2007 Heiligendamm G8 Summit Interim Compliance Report

The G8 Research Group at the Munk Centre for International Studies at Trinity College in the University of Toronto Presents the 2007 Heiligendamm G8 Summit Interim Compliance Report 9 June 2007 to 19 January 2008 Prepared by Michael Erdman, Cliff Vanderlinden, Katya Gorbunova, with Jenilee Guebert, the University of Toronto G8 Research Group and the State University Higher School of Economics (Moscow) G8 Research Centre 27 February 2008 www.g8.utoronto.ca www.g8live.org [email protected] Contents Preface.....................................................................................................................................................................2 Executive Summary ...............................................................................................................................................3 Table A: 2007 Heiligendamm Interim Compliance Scores.................................................................................6 Table B: G8 Compliance by Country, 1996-2007 ...............................................................................................7 Table C: 2007 Priority Commitment Interim Compliance ..................................................................................8 Research Team .......................................................................................................................................................9 1. Intellectual Property Protection [21]...............................................................................................................11 2. Fighting Climate Change [35].........................................................................................................................20 3. Energy: Technology [36].................................................................................................................................28 4. Energy: Efficiency [65] ...................................................................................................................................37 5. Energy: Diversification [90]............................................................................................................................48 6. Raw Materials [103] ........................................................................................................................................58 7. Corruption [115]...............................................................................................................................................67 8. Heiligendamm Process [134] ..........................................................................................................................77 9. Africa: Debt Relief [143].................................................................................................................................86 10. Africa: Official Development Assistance [144]...........................................................................................96 11. Africa: Financial Markets [183]..................................................................................................................103 12. Africa: Education [202] ...............................................................................................................................110 13. Africa: Peace and Security [213] ................................................................................................................118 14. Africa: Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria [227] .....................................................126 15. Africa: Sexual and Reproductive Education [233] ....................................................................................134 16. Africa: Health Systems [264]......................................................................................................................143 17. Nonproliferation: Fissile Materials [277] ...................................................................................................153 18. Nonproliferation: Hague Code of Conduct [293] ......................................................................................158 19. Regional Security: Darfur [295] .................................................................................................................166 20. Counter-Terrorism: Transport Security [314] ............................................................................................175 21. Counter-Terrorism: Financial Action Task Force [318]............................................................................184 22. Trade [327] ...................................................................................................................................................195 23. Global Partnership Against Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction [328] ....................................205 G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report, February 27, 2008 1 Preface Each year since 1996, the G8 Research Group has produced a compliance report on the progress made by the G8 member countries in meeting the commitments issued at each leaders’ summit. Since 2002, the group has published an interim report, timed to assess progress at moment of the transition between one country’s year as host and the next, and then a final report issued just before the leaders meet at their annual summit. These reports, which monitor each country’s efforts on a carefully chosen selection of the many commitments announced at the end of each summit, are offered to the general public and to policy makers, academics, civil society, the media and interested citizens around the world in an effort to make the work of the G8 more transparent and accessible, and to provide scientific data to enable the meaningful analysis of this unique and informal institution. Compliance reports are available at the G8 Information Centre at www.g8.utoronto.ca/compliance/. The G8 Research Group is an independent organization based at the University of Toronto. Founded in 1987, it is an international network of scholars, professionals and students interested in the activities of the G8. The group oversees the G8 Information Centre, which publishes, free of charge, analysis and research on the G8 as well as makes available official documents issued by the G8. For the 2007 Interim Compliance report, 23 priority commitments were selected from the total 329 commitments made at the Heiligendamm Summit, hosted by Germany from June 6 to 8, 2007. This report assesses the results of compliance with those 23 commitments as of January 19, 2008. Once again, the G8 Research Group in Toronto has collaborated with a team at the State University Higher School of Economics (HSE) in Moscow led by Katya Gorbunova, specifically on the reports for Russia and Japan, which will host the Hokkaido-Toyako Summit in July 2008. This collaboration builds on the work the two teams did in 2007 and will continue for the final compliance report, which will be released in May 2008. To make its assessments, the G8 Research Group relies on publicly available information, documentation and media reports. In an ongoing effort to ensure the accuracy, integrity and comprehensiveness of these reports, we encourage comments and suggestions. Indeed, this is a living document, and the scores can be recalibrated if new material becomes available. Any feedback remains anonymous and is not attributed. Responsibility for this report’s contents lies exclusively with the authors and analysts of the G8 Research Group. The work of the G8 Research Group would not be possible without the steadfast dedication of many people around the world. In particular, this report is the product of a team of energetic and hard-working analysts directed by Cliff Vanderlinden, chair of the student executive, as well as Michael Erdman, director of compliance, with the support of Dr Ella Kokotsis, Director of Analytical Research, and Jenilee Guebert, Senior Researcher. John Kirton Director G8 Research Group Toronto, Canada G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report, February 27, 2008 2 Executive Summary The University of Toronto G8 Research Group has completed its sixth annual Interim Compliance Report. It is based on an analysis of compliance by G8 member states and the EU with 23 priority commitments from the 2007 Heiligendamm Summit and covers the period from June 2007 to January 2008. This timeframe allows for an assessment of compliance contemporaneously with the transfer of the G8 Presidency from Germany to Japan, which occurred on 1 January 2008. The Interim Compliance Scores are contained in Table A. Individual country and issue assessments are contained in the sections below. This report is intended to provide a mid-term assessment of the parties’ progress toward compliance and to follow the transition in the presidency of the G8. The observations contained in this report are therefore based on relevant information available as of late January 2008. The Final Compliance Report, which is scheduled to be published immediately prior to the 2008 Hokkaido Summit, will provide more comprehensive analysis and updated compliance scores. This report analyzes compliance with 23 different commitments, as follows: • eight commitments from the “Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy” document (Intellectual Property Protection; Fighting Climate Change; Energy Technology; Energy Efficiency; Energy Diversification; Raw Materials; Corruption; and the Heiligendamm Process); • eight commitments from the “Growth and Responsibility in Africa” document (Debt Relief; Official Development Assistance; Financial Markets; Education; Peace and Security; the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; Sexual and Reproductive Education; and Health Systems); • two from the “Heiligendamm Statement on Nonproliferation” (Fissile Materials Cut-Off Treaty and Hague Code of Conduct); • two from the “G8 Statement on Counter-Terrorism” (Financial Action Task Force and Transport Security); and • one each from the “G8 Statement on Darfur/Sudan” (Regional Security: Darfur), the “G8 Declaration on Trade” (Trade) and the “Report on the G8 Global Partnership” (Global Partnership). The Overall Interim Compliance Score The results of the G8 Research Group’s assessments indicate that, for the period June 2007 to January 2008, the G8 member states and the European Union received an average compliance score of 0.33. Individual scores are assigned on a scale where +1 indicates full compliance with the stated commitment; 0 is awarded for partial compliance or a work in progress; and -1 is reserved for those countries that fail to comply or that take action that is directly opposite to the stated goal of the commitment. The average interim score of 0.33 is lower than in previous years. It is slightly below the score of 0.35 for the St. Petersburg Summit (2006) and is substantially lower than the scores of 0.47 for the Gleneagles Summit (2005), 0.40 for the Sea Island Summit (2004) and 0.47 for the Evian Summit (2003). This year’s average compliance score is greater, however, than the score of 0.25 awarded to the Kananaskis Summit (2002). Compliance by Country Although the average compliance score across all countries and all commitments is lower than in previous years, the average scores of some G8 member states are higher this year than at any point since the inception of the Interim Compliance Report in 2002. The United States, which has historically ranked 4th, is in first place with a score of 0.78. The United Kingdom follows closely, with a score of 0.61, while Germany falls to a 3rd place ranking at 0.48. After the European Union, in the 4th spot with a score of 0.39, the compliance scores drop sharply. Canada, which has been awarded an average score of 0.22, is in 5th spot. France and Russia, which together rank 6th, have average scores of 0.17. Italy follows closely, in 8th place at an average rating of 0.13. This represents a substantial improvement for Italy since last year’s G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report, February 27, 2008 3 Interim Compliance Report. Finally, in 9th position is the host of this year’s G8 Summit, Japan, which has garnered an average score of only 0.04. This year’s interim compliance scores represent changes of more than 10% from last year’s scores for seven member states and the EU. Only Germany has seen a smaller change in its compliance score, with an improvement of 6.7% over last year. Italy has realized the largest increase, up 430% from February 2007, when Italy received an average score of -0.10. The second-largest increase was realized by the United States, the score for which is 123% higher than in February 2007. Finally, the United Kingdom has realized a slight increase of 11% over its score of 0.55 in the St. Petersburg Interim Compliance Report. In terms of decreases in average scores, Japan has realized the furthest drop, with a decrease of 87% since February 2007. Canada’s score has dropped by 51%. Russia and France have realized the second smallest decreases, at 32%. The European Union saw its average score drop the least, by 26% from February 2007. The Compliance Gap between Countries The gap between average scores for countries has increased slightly this year to 0.74 (0.78 for the United States and 0.04 for Japan). It is lower than the historical high of 0.90 for the Gleneagles Summit. It is substantially higher than the lowest gap of 0.25 for the Evian Summit, but is nevertheless close to the historical average of 0.60. Compliance by Issue Area Compliance by issue area varies widely, although there are fewer outlier scores than last year. Only one commitment area, Fighting Climate Change, has been awarded a score of +1. Similarly, there is only one commitment, Nonproliferation: Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty, for which the average score is negative (0.22). When the two outliers are excluded, the average compliance score falls only slightly from 0.30 to 0.29. The average score of +1 for Fighting Climate Change represents a unanimous effort on the part of the G8 member states and the EU to participate constructively in the Bali Climate Change