六放海绵纲
外观
六放海绵纲![]() | |
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"Hexactinellae" ,摘自恩斯特·海克尔的《自然界的艺术形态》, 1904年 | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 多孔动物门 Porifera |
纲: | 六放海绵纲 Hexactinellida Schmidt, 1870 |
目 | |
六放海绵纲(Hexactinellida)为多孔动物门的一个纲。该纲动物具有硅质骨针,有些骨针能聚合成网状的骨架。骨骼中无海绵质。本纲又称为玻璃海绵。六放海绵纲动物大多数生活在200~8500米的海底。常被用做觀賞用途,主要生存於深海當中,這種海綿也與海裡的甲殼類生物共生,通常會有兩隻,一公一母的蝦類以此為家。在日本,骨骼經過人類製作之後,成為一種愛情的紀念品。英語俗名Venus' Flower Basket。而受到一定程度的歡迎。
型態
[编辑]形體大,骨骼全由矽質骨針組成,無海綿絲。典型的大骨針多為六射三軸針,互成直角,故又稱六射海綿綱。此外還有四射雙軸針等。骨針往往連線形成立體格架。小骨針呈六射星狀或雙盤狀。簡單複溝型,鞭毛室大;某些古生代種類還有單溝型。元古代晚期至現代。
在眾多能拿來跟玻璃相比的透明物種當中,最接近玻璃的應當屬維納斯花籃。它們長得像一個精緻的花瓶,因此而得名。它們也被稱作玻璃海綿,它們骨骼的主要成分是矽,這也是玻璃的主要成分。
主要特徵還有海綿特有的矽質骨針,並集結成纖巧的幾何網路,如偕老同穴(Venus's flower basket)一般,玻璃海綿中央腔內常寄居一對共生儷蝦,蝦在幼蟲的時候住進去,長大之後就逃不出去了。然後兩隻蝦被囚困其中,靠流進中央腔的水流而獲食物。這樣的海綿動物在日本成為了頗受歡迎的結婚禮物。
食性
[编辑]玻璃海綿以從水中過濾而來的最小浮游生物為食,最大可以生長到兩米以上,它們花瓶般的身體構造為魚類、無脊椎動物以及其它海洋生物提供了完美的躲藏、產卵和生存的環境。玻璃海綿像珊瑚一樣開闢著自己的棲息地,在一定程度上,它們就像海床上的城市,無論它們生長在何處,總是會吸引來其它的海洋生物。
分类
[编辑]六放海绵纲分为两个亞綱:
- 本纲包含以下目:[1]
- 目地位未定的科:
- Aglithodictyidae
- Asthenospongiidae
- Celyphiidae
- Cliefdenellidae
- Colospongiidae
- Cystispongiidae
- Cystothalamiidae
- Dictyospongiidae
- Dierespongiidae
- Docodermatidae
- Hemidiscellidae
- Hintzespongiidae
- Hyalostellidae
- Hydnodictyidae
- Leptophragmatidae
- Multivasculatidae
- Pachyteichismatidae
- Pattersoniidae
- Pileolitidae
- Pileospongiidae
- Pillaraspongiidae
- Plieolitidae
- Porispongiidae
- Protospongiidae
- Sebargasiidae
- Staurodermatidae
- Stereodictyidae
- Stromatidiidae
- Teganiidae
- Thaumastocoeliidae
- Titusvillidae
- Titusvilliidae
- Triactinellidae
- Uphantenidae
- Wareembaiidae
- 目和科地位未定的属:
- Acanthactinella Hinde, 1887
- Aglithodictya Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Antrispongia Quenstedt, 1878
- Arystidictyon
- Asociatella Hurcewicz, 1985
- Astroconia Sollas, 1881
- Aulacosia Rauff, 1933
- Aulodomus Schrammen, 1936
- Australispongia Xiping & Knoll, 1996
- Azyrtalia Nazarov, 1973
- Baccispongia Quenstedt, 1877
- Belonisia Rauff, 1933
- Bothroconis King, 1850
- Botryodictya Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Caesaria Quenstedt, 1858
- Calpidospongia Wu, 1989
- Carbonella Hurcewicz & Czarniecki, 1986
- Carinthiaspongus Krainer & Mostler, 1992
- Caseispongia Quenstedt, 1878
- Chelispongia Webby & Trotter, 1993
- Chirospongia Miller, 1889
- Cincliderma Hinde, 1883
- Clepsydrospongia Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Corticospongia Caster, 1939
- Crepospongia Wu, 1989
- Crucispongia Quenstedt, 1877
- Cryptodictya Hall, 1890
- Cyathophycella Rigby & Stuart, 1988
- Cyrtobolia Pocta, 1883
- Czarnockiella Hurcewicz & Czarniecki, 1986
- Decumbispongia Botting, Muir, Li & Lin, 2013
- Dialyscyphia Hurcewicz & Czarniecki, 1986
- Diaretula Schmidt, 1879
- Dilatispongia Botting, 2004
- Diphyllospira Herrmann-Degen, 1980
- Diplopleura Regnard, 1925
- Dvorcia Nekvasilová & Štemproková, 1960
- Emploca Sollas, 1883
- Eubrochus Sollas, 1876
- Euplectinella Termier, Termier & Thibieroz, 1990
- Eutactostomium Herrmann-Degen, 1980
- Farreopsis Schrammen, 1924
- Flosculus Xiping & Knoll, 1996
- Gonamispongia Korshunov, 1968
- Gongylospongia Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Griphodictya Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Haljalaspongia Botting & Rhebergen, 2011
- Hallodictya Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Helicodictya Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Hemidiagoniella Botting, 2004
