Buildings

19 pages, 2464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Patients’ Preferences for Dental Clinic Waiting Area Design and the Impact on Perceived Stress

by Milad Emami, Mahdieh Pazhouhanfar and Jonathan Stoltz

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3160; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103160 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2024

The waiting area in dental clinics is a known source of stress for patients. However, positive distractions and comfortable design elements might reduce stress levels and provide mental stimulation while awaiting treatment. While ambient elements might play an important role in patient well-being, [...] Read more.

The waiting area in dental clinics is a known source of stress for patients. However, positive distractions and comfortable design elements might reduce stress levels and provide mental stimulation while awaiting treatment. While ambient elements might play an important role in patient well-being, few studies have directly explored the impact of various design attributes of dental clinic waiting areas on patients’ perceived stress. This study intended to bridge that gap and employed a discrete choice experiment method where 250 participants randomly selected a block and evaluated six pairs of computer-generated images of dental clinic waiting areas created based on eight interior design attributes with various levels: ambient lighting, false ceiling, window size, window view, indoor plants, wall shape, wall material, and seating options. Each visitor chose their preferred option in relation to its presumed effect on stress mitigation. The results suggest that the presence of ambient lighting, a false ceiling with a nature design, large window dimensions, a nature window view, green indoor plants, a curved wall shape, natural wall materials, and mixed seating options all can contribute to mitigating patients’ perceived stress. Additionally, our findings indicate that age, gender, and education might influence choices across some levels of these variables. Overall, these results might assist architects and designers in shaping clinic environments mitigating patient stress during visits. Further studies would be needed to validate our findings and should also consider additional design attributes, more immersive stimuli presentation technologies, as well as potential differences across cultural contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Interior Design towards the Sustainable Environment: People, Environment, Design, Technology)

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20 pages, 9063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Reasonable Reserved Deformation of Deep-Buried Tunnel Excavation Based on Large Deformation Characteristics in Soft Rock

by Zhen Yang, Peisi Liu, Bo Wang, Yiqi Zhao and Heng Zhang

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3159; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103159 - 3 Oct 2024

Abstract

This study studies the deformation characteristics of the diversion tunnel of Jinping II Hydropower Station in order to guarantee the safety of the excavation of a large-section soft rock tunnel with a depth of 1000 m and increased ground stress. Using field data, [...] Read more.

This study studies the deformation characteristics of the diversion tunnel of Jinping II Hydropower Station in order to guarantee the safety of the excavation of a large-section soft rock tunnel with a depth of 1000 m and increased ground stress. Using field data, theoretical computations, and numerical modeling, the proper reserved deformation of a deep soft rock tunnel is investigated, taking into consideration the size, in situ stress, and grade of the surrounding rock. The study reveals that (1) The diversion tunnel’s incursion limit, which is typically between 20 and 60 cm, is serious; (2) The surrounding rock level > geostress > tunnel size are the influencing parameters of reserved deformation that remain unchanged while using the numerical simulation method, which is more accurate in simulating field conditions; (3) The west end of the Jinping diversion tunnel has a 30–60 cm reserved deformation range for the chlorite schist tunnel. The deformation law of a large-section, 1000 m-deep soft rock tunnel is better understood, and it also offers important references for high-stress soft rock tunnel engineering design, construction, and safety management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Construction Mechanical Behavior and Deformation Characteristics of Lining Structure—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 5608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probabilistic Loss Assessment for the Typology of Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete Structures with Flat Slabs, Embedded Beams, and Unreinforced Infill Masonry

by Mauricio Guamán-Naranjo, José Poveda-Hinojosa and Ana Gabriela Haro-Báez

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3158; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103158 - 3 Oct 2024

Abstract

Quito, the capital of Ecuador, a development pole, has experienced a population growth of 9% in the last five years. The structural system commonly chosen for housing is reinforced concrete frames with flat slabs, embedded beams, and masonry infill. This typology covers approximately [...] Read more.

Quito, the capital of Ecuador, a development pole, has experienced a population growth of 9% in the last five years. The structural system commonly chosen for housing is reinforced concrete frames with flat slabs, embedded beams, and masonry infill. This typology covers approximately 60% of the residential buildings in the city. Adding to the site’s seismic hazard, this fact results in a city with a high seismic risk. The research presented here is carried out within a probabilistic framework to determine the economic consequences of the main structural typology in the city. The methodology defines the seismic hazard by scaling a database of 200 records to the design spectrum. It models the typology to capture the variability between structures with a solid parametric study. Each capacity curve is analyzed through a nonlinear time history analysis using an equivalent one-degree-of-freedom system. The results show an average annual loss ratio of 0.16%. This metric indicates the vulnerability of the typology and the high repair costs of buildings that will be observed in case of an earthquake. The practical implications of these findings are significant as they contribute to urban planning and policy decisions. Finally, it is observed that the probabilistic method used efficiently generates fragility and vulnerability curves, saving computational time and obtaining expected results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Resistance and Vulnerability Assessments of Building Structures)

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22 pages, 5740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Morphology Classification and Organizational Patterns: A Multidimensional Numerical Analysis of Heping District, Shenyang City

by Shengjun Liu, Jiaxing Zhao, Yijing Chen and Shengzhi Zhang

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3157; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103157 - 3 Oct 2024

Abstract

Prior studies have failed to adequately address intangible characteristics and lacked a comprehensive quantification of cultural dimensions. Additionally, such works have not merged supervised and unsupervised classification methodologies. To address these gaps, this study employed multidimensional numerical techniques for precise spatial pattern recognition [...] Read more.

Prior studies have failed to adequately address intangible characteristics and lacked a comprehensive quantification of cultural dimensions. Additionally, such works have not merged supervised and unsupervised classification methodologies. To address these gaps, this study employed multidimensional numerical techniques for precise spatial pattern recognition and urban morphology classification at the block scale. By examining building density, mean floor numbers, functional compositions, and street block mixed-use intensities, alongside historical and contemporary cultural assets within blocks—with assigned weights and entropy calculations from road networks, building vectors, and POI data—a hierarchical categorization of high, medium, and low groups was established. As a consequence, cluster analysis revealed seven distinctive morphology classifications within the studied area, each with unique spatial configurations and evolutionary tendencies. Key findings include the dominance of high-density, mixed-use blocks in the urban core, the persistence of historical morphologies in certain areas, and the emergence of new, high-rise clusters in recently developed zones. The investigation further elucidated the spatial configurations and evolutionary tendencies of each morphology category. These insights lay the groundwork for forthcoming studies to devise morphology-specific management strategies, thereby advancing towards a more scientifically grounded, rational, and precision-focused approach to urban morphology governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

21 pages, 1538 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Survey of Data-Driven Construction Materials Price Forecasting

by Qi Liu, Peikai He, Si Peng, Tao Wang and Jie Ma

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3156; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103156 - 3 Oct 2024

Abstract

The construction industry is heavily influenced by the volatility of material prices, which can significantly impact project costs and budgeting accuracy. Traditional econometric methods have been challenged by their inability to capture the frequent fluctuations in construction material prices. This paper reviews the [...] Read more.