Conference, which was held 3-15 December 2007. Only five other commitments resulted in scores of more than 0.50, including Energy: Efficiency and Regional Security: Darfur (0.78); Energy: Diversification and Counter-Terrorism: FATF (0.67); and Africa: Health Systems (0.56). This is in line with the interim results following the St. Petersburg Summit, when 5 out of 20 commitments resulted in scores above 0.50, but is significantly lower than the post-Gleneagles period, when 9 of 21 commitments were scored above 0.50. Two commitments, Africa: ODA and Africa: Global Fund, received an average score of 0.44, while one other commitment, Trade, had an average score of 0.33. Commitments that received an average score of 0.22 constitute the largest group, at 9 of 23 commitments. They include Intellectual Property Protection, Energy: Technology, Corruption, Raw Materials, the Heiligendamm Process, Africa: Debt Relief, Africa: Sexual and Reproductive, Counter-Terrorism: Transport Security, and the Global Partnership. In general, these scores result from widespread partial compliance (scores of 0) rather than polarization of G8 member states between compliant and non-compliant countries. Two commitments received average scores of 0.11: Africa: Peace and Security, for which most countries were partially compliant; and Africa: Education Education, for which there was a clear division between compliant (+1) and non-compliant (-1) nations. An average score of 0 was awarded to two of the commitment areas. Nonproliferation: Hague Code of Conduct was marked by large-scale partial compliance resulting in an average of 0. On the other hand, Africa: Financial Markets divided G8 member states and the EU between those who fully complied with the commitment and those states that had taken no action to support compliance. Finally, Nonproliferation: Fissile Materials Cut-Off Treaty was awarded the lowest average score, -0.22, largely due to the failure of the member states to show serious efforts toward the commencement of negotiations on the issue of the FMCT. The presence of a commitment with a negative average score is in line with historical trends for interim compliance, although it is a marked change from last-year’s commitment scores. G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report, February 27, 2008 4 Compliance in Summit Priority Issue Areas Prior to the Heiligendamm Summit, the German government identified three priority issue areas: Growth and Responsibility (including energy); Africa; and Cooperation with Emerging Economies. Although compliance scores varied within these priority areas, they were noticeably higher for Growth and Responsibility than for either of the other two. Seven commitments, excluding the Heiligendamm Process, were drawn from the Growth and Responsibility document. They included the commitment with the highest average score, Fighting Climate Change, and together received an average score of 0.49. This average is significantly higher than the overall interim compliance average. When the commitments are further refined, the three Energy commitments have an average score of 0.56, lower than the historical average of interim compliance with energy commitments of 0.72. Eight commitments were drawn from the Growth and Responsibility in Africa document. Together, these commitments received an average score of 0.26, below the average compliance score for all 23 commitments. The average score for Africa, however, is higher than the historical interim compliance average for Development commitments of 0.15. Finally, the sole commitment that corresponded to the priority issue of Cooperation with Emerging Economies, the Heiligendamm Commitment, received an average compliance score of 0.22. G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report, February 27, 2008 5 Table A: 2007 Heiligendamm Interim Compliance Scores Commitment Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Commitment Name Intellectual Property Protection Fighting Climate Change Energy: Technology Energy: Efficiency Energy: Diversification Raw Materials Corruption Heiligendamm Process Africa: Debt Relief Africa: ODA Africa: Financial Markets Africa: Education Africa: Peace and Security Africa: Global Fund Africa: S & R Education Africa: Health Systems Non-Proliferation: Fissile Material Non-Proliferation: HCOC Regional Security: Darfur Counter-Terrorism: Transport Security Counter-Terrorism: FATF Trade Global Partnership CDN -1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 -1 0 0 1 1 0 -1 1 0 1 1 0 FRA 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 -1 -1 0 1 1 0 0 -1 0 1 0 1 -1 0 GER 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ITA 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 JPN 0 1 1 1 1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 -1 RUS 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0 -1 1 -1 1 0 1 0 0 1 UK 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 US 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 EU 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Country Average 0.22 0.17 0.48 0.13 0.04 0.17 0.61 0.78 0.39 2007 Interim Compliance Average 2006 Final Compliance Average 2006 Interim Compliance Average G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report Average 0.22 1.00 0.22 0.78 0.67 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.44 0.00 0.11 0.11 0.44 0.22 0.56 -0.22 0.00 0.78 0.22 0.67 0.33 0.22 0.33 0.60 0.45 0.40 0.25 0.55 0.45 0.05 -0.10 0.40 0.30 0.55 0.25 0.60 0.55 0.60 0.35 0.58 0.53 0.47 0.35 6 Table B: G8 Compliance by Country, 1996-2007 Summit Location Summit Date Report Type Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union G8+EU Number of Commitments: Lyon 96-97 Final 0.47 0.28 0.58 0.43 0.22 N/A 0.42 0.42 N/A 0.40 Denver 97-98 Final 0.17 0.00 0.17 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.34 N/A 0.27 Birmingham 98-99 Final 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.67 0.20 0.34 0.75 0.60 N/A 0.45 Cologne 99-00 Final 0.67 0.34 0.17 0.34 0.67 0.17 0.50 0.50 0.17 0.39 Okinawa 00-01 Final 0.83 0.92 1.00 0.89 0.82 0.14 1.00 0.67 N/A 0.78 Genoa Feb-01 Final 0.82 0.69 0.59 0.57 0.44 0.11 0.69 0.35 N/A 0.53 Kananaskis Mar-02 Interim 0.77 0.38 0.08 0.00 0.10 0.14 0.42 0.25 N/A 0.27 Kananaskis May-02 Final 0.82 0.64 0.18 -0.11 0.18 0.00 0.55 0.36 N/A 0.33 19 6 7 6 12 9 13 11 Summit Location Summit Date Report Type Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union G8+EU Number of Commitments: Evian Apr-03 Interim 0.58 0.50 0.42 0.38 0.42 0.42 0.58 0.50 N/A 0.48 Evian Apr-03 Final 0.83 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.42 0.33 0.50 0.50 N/A 0.51 Sea Island Jun-04 Interim 0.50 0.39 0.50 0.39 0.33 0.00 0.50 0.44 0.50 0.39 Sea Island Jun-04 Final 0.72 0.50 0.67 0.44 0.39 0.06 0.67 0.72 0.72 0.54 Gleneagles Jul-05 Interim 0.52 0.48 0.33 0.43 0.52 -0.14 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.47 Gleneagles Jul-05 Final 0.81 0.57 0.88 0.29 0.52 0.14 0.95 0.81 0.89 0.65 St. Petersburg Jul-06 Interim 0.45 0.30 0.45 -0.10 0.30 0.25 0.55 0.35 0.58 0.35 St. Petersburg Jul-06 Final 0.60 0.40 0.55 0.05 0.40 0.45 0.60 0.60 0.58 0.47 Heiligendamm Jun-07 Interim 0.22 0.17 0.48 0.13 0.04 0.17 0.61 0.78 0.39 0.33 12 12 18 18 21 21 20 20 23 G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 7 Research Team Professor John Kirton, Director, G8 Research Group Professor Marina Larionova, Chair, HSE Research Team Dr. Ella Kokotsis, Director of Analytical Research, G8 Research Group Cliff Vanderlinden, Chair, G8 Research Group Michael Erdman, Director, Compliance Unit Jenilee Guebert, Senior Researcher, G8 Research Group Katya Gorbunova, HSE Research Team Leader Team Leaders Gabriel De Roche Michael Erdman Erin Fitzgerald Aaron Ghobarah Erin Haines Courtney Hood James Meers Christina Jabbour Sarah Koerner Mila Khodskaya Egor Ouzikov Vera Serdiuk Christopher VanBerkum Analysts at the University of Toronto Marko Adamovi Nike Adebowale Chantal Amirault Isaac Apter Pratima Arapakota James Aufricht Katelyn Batrie Farnam Bidgoli Stephan Bundi Karen Chang Anna Chen Matthew Chomyn Claire Chow Ross Cuthbert Nikola Cvetkovi Rasta Daei Adina Dediu Elliot DeSouza Amadeus Domaradzki Mark Donald Jack Dong Lucia Ferrer Nicole Formosa Charlotte Freeman-Shaw Stephanie Gan Daniel Gatto Yinuo Geng Sandro Gianella Kenta Hatamochi Delia Maria Ionescu Ivana Jankovi Molly Jung Olga Kesarchuk Soomee Kim Yunjae Kim Denitza Koev Julia Kulik Pascale Latulippe Marianne Madeline Lau Hugues Létourneau Vivian Lo Conrad Lochovsky Shiva Logarajah Tess Lorriman Iryna Lozynska Jen MacDowell Ryan MacIsaac Allison Martell Aziza Mohammed Hannah Moosa Julia Muravska Valentine Nichita Magda Parniak Hillary Peden Surkhab Peerzada Jennifer Pollock Kayla Pries Igor Puzhevich Charlotte Ranelli Maria Robson Adam Romanov Julien Russell Brunet Daniel Seleanu Alicja Serafin Hiba Sha’ath Jasmeet Sidhu Nicole Staszczak Vanmala Subramaniam Miho Takaya Jennifer Taves Killian Thomson Olga Tonkonojenkova Jayme Turney Matthew Willis Julie Wilson Andrew Wright Roland Xing Ece Yagman Tatjana Zalar Tatyana Zeljkovi Sam Zhao Analysts at the State University Higher School of Economics (Moscow) Igor Churkin Natalia Churkina Dasha Frolova Tatiana Lanshina Julia Ovchinnikova Katya Prokhorova G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report Arina Shadrikova Yuriy Zaitsev Gleb Zhigailo 9 Central Editing Committee Marko Adamovi Noel Anderson Pratima Arapakota Nikki Cargill Michael Erdman Stephanie Gan Sahar Kazranian Denitza Koev Stephanie Law Ryan MacIsaac Allison Martell James Meers G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report Valentine Nichita Egor Ouzikov Hiba Sha’ath Julie Wilson 10 1. Intellectual Property Protection [21] Commitment “In partnership with certain developing countries we agree to launch technical assistance pilot plans with a view to building the capacity necessary to combat trade in counterfeited and pirated goods to strengthen intellectual property enforcement.”1 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy Background The issue of intellectual property protection (IPP) has been the subject of increasing controversy due in large part to heightened instances of transnational infringements of intellectual property rights (IPR) by emerging countries such as China and India, as well as the inability of inter-governmental efforts to agree upon and enforce international treaties such as the 1994 World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) to regulate and restrict IPR violations. Within the context of G8 summit politics, intellectual property protection is not a new issue. The issue of intellectual property protection originally emerged on Summit agendas as an extension of multilateral negotiations among WTO (formerly GATT) member nations. At the 1988 Summit in Toronto, the G8 addressed the issue of IPP for the first time, reaffirming its support of “all issues in the [GATT] negotiations, i.e., reform of the GATT system and rules, market access, agriculture and new issues (such as trade in services, trade-related intellectual property rights, and trade-related investment measures).”2 At the Houston Summit in 1990, the G8 once again articulated its desire to address IPP again within the context of GATT negotiations on international trade, stressing its “determination to take the difficult political decisions necessary to achieve far-reaching, substantial results in all areas of the Uruguay Round” which included a commitment to develop “standards and effective enforcement of all intellectual property rights”.3 At the London Summit in 1991, the G8 reaffirmed its ambition of moving GATT negotiations “forward urgently”, and its commitment to develop “clear and enforceable rules and obligations to protect all property rights.”4 At the Gleneagles Summit in 2005 the G8 took some unprecedented steps in redressing IPP that went beyond multilateral trade negotiations. It reconfigured its approach into one of greater urgency requiring a G8-specific mandate. In the Chair’s Summary Reducing IPR Piracy and Counterfeiting through More Effective Enforcement plan, the G8 specifically agreed upon seven commitments aimed at “reducing substantially global trade in pirated and counterfeit goods, and efficiently combating the transnational networks that support it.”5 The Plan outlined specific measures aimed at curtailing IPR infractions in developed and developing countries, including an agreement to “promote and uphold laws, regulations and/or procedures to strengthen effective intellectual property enforcement” and to work more closely with developing countries to “strengthen legislation and…improve national anti-counterfeiting, anti-piracy and enforcement capacities the export of pirated goods.”6 1 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 7 June 2007. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-africa.html> 2 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Research Group (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 30 January 2008. <http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle1.html> 3 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Research Group (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 30 January 2008. <http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle1.html> 4 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Research Group (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 30 January 2008. <http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle1.html> 5 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Research Group (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 30 January 2008. <http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle1.html> 6 Reducing IPR Privacy and Counterfeiting Through More Effective Enforcement, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/ipr_piracy.