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圣殿山：修订间差异

坐标：31°46′43″N 35°14′5″E / 31.77861°N 35.23472°E / 31.77861; 35.23472
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{{Pathnav|耶路撒冷|耶路撒冷旧城}}
[[Image:The west wall and the temple mount.jpg|300px|right|thumb|今日圣殿山，前景是[[西墙]]，山上是[[圆顶清真寺]]]]
{{Infobox mountain
[[Image:Hebrew domeEntrance sign.jpg|170px|right|thumb|首席拉比的警示牌，告诫进入圣殿山的禁止事项]]
|Name = 圣殿山
|Photo = Israel-2013(2)-Aerial-Jerusalem-Temple Mount-Temple Mount (south exposure).jpg
|Caption = 從南側俯瞰聖殿山
|elevation_m = 743
|Location = [[耶路撒冷]]
|Range =
|country = {{ISR}}<br>{{PSE}}<br>{{JOR}}
|pushpin_map = Israel
|pushpin_mapsize = 180
|pushpin_label_position = top
|pushpin_map_caption = 在以色列的位置
|coordinates = {{coord|31|46|43|N|35|14|5|E|type:mountain|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|First ascent =
|Easiest route =
}}
'''圣殿山'''（{{lang-he|הַר הַבַּיִת}}，{{lang-ar|الحرم القدسي الشريف}}）位于[[耶路撒冷旧城]]的[[宗教]][[圣地]]。


==歷史==
'''圣殿山'''（[[希伯来语]]：'''הַר הַבַּיִת'''，[[阿拉伯语]]：'''الحرم القدسي الشريف'''）是位于[[耶路撒冷老城]]的宗教圣地。
圣殿山昔日称为'''摩利亚山'''， 是[[犹太教]]最神圣的地方。[[犹太人]]的[[耶路撒冷圣殿]]就位于此处：[[所罗门圣殿|第一圣殿]]建于前967年，前586年被摧毁；[[第二圣殿]]建于前515年，公元70年被摧毁，遺下[[西牆]]作為痕跡。犹太教一般还相信，这里还将是[[弥赛亚]]到来时重建[[第三圣殿]]的地点。犹太人认为圣殿山就是现在阿克萨清真寺的位置。但是阿拉伯人认为，犹太人的说法「荒谬」，因为犹太人「从来没有提供有效的证据」来证实圣殿山就是现在阿克萨清真寺的位置。[[以色列]]建国后，无数的考古证据已证实阿克萨清真寺的地点， 即是所罗门圣殿所在的位置{{來源請求}}。例如按[[圣经]]记载。圣殿山的南面紧贴着[[大卫城]]。经过几十年的挖掘和考古研究，大卫城已对外开放，成为以色列的国家公园之一。


[[伊斯兰教]]2个重要的宗教圣地位於聖殿山：[[圆顶清真寺]]（建于690年）和[[阿克萨清真寺]]（建于710年）。
圣殿山是犹太教最神圣的地方。犹太人的[[耶路撒冷圣殿]]就位于此处：[[所罗门圣殿|第一圣殿]]建于前967年，前587年被归回；[[第二圣殿]]建于前515年，公元70年被摧毁。犹太教一般还相信，这里还将是[[弥赛亚]]到来时重建[[第三圣殿]]的地点。


这里还有[[伊斯兰教]]2个重要的宗教圣地：[[圆顶清真寺]]（建于690年）和[[阿克萨清真寺]]（建于710年）。圣殿山是世界上最具争议性的宗教圣地之一。在1848年到1967年约旦统治东耶路撒冷期间，不允许以色列人进入[[耶路撒冷老城]]。巴勒斯坦与以色列对这个地方的主权争议，一直是阿以冲突的关键因素。<!-- 以色列政府 has granted management of the site to a Muslim Council ([[Waqf]]). -->


在1948年到1967年[[约旦]]统治[[东耶路撒冷]]期间，不允许[[以色列人]]進入耶路撒冷舊城。此处与整个[[约旦河西岸]]在1950年被合并为约旦王国。
<!-- ==Current features of the site==
Due to the extreme political sensitivity of the site, very little archaeological digging has been done on the Temple Mount itself. Protests commonly occur whenever archaeologists conduct projects on or near the Mount. Aside from visual observation of surface features, most other archaeological knowledge of the site comes from the 19th century survey carried out by [[Charles Wilson]] and [[Charles Warren]].


1967年[[六日战爭]]后，以色列將约旦逐回约旦河东岸並佔領東耶路撒冷；其後以色列与约旦达成协议，兩清真寺仍由约旦管理，四周由以色列军警严密把守<ref name="观察者网 2023">{{cite web | title=以色列国家安全部长访问圣殿山，中国及阿联酋要求安理会举行紧急会议 | website=观察者网 | date=2023-01-04 | url=https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2023_01_04_674184.shtml | language=zh | access-date=2023-04-05 | archive-date=2023-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406102344/https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2023_01_04_674184.shtml | dead-url=no }}</ref>，圣殿山自此成為世上最具政治争议性的宗教圣地之一。
The Temple Mount is a large flat-topped construction built over a natural hill; the side walls of the Mount are hidden behind residential buildings on the northern and north of the western sides, the south of the western side is the [[Western Wall]] - only half visible above ground -, while the south and east sides are visible almost to their full height. The northern portion of the Western Wall may be seen from within the [[Western Wall Tunnels]], which were controversially excavated underneath the buildings in that location in the 20th century. The platform itself is separated from the old city of Jerusalem by the [[Tyropoeon Valley]], though this once deep valley is now largely hidden beneath later deposits, and is imperceptible in places. The platform can be reached via ''bridge street'' - a street in the Arab quarter at the level of the platform actually sitting on a monumental bridge; the bridge is no longer externally visible due to the change in ground level, but it may be seen (from underneath) via the Western Wall Tunnels.
[[Image:05029r1.jpg|150px|thumb|The Foundation Stone]]
An additional flat platform is built above the portion of the hill rising above the general level of the top of the Temple Mount, and this upper platform is the location of the Dome of the Rock; [[Sakhrah|the rock in question]] is the bedrock at the peak of the hill, just breaching the floor level of the upper platform. The rock contains underneath it a natural cave known as the [[Well of Souls]]; originally only enterable by a narrow hole in the rock itself, [[Crusades|Crusaders]] hacked open an entrance to the cave from the south, by which it can now be entered. There is also a smaller domed building on the upper platform, slightly to the east of the Dome of the Rock, known as the ''Dome of the Chain'' - traditionally the location where a chain once rose to heaven. Several stairways rise to the upper platform from the lower, but that at the north west corner is believed by some archaeologists be part of a much wider monumental staircase, mostly hidden or destroyed, and dating from the Second Temple era.


== 政治 ==
The lower platform - that constituting most of the surface of the Temple Mount, has at its southern end the al-Aqsa Mosque, which takes up most of the width of the Mount. Gardens take up the eastern and most of the northern side of the platform; the far north of the platform houses an Islamic school.<ref>[http://www.campsci.com/museum/images/43e.jpg]</ref> The lower platform also houses a fountain (known as ''al-Kas''), originally supplied with water via a long narrow aqueduct leading from pools at [[Bethlehem]] (colloquially known as ''Solomon's Pools''), but now supplied from Jerusalem's mains water.
<gallery>
al [[cisterns]] embedded in the lower platform, designed to collect rain water as a water supply. These have various forms and structures, seemingly built in different periods by different architects, ranging from vaulted chambers built in the gap between the bedrock and the platform, to chambers cut into the bedrock itself. Of these, the most notable are (numbering traditionally follows Wilson's scheme<ref>[http://www.campsci.com/museum/images/map.gif Wilson's map of the features under the Temple Mount]</ref>):
File:Jerusalem Modell BW 2.JPG|以色列博物館的第二聖殿模型
*Cistern 1 (located under the northern side of the upper platform). There is a speculation that it had a function connected with the altar of the Second Temple (and possibly of the earlier Temple),<ref name=Kaufman>{{cite news
File:The west wall and the temple mount.jpg|根据犹太人说法，今日圣殿山，前景的[[西墙]]是原第二聖殿的一部分，山上是[[圆顶清真寺]]， 阿拉伯人不认同该说法。
| url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/99716364.html?dids=99716364:99716364&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+12%2C+1991&author=Asher+Kaufman&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=13&desc=THE+TEMPLE+SITE
File:Hebrew domeEntrance sign.jpg|[[以色列首席拉比]]署的[[希伯來語]]與[[英語]]警告牌，指出因為聖殿山的聖潔，依照猶太教律法[[妥拉]]，任何人都禁止進入聖殿山範圍。
| title = The Temple Site
File:SWqanatirTempleMount.JPG
| last = Kaufman
</gallery>
| first = Asher
| date = [[May 23]], [[1991]]
| publisher = [[The Jerusalem Post]]
| format = Abstract
| pages = 13
| accessdate = 2007-03-04
| quote = The most important findings of the superposition of the Second Temple on the Temple area are that the Dome of the Rock was not built on the site of the Temple, and that the Temple was taper-shaped on the western side, a form hitherto unknown to the scholars.}}
</ref> or with the ''bronze sea''. Charles Warren thought that the ''altar of burnt offerings'' was located at the north western end.
*Cistern 5 (located under the south eastern corner of the upper platform) - a long and narrow chamber, with a strange anti-clockwise curved section at its north western corner, and containing within it a doorway currently blocked by earth. The cistern's position and design is such that there has been speculation it had a function connected with the altar of the Second Temple (and possibly of the earlier Temple),<ref name=Patrich>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3362927,00.html
| title = Researcher says found location of the Holy Temple
| date = [[February 09]], [[2007]]
| publisher = [[Ynetnews]]
| accessdate = 2007-03-04
| quote = Archaeology Professor Joseph Patrich uncovered a large water cistern that points, in his opinion, to the exact location of the altar and sanctuary on the Temple Mount. According to his findings, the rock on which the Dome of the Rock is built is outside the confines of the Temple.}}
</ref> or with the ''bronze sea''.
*Cistern 8 (located just north of the al-Aqsa Mosque) - known as the ''Great Sea'', a large rock hewn cavern, the roof supported by pillars carved from the rock; the chamber is particularly cave-like and atmospheric [http://www.campsci.com/museum/images/48c.jpg], and its maximum water capacity is several hundred thousand gallons.
*Cistern 9 (located just south of cistern 8, and directly under the al-Aqsa Mosque) - known as the ''Well of the Leaf'' due to its leaf-shaped plan, also rock hewn.
*Cistern 11 (located east of cistern 9) - a set of vaulted rooms forming a plan shaped like the letter E. Probably the largest cistern, it has the potential to house over 700,000 gallons of water.
*Cistern 16/17 (located at the centre of the far northern end of the Temple Mount). Despite the currently narrow entrances, this cistern (17 and 16 are the same cistern) is a large vaulted chamber, which Warren described as looking like the inside of the cathedral at [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordoba]] (which was previously a mosque). Warren believed that it was almost certainly built for some other purpose, and was only adapted into a cistern at a later date; he suggested that it might have been part of a general vault supporting the northern side of the platform, in which case substantially more of the chamber exists than is used for a cistern.
[[Image:Jerusalem Goldenes Tor um 1900.jpg|thumb|The Golden Gate]]
The walls of the platform contain several gateways, all currently blocked. In the east wall is [[the Golden Gate]], through which legend states the [[Jewish Messiah]] would enter Jerusalem. On the southern face are the [[Hulda Gates]] - the ''triple gate'' (which has three arches) and the ''double gate'' (which has two arches, and is partly obscured by a Crusader building); these were the entrance and exit (respectively) to the Temple Mount from [[Ophel]] (the oldest part of Jerusalem), and the main access to the Mount for ordinary Jews. In the western face, near the southern corner, is the [[Barclay's Gate]] - only half visible due to a building on the northern side. Also in the western face, but hidden by later construction (but visible via the recent Western Wall Tunnels), and only rediscovered by Warren, is [[Warren's Gate]]; the function of these western gates is obscure, but many Jews view Warren's Gate as particularly holy, due to its location due west of the Dome of the Rock (traditional belief considers the Dome of the Rock to have earlier been the location at which the [[Holy of Holies]] was placed).