The construction industry is heavily influenced by the volatility of material prices, which can significantly impact project costs and budgeting accuracy. Traditional econometric methods have been challenged by their inability to capture the frequent fluctuations in construction material prices. This paper reviews the application of data-driven techniques, particularly machine learning, in forecasting construction material prices. The models are categorized into causal modeling and time-series analysis, and characteristics, adaptability, and insights derived from large datasets are discussed. Causal models, such as multiple linear regression (MLR), artificial neural networks (ANN), and the least square support vector machine (LSSVM), generally utilize economic indicators to predict prices. The commonly used economic indicators include but are not limited to the consumer price index (CPI), producer price index (PPI), and gross domestic product (GDP). On the other hand, time-series models rely on historical price data to identify patterns for future forecasting, and their main advantage is demanding minimal data inputs for model calibration. Other techniques are also explored, such as Monte Carlo simulation, for both price forecasting and uncertainty quantification. The paper recommends hybrid models, which combine various forecasting techniques and deep learning-advanced time-series analysis and have the potential to offer more accurate and reliable price predictions with appropriate modeling processes, enabling better decision-making and cost management in construction projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

18 pages, 14762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Usability of Metallurgical Production Waste as a Siliceous Component in Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Technology

by Lenka Mészárosová, Vít Černý, Jindřich Melichar, Pavlína Ondříčková and Rostislav Drochytka

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3155; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103155 - 3 Oct 2024

Viewed by 47

Abstract

The reconstruction of buildings is a complex process that often requires the consideration of the construction load when selecting correct building materials. Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)—which has a lower bulk density (compared to traditional masonry materials)—is very beneficial in such applications. A current [...] Read more.

The reconstruction of buildings is a complex process that often requires the consideration of the construction load when selecting correct building materials. Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)—which has a lower bulk density (compared to traditional masonry materials)—is very beneficial in such applications. A current trend in AAC development is the utilization of secondary raw materials in high-performance AAC, characterized by higher bulk density and compressive strength than regular AAC. The increase in bulk density is achieved by increasing the content of quartz sand in the mixing water. In this study, part of the siliceous component was replaced by ladle slag, foundry sand, furnace lining, and chamotte block powder. These materials are generated as by-products in metallurgy. The substitution rates were 10% and 30%. The samples were autoclaved in a laboratory autoclave for 8 h of isothermal duration at 190 °C with a saturated water vapor pressure of 1.4 MPa. The physical–mechanical parameters were determined, and the microstructure was described by XRD and SEM analyses. The results were compared with traditional AAC, with silica sand being used as the siliceous component. The measurement results show that sand substitution by the secondary raw material is possible, and it does not have a significant impact on the properties of AAC, and in a proper dosage, it can be beneficial for AAC production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Actual Trends in Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Buildings)

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17 pages, 3977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Passive Ventilation of Residential Buildings Using the Trombe Wall

by Khrystyna Myroniuk, Yurii Furdas, Vasyl Zhelykh, Mariusz Adamski, Olena Gumen, Valerii Savin and Stergios-Aristoteles Mitoulis

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3154; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103154 - 3 Oct 2024

Viewed by 31

Abstract

The article explores passive systems for regulating microclimates in residential settings, with a focus on modular constructions. It investigates the use of the trombe wall system for passive ventilation to ensure comfort and hygiene. The study examines building designs that enable effective air [...] Read more.

The article explores passive systems for regulating microclimates in residential settings, with a focus on modular constructions. It investigates the use of the trombe wall system for passive ventilation to ensure comfort and hygiene. The study examines building designs that enable effective air circulation without using mechanical systems. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the passive system of using solar energy with the trombe wall as a ventilation device in modular houses has been experimentally confirmed. Although the research confirms the effectiveness of this solar system in modular homes, there is limited documentation regarding its overall efficiency, particularly concerning the impact of the surface pressure coefficient on ventilation. The study establishes the correlations governing the thermosiphon collector’s effectiveness at varying air layer thicknesses. Optimal parameters, such as maximum air consumption (L = 120 m³h⁻¹), are identified at an air layer thickness (δ) of 100 mm and outlet openings area (F) of 0.056 m². These findings pave the way for improving passive systems aimed at maintaining optimal thermal and air conditions in modern homes. The findings suggest the potential for more efficient and sustainable housing solutions. Further research is essential to understand how factors like building design and wind speed affect ventilation system efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Buildings' Thermal Behaviour and Energy Efficiency for a Sustainable Construction)

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15 pages, 853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards a Synthetic Positive Energy District (PED) in İstanbul: Balancing Cost, Mobility, and Environmental Impact

by Mine Sertsöz

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3153; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103153 - 3 Oct 2024

Viewed by 181

Abstract

The influence of mobility modes within Positive Energy Districts (PEDs) has gained limited attention, despite their crucial role in reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Buildings in the European Union (EU) account for 40% of energy consumption and 36% of greenhouse gas [...] Read more.

The influence of mobility modes within Positive Energy Districts (PEDs) has gained limited attention, despite their crucial role in reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Buildings in the European Union (EU) account for 40% of energy consumption and 36% of greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison, transport contributes 28% of energy use and 25% of emissions, with road transport responsible for 72% of these emissions. This study aims to design and optimize a synthetic PED in Istanbul that integrates renewable energy sources and public mobility systems to address these challenges. The renewable energy sources integrated into the synthetic PED model include solar energy, hydrogen energy, and regenerative braking energy from a tram system. Solar panels provided a substantial portion of the energy, while hydrogen energy contributed to additional electricity generation. Regenerative braking energy from the tram system was also utilized to further optimize energy production within the district. This system powers a middle school, 10 houses, a supermarket, and the tram itself. Optimization techniques, including Linear Programming (LP) for economic purposes and the Weighted Sum Method (WSM) for environmental goals, were applied to balance cost and CO₂ emissions. The LP method identified that the PED model can achieve cost competitiveness with conventional energy grids when hydrogen costs are below $93.16/MWh. Meanwhile, the WSM approach demonstrated that achieving a minimal CO₂ emission level of 5.74 tons requires hydrogen costs to be $32.55/MWh or lower. Compared to a conventional grid producing 97 tons of CO₂ annually, the PED model achieved reductions of up to 91.26 tons. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable urban energy systems by addressing key research gaps related to the integration of mobility modes within PEDs and offering insights into the optimization of renewable energy sources for reducing emissions and energy consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning and Implementing Positive Energy Districts from Concept to Practice)

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22 pages, 18107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Ranking Analysis of Geological and Engineering Factors of Historical Monuments’ Stability Response: A Case Study of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, Ukraine

by Tetiana Kril, Iryna Cherevko and Stella Shekhunova

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3152; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103152 - 2 Oct 2024

Viewed by 238

Abstract

The historical monuments of the National Preserve “Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra” play an important role in the context of preserving the UNESCO World Heritage. The scientific understanding of the buildings and structures safety management the priority of conducting repair and restoration works, the organization of [...] Read more.

