoxy.asp].
For example, St. Basil the Great rejected an allegorical interpretation in his [[Hexaëmeron]], and affirmed 24-hour creation days. Others from the so-called "Alexandrian school" were not strictly 24-hour day literalists (e.g. [[Origen|Origen of Alexandria]]). [http://home.entouch.net/dmd/churchfathers.htm]


[[基督教基要主义]]（基要派）認為，神導演化論是為了跟無神論妥協而背棄[[聖經]]的主張。因為基督教認為，動物不像人有[[靈魂]]，神導演化論若為真，將無法解釋基督信仰救贖永生的論點。再者，根據[[創世記]]中記載，上帝創造是「各從其類」，並且有針對[[人類]]的特別創造的過程。
=====奥古斯丁=====
The "metaphorical/literal" distinction arose with the rise of the [[Scientific Revolution]], although its source could be found in earlier writings, such as those of [[Herodotus]] (5th century BC). At some times it was even considered heretical to interpret the Bible literally (cf. Origen, St. Jerome). [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]] (4th/5th century), one of the greatest theologians of the Catholic Church, was in fact the first person to propose a theory similar to evolution (cf. ''De Genesi ad litteram'' or ''The Literal Meaning of Genesis''). He suggested that the Biblical text should not be interpreted literally if it contradicts what we know from science and our God-given reason.


== 参见 ==
In ''The Literal Meaning of Genesis'' Augustine took the view that everything in the universe was created simultaneously by God, and not in seven days like a plain account of Genesis would require. He argues that the six-day structure of creation presented in the book of Genesis represents a logical framework, rather than the passage of time in a physical way. Augustine also doesn’t envisage [[original sin]] as originating structural changes in the universe, and even suggests that the bodies of Adam and Eve were already created mortal before the Fall. Apart from his specific views, Augustine recognizes that the interpretation of the creation story is difficult, and remarks that we should be willing to change our mind about it as new information comes up. [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Bible-Science/PSCF3-88Young.html]
{{div col|4}}
* [[宗教与科学]]
* [[无神论]]
* [[智能设计]]
*{{tsl|en|Biblical cosmology||Biblical cosmology}}
* [[天体演化学]]
* [[天主教與演化論]]
* [[基督教基要主义]]
* [[創造神]]
* [[自然神论]]
* [[存在]]
* [[自然神学]]
* {{tsl|en|Arthur Peacocke||Arthur Peacocke}}
* [[有神论]]
* [[宇宙年表]]
* [[宇宙的終極命運]]
* [[法蘭西斯·柯林斯]]
* [[宗教證據]]
{{div col end}}


== 参考文獻 ==
In his book, ''The City of God'', Augustine also defended what would today be called [[Young Earth creationism]]. This wasn’t in contradiction with the above explanation about biblical interpretation, since, at Augustine’s time, there was no compelling evidence against the idea of a young Earth. Augustine rejected both the immortality of the human race proposed by pagans, and contemporary ideas of ages (such as those of certain Greeks and Egyptians) that differed from the Church's sacred writings. (Augustine, [http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF1-02/npnf1-02-18.htm#P2017_1154484 Of the Falseness of the History Which Allots Many Thousand Years to the World’s Past], ''The City of God'', Book 12: Chapt. 10 [AD 419]
=== 引用 ===
{{Reflist}}


=== 来源 ===
St. Augustine also comments on the word "day" in the creation week, admitting the interpretation of what "kind" of days constituted the creation week is difficult. (''City of God'', Book 11: Chapt. 6).
{{refbegin}}
* {{tsl|en|Kenneth R. Miller||Miller, Kenneth R.}} (1999) ''Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution'' ISBN 0-06-093049-7
* {{tsl|en|Keith B. Miller||Miller, Keith B.}} (2003) ''Perspectives on an Evolving Creation'' ISBN 0-8028-0512-4
* {{tsl|en|Darrel Falk||Falk, Darrel}} (2004) ''Coming to Peace with Science: Bridging the Worlds Between Faith and Biology'' ISBN 0-8308-2742-0
{{refend}}