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 11 During the St. Petersburg Summit in 2006 the G8 reiterated its Gleneagles commitments agreeing to continue “strengthening individual and collective efforts to combat piracy and counterfeiting”. At St. Petersburg, the G8 further broadened its scope to “give priority to enhancing cooperation”7 at a multilateral level. In particular, the G8 declared that it would work to foster greater multilateral cooperation largely through international organizations including the “WIPO [World Intellectual Property Organization], WTO, OECD, Interpol and WCO [World Customs Organization] to develop and begin implementing technical assistance pilot plans within the G8 in interested developing countries to build the capacity necessary to combat trade in counterfeit and pirated goods.”8 Further, the G8 also agreed to “engage the OECD in preparing and focusing its report estimating the economic consequences of piracy and counterfeiting”.9 During the recent Heiligendamm Summit in 2007, the G8 again reiterated previous commitments echoed at the Gleneagles and St. Petersburg Summits, “strongly” reaffirming its commitment to combat piracy and counterfeiting. The G8 placed particular emphasis on multilateral cooperation, indicating the “urgency” of implementing measures to “improve and deepen cooperation among G8 partners”, including major emerging economies and international organizations such as the WIPO, WTO, WCO, Interpol, WHO, OECD, APEC, and the Council of Europe.10 The persistent momentum and significance that the G8 has placed thus far on the issue of intellectual property protection since Gleneagles signals a high probability that the issue will remain high on the G8 summit agenda heading into the Hokkaido Summit. Team Leader: Sarah Koerner Assessment Interim Compliance Score Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Lack of Compliance -1 -1 Work in Progress 0 Full Compliance +1 0 0 +1 0 0 0 +1 +1 +0.22 Canada: -1 Canada has failed to comply with its Heiligendamm commitment regarding intellectual property protection. Although the Government of Canada has demonstrated public support for IPP, Canadian officials have yet to implement any substantial projects or meaningful exchanges on the issue. On 23 October 2007, Canadian International Trade Minister David Emerson voiced support for international IPP enforcement, saying that the “government is working both at home and internationally to protect the intellectual property rights of Canadian artists, creators, inventors and investors.”11 He also 7 Reducing IPR Privacy and Counterfeiting Through More Effective Enforcement, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/ipr_piracy.pdf> 8 Reducing IPR Privacy and Counterfeiting Through More Effective Enforcement, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/ipr_piracy.pdf> 9 Combating IPR and Counterfeiting, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 16 July 2006. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2006stpetersburg/ipr.html> 10 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 7 June 2007. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-economy.html> 11 Canada Joins Discussions Towards International Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 19 January 2007. <http://w01.international.gc.ca/MinPub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&publication_id=385528&Language=E&docnumber=146> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 12 reaffirmed Canadian support for the creation of a multinational organization under the provisional name of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA).12 Of the major developing countries, however, only Mexico and Uruguay are participating in ACTA. On 16 October 2007 during the Throne Speech, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper promised to improve the protection of intellectual property rights in Canada and around the world.13 The GovernorGeneral, Michaëlle Jean, reiterated this message a few days later: “Our government will improve the protection of cultural and intellectual property rights." On 23 October 2007, the federal government announced its intention to participate in international discussions aimed at developing an international anticounterfeiting trade agreement. The discussions will also focus on international cooperation, enforcement practices and legal frameworks to counter the trade of pirated goods.14 Thus, although Canada has made some announcements promoting efforts to promote IPP, it has not yet to introduce any pilot programs nor implemented any concrete action in accordance with its Heiligendamm commitment. Analyst: Anna Okorokov France: 0 France has partially complied with its commitment to intellectual property protection as agreed to at the 2007 Heiligendamm Summit. On 20 September 2007, the French textile industries union (UIT) signed two draft agreements with its Chinese counterpart and the Chinese Chamber of Commerce aimed at fostering intellectual property rights between the two countries and curbing instances of counterfeiting.15 Both France and China agreed to apply pressure on the relevant authorities in order to obtain a reduction in the time and cost of patenting brands, designs, and models besides and agreed to assist one another to ensure the protection of intellectual property rights.16 In addition, on 19 November 2007 France and Italy signed a Joint Declaration in Paris chaired by the Italian Secretary of State Hervé Novelli and French Deputy Minister for Economic Development Serge d’Antoni. The Declaration called for the two countries to reinforce their cooperation in the fight against counterfeiting.17 Thus, France has been awarded a score of 0 for its limited international cooperation on the issue of intellectual property protection. Analyst: Vanmala Subramaniam 12 Canada Joins Discussions Towards International Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access 19 January 2007. <http://w01.international.gc.ca/MinPub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&publication_id=385528&Language=E&docnumber=146> 13 Throne Speech by Prime Minister Stephen Harper, House of Commons (Ottawa). 16 October 2007. Date of Access: 23 December 2007. <http://www.sft-ddt.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1364> 14 International anti-counterfeiting discussions, Canadian Anti-Counterfeiting Network (Toronto) 24 October 2007. Date of Access: 23 December 2007. <http://cacn.ca/PDF/CACN%20Releases/CACN-Press%20Release%20Response%20to%20Cdn%20Participation%20in%20ACTA%20Negotiations%20October%2024%202007.pdf> 15 France/Chine: accords des industriels du textile sure propriété intellectuelle, Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China (Beijing) 21 September 2007. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://french.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/rapport/200709/20070905118756.html> 16 France/Chine: accords des industriels du textile sure propriété intellectuelle, Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China (Beijing) 21 September 2007. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://french.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/rapport/200709/20070905118756.html> 17 La France et l’Italie renforcent leur coopération dans la lutte contre la contrefaçon, Institut National de la propriété industrielle (Paris) 20 November 2007. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.inpi.fr/fr/l-inpi/actualites/actualites/select_category/3/article/la-france-et-litalie-renforcent-leurcooperation-dans-la-lutte-contre-la-contrefacon315.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=1855&cHash=39fb7edab2> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 13 Germany: 0 Germany has partially complied with its Heiligendamm commitment regarding intellectual property protection. The German-Chinese Rule of Law Dialogues focuses on “rules protecting intellectual property and implementing the Conventions of the World Intellectual Property Organization.”18 In December 2007 the German Federal Ministry of Justice hosted its annual Major Round Table to discuss the progress of completed projects, including those related to intellectual property protection.19 In addition, during the 5th Shanghai Intellectual Property Forum, the Munich International Property Law Centre (MILPC) signed an agreement, the Memorandum of Understanding, with the State Intellectual Property Office of the People's Republic of China which aims to deepen academic exchanges largely by sending Chinese students to study at MIPLC.20 Although Germany has made attempts to foster cooperation with developing nations regarding intellectual property protection, it has yet to formalize any appeals for agreements or directives regarding its Heiligendamm commitment. Thus, Germany registers a score of 0 for partial compliance. Analyst: Magdalena Parniak Italy: +1 Italy has fully complied with its intellectual property protection commitment agreed to at Heiligendamm. The Italian government has announced the opening of offices of its anti-counterfeiting agency in a number of cities around the world and has made significant financial contributions to the World Intellectual Property Organization’s (WIPO) activities in developing countries. On 7 December 2007, the High Commissioner to Combat Counterfeiting and Piracy (ACLC) announced that it would open 11 offices in various countries around the world in 2008.21 The main offices located in China, India, Russia, Brazil, South Korea and the United States, will seek to protect the intellectual property rights of Italian producers.22 Vice Commissioner Antonello Colosimo explained that the offices will provide legal assistance, monitoring and promotion of Italian rights and, if necessary, will undertake legal action in their respective jurisdictions.23 Italy has also been active in addressing the issue of counterfeiting at various international conferences. On 2 November 2007, Italy’s High Commissioner to Combat Counterfeiting and Piracy Giovanni Kessler attended an international conference in Moscow that dealt with the piracy of wine and related goods.24 It was not immediately apparent, however, if any representatives from emerging economies other than Russia were present at the meeting. On 3-4 December 2007, the High Commissioner to Combat Counterfeiting and Piracy hosted the workshop Globalization and fakes: a challenge to be won in Rome.25 The conference 18 Present Status of the Rule of Law Dialogue, Federal Ministry of Justice (Berlin) 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2007. <http://www.bmj.bund.de/enid/56f4ed7dac115c96159e66a6b6f72d3d,af9efd305f7472636964092d0933393237/GermanChinese_Rule_of_Law_Dialogue/Present_Status_of_the_Rule_of_Law_Dialogue_1bs.html> 19 Present Status of the Rule of Law Dialogue, Federal Ministry of Justice (Berlin). 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2007. <http://www.bmj.bund.de/enid/8b42ac51e0d2654e8a2d24cf48ee0764,af9efd305f7472636964092d0933393237/GermanChinese_Rule_of_Law_Dialogue/Present_Status_of_the_Rule_of_Law_Dialogue_1bs.html> 20 State Intellectual Property Office of the People's Republic of China (SIPO) and MIPLC Sign Memorandum of Understanding, MIPLC (Munich) 28 December 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2007. <http://www.miplc.de/news/mou_sipo_n.html> 21 Contraffazione: Alto commissario attiva 14 uffici nel mondo, Alto commissario per la lotta alla contraffazone (Rome) 7 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.aclc.gov.it/documenti/default.aspx?id=267> 22 Contraffazione: Alto commissario attiva 14 uffici nel mondo, Alto commissario per la lotta alla contraffazone (Rome) 7 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.aclc.gov.it/documenti/default.aspx?id=267> 23 Contraffazione: Alto commissario attiva 14 uffici nel mondo, Alto commissario per la lotta alla contraffazone (Rome) 7 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.aclc.gov.it/documenti/default.aspx?id=267> 24 Conferenza internazionale, Alto commissario per la lotta alla contraffazione (Rome) 2 November 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.aclc.gov.it/news/000019/Conferenza-Internazionale.aspx?t=0> 25 WIPO Enforcement News: October-December 2007, World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) 15 January 2008. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.wipo.int/enforcement/en/news/2007/enforcement_10_12.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 14 brought together officials from various countries, all of whom highlighted the pressing need to address the global problem of counterfeiting and piracy.26 On 29 October 2007, WIPO Director Kamil Idris met with Italian Foreign Affairs Minister D’Alema and announced that Italy’s contributions to WIPO for 2007 had reached
600 000 after the transfer of extrabudgetary funds to the Organization.27 The transfer resulted from a 10 September 2007 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signed in Rome between the WIPO and the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ Directorate General for Cooperation to Development (DGCS).28 The MOU provides an additional