The historical monuments of the National Preserve “Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra” play an important role in the context of preserving the UNESCO World Heritage. The scientific understanding of the buildings and structures safety management the priority of conducting repair and restoration works, the organization of their technical condition monitoring, and changes in the components of the geological environment in their locations is crucial. The purpose of this study is to identify potentially hazardous areas on the territory of the Lavra for the operation of structures by conducting a point-based integral assessment of the stability potential of the natural and technogenic system with the integration of geospatial methods and to rank the structures using the analytical hierarchy process. According to the modeling results by 17 stability factors and using ArcGIS, 37% (8.7 ha) of the Lavra territory is located in the zone of moderate hazard, 23% (5.4 ha) in the zone of potential hazard, where the manifestation and conditions of more than five dangerous engineering and geological processes intersect, and 40% (9.4 ha) in the zone of relative safety. In each zone, 10 representative structures were selected for ranking according to the stability of natural and technogenic operating conditions and their current technical condition, which is determined by nine criteria. The analysis using two methods identified the areas most at risk from seasonal fluctuations and possible military impacts and allowed us to scientifically substantiate the priority of repair and restoration work and the possibility of properly planning management measures for the selected structures, as well as to offer recommendations for improving the monitoring of the geological environment of the Lavra. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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18 pages, 4448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Friendly and Biocompatible Material to Reduce Noise Pollution and Improve Acoustic Comfort in Healthcare Environments

by David del Rosario-Gilabert, Jesús Carbajo, Miguel Hernández-Pozo, Antonio Valenzuela-Miralles, Daniel Ruiz, Pedro Poveda-Martínez, Gema Esquiva and Violeta Gómez-Vicente

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3151; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103151 - 2 Oct 2024

Viewed by 305

Abstract

Noise pollution negatively impacts people’s mental and physiological health. Unfortunately, not only is noise present in hospital environments, but its level frequently exceeds recommended thresholds. The efficacy of passive acoustic absorbers in reducing indoor noise in these scenarios has been well-documented. Conversely, given [...] Read more.

Noise pollution negatively impacts people’s mental and physiological health. Unfortunately, not only is noise present in hospital environments, but its level frequently exceeds recommended thresholds. The efficacy of passive acoustic absorbers in reducing indoor noise in these scenarios has been well-documented. Conversely, given their inorganic composition and their origin in the petrochemical industry, most of these materials present a risk to human health. Over the last few years, there has been a notable increase in research on eco-friendly, low-toxicity, and biocompatible materials. This work outlines a methodology for fabricating recycled acoustic panels from plastic bottles and PET felt composites. This study encompasses three key objectives: (i) a comprehensive biocompatibility assessment of the panels, (ii) an evaluation of their thermal and acoustic properties, and (iii) their applicability in several case studies to evaluate potential acoustic enhancements. Specifically, antifungal resistance tests, Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emission assessment, and cell viability experiments were conducted successfully. Additionally, experimental procedures were performed to determine the thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of the proposed material, along with its sound absorption coefficients in diffuse field conditions. Finally, the potential benefits of using this biomaterial in healthcare environments to reduce noise and improve acoustic comfort were demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comfortable Environments: Materials for Room Acoustics and Noise Control)

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15 pages, 3207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Footprint Assessment: Case Studies for Hemp-Based Eco-Concrete Masonry Blocks

by Dorina Nicolina Isopescu, Laurentiu Adam, Andreea Nistorac and Alexandra Bodoga

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3150; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103150 - 2 Oct 2024

Viewed by 331

Abstract

In recent times, climate change has become more evident than ever, and measures to slow down its negative effects are imperative for the future of the world. The scientific and economic communities of countries around the world, under the force of international climate [...] Read more.

In recent times, climate change has become more evident than ever, and measures to slow down its negative effects are imperative for the future of the world. The scientific and economic communities of countries around the world, under the force of international climate agreements, are identifying solutions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by establishing appropriate measures and developing new strategies. In the context of these objectives, the effort to identify eco-sustainable practices for the construction industry is growing significantly. Recently, much research has focused on solutions for producing green building materials, as well as applying circular economy principles to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions and absorptions by greenhouse gas absorbers. The relevant indicators of the level of achievement of these major objectives can be identified, already from the construction design phase, with the help of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis. This paper presents a series of environmental impact analyses for an eco-friendly solution of precast concrete masonry blocks. Ecological concrete is manufactured with aggregates from biological waste resulting from hemp crops. Impact assessments were performed with the SimaPro 9.5 software application. Research has shown that in the production chain, which includes the materials resulting from the recycling and reuse of hemp concrete blocks, the contribution to the effort to achieve neutrality in terms of global warming is significant. The Cradle-to-Cradle scenario revealed that the recycling of hemp concrete masonry blocks at the end of their use, for a functional unit of 0.5 m³, has a GHG emission of 33.5228 [kg CO₂-eq] and CO₂ uptakes can reach the negative value of −53.8397 [kg CO₂-eq]. Thus, the balance of GHG emissions is negative, with values of approximately −20.3169 [kg CO₂-eq]. The LCA analyses also reflect a decreased damage to human health, natural resources, and biodiversity when hemp concrete is used for masonry blocks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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17 pages, 5080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Rheological Properties of Waste Cooking Oil and Organic Montmorillonite Composite Recycled Asphalt

by Cheng Xie, Qunshan Ye, Lingyi Fan, Anqi Weng and Haobin Liu

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3149; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103149 - 2 Oct 2024

Viewed by 272

Abstract

Pre-treated waste cooking oil (WCO) and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) were employed for the recycling of aged asphalt, which resulted in the improvement of the design of WCO asphalt rejuvenators and the enhancement of high-temperature performance of WCO-recycled asphalt. The effect of the rejuvenator [...] Read more.