== 外部链接 ==
=====现代基督教观点=====
* [http://www.godoor.net/jidianlinks/kx/xm-kls.htm 从《上帝的语言》看人类的起源] {{Wayback|url=http://www.godoor.net/jidianlinks/kx/xm-kls.htm |date=20161031025503 }}
Catholic theologian Ludwig Ott in his authoritative ''Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma'', under the section "The Divine Work of Creation," (pages 92-122) covers the "biblical hexahemeron" (the "six days" of creation), the creation of man, Adam/Eve, original sin, the Fall, and the statements of the early Fathers, Saints, Church Councils, and Popes relevant to the matter. Ott makes the following comments on the "science" of Genesis and the Fathers:
* [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/wic.html What is Creationism?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/wic.html |date=20200203213422 }} by Mark Isaak, presents various forms of creationism
* [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolution-definition.html What is Evolution?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolution-definition.html |date=20210316220609 }} by Laurence Moran, presents a standard definition for evolution
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120421053511/http://www.answersincreation.org/ Answers In Creation] old earth creationism, but open to theistic evolution
* [http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sunrise/52-02-3/sc-wtst3.htm Evolution & Creation: A Theosophic Synthesis] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sunrise/52-02-3/sc-wtst3.htm |date=20210227114532 }} Surveys critical problems in Darwinist explanations and common theistic views; explores ancient and modern "excluded middle" alternatives
* [http://www.catholic.net/us_catholic_news/template_article.phtml?channel_id=1&article_id=3901 US Catholic News - Creationists Hijack Intelligent Design] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholic.net/us_catholic_news/template_article.phtml?channel_id=1&article_id=3901 |date=20070930204735 }}
* [http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/06/17_townes.shtml Nobel Prize winner Charles Townes on evolution and "intelligent design"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/06/17_townes.shtml |date=20210223192522 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151215225259/http://www.allviewpoints.org/RESOURCES/EVOLUTION/spectrum.htm Spectrum of Creation Beliefs] From Flat Earthism to Atheistic Evolutionism, including Theistic Evolution
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080907194922/http://answering-islam.org/Chinese/project/gb_topic21/D/gb_21_D_4_2b.htm 从历史和科学的亮光中看古兰经和圣经]
* [http://youdeqi01.blogchina.com/youdeqi01/4893969.html 伊斯兰教真理的一些依据]{{dead link|date=2018年4月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://rael.org 雷爾運動：無神論者的智慧設計] {{Wayback|url=http://rael.org/ |date=20180316014850 }}


=== 神导演化论的主要支持者 ===
:"...as the hagiographers in profane things make use of a popular, that is, a non-scientific form of exposition suitable to the mental perception of their times, a more liberal interpretation, is possible here. The Church gives no positive decisions in regard to purely scientific questions, but limits itself to rejecting errors which endanger faith. Further, in these scientific matters there is no virtue in a consensus of the Fathers since they are not here acting as witnesses of the Faith, but merely as private scientists... Since the findings of reason and the supernatural knowledge of Faith go back to the same source, namely to God, there can never be a real contradiction between the certain discoveries of the profane sciences and the Word of God properly understood." (Ott, page 92)
* [[費奧多西·多布然斯基]]：''[http://www.2think.org/dobzhansky.shtml Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution] {{Wayback|url=http://www.2think.org/dobzhansky.shtml |date=20121104083216 }}''(參見維基條目：[[生物學的一切都沒有道理，除非放在演化的光芒之下]])
* [http://www.millerandlevine.com/km/ Kenneth R Miller's homepage] {{Wayback|url=http://www.millerandlevine.com/km/ |date=20120224211923 }}
* [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-god.html God and Evolution] {{Wayback|url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-god.html |date=20210223023349 }} — part of the {{tsl|en|talk.origins Archive||talk.origins Archive}}
* [http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/JP961022.HTM Message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences: On Evolution subtitled "Truth Cannot Contradict Truth"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/JP961022.HTM |date=20190606123234 }}, by Pope John Paul II, 22 October 1996.
* [http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/JP2COSM.HTM On Cosmology and Fundamental Physics] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/JP2COSM.HTM |date=20170805205216 }}, by Pope John Paul II, 3 October 1981.
* [http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20040723_communion-stewardship_en.html Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20040723_communion-stewardship_en.html |date=20140621050711 }} Statement on creation and evolution from the International Theological Commission headed by Cardinal Ratzinger (now [[本篤十六世]]), 23 July 2004.
* [http://www.theisticevolution.org/ Perspectives on Theistic Evolution] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theisticevolution.org/ |date=20210425195540 }} An examination of both the theological and scientific aspects of theistic evolution.
* [http://www.uwosh.edu/colleges/cols/clergy_project.htm The "Clergy Letter" Project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uwosh.edu/colleges/cols/clergy_project.htm |date=20080509100830 }} signed by thousands of clergy supporting evolution and faith
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090403201808/http://home.entouch.net/dmd/dmd.htm DMD Publishing Co. home page] Essays arguing that even a literal treatment of Genesis requires theistic evolution.
* {{tsl|en|Thomas Jay Oord||Thomas Jay Oord}} ''Science of Love: The Wisdom of Well-Being'', Templeton, 2003.
* [http://www.fywss.edu.hk/~astro/file/24.pdf 六日创造论 Vs 神导演化论]{{Dead link}}