== 参考文献 ==
Warren was able to investigate the inside of these gates. Warren's Gate and the Golden Gate simply head towards the centre of the Mount, fairly quickly giving access to the surface by steps.<ref>[http://www.campsci.com/museum/images/38g.jpg Photograph of the inside of the Golden Gate]</ref> Barclay's Gate is similar, but abruptly turns south as it does so; the reason for this is currently unknown. The double and triple gates (the ''Huldah Gates'') are more substantial; heading into the Mount for some distance they each finally have steps rising to the surface just north of the al-Aqsa Mosque.<ref>[http://www.campsci.com/museum/images/45o.jpg image of the double gate passage]</ref> The passageway for each is vaulted, and has two aisles (in the case of the triple gate, a third aisle exists for a brief distance beyond the gate); the eastern aisle of the double gates and western of the triple gates reach the surface, the other aisles terminating some way before the steps - Warren believed that one aisle of each original passage was extended when the al-Aqsa Mosque blocked the original surface exits.

East of, and joined to, the triple gate passageway is a large vaulted area, supporting the south eastern corner of the Temple Mount platform - which is substantially above the bedrock at this point - the vaulted chambers here are popularly referred to as [[King Solomon's Stables]].<ref>[http://www.campsci.com/museum/images/46e.jpg Photograph of King Solomon's Stables]</ref> They were used as stables by the Crusaders, but were built by Herod the Great - along with the platform they were built to support. In the process of investigating Cistern 10, Warren discovered tunnels that lay ''under'' the Triple Gate passageway.<ref>[http://www.campsci.com/museum/images/47a.jpg Photograph of one of the chambers ''under'' the Triple Gate passageway]</ref> These passages lead in erratic directions, some leading beyond the southern edge of the Temple Mount (they are at a depth below the base of the walls); their purpose is currently unknown - as is whether they predate the Temple Mount - a situation not helped by the fact that apart from Warren's expedition no-one else is known to have visited them. -->

<!-- ==Traditions relating to the site==
===Jewish===
According to an [[Aggada]] in the [[Talmud]], the world was created from the [[Foundation Stone]] on the Temple Mount<ref>[[Babylonian Talmud]] [[Yoma]] 54b </ref> According to the Bible, the place where [[Abraham]] fulfilled God's test to see if he would be willing to sacrifice his son Isaac was [[Moriah|Mount Moriah]], which the Talmud says was another name for the Temple Mount. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}

The Bible recounts that [[Jacob]] dreamt about angels ascending and descending a ladder while sleeping on a stone. The Talmud says that this took place on the Temple Mount, and Jewish tradition has it that the rock in the [[Dome of the Rock]] was the one on which he slept.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} [[Rashi]] also identifies the site as the place where Jacob and [[Rebekah]] prayed, asking God to grant them children.<ref>[[Toledot]] 25:21</ref>

According to the Bible, King [[David]] purchased a threshing floor owned by Aravnah the [[Jebus]]ite<ref>[[2 Samuel]] 24:18-25</ref> overlooking Jerusalem upon the cessation of a plague, to erect an [[altar]]. He wanted to construct a permanent temple there, but as his hands were "bloodied", he was forbidden to do so himself, so this task was left to his son [[Solomon]], who completed the task c. [[950s BC|950 BCE]].

The [[Western Wall]], also known as [[The Kotel]], is a part of the Temple Mount that survived the destruction of the [[Second Temple]] and remains standing. The Western Wall is holy due to its proximity to the location on the Temple Mount of the [[Holy of Holies]] of the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple]], the [[Most Holy Place]] in [[Judaism]]. Due to Jewish religious restrictions on entering the most sacred areas of the Temple Mount, the Western Wall has become, for practical purposes, the holiest generally accessible site for Jews to pray. Many Jews often leave written prayers addressed to [[God]] in the cracks of the wall.

====Jewish religious law concerning entry to the site==== -->
[[Image:Sign at entrance to Temple .jpg|thumbnail|333px|1978 sign at entrance to Temple Mount]] <!-- Christian sources from the Byzantine period recorded that when Jews were allowed to visit the Temple ruins, they would anoint the rock. According to Islamic tradition, immediately after its construction, five Jewish families from Jerusalem were employed to clean the Dome of the Rock and to prepare wicks for its lamps.<ref>Moshe Sharon. "Islam on the Temple Mount" ''Biblical Archaeology Review'' July/August 2006. p. 36-47, 68.</ref> The earliest known mention of a rabbinic prohibition on Jews entering the Temple Mount appears in a letter<ref>Avraham Ya'ari, ''Igrot Eretz Yisrael'' (Tel Aviv, 1950) p. 134.</ref> from Jerusalem by Rabbi Obadia da Bartinoro to his father in 1488, i.e., during the [[Mamluk]] period.
Most [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] rabbis, both those belonging to the [[Religious Zionism|Religious Zionist]] and the [[Haredi]] Orthodox streams of, have issued prohibitions against entering the Temple Mount because of the danger of entering the area of the Temple courtyard and the difficulty of fulfilling the ritual requirement of cleansing oneself with the ashes of a red [[cow|heifer]] (see [[Book of Numbers|Numbers 19]]), and declared it punishable with ''[[karet]]'', death by heavenly decree [http://www.jcpa.org/jpsr/s99-yc.htm]. The boundaries of the areas which are completely forbidden, while having large portions in common, are delineated differently by various rabbinic authorities.
Some rabbis, primarily belonging to right-wing [[Religious Zionism]], disagree with the majority position and maintain that it is permitted and even commendable to visit those parts of the Temple Mount which according to most rabbinic authorities do not lead to any controversy.

=====Those who forbid Jews from entering the Temple Mount=====
In August 1967, the Chief [[Rabbi]]s of Israel, [[Isser Yehuda Unterman]] and [[Yitzhak Nissim]], in concert with other leading rabbis, asserted that "For generations we have warned against and refrained from entering any part of the Temple Mount."

When in January 2005 a large group of leading rabbis from the [[Religious Zionism|national-religious (Zionist)]] stream of [[Orthodox Judaism]] signed a declaration confirming that the 1967 decision of Chief Rabbis Unterman and Nissim was still valid, declaring that it is absolutely forbidden for Jews to ascend on the Temple Mount until ''[[Moshiach]]'', the Jewish Messiah comes, the Temple Institute responded furiously.
Rabbis who signed on to the declaration were:<ref>[http://www.templeinstitute.org/archive/25-01-05.htm]</ref>
* Rabbi [[Yona Metzger]], Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel
* Rabbi [[Shlomo Amar]], Sefardi Chief Rabbi of Israel
* Rabbi [[Ovadia Yosef]], spiritual leader of Sefardi Haredi Judaism and of the [[Shas]] party, and former Sefardi Chief Rabbi of Israel
* Rabbi [[Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron]], former Sefardi Chief Rabbi of Israel
* Rabbi [[Shmuel Rabinowitz]], rabbi of the [[Western Wall]]
* Rabbi [[Avraham Shapiro]], former Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel
* Rabbi [[Shlomo Aviner]], [[rosh yeshiva]] of the [[Ateret Cohanim]] [[yeshiva]]
* Rabbi [[Yisrael Meir Lau]], former Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel and current Chief Rabbi of [[Tel Aviv]]
All [[Ashkenazi]] [[Haredi]] rabbis forbid entering the Temple Mount. Some of them are:
* Rabbi [[Yaakov Yisrael Kanievsky]], the ''Steipler''<ref>[http://chareidi.shemayisrael.com/archives5763/bamidbar/ojerslm.htm]</ref>
* Rabbi [[Yosef Sholom Eliashiv]]
* Rabbi [[Avraham Yeshayeh Karelitz]], the ''Chazon Ish''
* Rabbi [[Velvel Soloveitchik]], the ''Brisker Rov''
* Rabbi [[Joel Teitelbaum]], the ''Satmar Rov''