Pre-treated waste cooking oil (WCO) and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) were employed for the recycling of aged asphalt, which resulted in the improvement of the design of WCO asphalt rejuvenators and the enhancement of high-temperature performance of WCO-recycled asphalt. The effect of the rejuvenator and the properties of recycled asphalt were evaluated by viscosity, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) tests. The results indicated that aged asphalt could be obviously softened and restored to the level of original asphalt by adding 6% WCO. However, the high-temperature properties of recycled asphalt would be declined by adding too large a dose of WCO rejuvenator. The high-temperature performance of recycled asphalt was significantly improved by the WCO-OMMT complex rejuvenator, and the viscosity and rutting factor of recycled asphalt were increased. Light components of aged asphalt could be supplemented by WCO of the complex rejuvenator. The volatilization of small molecules could be slowed down by the peel structure formed by OMMT and small molecules of the asphalt, which resulted in the proportion of small molecular substances (SMS) being increased by 4% and improvement of the colloidal structure of aged asphalt. The high-temperature and low-temperature performance of recycled asphalt can be improved concurrently by the combination of 6% WCO and 1% OMMT, and this was evidenced by the fact that the high-temperature and low-temperature PG were all upgraded by one level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Advanced Materials in Road Engineering)

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25 pages, 92073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Vulnerability Indices of Facades of Colonial Houses in the Historic Center of Morelia, México

by Bertha A Olmos, José M Jara and Guillermo Martínez

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3148; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103148 - 2 Oct 2024

Viewed by 212

Abstract

Evaluating the seismic vulnerability of facades of historic masonry buildings is essential not only for their significant historical and heritage value, but also to evaluate the safety of this type of construction. This work applies a simplified methodology to assess the seismic vulnerability [...] Read more.

Evaluating the seismic vulnerability of facades of historic masonry buildings is essential not only for their significant historical and heritage value, but also to evaluate the safety of this type of construction. This work applies a simplified methodology to assess the seismic vulnerability of the facade of masonry buildings in the historic center of Morelia, Michoacán, México. The historic center of Morelia was declared a World Cultural Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1991. On the facades, there is ornamentation with sculptural and vegetal decorative elements. The methodology involved conducting visual inspections to identify the location, type of structure, construction materials, doors, windows, balconies, cornices, ironwork, pediments, niches, and sculptures, among other characteristic elements of colonial architecture. The seismic demands were determined specifically for the city’s historic center based on a recent seismic hazard assessment of Morelia. Based on the methodology and the compiled database, characterized vulnerability indices were defined for the different damage scenarios that buildings may present. Results indicate that earthquakes with intensities greater than VIII on the Modified Mercalli scale risk collapsing heritage masonry buildings’ facades. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the REHABEND 2024 Congress)

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26 pages, 9893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Constructing a Semantic System of Facade Elements for Religious Architecture from a Regional Perspective: A Case Study of Jingzhou

by Guangyuan Wang, Weihao Huang and Qifan Xu

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3147; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103147 - 2 Oct 2024

Viewed by 195

Abstract

The application of semantics in facade elements mainly involves the association between architectural elements and their cultural, historical, or functional significance. By analyzing the shape, layout, and decoration of various elements (such as windows, doors, decorative patterns) in facades, semantics helps us understand [...] Read more.

The application of semantics in facade elements mainly involves the association between architectural elements and their cultural, historical, or functional significance. By analyzing the shape, layout, and decoration of various elements (such as windows, doors, decorative patterns) in facades, semantics helps us understand the symbolic meanings and cultural implications behind these design choices. This study selects twenty-eight pavilions and buildings from five temples and Taoist sites in Jingzhou City as the research objects, exploring the composition and patterns of religious architectural facades in Jingzhou through the extraction of structural and decorative elements. The study establishes the “Semantic System of Façade Elements in Jingzhou Religious Architecture,” from which the distinctive characteristics of Jingzhou religious building façades are identified. The study finds that side halls predominantly feature hard gable roofs, while the main halls use double-eave hip-and-gable roofs, reflecting differences in architectural hierarchy. The sack with three arrows pattern is the most widely used in door and window decorations, demonstrating the aesthetic preferences of the Jingchu region. Both side halls and main halls commonly adopt high podiums, with the main hall podiums typically exceeding twenty steps in height, which is closely related to Jingzhou’s climatic conditions and architectural hierarchy. This study provides scientific evidence for the preservation, new design, and harmonious integration of traditional culture and architectural features in regional religious architecture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

19 pages, 3525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hyperparameter Tuning Technique to Improve the Accuracy of Bridge Damage Identification Model

by Su-Wan Chung, Sung-Sam Hong and Byung-Kon Kim

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3146; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103146 - 2 Oct 2024

Viewed by 230

Abstract

In recent years, active research has been conducted using deep learning to evaluate damage to aging bridges. However, this method is inappropriate for practical use because its performance deteriorates owing to numerous classifications, and it does not use photos of actual sites. To [...] Read more.

In recent years, active research has been conducted using deep learning to evaluate damage to aging bridges. However, this method is inappropriate for practical use because its performance deteriorates owing to numerous classifications, and it does not use photos of actual sites. To this end, this study used image data from an actual bridge management system as training data and employed a combined learning model for each member among various instance segmentation models, including YOLO, Mask R-CNN, and BlendMask. Meanwhile, techniques such as hyperparameter tuning are widely used to improve the accuracy of deep learning, and this study aimed to improve the accuracy of the existing model through this. The hyperparameters optimized in this study are DEPTH, learning rate (LR), and iterations (ITER) of the neural network. This technique can improve the accuracy by tuning only the hyperparameters while using the existing model for bridge damage identification as it is. As a result of the experiment, when DEPTH, LR, and ITER were set to the optimal values, mAP was improved by approximately 2.9% compared to the existing model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in AI, Digitization, Robotics, IoT, BIM, and Spatial Modeling in Building Sciences)

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24 pages, 1215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Behavioral Intention of Smart Home Systems among Older People in Linyin City

by Yuan Wang, Norazmawati Md. Sani, Bo Shu, Qianling Jiang and Honglei Lu

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3145; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103145 - 2 Oct 2024

Viewed by 220

Abstract

Background: With an aging population and the continuous advancement of smart technology, the Chinese government is exploring smart elderly care models to address the challenges posed by aging. Although smart home systems are viewed as a promising solution, their adoption rate among older [...] Read more.