=== 神导演化论的反对者 ===
:"As the Sacred Writer had not the intention of representing with scientific accuracy the intrinsic constitution of things, and the sequence of the works of creation but of communicating knowledge in a popular way suitable to the idiom and to the pre-scientific development of his time, the account is not to be regarded or measured as if it were couched in language which is strictly scientific... The Biblical account of the duration and order of Creation is merely a literary clothing of the religious truth that the whole world was called into existence by the creative word of God. The Sacred Writer utilized for this purpose the pre-scientific picture of the world existing at the time. The numeral six of the days of Creation is to be understood as an anthropomorphism. God's work of creation represented in schematic form (opus distinctionis -- opus ornatus) by the picture of a human working week, the termination of the work by the picture of the Sabbath rest. The purpose of this literary device is to manifest Divine approval of the working week and the Sabbath rest." (Ott, page 93, cf. Exod 20:8)
* [http://atheism.about.com/od/creationismcreationists/p/theistic.htm About Atheism on the topic] {{Wayback|url=http://atheism.about.com/od/creationismcreationists/p/theistic.htm |date=20130424011226 }}

* [http://www.answersingenesis.org/ Answers in Genesis] {{Wayback|url=http://www.answersingenesis.org/ |date=20110223100618 }}
Pope John Paul II wrote to the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] on the subject of cosmology and how to interpret Genesis:
* [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/3055/#theistic Why is evolution so dangerous for Christians to believe?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/3055/#theistic |date=20090221184134 }} (articles from Creation Ministries International)

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041115083801/http://www.icr.org/ Institute for Creation Research]
:"Cosmogony and cosmology have always aroused great interest among peoples and religions. The Bible itself speaks to us of the origin of the universe and its make-up, not in order to provide us with a scientific treatise, but in order to state the correct relationships of man with God and with the universe. Sacred Scripture wishes simply to declare that the world was created by God, and in order to teach this truth it expresses itself in the terms of the cosmology in use at the time of the writer. The Sacred Book likewise wishes to tell men that the world was not created as the seat of the gods, as was taught by other cosmogonies and cosmologies, but was rather created for the service of man and the glory of God. Any other teaching about the origin and make-up of the universe is alien to the intentions of the Bible, which does not wish to teach how heaven was made but how one goes to heaven." (Pope John Paul II, 3 October 1981 to the Pontifical Academy of Science, [http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/JP2COSM.HTM "Cosmology and Fundamental Physics"])
** [http://www.icr.org/index.php?module=articles&action=view&ID=281 ''The Compromise Road''] by {{tsl|en|Henry Morris||Henry Morris}}

The "Clergy Letter" Project, drafted in 2004, and signed by thousands of Christian clergy supporting evolution and faith, states:

:"We the undersigned, Christian clergy from many different traditions, believe that the timeless truths of the Bible and the discoveries of modern science may comfortably coexist. We believe that the theory of evolution is a foundational scientific truth, one that has stood up to rigorous scrutiny and upon which much of human knowledge and achievement rests. To reject this truth or to treat it as 'one theory among others' is to deliberately embrace scientific ignorance and transmit such ignorance to our children. We believe that among God’s good gifts are human minds capable of critical thought and that the failure to fully employ this gift is a rejection of the will of our Creator." ([http://www.uwosh.edu/colleges/cols/religion_science_collaboration.htm An Open Letter Concerning Religion and Science])

===伊斯兰===
Some Muslims believe in evolutionary creationism, especially among the [[Liberal movements within Islam|Liberal movements]] within [[Islam]]. More literalist Muslims, including followers of [[Wahhabism]], reject origin of species from a common ancestor by evolution as incompatible with the [[Qur'an]]. However, even amongst Muslims who accept evolution, many believe that humanity was a special creation by God. For example, Shaikh Nuh Ha Mim Keller, an American Muslim and specialist in Islamic law has argued in [http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/evolve.htm Islam and Evolution] that a belief in [[macroevolution]] is not incompatible with Islam, as long as it is accepted that "Allah is the Creator of everything" (Qur'an 13:16) and that Allah specifically created humanity (in the person of Adam; Qur'an 38:71-76). Shaikh Keller clearly states in his conclusion however:

:"As for claim that man has evolved from a non-human species, this is unbelief (kufr) no matter if we ascribe the process to Allah or to "nature," because it negates the truth of Adam's special creation that Allah has revealed in the Qur'an. Man is of special origin, attested to not only by revelation, but also by the divine secret within him, the capacity for ma'rifa or knowledge of the Divine that he alone of all things possesses. By his God-given nature, man stands before a door opening onto infinitude that no other creature in the universe can aspire to. Man is something else."

One of the main criticisms of evolution by Muslims is their assertion that it was created by and supports atheism, and so it is argued that it should be rejected (see for example, [http://www.harunyahya.com/incompatible02.php Why Darwinism is Incompatible With the Qur'an]).

''See also [[Islamic creationism]].''

===犹太教===
In general, [[Judaism]]'s the major [[Jewish denominations]] accept theistic evolution, with the exception of some [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] groups. The general approach of advocates of theistic evolution within Judaism is that the [[Creation according to Genesis|creation account]] in the [[Torah]] is not to be taken as a literal text, but rather as a [[symbolism|symbolic]] work.

''See also [[Jewish creationism]].''

===其他宗教===
Another perspective is that a [[Divine Creator]] engineers [[quantum mechanics|quantum events]], in a manner which is apparently random, thus exercising authoritative power over nature. Alternatively, a [[Divine Creator]] may intervene through [[miracles]], in the [[Creation (theology)|creation of souls]], in an [[afterlife]], or ways beyond known [[physics]].

==身为进化论生物学家的神学家==
Although [[evolutionary biologists]] have often been [[agnostics]] (most notably [[Thomas Huxley]] and [[Charles Darwin]]) or [[Atheism|atheists]] (most notably [[Richard Dawkins]]), from the outset many have had a belief in some form of theism. These have included [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] ([[1823]]–[[1913]]), who in a joint paper with [[Charles Darwin]] in [[1858]], proposed the theory of [[evolution]] by [[natural selection]]. Wallace was effectively a deist who believed that "the unseen universe of Spirit" had interceded to create life as well as consciousness in animals and (separately) in humans.

An early example of this kind of approach came from computing pioneer [[Charles Babbage]] who published his unofficial ''Ninth Bridgewater Treatise'' in [[1837]], putting forward the thesis that God had the omnipotence and foresight to create as a divine legislator, making laws (or programs) which then produced species at the appropriate times, rather than continually interfering with ''ad hoc'' miracles each time a new species was required.

[[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]] ([[1881]]–[[1955]]) was a noted geologist and paleontologist as well as a [[Jesuit]] Priest who wrote extensively on the subject of incorporating evolution into a new understanding of Christianity. Initially suppressed by the [[Catholic Church]], his theological work has had considerable influence and is widely taught in Catholic and most [[mainline]] [[Protestant]] seminaries.

Both [[Ronald Fisher]] ([[1890]]–[[1962]]) and [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] ([[1900]]–[[1975]]), were Christians and architects of the [[modern evolutionary synthesis]]. Dobzhansky, a Russian Orthodox, wrote a famous 1973 essay entitled ''[[Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution]]'' espousing evolutionary creationism:

:"I am a creationist and an evolutionist. Evolution is God's, or Nature's, method of creation. Creation is not an event that happened in 4004 BC; it is a process that began some 10 billion years ago and is still under way... Does the evolutionary doctrine clash with religious faith? It does not. It is a blunder to mistake the Holy Scriptures for elementary textbooks of astronomy, geology, biology, and anthropology. Only if symbols are construed to mean what they are not intended to mean can there arise imaginary, insoluble conflicts... the blunder leads to blasphemy: the Creator is accused of systematic deceitfulness."