300 000 for the establishment of a Funds-In-Trust (FIT) to address IP activities in developing countries.29 The FIT aims to prioritize “the promotion of economic and commercial activities based on IP, the relationship between IP and technological development, the development of creative industries, the use of IP by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the protection of geographical indications (GIs), industrial designs, IP training, and the fight against counterfeiting and audiovisual piracy.”30 The countries targeted are to be least developed nations (LDCs) and developing nations in the Mediterranean region.31 During an Italian-American symposium Minister D’Alema noted the importance of the IPP commitments that emerged from the Heiligendamm Summit and called them a way forward on an issue for which existing normative structures have largely been inadequate.32 Minister D’Alema also remarked that he understood the concerns of emerging economies on the matter, particularly in the realm of genetics and new technologies.33 Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of +1 for its aggressive protection of Italian intellectual property rights around the world and its contributions to the activities of the WIPO in developing nations. Analysts: Michael Erdman and Anna Okorokov Japan: 0 Japan has partially complied with its commitment on intellectual property protection as agreed at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. On 1 December 2007, Japan and China initiated bilateral cooperation on intellectual property protection at the First Japan-China High-Level Economic Dialogue held in Beijing.34 The two sides commended the continued dispatch of the Joint Government and Private-Sector Mission of Japan for the Protection of Intellectual Property to China. They also agreed to promote bilateral cooperation during China’s revision of its major laws and regulations concerning intellectual property rights.35 The two countries are engaged in ongoing discussions regarding measures to promote intellectual property exchange and cooperation, under the leadership of central administrative agencies, and the provision of information related to intellectual 26 World ‘losing’ war against fakes and piracy, Alto commissario per la lotta alla contraffazone (Rome) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.aclc.gov.it/documenti/default.aspx?id=247> 27 Italy makes additional extra-budgetary contribution to the WIPO, World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) 29 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2007/article_0078.html> 28 Italy makes additional extra-budgetary contribution to the WIPO, World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) 29 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2007/article_0078.html> 29 Agreement Establishes Funds-In-Trust Program With Italy, Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) 13 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2007/article_0057.html> 30 Agreement Establishes Funds-In-Trust Program With Italy, Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) 13 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2007/article_0057.html> 31 Agreement Establishes Funds-In-Trust Program With Italy, Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) 13 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2007/article_0057.html> 32 Intervento del Ministro D’Alema al simposio italiano-statounitese sulla proprietà intelletuale, Ministerio degli Affari Esteri (Rome) 24 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Ministero/Ministro/Interventi/2007/10/20071024_InterventoDalemaSimposi> 33 Intervento del Ministro D’Alema al simposio italiano-statounitese sulla proprietà intelletuale, Ministerio degli Affari Esteri (Rome) 24 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Ministero/Ministro/Interventi/2007/10/20071024_InterventoDalemaSimposio> 34 First Japan-China High-Level Economic Dialogue, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 2 December 2007. Date of Access: 29 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.jp/region/asia-paci/china/dialogue0712.html> 35 First Japan-China High-Level Economic Dialogue, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 2 December 2007. Date of Access: 29 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.jp/region/asia-paci/china/dialogue0712.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 15 property infringements. Japan and China also confirmed that they would actively participate in the East Asia Plant Variety Protection Forum for strengthening and harmonizing plant variety protection systems.36 Further, on 12–13 November 2007 Japan hosted the 7th ASEM Customs DG-Commissioner Meeting, the main subjects of which included securing and facilitating trade, protection of intellectual property rights and international customs cooperation. 37 The meeting implemented the Chairman's Summary and the Yokohama Declaration38. The Declaration affirmed that the proliferation of counterfeit goods not only threatens the health, safety and security of consumers, but also hinders innovation and sustained growth of the global economy. The Declaration also articulated the importance of giving the issue a higher priority, and to develop human resources in Customs, particularly experienced IPR experts.39 Although the Japan Patent Office has pledged to encourage China and other countries to upgrade their intellectual property systems by holding JPO-SIPO meetings and other bilateral summit meetings, and dispatching government-private joint missions overseas, Japan has yet to explicitly mention nor implement pilot programs with developing nations like China that focus specifically on combating piracy and counterfeited goods.40 Japan has also stated its support for a new framework to protect IPR, the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement. 41 The Agreement, however, falls outside of existing structures as required by the IPP commitment agreed at Heiligendamm in June 2007. Thus, although Japan has made some headway in its dialogue with China, until it has taken action to establish offices and pilot programs in developing countries to combat counterfeiting and piracy, it receives only a score of 0 for partial compliance. Analysts: Vanmala Subramaniam and Arina Shadrikova Russia: 0 Russia has partially complied with its commitment on intellectual property protection as agreed to at the Heiligendamm Summit. In order to protect intellectual property, on June 2007 the web site AllofMP3.com, which was domiciled in Russia and infringed the copyrights of many artists, was shut down. It was one of the obligatory conditions of Russia’s entrance to WTO.42 On 13-15 November 2007, Russia hosted the 19th meeting of the Administration of the Eurasian Patent Office. Representatives from seven other countries of the Eurasian Patent Convention (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan) also took part in the meeting. 43 The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the European Patent Commission also participated as observers. The participants discussed the agreement between the African Intellectual 36 First Japan-China High-Level Economic Dialogue, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 2 December 2007. Date of Access: 29 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.jp/region/asia-paci/china/dialogue0712.html> The 7th ASEM Customs DG-Commissioner Meeting will be hosted in Japan, Ministry of Finance of Japan (Tokyo) 28 September 2007. Date of Access: 29 December 2007 <https://www.mof.go.jp/english/tariff/ka190928e.htm> 38 Yokohama Declaration, Ministry of Finance of Japan (Tokyo). Date of Access: 29 December 2007 <http://www.mof.go.jp/jouhou/kanzei/ka191113e.pdf> 39 Conclusion of the 7th ASEM Customs DG-Commissioner Meeting, Ministry of Finance (Tokyo) 13 November 2007. Date of Access: 29 December 2007. <http://www.mof.go.jp/english/tariff/ka191113e.htm> 40 New Year’s Greeting, Japan Patent Office (Tokyo) 9 January 2008. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.jpo.go.jp/cgi/linke.cgi?url=/shoukai_e/soshiki_e/annual_message_e.htm> 41 Framework of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/10/1175848_836.html> 42 Russia shuts down Allofmp3.com, Times Online (London) 2 July 2007. Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2016297.ece> 43 The 19th meeting of the Eurasian Patent Office, Federal Service for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trade Marks (Moscow) 15 November 2007. Date of Access: 22 December 2007. <http://www.fips.ru/ruptoru/inter/eapo19.htm> 37 G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 16 Property Organization and the Eurasian Patent Office, and the memorandum of agreement between China and the Eurasian Patent Office. These agreements specifically endorsed a strategy plan to curtail intellectual property infringements in the upcoming year.44 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of 0 taking some action on the issue of IPP with developing nations. Analyst: Julia Ovchinnikova United Kingdom: 0 The United Kingdom has partially complied with its commitment regarding intellectual property protection as agreed to at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. On 20 September 2007, the British Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform John Hutton signed the UK-Brazil Joint Economic and Trade Committee Statement. The intent of the statement is to “encourage bilateral trade”45 through training and official visits between the two countries, and to establish a “joint programme of co-operation” on intellectual property rights.46 According to the British Secretary of State for Innovation, Universities and Skills John Denham, the British government is also continuing its work with Indian officials to develop a bilateral action plan with India under the UK-Indian Joint Economic Trade Committee. The plan will establish a technical assistance program for Indian government officials dealing with IPP.47 Thus, the British government has been awarded a score of 0 for its limited international cooperation on the issue of intellectual property protection. Analyst: Maria Robson United States: +1 The United States has fully complied with its commitment on intellectual property protection as agreed at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. On 24 September 2007, the U.S. Department of State announced that it had funded 13 separate projects for to combat piracy and counterfeiting throughout the developing world. The projects are in cooperation with local law enforcement agencies and are intended to provide technical assistance and build capacity in the intellectual property protection.48 The funds allocated include US$75 940 for the Pernambuco Anti-Piracy Task Force in Brazil; US$170 114 for training of in intellectual property rights criminal enforcement in the Caribbean region; US$640 000 for the continued operations of two US agents assisting the Indonesian government in optical disc anti-piracy programs; US$47 780 for the Nigerian government’s Presidential level initiative Strategic Action Against Piracy; US$346 986 to provide technical assistance to the South African government in its fight against high-tech piracy; and US$125 000 to help the Ukrainian government provide training in IPR enforcement.49 The 19th meeting of the Eurasian Patent Office, Federal Service for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trade Marks (Moscow) 15 November 2007. Date of Access: 22 December 2007. <http://www.fips.ru/ruptoru/inter/eapo19.htm> 45 UK Government issues landmark business agreement with Brazil, UK Trade & Investment Newsroom (London) 20 September 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <www.newsroom.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/index.asp?PageID=8&PressReleaseID=896> 46 UK-Brazil: Joint Economic and Trade Committee (JETCO) Joint Press Statement, British Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Brazil (London) 20 September 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <www.britcham.com.br/default.asp?id=941> 47 Intellectual Property: India, British Parliament Publications & Records (London) 5 July 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmhansrd/cm070705/text/70705w0011.htm> 48 Intellectual Property Training Programs Funded, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 22 February 2008. <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/sep/92653.htm> 49 Intellectual Property Training Programs Funded, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 22 February 2008. <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/sep/92653.htm> 44 G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 17 On 27 October 2007, the US Ambassador to China and senior US officials held their 6th Annual Roundtable on Intellectual Property Protection and Enforcement in China.50 One of the topics of the Roundtable examined the possible means of improving American IPP efforts in China.51 In addition, on 11-13 December 2007 representatives from both countries met again to discuss issues surrounding intellectual property protection at the 18th US-China Joint Commission on China and Trade. 52 During the meeting, both countries agreed to exchange information relating to intellectual property rights violations in their countries, and China pledged to strengthen enforcement of its IPR laws.53 The US government described the talks as part of a broader “strategic economic dialogue” with China.54 At present, IPP discussions between the United States and China have been stalled due to a WTO dispute in which the United States has posed a challenge to China’s trade policies, including those governing intellectual property rights.55 In June 2007, the Commerce Law Development Program, which is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce, collaborated with the Federal Judicial Academy (Pakistan), IPO Pakistan and the Punjabi High Court to develop a training course to sensitize judges to IP-related issues. The course was tested in a pilot project in Lahore, Pakistan. It is expected that this course will be used to train future judges to combat violations of IPR.56 Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of +1 for its extensive activities in providing technical assistance and sponsoring pilot programs to combat piracy and counterfeiting in developing nations. Analyst: Maria Robson European Union: 0 The European Union (EU) has partially complied with its commitment on intellectual property protection as agreed at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. On 17 January 2007, the EU initiated a new program, IPR2, to address IPP issues in China.57 The IPR2 Program was officially launched in Beijing on 27 November 2007 as part of a four-year program by the European Patent Office to invest