=====Those who permit Jews to enter the Temple Mount=====
Some rabbis who permitted Jews to enter the Temple Mount include:<ref>[http://mailman.io.com/pipermail/freemanlist/2003-June/000581.html]</ref>
* Rabbi [[Shlomo Goren]], former Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel
* Rabbi [[Mordechai Eliyahu]], former Sefardi Chief Rabbi of Israel
* Rabbi Chaim David Halevi, former Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv and Jaffo
* Rabbi [[Dov Lior]], Rabbi of [[Kiryat Arba]]
* Rabbi Yosef Elboim
* Rabbi [[Yisrael Ariel]]
* Rabbi Shear Yishuv HaCohen, Chief Rabbi of [[Haifa]]
* Rabbi Yuval Sherlo, [[rosh yeshiva]] of the [[hesder]] yeshiva of [[Petach Tikvah]]
They have "strongly encouraged" Jews to visit the permitted sections of the Temple Mount. -->

<!-- During [[Maimonides]]' residence in [[Jerusalem]], a [[synagogue]] stood on the Temple Mount alongside other structures; Maimonides prayed there.
The ''[[Rambam]]'' (Maimonides) specifically states that there are areas on the Temple Mount that Jews are permitted to enter today even when all Jews are ritually unclean. He writes that in 1165 he visited Jerusalem and went up on to the Temple Mount and prayed in the "great, holy house" (probably the Al-Aqsa mosque).<ref>Sefer HaCharedim Mitzvat Tshuva Chapter 3</ref>
[[Image:Maimonides-2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Maimonides]] established a yearly holiday for himself and his sons, the 6th of [[Cheshvan]], commemorating the day he went up to pray on the Temple Mount]]

In 1267 [[Nahmanides]] wrote a letter to his son. It contained the following references to the land and the Temple:
<blockquote>People regularly come to Jerusalem, men and women from Damascus and from Aleppo and from all parts of the country, to see the Temple and weep over it. And may He who deemed us worthy to see Jerusalem in her ruins, grant us to see her rebuilt and restored, and the honor of the Divine Presence returned.</blockquote>

It appears that [[Radbaz|Rabbi David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra]] (''Radbaz'') also ascended to a portion of the Temple Mount and gave advice to others how to do this.<ref>Shaarey Teshuvah, Orach Chaim 561:1; cf. Teshuvoth Radbaz 691</ref>

Authorities who permit ascending the Temple Mount generally advise observing the elements of the laws of ritual purity that are possible in the absence of the ancient Temple rites. These include cleansing following seminal emissions and menstrual discharges. Although laws relating to ritual impurity through male seminal emissions, which were a significant aspect of the laws of ritual purity in Talmudic times, have gradually disappeared from Orthodox Judaism since the Middle Ages, they still apply in full force to contemporary Orthodox Jewish law concerning ascending the Temple Mount. Following a seminal emission, even one resulting from marital intercourse, Orthodox men [[Tevilah|immerse]] in a [[mikvah]] (ritual bath) for ritual cleansing prior to ascending the Mount. Women likewise do not ascend during the period of [[niddah]] (during and immediately after menstruation) and, following receiving a seminal emission (intercourse), and immerse in a mikvah to attain ritual purity prior to ascending. Because the rules involved are complex and may be unfamiliar since many are not applicable to circumstances other than the Temple Mount, some authorities advise always immersing in a mikvah as a precaution prior to ascending.<ref>[http://www.ou.org/torah/tt/5765/metzora65/mikdash.htm Sheyibaneh Beit HaMikdash: More on Tum'ah and Tahorah]</ref>

The law committee of the [[Masorti]] movement ([[Conservative Judaism]] in Israel) has issued two [[responsa]] on the subject, both holding that Jews may visit the permitted sections of the Temple Mount. One responsa allows such visits, another encourages them.

According to Rabbi Shlomo Goren, it's possible that Jews are even allowed to enter the heart of the Dome of the Rock, the probable location of the [[Holy of Holies]], according to Jewish Law of Conquest.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=720008&contrassID=2&subContrassID=4&sbSubContrassID=0]</ref>

{{Seealso|Jerusalem in Judaism}} -->
<!--Is there a Reform/Reconstructionist/frei official opinion on this?-->

<!-- ===Muslim===
The Temple Mount is traditionally regarded by Muslims as the [[third holiest site in Islam|third most important Islamic holy site]], after [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].<ref>[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503544626]</ref> <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1883472.stm]</ref><ref>[http://experts.about.com/e/a/al/Al-Aqsa_Mosque.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.noblesanctuary.com/]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/middle_east/2000/holy_places/al_aqsa.stm]</ref><ref>[http://www.hweb.org.uk/content/view/4/3/]</ref><ref>[http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/mideast/stories/issues.jerusalem/index.html]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&pg=PA70&ots=CESdH9qUy5&sig=693ISJOP5mK2rfPZsYakkM7kf2A]</ref>
The primary reason for its importance is the Muslim belief that in 621, [[Muhammad]] arrived there after a miraculous [[Isra and Miraj|nocturnal journey]] aboard the winged steed named [[Buraq]], to take a brief tour of heaven with the Archangel [[Gabriel]]. This happened during Prophet time in Mecca , years before Muslims conquered Jerusalem(638).

Another reason for its importance in Islam is that both Kings [[David]] and [[Solomon]] are regarded as prophets, and the Temple (mentioned in [[Qur'an 17]]:7, and described in much more detail in the noncanonical ''[[Qisas al-Anbiya]]'') as one of the earliest and most noteworthy places of worship of [[Islamic concept of God|God]]. (The [[Kaaba]]'s sanctity has a similar basis in the Islamic tradition that it was built, or rebuilt, by [[Abraham]].) In addition to this, the "farthest Mosque" (''al-masjid al-Aqṣa'') in verse ([[sura 17|17]]:1) of the [[Qur'an]] is traditionally interpreted by Muslims as referring to the site at the Temple Mount in [[Jerusalem]] on which the mosque of that name now stands, although this is disputed by some scholars. (See [[Al-Aqsa Mosque#Location of farthest mosque|Al Aqsa Mosque]] regarding this interpretation.) References to Jerusalem and events there have been made more than seventy times, mostly in various states of ambiguity, in the [[Quran]], and many times in the [[Hadith]].<ref name = "Khatib">{{cite journal
| last = el-Khatib
| first = Abdallah
| date = [[May 1]], [[2001]]
| title = Jerusalem in the Qur'ān
| journal = British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
| volume = 28
| issue = 1
| pages = 25–53
| doi = 10.1080/13530190120034549
| url = http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=1353-0194&volume=28&issue=1&spage=25
| format = Abstract
| accessdate = 2006-11-17
}}</ref> -->

<!-- ===Christian===
The Temple is mentioned in the [[New Testament]] ({{bibleverse||Mark|11:11}}) and many times in the Old Testament. [[Jesus]] prayed there as a Jew ({{bibleverse||Mark|11:25-26}}). It is also mentioned in the New Testament that Jesus chased some money-lenders and merchants from The Temple grounds, turning over their tables and accusing them of desecrating a sacred place with secular ways (see [[Jesus and the Money Changers]]).

==History ==

While the point at which the Temple Mount enters history may be disputed (see the religious traditions mentioned above), history records that there was a [[First Temple]] that stood for 410 years, being built by the Israelites in 996 BCE and destroyed by [[Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon]] in [[580s BC|586 BCE]]. -->

<!-- Construction of the [[Second Temple]] began in [[530 BCE]], 70 years after [[巴比伦之囚|exile to Babylonia]], and was completed in [[515 BCE]]. -->

[[Image:Secondtempleplan.jpg|thumb|left|A drawing of [[Herod's Temple]]]]
<!-- Around [[19 BCE]], [[Herod the Great]] expanded the Temple Mount and rebuilt the Temple (see [[Herod's Temple]]). In the course of the [[First Jewish-Roman War]] it was destroyed by [[Titus]] in [[70]] CE. The Romans did not topple the [[Western Wall]]. Upon the destruction of the Temple, the [[Rabbi]]s revised prayers, and introduced new ones to request the speedy rebuilding of the Temple and the city of Jerusalem. They also instituted the saying of the portions of the [[Torah]] commanding the bringing of the sacrifices in place of the sacrifices themselves.

During the time of the [[Byzantine Empire]], it is believed that [[Constantine]]'s mother, [[Helena of Constantinople|St. Helena]], built a small church on the Mount in the [[4th century]], calling it the [[Church]] of St. Cyrus and St. John, later on enlarged and called the Church of the Holy Wisdom. The church was later destroyed and on its ruins the Dome of the Rock was built.<ref> Wilkinson, ''Jerusalem Pilgrims Before the Crusades'', p. 204 </ref>

In [[363]], Emperor [[Julian the Apostate|Julian II]], on his way to engage Persia, stopped at the [[Western Wall|ruins]] of the [[Second Temple]] in [[Jerusalem]]. In keeping with his effort to foster religions other than Christianity, Julian ordered the Temple rebuilt. A personal friend of his, [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], wrote this about the effort:

{{long quotation|"Julian thought to rebuild at an extravagant expense the proud Temple once at Jerusalem, and committed this task to [[Alypius of Antioch]]. Alypius set vigorously to work, and was seconded by the [[Roman governor|governor of the province]]; when fearful balls of fire, breaking out near the foundations, continued their attacks, till the workmen, after repeated scorchings, could approach no more: and he gave up the attempt."}}
The failure to rebuild the Temple has been ascribed to an earthquake, common in the region, and to the [[Jew]]s' ambivalence about the project. Sabotage is a possibility, as is an accidental fire. Divine intervention was the common view among Christian historians of the time.<ref name="Solomon"> See [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html "Julian and the Jews 361-363 CE"] and [http://www.gibsoncondo.com/~david/convert/history.html "Julian the Apostate and the Holy Temple"].</ref>

Islamic tradition holds that when Muslims first entered the city of Jerusalem under the leadership of [[Caliph]] [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] in [[637]], the ruins of the Temple were being used as a rubbish dump by the [[Christian]] inhabitants, perhaps in order to humiliate the Jews and try to fulfill [[Jesus]]' prophecy that not a stone would be left standing on another there (Matthew 24:1-2); Caliph Omar (a contemporary of [[Muhammad]], who had died a few years earlier), ordered it cleaned and performed prayer there. He also ordered a mosque to be constructed at the site, upon which site the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] was built several decades later.

After the Muslim conquest of this region, the Temple Mount became known to Muslims as ''al-Haram al-Sharif'' الحرم الشريف (the Noble Sanctuary).