==现代进化创造论的主要人物==
Contemporary biologists and geologists who are Christians and evolutionary creationists include
* [[Kenneth R. Miller]], professor of biology at [[Brown University]], author of ''Finding Darwin's God'' (Cliff Street Books, 1999), in which he states his belief in God and argues that "evolution is the key to understanding God." Dr. Miller has also called himself "an orthodox Catholic and an orthodox Darwinist" (the 2001 PBS special "Evolution"). His book has been strongly criticised by creationists.[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1826/]
* [[Derek Burke]], Professor of Biological Sciences at the [[University of Warwick]];
* [[R.J. Berry|R. J. Berry]], Professor of Genetics at [[University College London]];
* evangelical Christian and geologist [[Keith B. Miller]] (no relation to Kenneth) of [[Kansas State University]], who compiled an anthology ''Perspectives on an Evolving Creation'' (Eerdmans, 2003);
* biologist [[Denis Lamoureux]] of St. Joseph's College, University of Alberta, Canada who has co-authored with evolution critic [[Phillip E. Johnson]] ''Darwinism Defeated? The Johnson-Lamoureux Debate on Biological Origins'' (Regent College, 1999);
* biologist [[Darrel Falk]] of [[Point Loma Nazarene University]], author of ''Coming to Peace with Science'';
* paleontologist [[Robert T. Bakker]];
* microbiologist [[Richard G. Colling]] of [[Olivet Nazarene University]], author of the book [[Random Designer]];
* paleobiologist Prof. [[Simon Conway Morris]] of Cambridge University, well known for his groundbreaking work on the [[Burgess Shale]] fossils and the [[Cambrian explosion]], and author of ''Life's Solution: Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe''.
* [[Francis Collins|Francis S. Collins]], geneticist, physician, mathematician and chemist; former president of the Human Genome Project and author of "The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief" and other works.

Philosophers, theologians, and physical scientists who have supported the evolutionary creationist model include
* theologian-philosopher [[John Haught]] of [[Georgetown University]];
* theologian Rev. [[Keith Ward]], former Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford, author of ''God, Chance, and Necessity'';
* physicist and theologian Rev. [[John Polkinghorne]] of [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]];
* theologian-philosopher [[Thomas Jay Oord]] of Northwest Nazarene University
* Fr. [[George Coyne]] of the [[Vatican Observatory]].

==批评==
The major [[Atheism|atheistic]] criticism of evolutionary creationism focuses on the belief in a [[supernatural]] [[creator]], which violates the methodological [[naturalism (philosophy)|naturalism]] and the [[falsifiability]] requirements of [[scientific philosophy]]. This criticism would be accurate in the case of a theistic evolution proponent trying to portray his view as a scientific theory, but hardly applies to someone correctly explaining it as a view that adds scientific knowledge with more personal beliefs. Furthermore, an atheist portraying his personal rejection of the idea of a Creator as if it were part of the scientific explanation of evolution would also be in error. An important distinction to make is that materialism and naturalism are in science specifically for ''[[Naturalism (philosophy)#Methodological naturalism versus ontological naturalism|methodological]]'' reasons, not for [[Naturalism (philosophy)#Methodological naturalism versus ontological naturalism|ontological]] ones. Among other things, it means that science does not deal with the question of the existence of a Creator, and argues neither for nor against it. By the same token, a scientist is entitled to apply [[Occam's razor]] and hold that if sufficient explanation of the phenomena of evolution is provided by the principle of ''natural'' selection, there is no cause to allow the intervention or direction of a ''super''natural entity. As an illustration of this basic position, [[Robert Todd Carroll]] stated that "the universe would appear the same to us whether it was designed by God or not" ([http://skepdic.com/intelligentdesign.html The Skeptic's Dictionary]).

Another criticism of some forms of evolutionary creationism (especially those of deists) is that they are simply a belief in a [[God of the gaps]], where anything that cannot currently be explained by science is attributed to God. For example, the [[physicist]] Dr. [[Paul Davies]] has stated: "I flatly reject the argument that the origin of life was some sort of miracle. To be sure, we don't yet know how it happened, but that doesn't mean a cosmic magician is needed to prod atoms around." Theists reject evolution primarily on the basis of their [[Sacred text|scriptures]]. Most monotheistic scriptures contain a [[creation story]] describing an event in which animals and humans are instantly created by a supernatural being, typically each in a different way, which contradicts the process of [[natural selection]] if taken literally.

Criticism of theistic evolution is tempered by our limited understanding of a broader question: how did the Universe originate together with time and space, and why it appears to be so well suited for the origin and evolution of life (anthropic principle)? Such philosophical questions may never be addressed by science.

[[Young Earth creationism|Young Earth creationists]] criticize theistic evolution on theological grounds (see [[#External links|External links]]).