16.275 million in IPR protection in China.58 IPR2 aims to improve China’s capacity to address infringements of European patents and other intellectual property rights by building Chinese human capital, disseminating information about IPR, and strengthening the Chinese IPR framework.59 50 Ambassador Remarks by Clark T. Randt, Jr at the Sixth Annual IPR Roundtable, Embassy of the United States (Beijing) 24 October 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <beijing.usembassy-china.org.cn/102407e.html> Ambassador Remarks by Clark T. Randt, Jr at the Sixth Annual IPR Roundtable, Embassy of the United States (Beijing) 24 October 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <beijing.usembassy-china.org.cn/102407e.html> 52 Schwab and Guiterrez Travel to China for JCCT and Trade Talks, Office of the United States Trade Representative (Washington D.C.) 7 December 2007. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/December/Schwab_Gutierrez_Travel_to_China_for_JCCT_Trade_Talks.html> 53 Schwab and Guiterrez Travel to China for JCCT and Trade Talks, Office of the United States Trade Representative (Washington D.C.) 7 December 2007. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/December/Schwab_Gutierrez_Travel_to_China_for_JCCT_Trade_Talks.html> 54 China and U.S. in Food Safety Accord, New York Times (New York) 11 December 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/business/worldbusiness/11cnd-trade.html> 55 China and U.S. in Food Safety Accord, New York Times (New York) 11 December 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/business/worldbusiness/11cnd-trade.html> 56 Report to the President and Congress on Coordination of Intellectual Property Enforcement and Protection, The National Intellectual Property Law Enforcement Coordination Council (Washington D.C.) January 2008. Date of Access: 22 February 2008. <http://www.stopfakes.gov/pdf/2008_NIPLECC_Report_and_Appendices_Final.pdf> 57 IPR2 Overview, EU-China IPR2 (Beijing) 2007. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.ipr2.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=55> 58 Intellectual Property: IPR in China, European Union (Brussels) 6 December 2007. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/sectoral/intell_property/ipr_china_en.htm> 59 IPR2 Overview, EU-China IPR2 (Beijing) 2007. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.ipr2.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=55> 51 G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 18 The EU has also been active in strengthening IPP in Ukraine. In particular, the EU is assisting the Ukrainian government in its attempts to eliminate piracy and counterfeiting as part of Ukraine’s accession criteria for entrance into the WTO.60 On 26 October 2007, European and Ukrainian delegates met in Kiev for their 4th Annual IPR Discussion, during which Ukrainian authorities informed EU representatives of their progress in various areas of IPP, and European negotiators expressed their concerns over a lack of action on a number of concerns. No new initiatives were announced at the meeting.61 Thus, the EU has been awarded a score of +1 for its new IPR2 project in China and its continued cooperation with Ukraine on IPP issues. Analysts: Magdalena Parniak and Michael Erdman 60 Intellectual Property: IPR in Ukraine, European Union (Brussels) 28 June 2007. Date of Access: 20 January <http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/sectoral/intell_property/ipr_ukraine_en.htm> 61 Main Issues Discussed in the 4th Annual IPR Dialogue, European Union (Brussels) 20 January <http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2007/november/tradoc_136851.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 2008. 2008. 19 2. Fighting Climate Change [35] Commitment “[We acknowledge that the UN climate process is the appropriate forum for negotiating future global action on climate change.] We are committed to moving forward in that forum and call on all parties to actively and constructively participate in the UN Climate Change Conference in Indonesia in December 2007 with a view to achieving a comprehensive post 2012-agreement (post Kyoto-agreement) that should include all major emitters.”62 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy Background Since the late 1980s, the G8 has focused on the United Nations as a vehicle for climate change research and alleviation. At the 1990 summit in Houston, the G8 countries affirmed their commitment to work within the United Nations Framework Protocol Convention on Climate Change.63 At the 2005 Gleneagles and 2006 St. Petersburg Summits, however, the commitment text recognized the various agreements in which G8 nations were involved, including those outside of the United Nations framework.64 As the international community looks past the 2012 deadline of the Kyoto protocol, the G8 leaders’ commitment to address the issue of climate change within the United Nations system is significant given the divergent policies of the member states concerning the appropriate forums for negotiating reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.65 Recognition of the Kyoto Protocol within the summit text and re-enforcing the importance of the Bali negotiations is significant of the growing political will for a multilateral approach to the problem of climate change. Team Leader: Courtney Hood Assessment Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Interim Compliance Score Lack of Compliance Work in Progress -1 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1.00 62 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 7 June 2007. Date of Access: 24 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-economy.html> 63 John Kirton, 2007, “The G8’s EnergyClimate Connection,” The G8 Research Group. Available online: http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton2007/kirton_energy-climate.pdf 64 Policy Issues, Background on Climate Change, 2005 Gleneagles Summit, (Gleneagles), June 2005, Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <www.g8.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1123951048479> 65 Fact Sheet: United States Policy on the Kyoto Protocol, United States Embassy, (Vienna) 29 March 2001. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. vienna.usembassy.gov/en/download/pdf/kyoto.pdf. G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 20 Canada: +1 Canada has fully complied with its commitment on fighting climate change. Canada attended the 13th Conference on Climate Change (COP-13) in Bali, Indonesia in December 2007.66 During the Conference, Canadian Environment Minister John Baird noted that “We support the UN process as the only way to get a truly global agreement.”67 Canada encouraged all other states to attend the conference, 68 focusing its pressure on the world’s largest contributors of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.69 During the COP-13, however, Canada came under criticism from other delegates, including those from G8 member states, who perceived that its position was obstructing agreement on a path forward from the Kyoto Protocol. The head of the German delegation, Karsten Sachs, noted that “We Europeans don’t see the Canadian position as constructive.”70 On 10 December 2007, Canada increased its funding of the Global Environment Facility’s (GEF) Special Climate Change Fund,71 which operates within the United Nations framework, by CAD7.5 million.72 The Fund assists developing states in combating climate change.73 On 28 September 2007, Minister Baird participated at the Major Emitters Meeting (MEM) in Washington D.C. The Meeting included 14 of the world’s biggest GHG emitters, including the United States. Minister Baird used his participation in the meeting to encourage other states to remain part of the UN framework.74 Canada has met the UNFCCC requirement to transfer technology and expertise to developing states in an effort to combat climate change.75 A core component of Canada’s strategy for technology transfer is the Canadian International Development Agency’s (CIDA) grants for environment projects.76 On 22 September 2007, the Canadian government agreed to a revision of the Montreal Protocol, which is designed to help reverse the depletion of the ozone layer. The revision of the Protocol will aid in the elimination of hydrochloroflurocarbons in the atmosphere.77 Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of +1 for its participation in the COP-13 and its encouragement of other states to engage in the UNFCCC. Analyst: Jayme Turney 66 Canada Calls New UN Agreement an Important First Step, Environment Canada (Gatineau) 15 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=714D9AAE-1&news=7CAEECBD-2D0F-4E57-A7EA-7D53D9D2D903> 67 Canada Supports UN Principles for New Climate Change Deal, Environment Canada (Gatineau) 10 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=714D9AAE-1&news=03FCBF3A-BF0B-4237-9F8E-654DB8945D99> 68 UN Ranks Canada in Top 5 Best Places to Live – Canada Continues to Deliver Leadership on Climate Change, Environment Canada (Gatineau) 25 November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=714D9AAE-1&news=D916C6A1-20B8-42EA-81A4CA88E35EC316> 69 Canada Calls New UN Agreement an Important First Step, Environment Canada (Gatineau) 15 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=714D9AAE-1&news=7CAEECBD-2D0F-4E57-A7EA-7D53D9D2D903> 70 Canada at odds with key Kyoto principles, risks stalling talks, The Energy Independent 13 December 2007..Date of Access: 23 February 2008. <http://www.theenergyindependent.com/stories/canada-at-odds-with-key-kyoto-principle-risks-stalling.html> 71 Climate Change, Global Environment Facility (Washington D.C.) 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.gefweb.org/interior.aspx?id=232> 72 Canada Takes Action to Help Developing Countries Fight Climate Change, Environment Canada (Gatineau) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=714D9AAE-1&news=323B0F50-9F66-424A-AF64-34EDBFB1A461> 73 Canada Takes Action to Help Developing Countries Fight Climate Change, Environment Canada (Gatineau) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=714D9AAE-1&news=323B0F50-9F66-424A-AF64-34EDBFB1A461> 74 News Release Canada Joins Major Economies to Advance Post-2012 Climate Change Agenda, Environment Canada (Gatineau) 28 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=714D9AAE-1&news=450FE9CB-A410-4FE6-A8CE-0904E5CA75B3> 75 Fact sheet: Key decisions expected to come out of the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali (3-14 December), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn). Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/press/backgrounders/application/pdf/key_decisions_fact_sheet_vs4.pdf> 76 List by Sector, Environment, Canadian International Development Agency (Gatineau) 10 January 2008. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/cidaweb/cpo.nsf/vWebProjBySectorEn?OpenView&Start=1&Count=1000&Expand=13#13> 77 Combating Climate Change Given Big Confidence Boost in Canada, United Nations Environment Programme (Montreal) 22 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=517&ArticleID=5671&l=en> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 21 France: +1 France has fully complied with its commitment on fighting climate change. France participated in the 13th UN Climate Change Conference in Bali, 3-15 December 2007, and was represented by Minister of the Environment Jean-Louis Borloo.78 Minister Borloo held high-level meetings at the Bali Conference with the UN Secretary General and key participants, including the United States and China, in order to negotiate a compromise on the Bali Roadmap.79 While at the Conference, Minister Borloo also announced that his government was “in total harmony with the position of the European Union.”80 The EU has called for a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 20% by 2020.81 Moreover, the French government has expressed its belief that the European Union, rather than the national governments of the 27 EU member states, should take the lead in realizing the goals of the Bali Conference.82 In a statement released at the conclusion of the conference, Minister Borloo expressed the disappointment of the French delegation at the absence of specific cuts to GHG emissions in the Bali Roadmap.83 The French delegation also spoke in favour of a stronger stance on deforestation, forest degradation, desertification, soil degradation and low-carbon development.84 Nevertheless, Minister Borloo emphasized the commitment of France to continued negotiations towards a post-Kyoto framework through UN, EU, and G8 forums.85 On 27 November 2007, President Sarkozy met with Chinese Premier Hu Jintao. After their meeting, President Sarkozy announced that he and his Chinese counterpart had signed a joint declaration on the importance of Chinese cooperation in multilateral efforts to tackle climate change, particularly given the approaching UNFCCC Conference in Bali.86 He stressed that Chinese economic growth should be “carbonfree.”87 On 18 January 2008, French President Nicholas Sarkozy remarked that the Bali Process was “the only legitimate forum for making decisions [on emissions] and concluding an agreement.”88 He went on to stress 78 Conférence de Bali sur le changement climatique, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris). Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/environnement-developpement-durable_1042/diplomatie-environnementale_1115/changementclimatique_2496/conference-bali-03-15.12.07_56872.html> 79 Bilan de la conférence de Bali, Ministre des Affaires étrangères et européennes (Paris) 15 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/environnement-developpement-durable_1042/diplomatie-environnementale_1115/changementclimatique_2496/bilan-conference-bali-3-15.12.2007_57722.html> 80 Conférence de Bali sur le changement climatique, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris). Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/environnement-developpement-durable_1042/diplomatie-environnementale_1115/changementclimatique_2496/conference-bali-03-15.12.07_56872.html> 81 Conférence de Bali sur le changement climatique, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris). Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/environnement-developpement-durable_1042/diplomatie-environnementale_1115/changementclimatique_2496/conference-bali-03-15.12.07_56872.html> 82 Allocautions du M. le Président, Présidence de la République (Paris) 18 January 2008. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <www.elysee.fr/download/?mode=press&amp;filename=18.01_Voeux_Ambassadeurs.pdf> 83 Bali: 190 pays contre le réchauffement climatique, Le ministère de l’Ecologie, du Développement et de l’Aménagement durables (Paris) 20 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.developpementdurable.gouv.fr/recherche.php3?lang=fr&forcer_lang=true&recherche=bali&validsearch.x=0&validsearch.y=0. 