In [[690]] an octagonal Muslim building topped by a dome was built around the rock, which became known as the [[Dome of the Rock]] (''Qubbat as-Sakhra'' قبة الصخرة). In [[715]] the Umayyads rebuilt the Temple's nearby [[Chanuyos]] into a mosque (see [http://www.campsci.com/museum/room18.htm illustrations] and [http://www.campsci.com/museum/images/18a.jpg detailed drawing]) which they named ''al-Masjid al-Aqsa'' المسجد الأقصى, the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] or in translation "the furthest mosque", corresponding to the [[Muslim]] belief of [[Muhammad]]'s miraculous [[Isra and Mi'raj|nocturnal journey]] as recounted in the [[Quran]] and [[hadith]]. The Quranic term ''al-Masjid al-Aqsa'' refers to the whole area that surrounds that Rock and was called later the Noble Santuary by the [[Mamluks]] and [[Ottomans]]<ref>Oleg Grabar, THE HARAM AL-SHARIF:
AN ESSAY IN INTERPRETATION, BRIIFS vol. 2 no 2 (Autumn 2000)[http://www.riifs.org/journal/essy_v2no2_grbar.htm]</ref>

The structures have been ruined or destroyed several times in earthquakes {{Fact|date=February 2007}}; the current version dates from the first half of the [[11th century]]. For Muslims, the importance of the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque make [[Jerusalem]] the [[third holiest site in Islam|third-holiest city]] after [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]. The mosque and shrine are currently administered by a [[Waqf]] (an Islamic trust).

In 1867, a team from the [[Royal Engineers]], led by Lieutenant [[Charles Warren]] (later the London police commissioner of [[Jack the Ripper]] fame) and financed by the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]] (P.E.F.), discovered a series of tunnels beneath Jerusalem and the Temple Mount, some of which were directly underneath the headquartes of the [[Knights Templar]]. Various small artifacts were found which indicated that Templars had used some of the tunnels, though it is unclear who exactly first dug them. Some of the ruins which Warren discovered came from centuries earlier, and other tunnels which his team discovered had evidently been used for a water system, as they led to a series of cisterns.<ref>[http://www.templemount.org/wilson1.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.pef.org.uk/Pages/ProjJER1.htm]</ref> -->

<!-- ===1969 Al-Aqsa arson and other conflicts and complaints===
On [[August 21]], [[1969]], an [[Australia]]n, [[Michael Dennis Rohan]], set the Al-Aqsa mosque on fire. Rohan was a reader of ''[[The Plain Truth]]'' magazine published by the [[Worldwide Church of God]] headed by [[Herbert W. Armstrong]], which was best known for its radio and television programs called ''[[The World Tomorrow]]'' featuring his son [[Garner Ted Armstrong]]. Rohan had read an editorial in the June 1967 edition by Herbert W. Armstrong, concerning rebuilding of the Temple on Temple Mount. The article implied that the present structures would have to be removed and then when a new Temple had been built a series of events would take place resulting in the [[Second Coming|return of Jesus]] as the [[Messiah]]. This interpretation of prophetic events is now common within [[Fundamentalist Christianity]], but was almost exclusive to the Worldwide Church of God at that time. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} Herbert W. Armstrong claimed that Rohan was not a member of the church, only a subscriber to the magazine. The incident made worldwide news and ''The Daily Telegraph'' newspaper in [[London]] pictured Rohan on its front page with a folded copy of ''The Plain Truth'' sticking out of his outside jacket pocket.

The Arab world and the [[USSR]] (see [[Michael Dennis Rohan#Role of the Soviet Union|role of the Soviet Union]]) blamed Israel for the incident and Yassar Arafat constantly used it as the foundation of his attacks on Israel. Several Arab and Islamic media agencies, including the [[Jordanian News Agency]][http://www.petra.gov.jo/nepras/2004/Aug/20/20958400.htm], [[IslamOnline]][http://islamonline.net/English/News/2004-08/21/article04.shtml], and [[Palestine Chronicle]][http://new.palestinechronicle.com/story.php?sid=20010822033448107], incorrectly reported that Rohan was Jewish. However, Herbert W. Armstrong was not a stranger to [[King Hussein]] and he had been working with Jordanian government to put his daily radio program called ''[[The World Tomorrow]]'' on their AM and shortwave stations that broadcast from the Jordanian West Bank. That contract had been negated due to the [[Six Day War]] and the sudden capture of the Jordanian radio stations by Israel.

Israeli sources claim that Israeli firemen attempting to extinguish the blaze were hampered by Arabs who mistakenly believed that the fire hoses contained petrol rather than water[http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1967to1991_alaqsa_fire_1969.php]; Shaykh [[Ekrima Sa'id Sabri]] claims that Palestinian efforts to put out the fire were obstructed by Israel[http://www.arabmediawatch.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=689].

On [[February 1]], [[1981]], an article "''Islam Reborn''" written by Don A. Schanche appeared in the Opinion section of ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]''. It related the following information:
<blockquote>''The Islamic conference, for example, was born in a worldwide surge of [[Muslim]] outrage over the August, 1969, burning of Jerusalem's [[Al Aksa mosque]], third holiest shrine in [[Islam]] after [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], by a deranged [[Australian]] [[Jew]], who many Muslims believed was a pawn in a [[Zionist]] plot. The call to gather in [[Rabat]], [[Morocco]], to unify and do something to redress the outrage drew only 25 of the more than 40 nations in the world with Muslim majorities. With only one cause to unite them, the kings and presidents talked for only a day and issued a call for the restoration of [[Arab]] sovereignty over [[Jerusalem]] and other territories occupied by Israel in the 1967 [[Arab-Israeli war]]. Then they adjourned. The meeting and the newly founded organization were all but ignored by the rest of the world.... Last week, with its membership now grown to 42, but attendance weakened by the suspension of [[Egypt]] and [[Soviet-occupied Afghanistan]] and the pointed absence of [[Iran]] and [[Libya]], the [[Islamic]] conference went a long way toward achieving its long-sought goal of power in unity.''</blockquote>

On [[April 11]], [[1981]], an American-born Israeli Jewish soldier, Alan Harry Goodman, entered the Al-Aqsa Mosque and started firing randomly, killing two Palestinians.

In recent years many complaints have been voiced by Israelis about Muslim construction and excavation on and underneath the Temple Mount, and by Muslims about Israeli excavations, two under the Temple Mount, the rest around it[http://www.aqsa.org.uk/journals/vol2iss2/archaeological_excavations_in_je.html]. Ironically, for a time [[Ambassador College]] - the liberal arts educational institution of the [[Worldwide Church of God]] - regularly provided students and money during summer breaks to assist with these excavations.

Some claim that this will lead to the destabilization of the retaining walls of the Temple Mount, of which the [[Western Wall]] is one, and/or the [[al-Aqsa Mosque]], and allege that one side is doing so deliberately to cause the collapse of the sacred sites of the other. Israelis allege that Palestinians are deliberately removing significant amounts of archaeological evidence about the Jewish past of the site and claim to have found significant artifacts in the fill removed by bulldozers and trucks from the Temple Mount. Muslims allege that the Israelis are deliberately damaging the remains of Islamic-era buildings found in their excavations[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/543/fo2.htm]. See below for details.

Since the [[Waqf]] is granted almost full autonomy on the Islamic holy sites, Israeli archaeologists have been prevented from inspecting the area; they have, however, conducted several excavations around the Temple Mount. -->

<!-- ===Damage to existing structures===
In 1968-69, Israeli archeologists carried out excavations at the foot of the Temple Mount, immediately south of the al-Aqsa mosque and opened two ancient Second Temple period tunnels there that penetrate beneath Al-Aqsa Mosque in the area of the Hulda and Single gates, penetrating five meters into one and 30 meters into another. "At the Temple Mount's south wall digging took place to uncover the Arabic Umayyad palaces and Crusader remains." [http://www.jewishmag.com/42mag/templemount/templemount.htm]

Over the period 1970-1988, the Israeli authorities excavated a tunnel passing immediately to the west of the Temple Mount, northwards from the [[Western Wall]], that became known as the [[Western Wall Tunnel]]. They sometimes used mechanical excavators under the supervision of archeologists. Palestinians claim that both of these have caused cracks and structural weakening of the buildings in the Muslim Quarter of the city above. Israelis confirmed this danger:

:"The Moslem authorities were concerned about the ministry tunnel along the Temple Mount wall, and not without cause. Two incidents during the Mazar dig along the southern wall had sounded alarm bells. [[Technion]] engineers had already measured a slight movement in part of the southern wall during the excavations...There was no penetration of the Mount itself or danger to holy places, but midway in the tunnel's progress large cracks appeared in one of the residential buildings in the Moslem Quarter, 12 meters above the excavation. The dig was halted until steel buttresses secured the building." - Abraham Rabinovitch, The ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'', [[September 27]], [[1996]][http://www.ldolphin.org/tunnel.html]

In 1981, Yehuda Meir Getz, rabbi of the [[Western Wall]], had workmen open the ancient [[Warren's Gate]], accessing the innards of the Temple Mount itself from the Western Wall Tunnel. Arabs on the Mount heard excavation noises from one of the more than two dozen cisterns on the Mount. Israeli Government officials, upon being notified of the unauthorized tunneling, immediately ordered the Warren's Gate resealed. The 2000-year-old stone gate was filled with cement, and remains cement-shut today.[http://www.templemount.org/tunnel.html]

In 1996, Israel opened up an exit to the tunnel, which led to riots.

Archeologist Leon Pressouyre, a [[UNESCO]] envoy who visited the site in 1998 and claims to have been prevented from meeting Israeli officials (in his own words, "Mr Avi Shoket, Israel's permanent delegate to UNESCO, had repeatedly opposed my mission and, when I expressed the wish to meet with his successor, Uri Gabay, I was denied an appointment"[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/543/fo2.htm]), accuses the Israeli government of culpably neglecting to protect the Islamic period buildings uncovered in Israeli excavations. More recently, Prof. Oleg Grabar of the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] at [[Princeton University]] has replaced Leon Pressouyre as the UNESCO envoy to investigate the Israeli allegations that antiquities are being destroyed by the Waqf on the Temple Mount.[http://www.har-habayt.org/jpost22-04-01.html] Initially, Grabar was denied access to the buildings by Israel for over a year, allegedly due to the threat of violence resulting from the [[al-Aqsa Intifada]]. His eventual conclusion was that the monuments are deteriorating largely because of conflicts over who is responsible for them, the Jordanian government, the local Palestinian Authority or the Israeli government.