==“智能设计论”==
Some adherents of theistic evolution hold that the deity both designed the universe and has a continuing part in its development, and feel that a term they favour has been hijacked by the proponents of the viewpoint called "[[Intelligent design]]" (which is in effect a form of "literal" [[creationism]], denying the principal tenets of the theory of evolution). Statements to this effect have been made by [[Kenneth R. Miller]] and [[Charles Townes]], amongst others.

==参见条目==
* [[Atheism]]
* [[Biblical cosmology]]
* [[Cosmogony]]
* [[Cosmological argument]]
* [[Creator god]]
* [[Deism]]
* [[Existence]]
* [[Natural theology]]
* [[Arthur Peacocke]]
* [[Theism]]
* [[Timeline of the Big Bang]]
* [[Timeline of the Universe]]
* [[Ultimate fate of the universe]]

==参考==
* [[Kenneth R. Miller|Miller, Kenneth R.]]; ([[1999]]) ''Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution'' ISBN 0060930497
* [[Keith B. Miller|Miller, Keith B.]]; ([[2003]]) ''Perspectives on an Evolving Creation'' ISBN 0802805124
* [[Darrel Falk|Falk, Darrel]]; ([[2004]]) ''Coming to Peace with Science: Bridging the Worlds Between Faith and Biology'' ISBN 0830827420

==外部链接==
* [http://www.hjclub.com/showtopic.asp?ID=2602743 从《上帝的语言》看人类的起源]
* [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/wic.html What is Creationism?] by Mark Isaak, presents various forms of creationism
* [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolution-definition.html What is Evolution?] by Laurence Moran, presents a standard definition for evolution
* [http://www.answersincreation.org Answers In Creation] old earth creationism, but open to theistic evolution
*[http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sunrise/52-02-3/sc-wtst3.htm Evolution & Creation: A Theosophic Synthesis] Surveys critical problems in Darwinist explanations and common theistic views; explores ancient and modern "excluded middle" alternatives
*[http://www.catholic.net/us_catholic_news/template_article.phtml?channel_id=1&article_id=3901 US Catholic News - Creationists Hijack Intelligent Design]
*[http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/06/17_townes.shtml Nobel Prize winner Charles Townes on evolution and "intelligent design"]
*[http://www.allviewpoints.org/RESOURCES/EVOLUTION/spectrum.htm Spectrum of Creation Beliefs] From Flat Earthism to Atheistic Evolutionism, including Theistic Evolution

===神导进化论的主要支持者===
* ''[http://www.2think.org/dobzhansky.shtml Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution]'' by [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] (see also: [[Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution|Wikipedia's article]])
* [http://www.millerandlevine.com/km/ Kenneth R Miller's homepage]
* [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-god.html God and Evolution] — part of the [[talk.origins Archive]]
* [http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/JP961022.HTM Message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences: On Evolution subtitled "Truth Cannot Contradict Truth"], by Pope John Paul II, 22 October 1996.
* [http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/JP2COSM.HTM On Cosmology and Fundamental Physics], by Pope John Paul II, 3 October 1981.
* [http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20040723_communion-stewardship_en.html Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God] Statement on creation and evolution from the International Theological Commission headed by Cardinal Ratzinger (now [[Pope Benedict XVI]]), 23 July 2004.
*[http://www.theisticevolution.org/ Perspectives on Theistic Evolution] An examination of both the theological and scientific aspects of theistic evolution.
*[http://www.uwosh.edu/colleges/cols/clergy_project.htm The "Clergy Letter" Project] signed by thousands of clergy supporting evolution and faith
*[http://home.entouch.net/dmd/dmd.htm DMD Publishing Co. home page] Essays arguing that even a literal treatment of Genesis requires theistic evolution.
*[[Thomas Jay Oord]] ''Science of Love: The Wisdom of Well-Being'', Templeton, 2003.

===神导进化论的反对者===
* [http://atheism.about.com/od/creationismcreationists/p/theistic.htm About Atheism on the topic]
* [http://www.answersingenesis.org/ Answers in Genesis]
* [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/3055/#theistic Why is evolution so dangerous for Christians to believe?] (articles from Creation Ministries International)
* [http://www.icr.org Institute for Creation Research]
** [http://www.icr.org/index.php?module=articles&action=view&ID=281 ''The Compromise Road''] by [[Henry Morris]]
* [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/081956205X/ Saving the Appearances: A study in Idolatry] by Owen Barfield
* [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/081956205X/ Saving the Appearances: A study in Idolatry] by Owen Barfield
* [http://www.answersdepot.com/theisticevolution.html What's wrong with theistic evolution?] by Answers Depot
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060429084649/http://answersdepot.com/theisticevolution.html What's wrong with theistic evolution?] by Answers Depot