84 Bali: 190 pays contre le réchauffement climatique, Le ministère de l’Ecologie, du Développement et de l’Aménagement durables (Paris) 20 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.developpementdurable.gouv.fr/recherche.php3?lang=fr&forcer_lang=true&recherche=bali&validsearch.x=0&validsearch.y=0> 85 Point sur la Conférence des Nations Unies de Bali sur les changements climatiques, Le ministère de l’Ecologie, du Développement et de l’Aménagement durables (Paris) 29 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.developpementdurable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/le_point_sur_la_conference_de_bali_cle57dd36.pdf> 86 Déclaration de Monsieur Nicholas Sarkozy, Président de la République française, lors de la conférence de presse conjointe avec Monsieur Hu Jintao, Président de la République Populaire de la Chine, Présidence de la République (Paris) 27 November 2007. Date of Access : 25 January 2008. <http://www.elysee.fr/documents/index.php?lang=fr&mode=view&cat_id=3&press_id=712> 87 Déclaration de Monsieur Nicholas Sarkozy, Président de la République française, lors de la conférence de presse conjointe avec Monsieur Hu Jintao, Président de la République Populaire de la Chine, Présidence de la République (Paris) 27 November 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.elysee.fr/documents/index.php?lang=fr&mode=view&cat_id=3&press_id=712 > Allocautions du M. le Président, Présidence de la République (Paris) 18 January 2008. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <www.elysee.fr/download/?mode=press&amp;filename=18.01_Voeux_Ambassadeurs.pdf> 88 G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 22 that any agreement that emerged from the Process would change the “colossal stakes” that climate change represents for the entirety of humanity.89 On 17 December 2007, President Sarkozy met with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ban Kimoon. It was reported that the results of the Bali Conference on Climate Change was an issue of utmost importance during their discussions, as Secretary-General Ki-moon had arrived directly from Bali.90 Thus, France has been awarded a score of +1 for its participation in the COP-13 and its engagement of China and the US in the UNFCCC. Analyst: Farnam Bidgoli Germany: +1 Germany has fully complied with its commitment on climate change. On 3-15 December 2007, Germany was represented at the UN Bali Conference on Climate Change (COP13) by the German Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel.91 The country exhibited leadership in the forging of a multilateral accord at the COP-13.92 Upon the conclusion of the Conference and the announcement that the parties had reached an agreement, German Minister for Development Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul commented that “It is good that the international community has adopted the so-called Bali road map for further negotiations. That is certainly a successful outcome.”93 Germany is also keen on the long-term importance of the UNFCCC and on advancing the work of the Conference. On the conclusion of the COP-13, German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier commented that “I am delighted that the delegates at the Climate Change Conference in Bali managed to reach agreement after difficult negotiations. The fact that all key states, in particular the US and China, are on board is a great success ... During the coming two years, we will continue to work hard to convince others to support this undertaking and to champion ambitious reduction targets. In addition to this, we, together with our European partners and a number of US states, will press on with our efforts to standardize the emissions trading systems.”94 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of +1 for its participation in the COP-13 and its cooperation with other parties to the Conference. Analyst: Jennifer Taves Italy: +1 Italy has fully complied with its commitment on fighting climate change. Italy was represented at the 13th United Nations Conference on Climate Change (COP-13) in Bali, Indonesia by the Under-Secretary of the Environment, Gianni Piatti.95 On 4 December 2007, Under- 89 Allocautions du M. le Président, Présidence de la République (Paris) 18 January 2008. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <www.elysee.fr/download/?mode=press&amp;filename=18.01_Voeux_Ambassadeurs.pdf> 90 Entretien du Président de la République avec M. Ban Ki-moon, Présidence de la République (Paris) 17 December 2007. Date of Access : 25 January 2008. <http://www.elysee.fr/documents/index.php?lang=fr&mode=view&cat_id=5&press_id=791> 91 Wieczorek-Zeul “Bali is a first step, others must follow”, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) 15 December 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/december/pm_20071215_152.html> 92 The Road From Bali, World Resources Institute (Washington, DC) 18 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2007. <http://www.wri.org/stories/2007/12/road-bali#> 93 Wieczorek-Zeul “Bali is a first step, others must follow”, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) 15 December 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/december/pm_20071215_152.html> 94 Federal Minister Steinmeier on the outcome of the Clime Change Conference in Bali, Federal Foreign (Berlin) 15 December 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Infoservice/Presse/Meldungen/2007/071215-Klimakonferenz-Bali.html> 95 Bali. Piatti: andiamo alla Conferenza con il massimo impegno del Governo sulla diretrice dell’Unione Europea, Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (Rome) 3 December 2007. Date of Access: 28 January 2008. <http://www.minambiente.it/index.php?id_doc=1130&id_oggetto=2> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 23 Secretary Piatti clarified Italy’s support for the plan put forward by the European Union and that the Italian government hoped that the COP-13 would lead to a comprehensive agreement on emissions for the post2012 period.96 On 3 December 2007, the Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea issued its Fourth National Communication under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and expressed the hope that a global agreement for the post-Kyoto period will be reached by 2009.97 In addition, the report envisaged a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 6.5% for Italy over the period 2008-2012.98 On 18 June 2007, Italy participated in the fifth US-Italy Joint Meeting on Climate Change Science and Technology in the hope of finding solutions to the global challenge of climate change through increased bilateral and multilateral cooperation. 99 The two delegations discussed renewable energy, hydrogen technologies, climate change adaptations, vulnerability and mitigation as well as climate change modeling and prediction. They also reinforced their commitment to the United Nations Framework Climate Change Convention.100 Between 27 and 31 August 2007, Italian representatives also participated in the Vienna Climate Change Talks, which gathered scientists and policy makers in advance of the Bali Conference.101 Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of +1 for its participation in the Bali Conference and its commitment to the United Nations Framework. Analyst: Adina Dediu Japan: +1 Japan has fully complied with commitment on fighting climate change. Japanese representatives attended the 13th UN Conference on Climate Change (COP-13) in Bali, Indonesia 3-15 December 2007. The Japanese delegation cooperated with other national representatives, including the US delegation, in the interests of reaching a compromise agreement before the end of the Conference.102 On 24 September 2007, Japan attended the United Nations High Level Event on Climate Change held in New York. The Japanese government was represented by Special Envoy to the Prime Minister, Yorhiro Mori. 103 At the meeting, Special Envoy Mori discussed the importance of providing assistance to developing countries, and Japan received special mention in regards to the technologies it has put forth to reduce emissions.104 Special Envoy Mori also stressed that while long term targets are important, there are many initiatives that can be undertaken immediately, and that these should be focused on.105 Special Envoy Mori further provided examples of such immediate measures, including reducing or eliminating tariffs on 96 Bali. Piatti: andiamo alla Conferenza con il massimo impegno del Governo sulla diretrice dell’Unione Europea, Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (Rome) 3 December 2007. Date of Access: 28 January 2008. <http://www.minambiente.it/index.php?id_doc=1130&id_oggetto=2> 97 Italy. Fourth national communication under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea (Rome) 1 November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/itanc4.pdf> 98 Italy. Fourth national communication under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea (Rome) 1 November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/itanc4.pdf> 99 Joint Statement of United States of America and Italy on Climate Change Research Technology, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 18 June 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/or/86789.htm> 100 Joint Statement of United States of America and Italy on Climate Change Research Technology, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 18 June 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/or/86789.htm> 101 Vienna UN Conference Shows Consensus on Key Building Blocks for Effective International Response to Climate Change, UN Information Service (Vienna) 31 August 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2007/unisinf230.html> 102 December 10 Press Conference by the Delegation of the United States, U.S. State Department (Washington D.C.) 10 December 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rm/2007/96694.htm> 103 The United Nations High Level Even of Climate Change (Overview and Evaluation), The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 12 December 2007. <http:www.mofa.go.jp/policy/environment/warm/cop/overview0709.html> 104 The United Nations High Level Even of Climate Change (Overview and Evaluation), The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 12 December 2007. <http:www.mofa.go.jp/policy/environment/warm/cop/overview0709.html> 105 The United Nations High Level Even of Climate Change (Overview and Evaluation), The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 12 December 2007. <http:www.mofa.go.jp/policy/environment/warm/cop/overview0709.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 24 products that are effective in reducing greenhouse gases; promoting green purchasing; and controlling air conditioning settings.106 .Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of +1 for its participation in the COP-13 and other UN-sponsored events on fighting climate change. Analysts: Jennifer Taves and Dasha Frolova Russia: +1 Russia has fully complied with its commitment on fighting climate change. The Russian Delegation participated in the 13th UN Conference on Climate Change (COP-13) in Bali Indonesia, 3 to 15 December, 2007. Moreover, Russia supports the Bali Action Plan 107 to “launch a comprehensive process to enable the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention through long-term cooperative action, now, up to and beyond 2012”.108 The Russian Federation supports the UNFCCC proposal to cut global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 50% by 2050.109 According to Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Alexander Yakovenko, Russia advocates international cooperation in addressing the problem of global climate change. 110 In order to encourage the active participation of all parties in global negotiations on a post-Kyoto agreement, Russia has proposed voluntary commitments on GHG reduction in developing countries.111 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of +1 for its participation in the COP-13 and its proposals to bridge gaps between the positions of the developed and developing nations. Analyst: Natalia Churkina United Kingdom: +1 The United Kingdom has fully complied with its commitment on climate change. The United Kingdom attended the Bali UNFCCC 13th Conference on Climate Change (COP-13) in Bali 315 December 2007.112 During the COP-13, the UK delegation attempted to act as a self-described mediator, bringing divergent sides together to ensure the viability of the Conference.113 In addition, the UK actively participated in the negotiations on a Roadmap by pushing for the consideration of international transportation emissions in any new agreement that might emerge from the COP-13.114 106 The United Nations High Level Even of Climate Change (Overview and Evaluation), The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 12 December 2007. <http:www.mofa.go.jp/policy/environment/warm/cop/overview0709.html> 107 Bali roadmap will be signed at the UNFCCC Conference on Climate Change in Indonesia, Alexander Yakovenko, Rossiyskaya Gazeta (Moscow) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.rg.ru/2007/12/04/a193074.html> 108 Bali Action Plan, United Nations (New York). Date of Access. 11 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 109 Bali roadmap will be signed at the UNFCCC Conference on Climate Change in Indonesia, Alexander Yakovenko, Rossiyskaya Gazeta (Moscow) 4 December 2007. Date of access: 18 December 2007 <http://www.rg.ru/2007/12/04/a193074.html> 110 Bali roadmap will be signed at the UNFCCC Conference on Climate Change in Indonesia, Alexander Yakovenko, Rossiyskaya Gazeta (Moscow) 4 December 2007. Date of access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.rg.ru/2007/12/04/a193074.html> 111 Conclusions on the report of the President on consultations concerning the proposal of the Russian Federation, UNFCCC (Vienna) 15 December 2007. Date of access: 18 December 2007. <http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2007/cmp3/eng/l09.pdf> 112 News Release Success at Bali Talks, Department for Environment Food and Rural Affrairs (London) 15 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2007/071215a.htm> 113 Bali Climate Talks’ Sticking Point Is Money, U.K. Minister Says, Bloomberg (New York) 13 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=a.4KDjRN3Ltk&refer=asia> 114 Bali Climate Talks’ Sticking Point Is Money, U.K. Minister Says, Bloomberg (New York) 13 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=a.4KDjRN3Ltk&refer=asia> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 25 The United Kingdom has also fulfilled the UNFCCC requirement to transfer technology and expertise to developing states in an effort to combat climate change through its contributions to the Global Opportunities Fund.115 In September 2007, the United Kingdom agreed to ratifications to the Montréal Protocol.116 The changes to the Protocol are design to hasten the elimination of hydrochloroflurocarbons in the atmosphere.117 Thus, the UK has been awarded a score of +1 for its participation in the COP-13. Analyst: Jayme Turney United States: +1 The United States has fully complied with its commitment on fighting climate change. The US attended the 13th UN Climate Change Conference (COP-13) in Bali, 3-15 December 2007, and was represented by its Senior Climate Negotiator, Harlan L. Watson.118 The United States was an active participant at the Bali Conference, welcoming the findings of the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report and encouraging national communication on emissions from non-Annex I parties such as China and India. 