Background: With an aging population and the continuous advancement of smart technology, the Chinese government is exploring smart elderly care models to address the challenges posed by aging. Although smart home systems are viewed as a promising solution, their adoption rate among older people remains low. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the behavioral intention to use smart home systems among older people in Linyi City, Shandong Province, China. Methods: A literature review revealed a lack of quantitative research on older people’s behavioral intention toward smart home systems based on the Innovation Diffusion Theory. This study developed an extended model based on the Innovation Diffusion Theory, Technology Acceptance Model, and external variables, incorporating eight variables: intergenerational technical support, perceived cost, self-reported health conditions, compatibility, observability, trialability, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and behavioral intention. Results: Analysis of 387 valid questionnaires showed that compatibility and trialability significantly and positively affect perceived ease of use, while self-reported health conditions, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness have significant effects on behavioral intention. In addition, perceived cost had a negative influence on behavioral intention. Contributions/Significance: These findings highlight the importance of considering these factors in the design of smart home systems to improve user experience and provide valuable practical guidance to smart home system developers, R&D institutions, and policymakers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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16 pages, 3114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Angle Control Algorithm for Air Curtain Based on GA Optimized Quadratic BP Neural Network

by Yuxi Zhao, Liguo Shuai, Haodong Zhang and Yuhang Zheng

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3144; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103144 - 2 Oct 2024

Viewed by 259

Abstract

In air conditioning systems, air curtains play a crucial role in reducing the exchange of hot and cold air between the interior and exterior environments. Nevertheless, the majority of current air curtains suffer from limited airtightness and real-time performance due to their complex [...] Read more.

In air conditioning systems, air curtains play a crucial role in reducing the exchange of hot and cold air between the interior and exterior environments. Nevertheless, the majority of current air curtains suffer from limited airtightness and real-time performance due to their complex jet trajectory, relying on traditional control methods. Thus, this paper introduces an angle control algorithm for air curtains based on a GA-optimized quadratic BP neural network. Initially, the BP neural network is trained using the Hayes dataset to develop the prediction model for temperature-jet angle. Subsequently, the optimization model for jet angles-windshield angle is constructed, and the optimal angles set meeting the fitness function is identified using GA global search. Later, the prediction model and the optimal angles set are once again trained using the BP neural network to generate prediction model for temperature-jet angles and windshield angle. Following CFD simulation, the airtightness indicator demonstrated a 26.5% improvement with the proposed control method compared to traditional ones, highlighting the superior airtightness. In comparison to other algorithms, the proposed algorithm demonstrates a remarkable 89% enhancement in real-time performance and stronger robustness. This study presents a novel approach for the intelligent control of air curtains, holding significant importance in advancing the intelligent development of air curtain technology and facilitating energy efficiency and emission reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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25 pages, 12952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation of a Shed-Tunnel Structure’s Dynamic Response to Repeated Rockfall Impacts Using the Finite Element–Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method

by Hao Zhao, Zepeng Lyu and Hongyan Liu

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3143; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103143 - 2 Oct 2024

Viewed by 183

Abstract

In practical engineering, a shed-tunnel structure often encounters repeated impacts from rockfall during its whole service life; therefore, this research focuses on exploring the dynamic response characteristics of shed-tunnel structures under repeated impacts from rockfall with a numerical method. First of all, based [...] Read more.

In practical engineering, a shed-tunnel structure often encounters repeated impacts from rockfall during its whole service life; therefore, this research focuses on exploring the dynamic response characteristics of shed-tunnel structures under repeated impacts from rockfall with a numerical method. First of all, based on a model test of a shed tunnel under rockfall impacts as a reference, an FEM (finite element method)-SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) coupled numerical calculation model is established based on the ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element code. Numerical simulation of the dynamic response of the shed-tunnel structure under rockfall impacts is realized, and the rationality of the model is verified. Then, with this model and the full restart technology of the LS-DYNA code, the effects of four factors, e.g., rockfall mass, rockfall impact velocity, rockfall impact angle and rockfall shape, on the impact force and impact depth of the buffer layer, the maximum plastic strain and axial force of the rebar, the shed roof’s vertical displacement and plastic strain of the shed tunnel are studied. The results show that the impact force, impact depth, roof displacement and plastic strain of the shed tunnel are positively correlated with the rockfall mass, velocity and angle under multiple rockfall impacts. The impact force, roof displacement and plastic strain of the shed-tunnel structure generated by the impact of rockfall consisting of cuboids are all greater than those under spherical rockfall, and the impact depth generated by the impact of spherical rockfall is greater than that of rockfall consisting of cuboids. For rockfall consisting of cuboids, the impact depth, roof displacement and plastic strain are negatively correlated with the contact area. Under repeated rockfall impacts, the peak impact force usually increases first and then tends to be stable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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29 pages, 7314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Design Methods Translated from the Thermodynamic Theory of Vernacular Architecture: Atrium Prototypes

by Meiting He, Linxue Li and Simin Tao

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3142; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103142 - 1 Oct 2024

Viewed by 442

Abstract

In the context of China’s sustainable development and dual carbon goals, research on thermodynamic architecture theory and vernacular architecture increasingly aligns with international trends, developing distinct characteristics. This research addresses the challenge of rapid changes in the built environment by focusing on climate [...] Read more.

In the context of China’s sustainable development and dual carbon goals, research on thermodynamic architecture theory and vernacular architecture increasingly aligns with international trends, developing distinct characteristics. This research addresses the challenge of rapid changes in the built environment by focusing on climate adaptability and passive technologies. However, the development of thermodynamic theory in vernacular architecture faced technical limitations in the early 21st century and was later overshadowed by the industry’s reliance on active technologies to meet green building standards, resulting in a reduced role for architects in the green building field. This article traces the origins of passive architecture, rooted in vernacular architecture, and applies thermodynamic theory to explore architectural prototypes. It examines the theoretical feasibility of architectural design in achieving low-carbon and sustainable goals, aiming to fill a gap in thermodynamic theory within the broader context of sustainable architectural development. After demonstrating the various passive prototypes inherent in vernacular architecture, this paper proposes a courtyard prototype focused on residential comfort for design translation and analysis. The research methods employed include bioclimatic charting, balance point temperature analysis in time series, and extensive computer simulations. Through the process of prototype extraction, performance analysis, validation, and optimization, the paper systematically discusses sustainable design methods within the framework of thermodynamic architecture theory. It also provides practical demonstrations of these methods across four distinct climate regions in China. By translating vernacular architectural designs, this research systematically organizes the theoretical framework for architects’ early involvement in low-carbon and green building design, offering a theoretical foundation for initiating the design process through prototype translation while guiding the generation of green ecological buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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18 pages, 38812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Impact of Public Spaces on Social Cohesion in Resettlement Communities from the Perspective of Experiential Value: A Case Study of Fuzhou, China

by Yafeng Lai, Pohsun Wang and Kuohsun Wen

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3141; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103141 - 1 Oct 2024

Viewed by 283

Abstract

With the rapid pace of global urbanization, the urbanization of resettlement communities in China has garnered increasing attention from scholars. This study, grounded in experiential value theory, delves into the relationship between public spaces in resettlement communities and their social cohesion. Focusing on [...] Read more.

