沃尔夫条款

沃尔夫条款由弗兰克·鲁道夫·沃尔夫提出，内容是禁止美国太空總署（NASA）和白宫科技政策办公室与中华人民共和国政府进行技术交流，也不能與中华人民共和国政府聯合開展任何科学活动。2011年4月，第112届美国国会批准了SEC 539 国会法，并由总统奥巴马签署生效。内容如下：

None of the funds made available by this Act may be used for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) or the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) to develop, design, plan, promulgate, implement, or execute a bilateral policy, program, order, or contract of any kind to participate, collaborate, or coordinate bilaterally in any way with China^[1]
— Public Law 112-55, SEC. 539

历史

2009年，约翰·库尔伯森曾要求贝拉克·奥巴马禁止美国国家航空航天局（NASA）和中国国家航天局合作。

2011年，美国众议院拨款委员会商业、司法、科学及相关机构小组委员会主席沃尔夫，就在当年的美国财务开支法案中就添加了一条禁令，禁止中美两国之间任何与NASA有关或由白宫科技政策办公室协调的联合科研活动，以及以反间谍为由禁止NASA所有设施接待“中国官方访问者”。^[2]

2013年，NASA拒绝了6名中国科学家（包括在美工作的中国科学家）参加一个天文学术会议，据悉这个学术会议主题涉及NASA的开普勒太空望远镜项目，由美国与国际研究团队报告寻找太阳系外行星的研究结果。^[2]但由于其他美英科学家不满而拒绝参加该次会议，最终沃爾夫辦公室向NASA解释理解错误条款，最终NASA重新邀请该6名中国科学家出席会议。^[3]^[4]

2017年3月21日，美国驻華大使馆拒绝向负责中国月球和火星开发计划的专家于国斌发放签证。^[2]

2019年嫦娥四號，美國允許中國使用其衛星監控降落，該次由美國國會授權中美合作。^[5]

争议

2013年9月底，援引沃爾夫條款，美國宇航局局長查爾斯·伯爾登禁止六名中國學者參加11月4日至8日在位于加州的美國航天局艾姆斯研究中（英语：心Ames Research Center）的天文會議（第二屆開普勒科學會議），由於無故禁止參加學術會議屬於嚴重冒犯行為，隨後引起多位美英著名科學家不滿，並號召抵制會議。其中包括埃姆斯研究中心的Mark Messersmith，耶魯大學天體物理學家Debra Fischer，英國牛津大學天文學家Chris Lintot，加州大學伯克利分校教授Geoff Marcy等一些重量級科學家也決定不參加這次會議。鑒於事情鬧大，沃爾夫辦公室寫了封公開信給查爾斯·伯爾登尋求糾正，認為伯爾登錯誤理解了沃爾夫條款，當時美國政府部門因為缺錢正在放無薪假中，直到10月17日重新開門後，美國航天局隨後“糾正了上述決定”。美國有線電視新聞網CNN21日說，NASA禁止中國學者出席11月4日至8日召開的第二屆開普勒科學大會，似乎是誤讀美國的國安法規定。NASA已致信中國科學家重新邀請他們。^[3]^[4]

参考资料

^ CONSOLIDATED AND FURTHER CONTINUING APPROPRIATIONS ACT, 2012. United States Government Printing Office. [2013-10-05].
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 探月工程总师回忆：美国关闭共享，却索要嫦娥四号轨道数据. www.guancha.cn. [2019-01-04].
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 [http://news.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/media/Wolf%20Letter%20PDF_0_0.pdf Washington, D.C. (October 8, 2013) – Rep. Frank Wol f (R-VA), chairman of the House Appropriations subcommittee that funds NASA, today released the following letter to Administrator Charles Bolden calling on NASA to cor rect misinformation circulated by the Ames Research Center that was reported in a rec ent article in The Guardian: ] 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2013年12月3日，.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 "However, Wolf's office issued a letter to NASA Administrator Charles Bolden on Tuesday seeking to correct an article on the matter that first appeared Friday in The Guardian newspaper, as well as NASA's stance. "Unfortunately, the article is riddled with inaccuracies, as is, it appears, the guidance provided by NASA Ames staff to the attendees," said the letter. The law "primarily restricts bilateral, not multilateral, meetings and activities with the Communist Chinese government or Chinese-owned companies," it said. "It places no restrictions on activities involving individual Chinese nationals unless those nationals are acting as official representatives of the Chinese government." Wolf said NASA officials may have believed that the move was needed because of extra temporary restrictions on foreign nationals after a potential security breach by a Chinese citizen at a NASA facility in Virginia earlier this year."
^ Farside Politics: The West Eyes Moon Cooperation with China. Scientific American. 7 February 2019 [15 February 2019]. （原始内容存档于13 February 2019）.

外部連結

[1] CONSOLIDATED AND FURTHER CONTINUING APPROPRIATIONS ACT, 2012. United States Government Printing Office. [2013-10-05].

[guancha-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 探月工程总师回忆：美国关闭共享，却索要嫦娥四号轨道数据. www.guancha.cn. [2019-01-04].

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 [http://news.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/media/Wolf%20Letter%20PDF_0_0.pdf Washington, D.C. (October 8, 2013) – Rep. Frank Wol f (R-VA), chairman of the House Appropriations subcommittee that funds NASA, today released the following letter to Administrator Charles Bolden calling on NASA to cor rect misinformation circulated by the Ames Research Center that was reported in a rec ent article in The Guardian: ] 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2013年12月3日，.

[:1-4] 4.0 ^4.1 "However, Wolf's office issued a letter to NASA Administrator Charles Bolden on Tuesday seeking to correct an article on the matter that first appeared Friday in The Guardian newspaper, as well as NASA's stance. "Unfortunately, the article is riddled with inaccuracies, as is, it appears, the guidance provided by NASA Ames staff to the attendees," said the letter. The law "primarily restricts bilateral, not multilateral, meetings and activities with the Communist Chinese government or Chinese-owned companies," it said. "It places no restrictions on activities involving individual Chinese nationals unless those nationals are acting as official representatives of the Chinese government." Wolf said NASA officials may have believed that the move was needed because of extra temporary restrictions on foreign nationals after a potential security breach by a Chinese citizen at a NASA facility in Virginia earlier this year."

[sa-20190207-5] Farside Politics: The West Eyes Moon Cooperation with China. Scientific American. 7 February 2019 [15 February 2019]. （原始内容存档于13 February 2019）.

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