119 On 4 December 2007, the United States announced US$100 000 in new funding for the UNFCCC Trust for Supplementary Activities to strengthen the ability of non-Annex I parties to report on their progress.120 On 3 December 2007, the American delegation announced that “the United States is committed to advancing negotiations and developing a ‘Bali Roadmap’ that will guide the negotiations on a new post2012 global climate change regime that is environmentally effective and economically sustainable.”121 One of the primary concerns of the American government was the need for any agreement that emerged from the Bali Process to bind both developing and developed countries alike.122 The American delegation came under intense criticism during the Conference for allegedly breaching the commitments on climate change that it had made at the meeting of the G8+5 in Heiligendamm, Germany in June 2007.123 Nevertheless, the US delegation supported the Roadmap that emerged from the Bali Conference, which it said would “guide our work under the Conference of the Parties up to 2009.”124 The United States engaged with other nations, including G8 nations, in the interests of reaching an agreement at the Bali Conference. On 27-28 September 2007, the United States hosted the Major Economies Meeting (MEM) in Washington D.C. The MEM brought together seventeen of the world’s major economies in order for them to work multilaterally to contribute to the UNFCCC by addressing economic growth, energy security and climate change.125 115 Global Opportunities Fund Climate Change and Energy Programme, Foreign and Commonwealth Office (London) July 2007. Date Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/UC-2007-07-24-FINAL Project Document,0.pdf> 116 Evolution of the Montreal Protocol Status of Ratification, United Nations Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat (Nairobi) 2004. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://ozone.unep.org/Ratification_status/> 117 Combating Climate Change Given Big Confidence Boost in Canada, United Nations Environment Programme (Montreal) 22 September 2007. Date of Access 11 January 2008. <http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=517&ArticleID=5671&l=en> 118 Press Conference by the Delegation of the United States, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 3 December 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rm/2007/96155.htm> 119 COP 13: Intervention by the United States Delegation -- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) (Agenda Item 7), Meeting of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technical Advice (Bali) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/g/oes/climate/rmks/96440.htm. 120 COP 13: Intervention by the United States Delegation -- National Communications from Parties Not Included in Annex I (Agenda Item 4), Meeting of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (Bali) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 05 January 2008. http://www.state.gov/g/oes/climate/rmks/96435.htm 121 Press Conference by the Delegation of the United States, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 3 December 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rm/2007/96155.htm> 122 Press Conference by the Delegation of the United States, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 3 December 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rm/2007/96155.htm> 123 December 13 Press Conference by the U.S. Delegation, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 13 December 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rm/2007/97472.htm> 124 Closing Statement at the Conference of the Parties, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 15 December 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/g/rls/rm/98070.htm> 125 Final Chairman's Summary: First Major Economies Meeting on Energy Security and Climate Change, White House Council on Environmental Quality (Washington D.C.) 28 September 2007. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/g/oes/climate/mem/93021.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 26 Thus, the US has been awarded a score of +1 for it participation in the Bali Conference on Climate Change and its cooperation with other nations to reach a compromise at the COP-13. Analyst: Farnam Bidgoli European Union: +1 The European Union has fully complied with its commitment on fighting climate change. On 13 December 2007, at the 13th UN Climate Change Conference (COP-13) in Bali, European Commissioner for the Environment Stavros Dimas encouraged all industrialized countries to follow the example of the European Union and take the lead in the fight against climate change.126 In addition, European Commission President José Manuel Barroso welcomed the agreement reached at Bali to launch formal negotiations amongst the parties to the UNFCCC in regards to taking the necessary steps in the fight against climate change beyond 2012.127 In reaction to the Bali Conference on Climate Change, the Members of the European Parliament agreed to pass legislation that would ensure the EU reaches its own target of greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions of 20% by the year 2020128. Earlier in the year, on 9 November 2007, the delegation from the European Parliament’s Temporary Committee on Climate Change requested that industrialized countries commit themselves to a reduction in emissions “by at least 30% by 2020 and 60%-80% by 2050 compared to 1990.”129 On 27-31 August 2007, officials from the European Union attended the “Vienna Climate Change Talks 2007” as part of the UNFCCC. A consensus was reached among the participants on the development of an effective and appropriate international response to climate change.130 Thus, the EU has been awarded a score of +1 for its active participation in the COP-13 and other international forums aimed at fighting climate change. Analyst: Adina Dediu 126 Speech by Commissioner Dimas at the press conference in Bali, European Union (Brussels) 13 December 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/07/819&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 127 Climate Change: EU welcomes agreement to launch formal negotiations on a global climate regime for post-2012, European Union (Brussels) 15 December 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/07/588&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 128 Kyoto to Bali to Copenhagen? Climate MEPs react to conference, European Parliament (Strasbourg) 18 December 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2007. <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/story_page/064-15570-351-12-51-911-20071214STO15563-2007-17-12-2007/default_en.htm> 129 Climate Change: why China matters, European Parliament (Strasbourg) 9 November 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/story_page/064-12744-309-11-45-911-20071107STO12743-2007-05-11-2007/default_en.htm> 130 Vienna UN Conference Shows Consensus on Key Building Blocks for Effective International Response to Climate Change, UN Information Service (Vienna) 31 August 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2007/unisinf230.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 27 3. Energy: Technology [36] Commitment “We have urgently to develop, deploy and foster the use of sustainable, less carbon intensive, clean energy and climate-friendly technologies in all areas of energy production and use.”131 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy Background Commitments espousing the development and proliferation of clean energy and less carbon-intensive technologies in all areas of energy production have been a staple of G8 Summits. Historically, the focus of the G8 with respect to innovations in energy-producing technology has been motivated in large part by vested interests to curtail global energy insecurity and reduce environmental impacts deriving from conventional modes of energy production. At the Venice Summit in 1980, the G8 approached the issue of energy technology with a focus on renewable resources: “We must break the existing link between economic growth and consumption of oil…This strategy requires conserving oil and substantially increasing production and use of alternative energy sources.”132 The G8 nations reiterated this commitment at the Versailles Summit in 1982, agreeing to “develop new energy technologies, and to strengthen our capacity to deal with disruptions, can contribute to our common energy security.” 133 During the Houston Summit in 1990, the issue of energy technology broadened in scope, becoming more inclusive of environmental impacts: “We recognize the importance of working together to develop new technologies and methods over the coming decades to complement energy conservation and other measures to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse emissions.” 134 The G8 reaffirmed this commitment during the Munich Summit in 1991, agreeing to promote “the development and diffusion of energy and environment technologies, including proposals for innovative technology programmes.” 135 During the Evian Summit in 2003, the G8 further declared its intentions to “promote rapid innovation and market introduction of clean technologies, in both developed and developing countries” which included specific commitments to stimulate research in renewable energies, such as solar photovoltaic, offshore wind energy, next generation wind turbines, biomass, wave/tidal, and geothermal sources. 136 The Evian Summit also provided a framework for the particular modes of action upon which the G8 intended to embark, notably, in the accelerated development and expansion of “fuel cell and hydrogen technologies (power generation, transportation, hydrogen production, storage, distribution, end-use and safety)”, and increased access to and availability of “cleaner, more efficient fossil fuel technologies and carbon sequestration system.” 137 At the Gleneagles Summit in 2005, the issue of energy technology again emerged as a major G8 priority articulated in the Gleneagles Plan of Action on Climate Change, Clean Energy and Sustainable Development, a comprehensive 63-commitment plan aimed exclusively at tackling climate change. The declaration embraced wide-ranging commitments specifically relating to energy technology that included the development of cleaner fossil fuels, renewable sources, energy diversification, and innovative energy technologies: “We will take measures to develop markets for clean energy technologies…[and] accelerate 131 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 7 June 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-economy.html> 132 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 12 <http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle1.html> 133 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 12 <http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle1.html> 134 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 16 <http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle1.html> 135 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 17 <http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle1.html> 136 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 20 <http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle1.html> 137 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 4 <http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle1.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report December 2007. December 2007. December 2007. December 2008. December 2008. January 2008. 28 the development and commercialization of Carbon Capture and Storage technology…[and] develop lowcarbon and alternative energy, to make wider use of renewables and to develop and introduce innovative technologies throughout the entire energy sector.” 138 At the St. Petersburg Summit in 2006, the G8 continued to take steps forward in the field of climate change, establishing the St. Petersburg Plan of Action: Global Energy Security, whereby G8 members reaffirmed measures set out in the Gleneagles Plan of Action and renewed support to develop and deploy renewables, low-carbon and alternative energy, and innovative technologies “throughout the entire energy sector”. 139 The St. Petersburg Plan also called on G8 members to begin incorporating energy-efficient technologies and practices at the national level in government buildings, and to introduce “cleaner, more efficient technologies and practices including carbon capture and storage.” 