With the rapid pace of global urbanization, the urbanization of resettlement communities in China has garnered increasing attention from scholars. This study, grounded in experiential value theory, delves into the relationship between public spaces in resettlement communities and their social cohesion. Focusing on resettlement communities in the central urban area of Fuzhou, this study employs a mixed-method approach to analyze the functional characteristics of public spaces using geospatial data, including their green coverage ratio, spatial accessibility, facility configuration, and neighborhood density. A correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were employed to identify the key elements influencing social cohesion. The results indicate significant disparities in the green coverage, accessibility, facility configuration, and neighborhood density of public spaces. These differences are evident in the quantitative metrics used and also reflect imbalances in spatial layout and resource distribution, highlighting potential pathways for optimizing the quality of public spaces. Further data analyses revealed that both emotional value (β = 0.602, p < 0.01) and functional value (β = 0.136, p < 0.01) have significant positive impacts on social cohesion, with emotional value being particularly influential. This study offers insights for urban planners and policymakers by providing scientific evidence for the optimization of public space design in resettlement communities, with implications for community governance and urban sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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23 pages, 10413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Progressive Failure of Water-Resistant Stratum in Karst Tunnel Construction Using an Improved Meshfree Method Considering Fluid–Solid Interaction

by Yuanyuan Zhou, Chengzhi Xia, Zhenming Shi, Guangyin Lu, Liu Liu and Maomao Liu

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3140; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103140 - 1 Oct 2024

Viewed by 300

Abstract

An improved meshfree method that considers cracking, contact behaviour and fluid–solid interaction (FSI) was developed and employed to shed light on the progressive failure of the water-resistant stratum and inrush process in a karst tunnel construction. Hydraulic fracturing tests considering different scenarios and [...] Read more.

An improved meshfree method that considers cracking, contact behaviour and fluid–solid interaction (FSI) was developed and employed to shed light on the progressive failure of the water-resistant stratum and inrush process in a karst tunnel construction. Hydraulic fracturing tests considering different scenarios and inrush events of the field-scale Jigongling karst tunnel in three scenarios verify the feasibility of the improved meshfree method. The results indicate that the brittle fracture characteristics of the rock mass are captured accurately without grid re-meshing by improving the kernel function of the meshfree method. The complex contact behaviour of rock along the fracture surface during inrush is correctly captured through the introduction of Newton’s law-based block contact algorithms. FSI processing during inrush is accurately modelled by an improved two-phase adaptive adjacent method considering the discontinuous particles without coupling other solvers and additional artificial boundaries, which improves computational efficiency. Furthermore, the improved meshfree method simultaneously captures the fast inrush and rock failure in the Jigongling karst tunnel under varying thicknesses and strengths of water-resistant rocks and sizes of karst caves. As the thickness and strength of water-resistant rock increase, the possibility of an inrush disaster in the tunnel decreases, and a drop in the water level and an increase in the maximum flow velocity have significant delayed effects during the local inrush stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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19 pages, 8377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Spatiotemporal Scheduling for Construction Building Projects

by Stéphane Morin-Pépin and Adel Francis

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3139; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103139 - 1 Oct 2024

Viewed by 231

Abstract

For building projects, the manager is responsible for coordinating the work of subcontractors at the construction site. This includes operations, material flows, and storage. In summary, one of their main roles is to ensure smooth team rotation, maintain fluid circulation, and avoid congestion [...] Read more.

For building projects, the manager is responsible for coordinating the work of subcontractors at the construction site. This includes operations, material flows, and storage. In summary, one of their main roles is to ensure smooth team rotation, maintain fluid circulation, and avoid congestion or relaxation on the site. However, traditional tools lack the ability to consider the planning and management of worksite spaces when calculating the execution schedule and critical path. Consequently, three-week planning is usually carried out separately on independent plans, often using spreadsheets. In addition, a construction site is highly dynamic and mobile in nature, and the positioning of resources and workers can change daily. This makes the management of available space even more complex, and effective space management becomes an imperative. To address this challenge, this paper develops visual dynamic artifacts that present different operation types. The methodology and the conceptual framework facilitate the calculation of the Occupancy Rate (OR) that enables construction project managers to create simple yet dynamic spatiotemporal models of the construction schedule. By incorporating factors such as crew turnover and occupancy evolution, managers can simplify the calculation process and effectively optimize construction work by utilizing site occupancy rates. In summary, this paper presents the Dynamic Model of the Occupancy Rate Schedule (DMORS), a methodology developed through design science. This model utilizes created artifacts representing various operation types to ensure accurate calculations of dynamic occupancy by floor and sector in a site. Consequently, it enables the construction of a more realistic schedule based on critical space ideologies. The DMORS enables managers to use the OR for different floors and sectors of a site, allowing for better space management. A proof of concept demonstrates that this tool can enhance the efficiency and productivity of construction projects by optimizing crew schedules and resource allocation based on site OR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction Scheduling, Quality and Risk Management)

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14 pages, 1912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Approach to Detecting Blockages in Sewers and Drains: The Reflected Wave Technique

by David A. Kelly, Mark Garden, Khanda Sharif, David Campbell and Michael Gormley

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3138; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103138 - 1 Oct 2024

Viewed by 338

Abstract

Blockages in sewers and drains often result in overflows and flooding that cause significant environmental pollution and public health risks, particularly in hospitals, where the consequences can be catastrophic. Due to their low “visibility”, sewers and drains are inherently difficult to monitor and [...] Read more.

