印度英语
印式英语口音是指印度特有的英语方言。印度政府在印度宪法中，将英语与印地语共同列为官方语言。[1] 目前世界上已涌现出许多地区性的英语或英语"们"，并逐渐得到认可。[2]
英语在印度的地位
印地语是印度政府的官方语言。然而，印度自1947年从英国独立至今，英语仍然保留了“附属”官方语言的地位。[3] 只有不到总人口的0.1％，合共数十万印度人，将英语作为他们的第一语言。[4][5][6][7]
根据2001年人口普查，12.6％的印度人懂英语。[8] 对2001年印度人口普查[9]进行分析后得知，大约有8600万印度人将英语作为第二语言，另有3900万人将其作为第三语言。没有数据显示这些人是英语使用者还是仅仅会讲英语而已。
根据2005年印度人类发展调查[10] ，在被调查的41554户家庭中，72％的男性（29918）不会说英语，28％（11635）至少会说一些英语。5％（2077，大约占“至少会说一些英语”的17.9％）的人能说一口流利的英语。在女性中，相应的百分比是83％（34,489）不说英语，17％（7,064）至少会说一些英语，3％（1,246，大约占“至少会说一些英语”的17.6％）说流利的英语。[11] 根据印度政府人力资源开发部国立教育规划和行政大学地区教育信息系统（DISE）统计，2008-09至2013-14期间，英文中学的入学率增加了50％。印度的英文学校学生人数从2008-09学年的1500多万增加到2013-14学年的2900万。[12]
在EF Education First在2016年发布的英孚英语水平指数中，印度在72个国家中排名第22位。印度得分57.30，获得“中等熟练度”评级。印度在19个亚洲国家中排名第四[13]，仅新加坡（63.52），马来西亚（60.70）和菲律宾（60.33）的得分高于印度。
庭审语言
根据印度宪法，英语是最高法院和印度所有高等法院使用的语言。印度的法律制度以英国普通法为基础。[14] 印度议会有权改变这项法律，但尚未做出任何变动。不过，由于总统的批准，在比哈尔邦、中央邦、北方邦和拉贾斯坦邦，法庭使用印地语。[15] 2018年，旁遮普和哈里亚纳邦高等法院正在等待总统批准印地语的使用[16]
特点
印度英语口音使用印度数字系统。印度标准语与地方话的的惯用形式已被吸收到印度英语中。不过，印度英语的各种方言之间的语音、词汇和措辞仍然普遍保持同质性。[17][18][19][20]
历史
印度英语
音韵
元音
辅音
拼写发音
超分段特征
编号系统
词汇
拼写和国家差异
另见
注
- ^ https://www.ef.edu/epi/
- ^ https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/now-seekho-hinglish-british-college-offers-course-on-hybrid-language/story-SoYv5GEJXbmBRNBwmmv32K.html
- ^ Wayback Machine (PDF). 2014-09-09 [2018-07-23].
- ^ Census of India's Indian Census 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期14 May 2007., Issue 25, 2003, pp 8–10, (Feature: Languages of West Bengal in Census and Surveys, Bilingualism and Trilingualism).
- ^ FAMILY-WISE GROUPING OF THE 122 SCHEDULED AND NON-SCHEDULED LANGUAGES 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期7 February 2013. – 2001 Census of India
- ^ Tropf, Herbert S. 2005. India and its Languages 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期8 March 2008.. Siemens AG, Munich
- ^ For the distinction between "English Speakers," and "English Users," please see: TESOL-India (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages)], India is World's Second Largest English-Speaking Country 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期4 December 2010.. Their article explains the difference between the 350 million number mentioned in a previous version of this Wikipedia article and the current number:
" Wikipedia's India estimate of 350 million includes two categories – 'English Speakers' and 'English Users'. The distinction between the Speakers and Users is that Users only know how to read English words while Speakers know how to read English, understand spoken English as well as form their own sentences to converse in English. The distinction becomes clear when you consider China's numbers. China has over 200 million that can read English words but, as anyone can see on the streets of China, only a few million are English speakers. ” - ^ These four charts break down India's complex relationship with Hindi.
- ^ published in 2010. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2010-03-14 [2018-05-24].
- ^ EF English Proficiency Index – A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills. www.ef.com. [29 November 2016].
- ^ Desai, Dubey; Joshi, Sen; Sharif, Vanneman. Human development in india (PDF). Oxford University Press. 2010. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于11 December 2015）. 已忽略未知参数
|df=(帮助) - ^ Number of children studying in English doubles in 5 years.
- ^ EF English Proficiency Index – India. www.ef.com. [29 November 2016].
- ^ Court language is English, says Supreme Court. The Economic Times. 2015-12-07 [2018-07-16].
- ^ Delhi. Use of Hindi Language in Courts. Business Standard India. 2016-04-28 [2018-07-16].
- ^ Haryana to approach guv for promoting use of Hindi in HC - Times of India. The Times of India. [2018-07-16].
- ^ Mukesh Ranjan Verma and Krishna Autar Agrawal: Reflections on Indian English literature (2002), page 163: "Some of the words in American English have spelling pronunciation and also pronunciation spelling. These are also characteristic features of Indian English as well. The novels of Mulk Raj Anand, in particular, are full of examples of ..."
- ^ Pingali Sailaja: Indian English (2009), page 116: "So what was Cauvery is now Kaveri. Some residual spellings left by the British do exist such as the use of ee for /i:/ as in Mukherjee. Also, some place names such as Cuddapah and Punjab"
- ^ Edward Carney: Survey of English Spelling (2012), page 56: "Not all distributional differences, however, have important consequences for spelling. For instance, the ... Naturally enough, Indian English is heavily influenced by the native language of the area in which it is spoken."
- ^ Indian English Literature (2002), page 300: "The use of Indian words with English spellings: e.g. 'Mundus,' 'raksha'; 'Ed Cherukka,' 'Chacko Saar Vannu'"