[[Category:Creationism]]
[[Category:Evolution]]


[[Category:生物學哲學]]
[[de:Theistische Evolution]]
[[Category:宗教觀]]
[[en:Theistic evolution]]
[[Category:生物学进化]]
[[nl:Theïstisch evolutionisme]]
[[pt:Evolucionismo teísta]]

2024年6月29日 (六) 22:36的最新版本

系列条目
創造論
米开朗基罗创作的西斯汀小堂天顶画之一《创造亚当》
不同类型的创造论
圣经宇宙学（英语：Biblical cosmology）
创造科学（英语：Creation science）
创造与进化的争议
宗教观点
非创造
进化论

神导演化论，或称“演化创造论”，不是一个科学意义上的理论学说，而是关于演化论学说的宗教解读观点。更确切地说，是关于经典宗教教义如何与生物演化的理解部分或完全相融的总体观点。这些观点被许多基督教会所接纳，包括罗马天主教和大多数更正教主流宗派，部分犹太教宗派，以及其他不拘泥字句理解圣经的基督教组织。福音派基督徒，包括传道家葛培理，对神导演化论也持开放态度[1]。

用这种方式研讨演化，《圣经》经文中的《创世记》故事便可以寓于自然的方法解读。许多人强调《创世记》不是严谨的科学论文，而相信上帝主导了人类产生的演化过程。

在达尔文的演化论出现前很久，犹太教徒和基督徒就已经把《创世记》看作是寓言，而不是历史书。公元一世纪，犹太学者斐洛写道：世界是六天或者任意一段时间内创造出来的想法是错误的[1]。圣奥古斯丁在公元四世纪采用的神学观点是，宇宙万物是神在同一时刻创造出来的，《创世记》中的一天甚至不可以从字面上理解为24小时[2]。

“演化创造论”一词用来特指一种信仰：上帝超越正常的时间和空间，自然界不能独立于其旨意。这种思想与《创世记》的描述和客观科学均不冲突，因为创造世界的事件发生于我们所知道的时间之外。

定义

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神导演化论认为，宗教界对演化生物学的接纳与对天文学或气象学的接纳并无本质不同。后二者也是采用自然主义基础的方法论来研究和解释自然界，而不探究超自然的存在与否。这种观点将古老的宗教文献重新解读，从而使宗教与现代科学在演化论方面的发现调和起来。

基于信仰和宗教信条的目的论假设仍可归入创造论，认为生命起源中有神的干预，或物种的形态为神的律法所管辖，然而在演化论与创造论的争论中，该理论的支持者常常站在“演化论者”一边。鉴于这个理由，争论双方都有人用“神导演化论”而非“演化创造论”来描述这一信仰。

观点

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接受微观演化和宏观演化的科学概念，同时保留神学信念，认为世界归根结底是神的创造物，演化只是手段。

如下所列，一些宗教组织接受演化论，虽然其神学解释各有不同。需要说明的是，这些组织内部的一些人或团体未必接受演化思想，接受程度也因时而异。

更多信息：創造論

自然神论

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自然神论相信神或者第一作用是基于理性，而胜于信仰或启示。大多数自然神论者相信上帝不干预这个世界或者创造神迹。一些自然神论者相信上帝创造了世界，然后演化在其中发生，是这个系统和自然法则的设计方式；同时许多自然神论者相信上帝创造了生命，然后才有演化。有人觉得，认为上帝自身而非演化机制在不断地改变其创造物是不敬虔的想法。也有人认为，上帝为自然界设定了运动法则后，便功成身退了。

基督教思想

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《创世记》的字面解读与演化论互相矛盾：然而，对于罗马天主教会和一些新教教会，基督教基要主义并非必须。某些保守派基督徒认为，把《创世记》当做民间传说是一种“立场软弱”，这段《圣经》一直在按照字面理解，直到生物演化论出现。但是，许多宗教历史学家认为圣经的拘泥于字句的解读出现在基督教新教兴起以后；在宗教改革以前，《圣经》并非完全照字面理解。