Blockages in sewers and drains often result in overflows and flooding that cause significant environmental pollution and public health risks, particularly in hospitals, where the consequences can be catastrophic. Due to their low “visibility”, sewers and drains are inherently difficult to monitor and maintain, resulting in a reactive management approach whereby maintenance or repair is carried out only after a system failure has occurred. This paper investigates the feasibility of applying the reflected wave technique, a unique sonar-like monitoring approach capable of identifying changes in the geometry of closed-pipe conduits, as a means of proactive system monitoring. The technique uses a 10 Hz sinusoidal air pressure wave which is transmitted into the drainpipe. When the pressure wave encounters a system boundary, a reflection is generated which alters the measured test pressure response. Analysis of the reflections generated by a changed system boundary, such as the formation of a blockage, can provide information related to the location of that boundary within the system. An experimental setup was developed to simulate a horizontal drain using standard pipework of 100 mm diameter and 70 m length. The technique was able to detect applied blockages with cross-sectional coverage of 30% and 75%, and lengths ranging from 30 mm to 3000 mm. Accuracy was improved when the pressure sensor was positioned closer to the blockage. When the sensor was 3.4 m from the blockage, location estimates were very accurate (−2% to 3% error). At a 14 m distance from the blockage, the error increased to between 4% and 33%. The accuracy of blockage detection and location improved with increasing blockage cross-sectional area and length. Overall, the reflected wave technique could provide a potentially continuous monitoring solution for blockage detection in sewers and drains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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25 pages, 11301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Verification and Validation of Modeling of Fluid–Solid Interaction in Explosion-Resistant Designs Using Material Point Method

by Mohammed H. Saffarini, Zhen Chen, Ahmed Elbelbisi, Hani Salim, Kyle Perry, Andrew L. Bowman and Stephen D. Robert

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3137; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103137 - 1 Oct 2024

Viewed by 350

Abstract

Verifying and validating explosion-resistant design models are challenging tasks due to the difficulties in accurately capturing the failure evolution within a setup influenced by the combined effects of fluid–solid interactions (FSI), blast waves, fragmentation, and impact. Curtain wall system, as a key structural [...] Read more.

Verifying and validating explosion-resistant design models are challenging tasks due to the difficulties in accurately capturing the failure evolution within a setup influenced by the combined effects of fluid–solid interactions (FSI), blast waves, fragmentation, and impact. Curtain wall system, as a key structural component, is widely used in various types of buildings for its aesthetic appeal and weather protection. Hence, optimizing the explosion-resistance of such systems is necessary to improve building safety. In this work, we develop computational procedures that can be used to enhance the design of blast-resistant structures. This paper focuses on studying a representative component (e.g., window panels) from a typical curtain wall system, as well as a small-scale modeling of shock tube testing. For that, the material point method (MPM) simulations are verified against the finite element method (FEM) simulations, and the computational results are validated against shock tube testing. The work objective is to evaluate the simulation fidelity of explosion responses in several case studies. The first case study demonstrates how the MPM captures damage and fragmentation in a typical confined explosion event involving FSI, thus, providing an improved physical description compared to the FEM. The second case study qualitatively compares the MPM’s ability to simulate the shock tube response with experimental observations. Since the second study validates that the MPM solution is qualitatively consistent with the experimental data, the MPM model is then used in the third case study to establish an FEM model that could capture the same physics. This FEM model can be scaled up to model field experiments. The fourth case study involves the development of an FEM model for a representative curtain wall system component, which is validated against experimental results and then scaled down and employed to validate a corresponding MPM model. The proposed procedure provides a feasible approach to verifying and validating explosion-resistant designs for more general cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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15 pages, 1833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Systematic Literature Review on Energy Efficiency Analysis of Building Energy Management

by Minglu Fang, Mohd Saidin Misnan and Nur Hajarul Falahi Abdul Halim

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3136; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103136 - 1 Oct 2024

Viewed by 551

Abstract

Government agencies, energy consumers, and other societal groups have all shown concern and attention for the energy management of buildings. Relevant statistical data, however, indicate that most public buildings continue to consume large amounts of energy overall and that the issues of low [...] Read more.

Government agencies, energy consumers, and other societal groups have all shown concern and attention for the energy management of buildings. Relevant statistical data, however, indicate that most public buildings continue to consume large amounts of energy overall and that the issues of low energy usage and energy waste have not materially improved. As a result, this study reviewed the state of progress and potential directions for future research in the field of building energy management in public buildings using a data-driven approach. Relevant studies were obtained from three databases—Web of Science, Scopus, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure—based on certain search phrases. The text mining program VOS viewer was then used to examine the material. We provide a thorough examination of the study techniques and material, as well as a visual representation of the keywords and current state of the field. According to this study, the range of data processing outcomes; the flexibility of research system standards; and the availability of a comprehensive, unified assessment system are the main factors contributing to the practical issues facing building energy management today. Based on the geographic distribution and state of energy development, this study is the first to examine possible research avenues for building energy management in public buildings through cross-fusion research on passive energy-saving design and subjective behavioral energy-saving. It offers a foundation for developing the building energy management system best practice model in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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19 pages, 2406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization Study on Stakeholder Capability Configuration in Green Construction

by Zhizhe Zheng, Yikun Su, Junhao Liu, Zhichao Zhou and Xing Wang

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3135; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103135 - 1 Oct 2024

Viewed by 297

Abstract

Green construction is considered to be a construction model that pursues high resource efficiency and the utilization of reduced environmental impacts through technological innovation and management optimization under the realization of the project’s iron triangle. The realization of its performance relies on the level [...] Read more.

Green construction is considered to be a construction model that pursues high resource efficiency and the utilization of reduced environmental impacts through technological innovation and management optimization under the realization of the project’s iron triangle. The realization of its performance relies on the level of stakeholder capability configuration. To reveal the optimal capability configuration and interaction between regulators and executors, this study constructed a utility model based on a post-positivist methodology. By analyzing the optimal capability configuration and coordination levels of regulators and executors according to the practices and constraints of green construction, this study conducted a static analysis to compare the effects of marginal value on regulators’ capability input and coordination coefficients. Finally, a sensitivity analysis uncovers the changes in capability configuration interaction and coordination coefficients at different stages of green construction. The results indicate that high levels of coordination in green construction cannot be maintained in the long term; continuous capability input from regulators is required for sustained support. Only by eliminating external uncertainties, reducing the variable costs for executors in advancing green construction, and controlling their risk aversion can executors be truly motivated to promote green construction. The capability configuration of both regulators and executors adjusts with corresponding marginal values. The capability configuration of executors shows a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing as the progressive coefficient rises. The model proposed in this study ensures that the final coordination level stabilizes at a relatively high level, which is between 0.6 and 0.7. In summary, the breakthrough findings provide critical insights into green construction management, contributing to the achievement of the anticipated green construction objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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23 pages, 8453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis of Building Envelopes and Solar Panels Using Intelligent Algorithms

by Na Zhao, Jia Zhang, Yewei Dong and Chao Ding

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3134; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103134 - 1 Oct 2024

Viewed by 452

Abstract

The global drive for sustainable development and carbon neutrality has heightened the need for energy-efficient buildings. Photovoltaic buildings, which aim to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, play a crucial role in this effort. However, the potential of the building envelope for electricity [...] Read more.