In autumn 2002, a bulge of about 700 mm was reported in the southern retaining wall part of the Temple Mount. It was feared that that part of the wall might seriously deteriorate or even collapse. The Waqf would not permit detailed Israeli inspection but came to an agreement with Israel that led to a team of Jordanian engineers inspecting the wall in October. They recommended repair work that involved replacing or resetting most of the stones in the affected area which covers 2,000 square feet (200 m²) and is located 25 feet (8 m) from the top of the wall. [http://www.archaeology.org/0207/newsbriefs/templemount.html] Repairs were completed before January 2004. The restoration of 250 square meters of wall cost 100,000 Jordanian dinars ($140,000).[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1074657883481]

On [[February 11]], [[2004]], the eastern wall of the Temple Mount was damaged by an earthquake. The damage threatens to topple sections of the wall into the area known as Solomon's Stables. [http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1084935859481]

On [[February 16]], [[2004]], a few days after the earthquake, a portion of a stone retaining wall supporting the ramp that leads from the Western Wall plaza to the Gate of the Moors (Arabic [[Bab al-Maghariba]], Hebrew [[Sha'ar HaMughrabim]]) and on the Temple Mount collapsed. [http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=57924] -->

<!-- ===Damage to adjoining areas=== -->
<!-- In 1967, after the [[Six Day War]], Israel razed the [[Moroccan Quarter]] ([[Harat al-Magharbah]]) of the Old City, immediately adjacent to the Temple Mount. Before the demolition the only way to access the Western Wall was through a blind alley in the quarter. This had long been an area of tension between the residents of the neighborhood and the Jewish Pilgrims. A plaza was built in front of the Western Wall.

===Damage to antiquities===
In 1996 the Waqf began construction in the structures known since Crusader times as [[Solomon's Stables]], and in the [[Eastern Hulda Gate]] passageway, allowed the area to be (re)opened as a mosque called the ''Marwani Musalla'' (claimed by Israel to be new, by Palestinians to be restored from pre-Crusader times, having been built by a calif named ''Marwani'', and the Crusaders having turned it into stables) capable of accommodating 7,000 individuals. Many Israelis regard this as a radical change of the status quo under which the site had been administered since the [[Six-Day War]] which should not have been undertaken without consulting the Israeli government; Palestinians regard these objections as irrelevant. Though the building was built at the same time as the Al-Aqsa Mosque, whether the building had been a mosque before Crusader times or not is open to discussion.
[[Image:Temple mount works.jpg|thumb|150px|The ongoing construction work taking place atop the Temple Mount.]]
In 1997, the [[Western Hulda Gate]] passageway was converted into another mosque. In November 1999, a buried Crusader-era door was reopened as an emergency exit for the Mosque located within the Solomon's Stables area, opening an excavation claimed by Israel to be 18,000 square feet (1,700 m²) in size and up to 36 feet (11 m) deep. According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', an emergency exit had been urged upon the Waqf by the Israeli police, and its necessity was acknowledged by the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]][http://www.archaeology.org/magazine.php?page=0003/newsbriefs/flap].

In early 2001, Israeli police said they observed bulldozers destroying an ancient arched structure located adjacent to the eastern wall of the Temple Mount in the course of construction during which 6,000 square meters of the Temple Mount were dug up by tractors, paved, and declared to be open air mosques, which is assumed to have intermixed the underlying strata. Some of the earth and rubble removed was dumped in the El-Azaria and in the Kidron Valleys, and some of it (as of September 2004) remained in mounds on the site. The excavation and removal of earth with minimal archaeological supervision became an issue of controversy, with some scholars such as Jon Seligman, [[Hershel Shanks]] and [[Eilat Mazar]] claiming that valuable history material is being destroyed and others, such as Dan Bahat and Meir Ben-Dov, disputing this assessment. The [[Israel Antiquities Authority]] (IAA) inspected the material and declared it of no archaeological value{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, but a group called the [[Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount]] campaigned against this position and in September 2004 obtained a temporary injunction against the IAA and the Muslim Waqf preventing them from removing the material which still lies in mounds on the site. Both sides accuse the other of having political motivation.

The [[Ir David Foundation]] is currently funding the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]] sifting of the rubble [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=776922] and a sampling of its finds of archaeologically significant items are available on the internet.[http://www.cityofdavid.org.il/ArticleDetails_eng.asp?id=111] -->

[[Image:Robinson arch.JPG|thumb|Robinson's arch on the south western side: A staircase built by [[Herod the Great|Herod]] led to this arch and to an old Gate to the Temple Mount]]

<!-- ===Vandalism to the southern wall===
On [[March 30]], [[2005]], the southern wall of the Temple Mount was found to have been the target of vandals. The word "[[Allah]]" in approximately a foot tall Arabic script was found newly carved into the ancient stones. The vandalism was attributed to a team of [[Jordanian]] engineers and [[Palestinian]] laborers in charge of strengthening that section of the wall. The discovery caused outrage among [[Israeli]] archaeologists and many Jews were angered by the graffiti at Judaism’s holiest site. [http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=79391]

==Management of the site==
A Muslim [[Waqf]] has managed the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif continuously since the Muslim reconquest of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. Since taking control of the area in the [[Six-Day War]], Israel has permitted the [[Waqf]] to retain internal administration of the site. Under this arrangement Jews and Christians are permitted to visit the site. As a security measure to prevent Intifada-related riots from destroying the site, however, the Israeli government has agreed to enforce a ban on non-Muslim prayer on the site. Non-Muslims who are observed praying on the site are subject to expulsion by the police [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=335211&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y]

On [[7 June]] [[1967]], immediately after the fighting had died down in Jerusalem, the then Prime Minister, [[Levi Eshkol]], convened the spiritual leaders of all the communities in Jerusalem and assured them that "no harm whatsoever shall come to the places sacred to all religions", and that contacts should be maintained in order to make certain that spiritual activities of the religious leaders in the Old City may continue. He also mentioned that upon his request the Minister of Religious Affairs had issued instructions according to which arrangements in connection with the Western Wall, Muslim Holy Places and Christian Holy Places should be determined by the Chief Rabbis of Israel, a council of Muslim clerics and a council of Christian clergy respectively. Together with the extension of Israeli jurisdiction and administration over east Jerusalem, the Knesset passed the Preservation of the Holy Places Law, 1967, [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Protection%20of%20Holy%20Places%20Law] ensuring protection of the Holy Places against desecration, as well as freedom of access thereto.—''Jerusalem–The Legal and Political Background'' Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Israel [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Jerusalem-%20Legal%20and%20Political%20Background]

According to a posthumously-published interview with ''[[Haaretz]]'', General [[Uzi Narkiss]] reported that on [[June 7]], [[1967]], a few hours after East Jerusalem fell into Israeli hands, Rabbi [[Shlomo Goren]] had told him "Now is the time to put 100 kilograms of explosives into the Mosque of Omar so that we may rid ourselves of it once and for all." His request was denied; according to Goren's aide Menahem Hacohen, he had not suggested blowing up the mosque, but had merely stated that "if, during the course of the war a bomb had fallen on the mosque and it would have - you know - disappeared - that would have been a good thing." Later that year, in a speech to a military convention, he added: "Certainly we should have blown it up. It is a tragedy for generations that we did not do so. ... I myself would have gone up there and wiped it off the ground completely so that there was no trace that there was ever a [[Mosque of Omar]] there."[http://www.jcpa.org/jpsr/s99-yc.htm] Shlomo Goren also entered the Dome of the Rock with a [[Torah]] book and the [[shofar]]. [http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=720008&contrassID=2&subContrassID=4&sbSubContrassID=0] -->

<!-- ==Recent events==
===Plans for a synagogue===

During the [[Sukkot]] festival in 2006 [[Uri Ariel]], a member of the [[knesset]] from the [[National Union (Israel)|National Union party]] (right wing opposition party) ascended to the mount, [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/772340.html] and said that he's preparing a plan where a synagogue will be built on the mount. His suggested synagogue won't be built instead of the mosques but in a separate area in accordance with rulings of the prominent Rabbis. He said he believed that this will be correcting a historical injustice and that it's an opportunity for the Muslim world to prove that it is tolerant to all faiths.

===Plans for a new minaret===

[[October 14]] [[2006]], it was reported in ''[[The Times]]''<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,251-2403700,00.html/ The Times, October 14 2006]</ref> that there are plans to build a new minaret, the first of its kind for 600 years, on the Temple Mount.
King [[Abdullah II of Jordan]] announced a competition to design a fifth minaret for the walls of the Temple Mount complex, imprinting his [[Hashemite]] dynasty on the site.
The new addition would, the King said, “reflect the Islamic significance and sanctity of the mosque”. The scheme is likely to cost £200,000. The plans are for a seven-sided tower — after the seven-pointed Hashemite star — and at 42 metres (130ft), it would be 3.5 metres (11ft) taller than the next-largest minaret. The minaret will be constructed on the eastern wall of the Temple Mount near [[the Golden Gate]].

Although Israel has not objected and plans are on track for construction to begin early 2007,<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1159193420982&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull/ Jerusalem Post, October 11 2006]</ref> a leading Israeli archeologist lambasted the plan. "I am against any change in the status quo on the Temple Mount", said [[Bar-Ilan University]]'s Dr. Gabi Barkai, a member of the [[Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount]]. "If the status quo is being changed, then it should not just be the addition of Muslim structures at the site”.