许多基督教宗派支持或接受神导演化论，罗列如下：

圣公会

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虽然圣公会（包括美国圣公会和英国国教会）相信圣经“包含了得救所需的一切知识”，仍认为“科学和基督教神学能够在真理的探索中相和谐。”特别是在创造－演化的论题上，圣公会认为“宇宙大爆炸学说”与“从无到有的创造和持续的概念”非常协调。在英国《卫报》的一次采访 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）中，坎特伯里大主教羅恩·威廉斯博士表达了他的观点：“创造论被错误地归类，某种程度上，就如把《圣经》看作是众多理论之一的错误一样。无论创世在《圣经》中是如何表述的，它不是与其他理论并列的一种理论……，我担心创造论弱化而非强化了创世的信条。”他的观点是，创造论不应在公立学校教授。

罗马天主教

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主条目：罗马天主教会与演化论

罗马天主教会对于演化论的立场在过去的两个世纪经历了很多转变：从无明确官方立场，到1950年代的中立，及最近几年的接纳。时至今日，天主教会的官方立场是争议的焦点，并且是泛泛而谈，只说信仰与人类躯体演化方面的科学发现没有冲突，而天主的存在对解释人类起源的精神因素是必不可少的。有名天主教徒認為，根據《創世紀》，「第五天」中被創造的動物各按其類繁衍後代，演化其進新的種類；「第六天」中被創造的動物各按其類繁衍後代，亦演化其進新的種類。「第五天」中被創造的動物沒有和不會演化成「第六天」中被創造的動物；「第六天」中被創造的動物亦沒有和不會演化成「第五天」中被創造的動物。在「第六天」中被創造的亞當與厄娃，即人類的祖先，並不是由動物演化而來，亞當是由天主親手用塵土創造成，厄娃是由天主親手用亞當的一根肋骨創造成，人類是萬物之靈，並不是萬物的後代。

衛理公會

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聯合衛理公會的正式宣言：「我們認知神所創造的自然世界，用科學來詮釋是有道理的。我們確認用科學來描述自然世界是正確的，我們也確認用科學來決定何為科學方法是正確的。我們在解決神學問題時，不把科學列入考量；但在解決科學問題時，也不把神學列入考量。我們覺得用科學來描述宇宙，地理和生物進化與神學並不互相衝突。」[3]

伊斯兰

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一些穆斯林相信神导演化，特别是伊斯兰教中的自由派。更多的原教旨主义者，特别是瓦哈比主义信徒，则拒绝物种通过同一祖先演化而来的理论，因为这与《可兰经》不相容。然而，即使在接受演化论的穆斯林中，大多数人相信人类是神特别的创造。

来自穆斯林对演化论的主要批评是，演化论是支持无神论的，所以应该被否定。参见：为什么达尔文主义不符合《可兰经》

犹太教

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一般而言，犹太教的主要宗派接受神导演化论，部分犹太正教除外。犹太教内支持神导演化论人士的一般看法是，《摩西五经》中的创世描述不可从字面理解，更多的是象征意义。

其他宗教

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另外一种观点是，造物主以随机的方式设立了量子机制，以此向自然界展示权威。同时，造物主或许用奇迹的方式，在灵魂的创造过程中或来世，或者用其他超越物理学可理解的方式干预世界。[來源請求]

雷爾運動認為造物主其實是另一個星球的科學家，利用基因工程創造人類，而造物主的造物主也是用此種方法造物，並且認為若能解決目前的人類問題，將來也能利用科技創造生命，成為下一個有智慧生命的造物主。

批评

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对神导演化论，来自无神论方面的批判主要集中于其超自然造物主信仰，认为这种信仰破坏了方法自然主义和科学哲学的证伪要求。如果自然选择能够解释演化现象，那么运用奥卡姆剃刀原理，超自然的干预就被剔除。在这个立场上，罗伯特·托德·卡罗尔认为“无论上帝是否存在，宇宙对于我们而言看上去都是一个样”。

基督教基要主义（基要派）認為，神導演化論是為了跟無神論妥協而背棄聖經的主張。因為基督教認為，動物不像人有靈魂，神導演化論若為真，將無法解釋基督信仰救贖永生的論點。再者，根據創世記中記載，上帝創造是「各從其類」，並且有針對人類的特別創造的過程。

参见

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参考文獻

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引用

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Creation Science. [2006-07-30]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-21）. 
  2. ^ THE CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE OF AUGUSTINE. [2006-04-04]. （原始内容存档于2006-02-14）. 
  3. ^ Science and Technology 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-06-07.

来源

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外部链接

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神导演化论的主要支持者

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神导演化论的反对者

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检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=神导演化论&oldid=83217186”