- Hemidiscella
- Hexactractiella
- Hexatractiella Mehl, 1996
- Hillendia Reid, 1964
- Hintzesnonaia
- Hodsia Moisseev, 1939
- Holasterella
- Holasterella Carter, 1879
- Hunteria Van Soest & Hooper, 2020
- Hyalocaulus Marshall & Meyer, 1877
- Hydnocerina Clarke, 1920
- Idiodictyon de Laubenfels, 1955
- Iowaspongia Thomas, 1923
- Irpaspongia Mehl & Mostler, 1994
- Ithacadictya Caster, 1939
- Kaiyangites Qian & Yin, 1984
- Koleostoma Regnard, 1925
- Kometia Webby & Trotter, 1993
- Konyrium Nazarov & Popov, 1976
- Krainerella Krainer & Mostler, 1992
- Laocaetis
- Larispongia Carrera, 1998
- Lecanocoelospongia Wu, 1989
- Lithospongia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864
- Lobospongia Hurcewicz, 1985
- Lonsda de Laubenfels, 1955
- Lopanella Pocta, 1883
- Lysactinella
- Mastodictya Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Mastodictyum Sollas, 1883
- Megastylia
- Mimeticosia
- Multiloqua de Laubenfels, 1955
- Multivasculatus Howell & Van Houten, 1940
- Mysterium de Laubenfels, 1955
- Nephelispongia
- Nitidus de Laubenfels, 1955
- Octobrum de Laubenfels, 1955
- Oospongia Wu, 1989
- Oxyrhizium Schrammen, 1912
- Ozospongia
- Pachaulidium Schmidt, 1880
- Pachylepisma Schrammen, 1902
- Palaeophragmodictya Gehling & Rigby, 1996
- Palaeorossella Li et al., 2019
- Palaeostauronema
- Paleophragmodictya Gehling & Rigby, 1996
- Paleostauronema Hurcewicz, 1985
- Paracraticularia Schrammen, 1936
- Parahexactinella Reid, 1963
- Petalope Pocta, 1883
- Phormosella Hinde, 1888
- Pinnatispongia Xiping & Knoll, 1996
- Placochlaenia Pomel, 1872
- Placospongia Wu, 1989
- Plecteurete Herrmann-Degen, 1980
- Plecteurette
- Plectoderma Hinde, 1883
- Plectospyris Sollas, 1883
- Pleodioria Öpik, 1961
- Polonoscyphia Hurcewicz, 1985
- Polyosepia
- Polyplectella Ruedemann, 1925
- Polyptycha Defretin-Lefranc, 1961
- Polyschema Oppliger, 1915
- Polystigmatium Schrammen, 1912
- Polysyge
- Poriferella Hurcewicz, 1985
- Porospongia d'Orbigny, 1849
- Prenehydnoceras Hurcewicz & Czarniecki, 1986
- Proeurete Schrammen, 1902
- Protoarmstrongia Caster, 1941
- Protremadictyon Hurcewicz, 1985
- Psephosyllogus Schrammen, 1936
- Pseudotragos Nutsubidze, 1965
- Pyrenospongia Wu, 1989
- Ramulospongia Hurcewicz, 1985
- Repospongia Hurcewicz & Czarniecki, 1986
- Retifungus Rietschel, 1970
- Rhabdosispongia Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Rhabdostauridium Schmidt, 1880
- Rhakistella Weller, 1931
- Rhogostomium Schrammen, 1936
- Rhombedonium Schrammen, 1936
- Rhombodictyon Whitfield, 1886
- Rhopalicna
- Rigbykia Özdikmen, 2009
- Roemerispongia Hall & Clarke, 1898
- Rosella Vassiljeva, 1988
- Rugosoderma Howell, 1957
- Scotospongia Krainer & Mostler, 1992
- Sestrocladiella Howell, 1957
- Silicunculus Bengtson, 1986
- Solusrectus Botting, 2004
- Spiractinella Hinde, 1887
- Sulugurella Pelman, Ermak, Fedorov, Luchinina, Zhuravleva, Repina, Bondarev & Borodaevskaya, 1990
- Sycodictya Ruedemann, 1925
- Synaulia Pocta, 1883
- Teganiella Rigby, 1985
- Teganium Rauff, 1894
- Testiispongia Rigby, 1983
- Textispongia Quenstedt, 1877
- Thamnodictya Hall, 1884
- Uphantena
- Uralonema
- Ursaspongia Rigby, 1985
- Ventriculita
- Walcottella de Laubenfels, 1955
- Xenoschrammenus
- Xylospongia Hérenger, 1942
- Zittelospongia Malfatti, 1901
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Hexactinellida. GBIF. [2022-05-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-29).
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