The existing four minarets include three near the [[Western Wall]] and one near the northern wall. The first minaret was constructed on the southwest corner of the Temple Mount in 1278. The second was built in 1297 by order of a [[Mameluke]] king, the third by a governor of Jerusalem in 1329, and the last in 1367. -->

<!-- ===Mugrabi Gate ramp reconstruction ===

{{Current-section}} -->

<!-- During February 2007 the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]] started work on the construction of a new pedestrian pathway to the Temple Mount. The existing wooden structure was built as a temporary measure after a landslide in 2005 made the earthen ramp leading to the [[Mugrabi Gate]] unsafe and in danger of collapse.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=121064
| title = Jerusalem Arabs Riot, Kassams Fired, After Old City Excavations
| accessdate = 2007-02-07
| last = Fendel
| first = Hillel
| date = [[February 7]], [[2007]]
| publisher = [[Arutz Sheva]]
| quote =
}}</ref> The works sparked condemnation from Arab leaders with a [[Syria]]n [[Foreign Ministry]] official stating that "Syria strongly condemns these violations, and considers them a blatant affront to [[Muslim]] [[waqf]]s and the feelings of Muslims worldwide." Similar views were made by [[Jordan]]'s King [[Abdullah II of Jordan|Abdullah]].<ref> {{cite web
| url = http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3362024,00.html
| title = Syria slams Jerusalem works
| accessdate = 2007-02-07
| last = Weiss
| first = Efrat
| date = [[February 7]], [[2007]]
| publisher = [[Yedioth Ahronoth]]
| quote = Israeli excavation works near the al-Aqsa mosque in the holy city of Jerusalem have led to a dangerous rise in Middle East tensions and could derail revival of Arab-Israeli peace talks...what Israel is doing in its practices and attacks against our sacred Muslim sites in Jerusalem and al-Aqsa is a blatant violation that is not acceptable under any pretext
}} </ref> However Jerusalem District Police Chief Ilan Franko said that the works were coordinated in advance with the Muslim [[Waqf]] that oversees the Temple Mount. A recent UNESCO ruling on the incident cleared Israel of wrongdoing, saying that they had acted with professionalism, but nonetheless advised the continued cessation of construction until more concerned parties could be consulted, so that negative sentiments would not be inflamed.

''External links:''
*[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361666,00.html 11 arrested in riots following J'lem works]
*[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361816,00.html Jordan attacks Israel over mosque excavations]
*[http://www.antiquities.org.il/home_eng.asp live broadcast from The Israel Antiquities Authority's website of the Excavation at the Mughrabi Ramp]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6404497.stm Israel blocks Jerusalem protest]
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/14/AR2007031402287.html UNESCO Report]

==Claims of exclusivity==
===Jewish claims===
* Jews claim that the Temple Mount is one of the sites that was legally purchased by their ancestors and therefore remains the legitimate property of the Jewish people only.<ref>[[Abraham Isaac Kook|Kook, Abraham Issac]], ''Moadei Hare'iya'', pp. 413-415.</ref> They cite the [[midrash]] which states that “There are three places regarding which the nations of the world cannot taunt Israel and say ‘you have stolen them.’ They are: The [[Cave of the Patriarchs]], the Temple Mount and the [[Joseph's Tomb|burial site of Joseph]]", for it is recorded in the Bible that each of these places was purchased "for its full price" by [[Abraham]], [[David]] and [[Jacob]] respectively.<ref>[[Genesis Rabba]] 79.7: "And he bought the parcel of ground, where he had spread his tent...for a hundred pieces of money." Rav Yudan son of Shimon said: ‘This is one of the three places where the non-Jews cannot deceive the Jewish People by saying that they stole it from them, and these are the places: Ma’arat HaMachpela, the Temple and Joseph’s burial place. Ma’arat HaMachpela because it is written: ‘And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron; and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver,’ ([[Genesis]], 23:16); the Temple because it is written: ‘So David gave to Ornan for the place,’ ([[I Chronicles]], 21:26); and Joseph’s burial place because it is written: ‘And he bought the parcel of ground...Jacob bought Shechem.’ (Genesis, 33:19)."</ref>
* Jews point to the edict of [[Cyrus the Great]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, (ca. 576 or 590 BCE — July 529 BCE), ruler of the [[Persian Empire]], who gave permission and encouraged the exiled Jews of the time to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple. A few years later when the authorities in Jerusalem asked the Jews what right they had to build a Temple, they referred to the decree of Cyrus. [[Darius]], who was then reigning, organised a search for this alleged decree. When it was found in the archives at [[Ecbatana]] ('Achmetha.' Ezra 6:2), Darius reaffirmed the decree and the work proceeded. This edict, fully reproduced in the [[Book of Ezra]], confirms non-Jewish recognition of the Jewish rights to the site.
* In another non-Jewish acknowledgment of the Jewish rights to the site, a letter written by [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]], the [[Roman Emperor]] between [[361]]-[[363]] (and a notable [[pagan]] in an era when Christianity was gaining popularity in the Empire), tells of how he told the Jews that he would rebuild the sacred city of Jerusalem for them, (closed to the Jews since [[Hadrian]] in [[135]]), ”...which for so many years you have longed to see inhabited, ... and together with you, glorify the Most High God therein”. A personal friend of his, [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], wrote about the effort to rebuild the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, as did [[Sozomen]] (c[[400]]-c[[450]]) in his Historia Ecclesiastica.<ref> See[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html "Julian and the Jews 361-363 CE"]</ref>
* Most Israelis and Jews acquiesce to the continued Arab presence on the Temple Mount. However, traditional Judaism believes that the Temple Mount area will eventually come under Jewish control, and a Temple will be rebuilt. Some Israelis and Jews hold secular or liberal views and regard the sacrificial cult as an earlier primitivism. They see no need for a [[The Third Temple|future Temple]], although concur that the site holds immense cultural significance in Judaism. Former Prime Minister [[Ehud Barak]] did not give up Israeli sovereignty of the Temple Mount and its retaining walls during negotiations at the [[Camp David 2000 Summit]]. Religiously [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] Jews eagerly await the building of the third and final Temple with most religious authorities viewing this event as occurring by [[Divine Providence]] at the hand of a future [[Jewish Messiah]].
* A minority view, following the influential view of [[Maimonides]], holds that when possible, Jews should attempt to rebuild the Temple on their own as a necessary step in bringing about the [[Messianic age]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
*Another view is to establish not the Temple but a synagogue on the Mount. During the [[Camp David 2000 Summit]], the then Prime Minister [[Ehud Barak]] raised the possibility of building a synagogue on the mount<ref name=Shragai>{{cite web
| url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/782088.html
| title = Higher than the Al-Aqsa Mosque
| last = Shragai
| first = Nadav
| date = [[November 6]], [[2006]]
| publisher = [[Haaretz]]
| accessdate = 2006-11-27
| quote = Nearly 25 years ago, Rami Zayit, a scribe from Kiryat Arba, and Jerusalem architect Gideon Harlap, drew up the plan, "Mivneh Negev." The plan was to open the triple gate in the southern part of the Temple Mount (the Hulda Gates) and to transform the subterranean spaces of Solomon's Stables in the southeastern part of the Temple Mount into a prayer area for Jews}}
</ref> while more recently MK [[Uri Ariel]] has called for the construction of a synagogue on the mount.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=113311
| title = Synagogue Planned For Temple Mount, Hashemites to Add Minaret
| last = HaLevi
| first = Ezra
| date = [[October 10]], [[2006]]
| publisher = [[Arutz Sheva]]
| accessdate = 2006-11-27
| quote = The synagogue would be build upon the Temple Mount, but in an area that is indisputably not within the areas that require immersion and other preparations, according to Jewish law}}
</ref>
* A very small minority, notably the [[Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement]] and [[Temple Institute|The Temple Institute]], advocate as a political platform the immediate removal of the Dome of the Rock and the Al Aqsa mosques, which they deem signs of "Islamic conquest and domination", suggesting that they be "rebuilt at Mecca" and claiming "God ... expects Israel to re-liberate the Temple Mount from the pagan Arab worshippers."
* While the Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement has had very little success in persuading the Israeli government to forcibly remove the area's mosques, it has had greater success in its efforts to lift restrictions on Jewish worship at the Temple Mount. The group has had growing (although still limited) support in Israel in its political campaign in support of permitting Jews to worship at Judaism's holiest site. Currently, Jews and other non-Muslims {{Fact|date=February 2007}} are permitted to enter the Temple Mount under tight police observation, but are prohibited from bringing ritual objects or praying there. -->

<!-- ===Muslim claims===
* Sheikh Raad Salah - head of the Islamic Movement in Israel has stated: "We remind, for the 1,000th time, that the entire Al-Aqsa mosque, including all of its area and alleys above the ground and under it, is exclusive and absolute Moslim property, and no one else has any rights to even one grain of earth in it."<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=114927
| title = Israeli Sheikh: Temple Mount is Entirely Islamic
| last = Fendel
| first = Hillel
| date = [[November 6]], [[2006]]
| publisher = [[Arutz Sheva]]
| accessdate = 2006-11-12}}
</ref><ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3366266,00.html Sheikh Salah: Western Wall belongs to Muslims], [[February 18]], [[2007]]</ref>
*In a [[Makor Rishon]] interview, published on [[May 22]], [[1998]], the Imam of al-Aqsa Mosque and the PA’s Jerusalem Mufti Akrem Tzabari announced that “Jews have no right to the Temple Mount.”<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c107:H.R.2566.IH:
| title = Temple Mount Preservation Act of 2001
| date = [[July 19]], [[2001]]
| publisher = [[THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES]]
| accessdate = 2006-11-27
| quote = }}
</ref>

*"The archaeology of Jerusalem is diverse - excavations in the Old City and the areas surrounding it revealed Umayyad Islamic palaces, Roman ruins, Armenian ruins and others. Outside of what is mentioned written in the Old and New Testaments, there is no tangible evidence of any Jewish traces remains in the old city of Jerusalem and its immediate vicinity."—[[Palestinian Authority]] Information Ministry Press Release, [[December 10]], [[1997]]
* During the [[Camp David 2000 Summit]], [[Dennis Ross]], the US envoy, reported that [[Yasser Arafat]] "never offered any substantive ideas, not once" at the talks. However, "He did offer one new idea, which was that the Temple didn't exist in [[Jerusalem]], that it was in [[Nablus]]." [http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150355535361&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull]
*"The claims being made by the rulers of Israel and its rabbis about the alleged Temple are pure fabrications without any base or foundation."—Statement by the Higher Islamic Authority of Palestine Al-Quds (PA), [[December 28]], [[2001]] (Translation by [[BBC]] Worldwide Monitoring)

==Acknowledgments of the basis for its holiness to other religions==
=== Secular scholarship ===
Holiness is understood to scholars to be conferred on places by human attitudes and activities. The holiness of the Temple Mount is conferred by its long use as a place of worship by Jews, and, subsequently, by Muslims, and, among Christians, by both its status in the Old Testament and by the fact that Jesus walked there.