The global drive for sustainable development and carbon neutrality has heightened the need for energy-efficient buildings. Photovoltaic buildings, which aim to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, play a crucial role in this effort. However, the potential of the building envelope for electricity generation is often underutilized. This study introduces an efficient hybrid method that integrates Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), and the weighted Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. This integrated approach was used to optimize the external envelope structure and photovoltaic components, leading to significant reductions: overall energy consumption decreased by 41% (from 105 kWh/m² to 63 kWh/m²), carbon emissions by 34% (from 13,307 tCO₂eq to 8817 tCO₂eq), and retrofit and operating costs by 20% (from CNY 13.12 million to CNY 10.53 million) over a 25-year period. Sensitivity analysis further revealed that the window-to-wall ratio and photovoltaic windows play crucial roles in these outcomes, highlighting their potential to enhance building energy performance. These results confirm the feasibility of achieving substantial energy savings and emission reductions through this optimized design approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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8 pages, 1156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of the Optical Properties and Stability of Cs_0.33WO₃ with Different Particle Sizes for Energy-Efficient Window Films in Building Glazing

by Ning Li, Qinglin Meng, Lihua Zhao, Nan Zhang, Pin Wang and Sumei Lu

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3133; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103133 - 30 Sep 2024

Viewed by 318

Abstract

Cs_0.33WO₃ (CWO) is a widely used inorganic material in window films and glass coatings, known for its excellent near-infrared radiation (NIR) blocking property and high visible light transmittance (T_vis). However, the stability of NIR blocking and the optical [...] Read more.

Cs_0.33WO₃ (CWO) is a widely used inorganic material in window films and glass coatings, known for its excellent near-infrared radiation (NIR) blocking property and high visible light transmittance (T_vis). However, the stability of NIR blocking and the optical properties of CWO in the process of application is an urgent and important problem, because significant changes in optical results can impact the related products, such as window films, glass coatings, and so on. In this paper, the particle sizes and optical properties of CWO are tested to study the light stability and their relative relations. The results indicate that CWO particle sizes between 130 nm and 100 nm (D90, the point where 90% of the particles have a diameter smaller than the specified value) exhibit high stability in terms of NIR blocking and visible light transmittance (Tvis). CWO particles with D90 < 100 nm experience a greater reduction in NIR blocking, though this ability significantly recovers upon exposure to sunlight, making these coatings particularly suitable for use in tropical and subtropical climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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17 pages, 16700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study and Design Method of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Steel Unequal-Leg Angles under Axial Compression

by Yanli Guo, Zeyu Nie, Xingyou Yao, Yilin Liu, Chong Chen and Kaihua Zeng

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3132; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103132 - 30 Sep 2024

Viewed by 287

Abstract

An experimental study of cold-formed thin-walled steel unequal-leg angles (CFTWS-ULAs) under axially oriented pressure is presented in this paper. Firstly, the initial imperfections and material properties of the angle specimens were measured in detail. The angle specimens were tested under fixed-ended conditions. The [...] Read more.

An experimental study of cold-formed thin-walled steel unequal-leg angles (CFTWS-ULAs) under axially oriented pressure is presented in this paper. Firstly, the initial imperfections and material properties of the angle specimens were measured in detail. The angle specimens were tested under fixed-ended conditions. The results of the experiments showed that the angle specimens with small slenderness ratios were susceptible to local buckling, the angle specimens whose legs had high slenderness ratios and low width–thickness ratios were found to easily suffer from the occurrence of flexural buckling, and the angle specimens whose legs had high width–thickness ratios were found to easily suffer from the occurrence of interactive buckling between local buckling and flexural buckling. The finite element analysis of the ULAs was conducted using ABAQUS6.14 finite element software by creating a model. The buckling modes and ultimate bearing capacities of the test specimens were compared, and the finite element analysis verified that the established model built using the finite element is credible and subsequent parametric analysis was performed. The slenderness ratio had the most significant impact on the ultimate bearing capacities of the unequal-leg angles, as indicated by the analysis results. When the width–thickness ratio and the width ratio of the legs fell within a specific range, the ultimate bearing capacities of the unequal-leg angles increased as the width–thickness ratio and the width ratio of the legs increased. Finally, the comparison results showed that the design strengths predicted by the specifications were very conservative, because the local buckling and torsional buckling were calculated at the same time. Therefore, a recommendation was proposed that the calculation of the load-carrying capacity of an unequal-leg angle should ignore torsional buckling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performance of Building Steel)

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44 pages, 2067 KiB

Open AccessReview

GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Columns: State-of-the-Art, Behavior, and Research Needs

by Mohamed Elkafrawy, Prathibha Gowrishankar, Nour Ghazal Aswad, Adnan Alashkar, Ahmed Khalil, Mohammad AlHamaydeh and Rami Hawileh

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3131; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103131 - 30 Sep 2024

Viewed by 740

Abstract

This comprehensive review paper delves into the utilization of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites within the realm of concrete column reinforcement, spotlighting the surge in structural engineering applications that leverage GFRP instead of traditional steel to circumvent the latter’s corrosion issues. Despite a [...] Read more.

This comprehensive review paper delves into the utilization of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites within the realm of concrete column reinforcement, spotlighting the surge in structural engineering applications that leverage GFRP instead of traditional steel to circumvent the latter’s corrosion issues. Despite a significant corpus of research on GFRP-reinforced structural members, questions about their compression behavior persist, making it a focal area of this review. This study evaluates the properties of GFRP bars and their impact on the structural behavior of concrete columns, addressing variables such as concrete type and strength, cross-sectional geometry, slenderness ratio, and reinforcement specifics under varied loading protocols. With a dataset spanning over 250 publications from 1988 to 2024, our findings reveal a marked increase in research interest, particularly in regions like China, Canada, and the United States, highlighting GFRP’s potential as a cost-effective and durable alternative to steel. However, gaps in current knowledge, especially concerning Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) reinforced with GFRP, underscore the necessity for targeted research. Additionally, the contribution of GFRP rebars to compressive column capacity ranges from 5% to 40%, but current design codes and standards underestimate this, necessitating new models and design provisions that accurately reflect GFRP’s compressive behavior. Moreover, this review identifies other critical areas for future exploration, including the influence of cross-sectional geometry on structural behavior, the application of GFRP in seismic resistance, and the evaluation of the size effect on column strength. Furthermore, the paper calls for advanced studies on the long-term durability of GFRP-reinforced structures under various environmental conditions, environmental and economic impacts of GFRP usage, and the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in predicting the performance of GFRP-reinforced columns. Addressing these research gaps is crucial for developing more resilient and sustainable concrete structures, particularly in seismic zones and harsh environmental conditions, and fostering advancements in structural engineering through the adoption of innovative, efficient construction practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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