Almost all secular students of Islam agree that the Qur'an's discussion of the Night Journey to the Farthest Mosque (al Aqsa) referred to some location within or close to the [[Hejaz]], not Jerusalem. The designation of the Temple Mount was a later interpretation, probably made for political reasons during the [[Damascus]]-based [[Umayyad dynasty]] (661-750).

In 715, in a bid to outshine competing Muslim political powers, the Umayyads built a mosque they called the Furthest Mosque (al-masjid al-aqsa, Al-Aqsa Mosque, in a bald political bid to compete with the holiness of the two Islamic holy cities, [[Mecca]] and [[Madina]]. Later Muslim reinterpretation of the verse, made for political reasons. <ref>[http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~jkatz/templemount.html]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=216423]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.danielpipes.org/article/281]</ref> <ref>[http://www.danielpipes.org/blog/605]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.danielpipes.org/blog/246]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/Modern_Destruction.htm]</ref>
{{further|[[Isra and Mi'raj]]}}

=== Jewish ===

The Government of Israel and most Jews recognize that Muslims regard the site as holy based upon their beliefs, and respect the rights of Muslims to hold such beliefs and to pray there in their fashion. The State of Israel allows Muslims access to the site since capturing it in the [[Six-Day War]], and they are the only ones who are permitted to pray on the site.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3196757.stm]</ref> During past periods of conflict, the Palestinian males under the age of 45 have been barred from entry due to cited security concerns, <ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/A76D9A59-C268-4B27-B7F5-D970A65B53C1.htm Gazans barred from al-Aqsa mosque] by Khalid Amayreh (al-Jazeera) October 19, 2005</ref> or due to fears of architectural collapse.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3744748.stm Al-Aqsa mosque restriction lifted] (BBC) 14 October, 2004</ref>

During the [[Second Intifada]], the Palestinians from the [[West Bank]] and the [[Gaza Strip]] are often unable to reach the site due to restrictions on their movement. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3098901.stm Visiting Jerusalem's holiest site] by Nick Thorpe (BBC} 27 July, 2003</ref>
In 2003, a controversy has developed when Israeli authorities allowed non-Muslims to enter the mosque compound, against the wishes of the Waqf who administers the site.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3196757.stm Tense times at Jerusalem holy site] by Martin Asser (BBC) 1 September, 2003</ref> -->

<!-- ===Muslim===

Muslims have traditionally acknowledged that the Temple Mount is holy to the Jews, the main reason being that the Temple Mount was the site of the Temple of Solomon. In ''A Brief Guide to al-Haram al-Sharif'', a booklet published in 1930 by the "Supreme Moslem Council", a body established by the British government to administer [[waqf]]s and headed by Hajj [[Amin al-Husayni]] during the [[British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate]] period, states (page 3):

<blockquote>"The site is one of the oldest in the world. Its sanctity dates from the earliest (perhaps from pre-historic) times. Its identity with the site of Solomon's Temple is beyond dispute. This, too, is the spot, according to universal belief, on which David built there an altar unto the Lord, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings." [A subsequent footnote refers the reader to 2 Samuel 26:25]</blockquote>

This has been the orthodox position in Islam. More recent examples include a fatwa issued by the Saudi Sheikh M. S. al-Munajjid, quoted on IslamOnline, [[18 March]] [[2001]]. <ref>[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503544626]</ref>

Other examples of Islamic scholars giving similar acknowledgements include:

* Imam [[Al-Qurtubi]], the Islamic counterpart of the Jewish commentator [[Rashi]], quotes the earlier commentator Imam [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]] who related the Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s response to a follower's query about the ruins of the fabled [[Jewish Temple]]. Qurtubi sets out in writing Tabari's words about the destruction of the Temple, which tally in every detail with biblical accounts of the Temple's destruction by the [[Babylonians]], reconstruction, and final destruction by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]].<ref>[http://www.amislam.com/abigen.htm]</ref>

*[[Yusuf Ali]]:
<blockquote>The Farthest Mosque must refer to the site of the [[Solomon's Temple]] in [[Jerusalem]] on the hill of [[Moriah]], at or near which stands the [[Dome of the Rock]]… it was a sacred place to both Jews and Christians… The chief dates in connection with the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] are: It was finished by [[Solomon]] about [[1004 BC]]E; destroyed by the [[Babylonians]] under [[Nebuchadnezzar]] about [[586 BC]]E; rebuilt under [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]] about [[515 BC]]E; turned into a heathen idol temple by one of [[Alexander the Great]]'s successors, [[Antiochus Epiphanes]], [[167 BC]]E; restored by [[Herod]], [[17 BC]]E to [[29]]; and completely razed to the ground by the Emperor [[Titus]] in [[70]]. These ups and downs are among the greater signs in religious history.<ref>[[Yusuf Ali]]. Commentary number 2168</ref></blockquote>

*al-Wasiti, a Muslim scholar and Jerusalem resident who described in detail the construction of the Dome of the Rock and its rituals, wrote: "The Rock was in the time of Solomon the son of David 12 cubits high and there was a dome over it...It is written in the ''Tawrat'' [Bible]: 'Be happy Jerusalem,' which is ''Bayt al-Maqdis'' and the Rock which is called ''Haykal''."<ref>al-Wasati, ''Fada'il al Bayt al-Muqaddas'', ed. Izhak Hasson (Jerusalem, 1979) pp. 72ff.</ref>

Shaykh Prof. [[Abdul Hadi Palazzi]] suggests that the [[Quran]] expressly recognizes that Jerusalem plays for Jews the same role that [[Mecca]] does for Muslims,[http://www.templemount.org/quranland.html] and quotes the Quran:
<blockquote>...They would not follow thy direction of prayer ([[qibla]]), nor art thou to follow their direction of prayer; nor indeed will they follow each other's direction of prayer... (Quran 2:145)</blockquote>
All Quranic commentators explain that "thy qibla" (direction of prayer for Muslims) is clearly the [[Kaba]] of Mecca, while "their qibla" (direction of prayer for Jews) refers to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

In relation to this, M. Shaykh Zadeh Hashiyaah states in Qadn Baydawn's commentary: "Verily, in their prayers Jews orientate themselves toward the [[Dome of the Rock|Rock]] ([[Foundation Stone|sakhrah]]), while Christians orientate themselves eastwards..."<ref> M. Shaykh Zadeh Hashiyaah 'ali Tafsir al-Qadn al-Baydawn (Istanbul 1979), Vol. 1, p. 456.</ref>

Starting in the 1990s, however, some people, including Sheikh [[Ekrima Sa'id Sabri]], chairperson of the Palestinian Higher Islamic Commission and [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]], who was appointed by the [[Palestinian Authority|PA]] have denied that the site is connected with Solomon, or that it had any history involving the Jews, contrary to the Quran.

In recent years it has become normative for Muslim clerics, politicians, schoolbooks and even secular, university-based scholars of Muslim origin to practice [[Temple Denial]], asserting that the ancient Jewish Temples never existed. -->

<!-- ==See also==
{{Commons|Category:Temple Mount}}
{|width=60%
|-valign=top
|width=30%|
*[[Temple in Jerusalem]]
*[[Western Wall]]
*[[Western Wall Tunnel]]
*[[Al-Aqsa Mosque]]
*[[Dome of the Rock]]
*[[Third holiest site in Islam]]
*[[Well of Souls]]
|width=30%|
*[[Chanuyos]]
*[[Christian Zionism]]
*[[Summary of Christian eschatological differences]]
*[[Knights Templar]]
*[[Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount]]
|} -->

== 参考 ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== 外部链接 ==
== 外部链接 ==
{{Commons category|Temple Mount}}
* [http://www.aqsa.org.uk/ Friends of Al-Aqsa] History of the "Temple Mount".
* [http://www.aqsa.org.uk/ Friends of Al-Aqsa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aqsa.org.uk/ |date=20200617232241 }} History of the "Temple Mount".
* [http://www.templemount.com/ Temple Mount, Jerusalem] Watercolors from the Temple Mount, Jerusalem, by Kosinski
* [http://www.ariel-sharon-life-story.com/16-Ariel-Sharon-Biography-2000-Visit-to-the-Temple-Mount.shtml 2000 Ariel Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount - From Ariel Sharon's Life Story, a biography]
* [http://www.templemount.com/ Temple Mount, Jerusalem] {{Wayback|url=http://www.templemount.com/ |date=20130718095130 }} Watercolors from the Temple Mount, Jerusalem, by Kosinski
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070216051801/http://www.ariel-sharon-life-story.com/16-Ariel-Sharon-Biography-2000-Visit-to-the-Temple-Mount.shtml 2000 Ariel Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount - From Ariel Sharon's Life Story, a biography]
* [http://www.riifs.org/journal/essy_v2no2_grbar.htm The Haram al-Sharif: An Essay in Interpretation] by Oleg Grabar (discussing the history of the name "Haram al-Sharif")
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121004035552/http://www.riifs.org/journal/essy_v2no2_grbar.htm The Haram al-Sharif: An Essay in Interpretation] by Oleg Grabar (discussing the history of the name "Haram al-Sharif")
* [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Protection%20of%20Holy%20Places%20Law Protection of Holy Places Law, 1967] (Government of [[Israel]])
* [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Protection%20of%20Holy%20Places%20Law Protection of Holy Places Law, 1967] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Protection%20of%20Holy%20Places%20Law |date=20200902230049 }} (Government of Israel)
* [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/Mount.html The Temple Mount] (from US-Israel.org)
* [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/Mount.html The Temple Mount] {{Wayback|url=http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/geo/Mount.html |date=20200918180547 }} (from US-Israel.org)
* [http://www.templemount.org The Temple Mount in Jerusalem] (Christian source)
* [http://www.templemount.org The Temple Mount in Jerusalem] {{Wayback|url=http://www.templemount.org/ |date=20201231021200 }} (Christian source)
* [http://www.noblesanctuary.com Noble Sanctuary: The Online Guide to Al-Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem]
* [http://www.noblesanctuary.com Noble Sanctuary: The Online Guide to Al-Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem] {{Wayback|url=http://www.noblesanctuary.com/ |date=20201211041312 }}
* [http://www.responsafortoday.com/engsums/1_1.htm Entering the Temple Mount In Our Time, Masorti movement responsa]
* [http://www.responsafortoday.com/engsums/1_1.htm Entering the Temple Mount In Our Time, Masorti movement responsa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.responsafortoday.com/engsums/1_1.htm |date=20160305100939 }}
* [http://www.igor-schestkow.de/de/fotos/thumbs.php?c=jerusalem Igor Schestkow - Temple Mount - Dome of the Rock] Photos
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070423073222/http://www.igor-schestkow.de/de/fotos/thumbs.php?c=jerusalem Igor Schestkow - Temple Mount - Dome of the Rock] Photos
* [http://www.jerusalemshots.com/cat_en62.html Jerusalem Photos]
* [http://www.jerusalemshots.com/cat_en62.html Jerusalem Photos] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jerusalemshots.com/cat_en62.html |date=20070427225433 }}
*[http://www.isracast.com/Transcripts/060605a_trans.htm Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces] - Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio, [[June 7]], [[1967]]
* [http://www.isracast.com/Transcripts/060605a_trans.htm Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces] {{Wayback|url=http://www.isracast.com/Transcripts/060605a_trans.htm |date=20080517155031 }} - Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio, June 7, 1967
* [http://www.hweb.org.uk/content/view/4/3/ History of the Dome of the Rock]: hWeb
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329101325/http://www.hweb.org.uk/content/view/4/3/ History of the Dome of the Rock]: hWeb

* [http://www.follow-israel.com/search/label/Temple%20Mount Temple Mount in Photos] {{Wayback|url=http://www.follow-israel.com/search/label/Temple%20Mount |date=20190608231313 }}
===Archeological controversy===
* [http://www.archaeology.org/0003/newsbriefs/flap.html Jerusalem's Temple Mount Flap] (from ''Archeology'' magazine)
*[http://www.israel-wat.com/pics2_eng.htm#a2 The Archeological Destruction on the Temple Mount] (from "Israel's War Against Terror")
* [http://www.lastdaysmystery.info/Power%20Point/Temple%20Mount.ppt Temple Mount Powerpoint - large picture file]
* [http://www.har-habayt.org/ The Temple Mount Archaeological Destruction] (with [http://www.har-habayt.org/newp.html photographs] of the construction) from [[Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount]]
* [http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp483.htm The Destruction of the Temple Mount Antiquities] (Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs)
*[http://www.isra.org.uk/english/Newsl.html Islamic Research Academy] on archeological damage
*[http://www.aqsa.org.uk/journals/vol2iss2/archaeological_excavations_in_je.html Friends of Al-Aqsa Journal] (on archaeological damage)
* [http://www.askelm.com/temple/ Controversy over exact location of the Temples]
* [http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Temples.htm The Temples of Jerusalem in Islam] Qur'anic and other references analyzed, by [[Martin Kramer]]

<!--===Al Aqsa arson controversy===
"''During an assembly commemorating the 1969 arson attempt on the Al-Aqsa Mosque, Zakhariya Al-Agha, a member of the PA Executive Council, made a speech on Arafat's behalf, stressing the determination of the Palestinian people to continue along the path of Jihad until the occupation ends.''" ([http://www.crif-grenoble.org/revue%20de%20presse/presse%20palestinienne/pp0019.htm Al-Ayyam], August 22, 2001)-->

{{coor title dms|31|46|43|N|35|14|5|E|region:IL_type:landmark}}


; 考古争议
[[Category:耶路撒冷]]
* [http://www.archaeology.org/0003/newsbriefs/flap.html Jerusalem's Temple Mount Flap] {{Wayback|url=http://www.archaeology.org/0003/newsbriefs/flap.html |date=20080317153427 }} (from ''Archeology'' magazine)
* [http://www.israel-wat.com/pics2_eng.htm#a2 The Archeological Destruction on the Temple Mount] {{Wayback|url=http://www.israel-wat.com/pics2_eng.htm#a2 |date=20090501203934 }} (from "Israel's War Against Terror")
* [http://www.lastdaysmystery.info/Power%20Point/Temple%20Mount.ppt Temple Mount Powerpoint - large picture file] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lastdaysmystery.info/Power%20Point/Temple%20Mount.ppt |date=20121011093809 }}
* [http://www.har-habayt.org/ The Temple Mount Archaeological Destruction] {{Wayback|url=http://www.har-habayt.org/ |date=20200703140236 }} (with [http://www.har-habayt.org/newp.html photographs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.har-habayt.org/newp.html |date=20200821001056 }} of the construction) from Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount
* [http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp483.htm The Destruction of the Temple Mount Antiquities] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp483.htm |date=20080303140138 }} (Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051122072253/http://www.isra.org.uk/english/Newsl.html Islamic Research Academy] on archeological damage
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130404081731/http://www.aqsa.org.uk/journals/vol2iss2/archaeological_excavations_in_je.html Friends of Al-Aqsa Journal] (on archaeological damage)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041225084200/http://www.askelm.com/temple/ Controversy over exact location of the Temples]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071116062853/http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Temples.htm The Temples of Jerusalem in Islam] Qur'anic and other references analyzed, by Martin Kramer
{{耶路撒冷旧城}}


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[[Category:圣殿山| ]]
[[da:Tempelbjerget]]
[[Category:耶路撒冷旧城]]
[[de:Tempelberg]]
[[Category:伊斯蘭教聖地]]
[[en:Temple Mount]]
[[Category:非基督教崇拜地点转换为教堂]]
[[es:Explanada de las Mezquitas]]
[[Category:由非穆斯林宗教場所轉變而成的清真寺]]
[[eo:Templa Monto]]
[[Category:耶路撒冷伊斯兰教]]
[[eu:Mezkiten Zelaigunea]]
[[Category:耶路撒冷历史]]
[[fr:Esplanade des mosquées]]
[[he:הר הבית]]
[[ms:Al Haram Al Sharif]]
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[[yi:הר הבית]]

2024年9月6日 (五) 17:21的最新版本

圣殿山
從南側俯瞰聖殿山
圣殿山在以色列的位置
圣殿山
在以色列的位置
最高点
海拔743米（2,438英尺）
坐标31°46′43″N 35°14′5″E / 31.77861°N 35.23472°E / 31.77861; 35.23472 
地理
位置耶路撒冷
国家 以色列
 巴勒斯坦
 约旦

圣殿山（希伯來語：הַר הַבַּיִת‎，阿拉伯语：الحرم القدسي الشريف‎）位于耶路撒冷旧城的宗教圣地。

歷史

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圣殿山昔日称为摩利亚山， 是犹太教最神圣的地方。犹太人的耶路撒冷圣殿就位于此处：第一圣殿建于前967年，前586年被摧毁；第二圣殿建于前515年，公元70年被摧毁，遺下西牆作為痕跡。犹太教一般还相信，这里还将是弥赛亚到来时重建第三圣殿的地点。犹太人认为圣殿山就是现在阿克萨清真寺的位置。但是阿拉伯人认为，犹太人的说法「荒谬」，因为犹太人「从来没有提供有效的证据」来证实圣殿山就是现在阿克萨清真寺的位置。以色列建国后，无数的考古证据已证实阿克萨清真寺的地点， 即是所罗门圣殿所在的位置[來源請求]。例如按圣经记载。圣殿山的南面紧贴着大卫城。经过几十年的挖掘和考古研究，大卫城已对外开放，成为以色列的国家公园之一。

伊斯兰教2个重要的宗教圣地位於聖殿山：圆顶清真寺（建于690年）和阿克萨清真寺（建于710年）。


在1948年到1967年约旦统治东耶路撒冷期间，不允许以色列人進入耶路撒冷舊城。此处与整个约旦河西岸在1950年被合并为约旦王国。

1967年六日战爭后，以色列將约旦逐回约旦河东岸並佔領東耶路撒冷；其後以色列与约旦达成协议，兩清真寺仍由约旦管理，四周由以色列军警严密把守[1]，圣殿山自此成為世上最具政治争议性的宗教圣地之一。

政治

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  • 以色列博物館的第二聖殿模型
    以色列博物館的第二聖殿模型
  • 根据犹太人说法，今日圣殿山，前景的西墙是原第二聖殿的一部分，山上是圆顶清真寺， 阿拉伯人不认同该说法。
    根据犹太人说法，今日圣殿山，前景的西墙是原第二聖殿的一部分，山上是圆顶清真寺， 阿拉伯人不认同该说法。
  • 以色列首席拉比署的希伯來語與英語警告牌，指出因為聖殿山的聖潔，依照猶太教律法妥拉，任何人都禁止進入聖殿山範圍。
    以色列首席拉比署的希伯來語與英語警告牌，指出因為聖殿山的聖潔，依照猶太教律法妥拉，任何人都禁止進入聖殿山範圍。

参考文献

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  1. ^ 以色列国家安全部长访问圣殿山，中国及阿联酋要求安理会举行紧急会议. 观察者网. 2023-01-04 [2023-04-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-06） （中文）. 

外部链接

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维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：圣殿山
考古争议
猶太教（英语：Jerusalem in Judaism）
(塞法迪/
阿什肯納茲
首席拉比（英语：Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem）)
主要
猶太教正統派
廢墟
基督教（英语：Jerusalem in Christianity）
現狀（英语：Status quo (Holy Land sites)）
天主教會
拉丁禮教會(天主教耶路撒冷宗主教區)
方濟各會（英语：Order of Friars Minor）
(聖地保管人)
廢墟
默基特希臘禮天主教會
(安提約基雅宗主教區)
亞美尼亞禮天主教會
马龙尼礼教会
東正教會
希腊正教
(牧首（英语：Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem）)
東方正統教會
亚美尼亚使徒教会
(亞美尼亞主教（英语：Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem）)
敘利亞東方正統教會
新教
普世聖公宗
耶路撒冷暨中東聖公會（英语：Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East）
信義宗
德國福音教會
伊斯蘭教（英语：Jerusalem in Islam）
（遜尼派大穆夫提）
圣殿山(瓦合甫（英语：Jerusalem Islamic Waqf）)
其他
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=圣殿山&oldid=84115781”