140 Although less attention was focused on energy technology at the Heiligendamm Summit in 2007, G8 members did recommit to the St. Petersburg Plan, and identified cleaner and more climate-friendly energy technologies as a linchpin issue necessary in “mastering climate change as well as enhancing energy security.”141 Leading up to the Hokkaido Summit in 2008, it is highly probable that the issue of energy technology will again emerge as crucial issue on the G8 agenda. Team Leader: James Meers Assessment Interim Compliance Score Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Lack of Compliance -1 Work in Progress 0 0 0 0 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 0 0 +1 0 +0.22 Canada: 0 Canada has partially complied with its Heiligendamm commitment to develop and employ sustainable, less carbon-intensive, and clean energy technologies. Canada has invested in projects that support clean energy technology and indicated its intention to support new regulations that foster climate-friendly technologies. In the Parliamentary Throne Speech on 16 October 2007, the Canadian government announced its intention to promote a “new international agreement to cut down global emission in half by 2050” through the implementation of a series of new regulations and clean technologies, including creating the first-ever carbon emission trading market that gives private sectors incentive to run their business in a cleaner and greener way.142 In September 2007, Canada participated in the Sydney APEC Summit, signing onto the Leaders’ Declaration on Climate Change, Energy Security, and Clean Development, which pledged cooperation for 138 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Research Group, (Toronto), 2006. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle1.html. 139 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Research Group, (Toronto), 2006. Date of Access: 13 December 2007. http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle1.html. 140 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Research Group, (Toronto), 2006. Date of Access: 14 December 2007. http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle1.html. 141 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Research Group, (Toronto), 2006. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle1.html. 142 A Healthy Environment for Canadians, Prime Minister’s Office (Ottawa) 16 October 2007. Date of Access: 24 December 2007. <http://www.sftddt.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1372> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 29 joint research, development, deployment, and transfer of low- and zero-emission technologies, as well as renewable energy.143 Canada is also a signatory to the Bali Action Plan, which was adopted at the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Bali in December 2007. 144 The plan pledges financial support for the development, transfer, and enhancement of environmentally sound technologies for developing countries.145 The plan also commits to cooperation in the research and development of new and innovative clean energy technology.146 Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of comprehensive action to encourage lowemission carbon-based energy technologies. Analyst: Sam Zhao France: 0 France has partially complied with its commitment on clean energy and climate-friendly technology. On 6 July 2007, the French government brought together state representatives, experts and nongovernmental organizations to design a comprehensive plan to tackle climate change, namely the Grenelle de l’environnement.147 The Grenelle laid the foundation for the growth and widespread use of clean energy technologies, particularly renewables.148 Following discussions held in France on 23-25 October 2007, French President Nicolas Sarkozy unveiled the conclusions of the Grenelle initiative, 149 stating that “priority will no longer be given to incineration but to recycling” and that all incinerators would also produce energy, while having a permanent monitoring system of the pollution emitted from incineration.150 France is also a signatory to the Bali Action Plan, which was adopted at the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Bali in December 2007. 151 The plan pledges financial support for the development, transfer, and enhancement of environmentally sound technologies for developing countries.152 The plan also commits to cooperation in the research and development of new and innovative clean energy technology.153 Thus, France has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of concrete initiatives on low-emissions carbon based energy production. Analyst: Daniel Gatto 143 Sydney APEC Leaders’ Declaration on Climate Change, Energy Security, and Clean Development, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (Sydney) 9 September 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/64638/200710260047/www.apec2007.org/apec1440.html?inc=lw/lw_syd_dec> 144 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 145 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 146 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 147 Lancement du Grenelle Environnement, le Grenelle Environnement (Paris) 12 July 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.legrenelle-environnement.fr/grenelle-environnement/spip.php?article1> 148 Lancement du Grenelle Environnement, le Grenelle Environnement (Paris) 12 July 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.legrenelle-environnement.fr/grenelle-environnement/spip.php?article1> 149 Discours de M. le Président de la République à l’Occasion de la Restitution des Conclusions du Grenelle de l’Environnement, le Grenelle Environnement (Paris) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.equipement.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/President_Grenelle-1_cle7d6d42.pdf> 150 Speech by the President of the French Republic at the concluding session of the Grenelle de l’Environnement, L’Élysée (Paris) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.elysee.fr/download/?mode=press&filename=07-2203_Discours_GrenelleEnvironnement_Anglais.pdf> 151 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 152 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 153 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 30 Germany: 0 Germany has partially complied with its energy technology commitment. Germany has embarked upon a number of international initiatives addressing clean energy production. On 10-11 September 2007 Germany participated in the Third Ministerial Meeting in the Framework of the Gleneagles Dialogue on Climate Change, Clean Energy and Sustainable Development in Berlin. The Ministerial Meeting focused on strategies for improved technological cooperation between developed and developing nations. 154 At the meeting, Dagmar Wöhrl, Parliamentary State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of Economics, stressed the importance of clean energy technology, saying "Clean energy technologies play a key role in reconciling climate protection with growth and economic development.”155 Germany is also a signatory to the Bali Action Plan, which was adopted at the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Bali in December 2007. 156 The plan pledges financial support for the development, transfer, and enhancement of environmentally sound technologies for developing countries.157 The plan also commits to cooperation in the research and development of new and innovative clean energy technology.158 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of concrete domestic initiatives to encourage the spread of low-emissions energy technologies. Analyst: Yunjae Kim Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with its commitment on energy technology. On the international front, Italy has demonstrated strong support and leadership in multilateral negotiations on climate change. In November 2007, Italy hosted the World Energy Congress in Rome. At the Congress, Italian representatives signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Environment and Sustainable Technology. The MOU commits the parties to “information sharing and advancing scientific and technological cooperation in the areas of sustainable construction and bio-architecture, renewable sources of energy, energy-saving technology, intelligent systems for sustainable energy management of buildings and the use and promotion of wood resources.”159 In addition, Italy has agreed to co-host the 11th International Energy Forum in Rome on 20-22 April 2008.160 In his address to the 11th International Energy Forum Host Minister’s Address, Italian Minister of Economic Development Pierluigi Bersani noted that “High expectations are put on technological development to find new resources to develop and recover them at lower cost, to prepare low-carbon energy options, to use energy efficiently.” 161 It is uncertain whether this implies that low-emission technologies will be a topic of discussion at the 11th IEF in Rome. 154 G8 Energy, Environment Ministers Meet in Berlin for Gleneagles Dialogue, German Embassy (Washington D.C.) 13 September 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. http://www.germany.info/relaunch/business/new/bus_GlenEagles_Meet_09_07.html. 155 G8 Energy, Environment Ministers Meet in Berlin for Gleneagles Dialogue, German Embassy (Washington D.C.) 13 September 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.germany.info/relaunch/business/new/bus_GlenEagles_Meet_09_07.html> 156 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 157 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 158 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 159 Rome 2007 Congress Conclusions, World Energy Council (London) 29 November 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.worldenergy.org/news__events/news/1024.asp> 160 11th IEF Host Minister’s Address “Towards the 11th International Energy Forum”, International Energy Forum (Riyadh) 2007. Date of Access: 23 January 2008. <http://www.iefs.org.sa/pages/BK_MR_2.html> 161 11th IEF Host Minister’s Address “Towards the 11th International Energy Forum”, International Energy Forum (Riyadh) 2007. Date of Access: 23 January 2008. <http://www.iefs.org.sa/pages/BK_MR_2.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 31 Italy is also a signatory to the Bali Action Plan, which was adopted at the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Bali in December 2007.162 The plan pledges financial support for the development, transfer, and enhancement of environmentally sound technologies for developing countries.163 The plan also commits to cooperation in the research and development of new and innovative clean energy technology.164 Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of 0 for its promotion of clean-energy technologies in the international sphere. Analyst: Daniel Gatto Japan: +1 Japan has fully complied with its energy technology commitment. On the domestic level, in response to Japan ‘s Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan, the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization within Japan’s Ministry of Energy, Trade, and Industry announced a plan to carry out efficient and cooperative research and development activities; verification and demonstration projects; and dissemination projects for new energy and energyconservation technologies. 165 The plan includes development of zero-emission coal technology; development of technologies for highly efficient energy use through innovative methods, such as coal gasification technology; research and development activities for new energy implementation by 2010; and research and development on biomass heat utilization systems.166 On 23 August 2007, Japan issued a Joint Ministerial Statement at the First EAS Energy Ministers Meeting agreeing to push forward the Cebu Declaration, which committed to promote cleaner and low-emission technologies, and to produce concrete results through greater cooperation and coordination of measures and activities.167 In September 2007, Japan also participated in the Sydney APEC Summit, signing onto the Leaders’ Declaration on Climate Change, Energy Security, and Clean Development, which pledged cooperation for joint research, development, deployment, and transfer of low- and zero-emission technologies, as well as renewable energy. 168 In addition, in November 2007 Japan announced its Environmental Cooperation Initiative at the Third East Asian Summit. The Initiative is intended to extend policy support and cooperation in promotion of the use of clean energy.169 At the Summit, Japan and other ASEAN members pledged their commitment to the Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy, and the Environment, which encourages the regional deployment of clean technology through various means, including investment, technical and financial assistance, and technology transfer.170 162 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 163 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 164 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 165 Outline of New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization 2007-2008, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (Kanagawa) 1 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.nedo.go.jp/kankobutsu/pamphlets/kouhou/2007gaiyo_e/87_140.pdf> 166 Outline of New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization 2007-2008, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (Kanagawa) 1 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.nedo.go.jp/kankobutsu/pamphlets/kouhou/2007gaiyo_e/87_140.pdf> 167 Joint Ministerial Statement First EAS Energy Ministers Meeting Singapore, 23 August 2007, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 23 August 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/energy/joint0708.html> 168 Sydney APEC Leaders’ Declaration on Climate Change, Energy Security, and Clean Development, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (Sydney) 9 September 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/64638/200710260047/www.apec2007.org/apec1440.html?inc=lw/lw_syd_dec> 169 Towards a “Sustainable East Asia”: Japan’s Environmental Cooperation Initiative Announced at the 3rd EAS, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) November 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/eas/initiative0711.pdf> 170 Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment, Association of Southeast Asian Nations 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.aseansec.org/21116.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 32 In addition to its international commitments, Japan has also engaged in bilateral agreements relating to clean energy technology. On 20 August 2007, Japan and the Republic of Indonesia issued a joint statement on the Enhancement of the Cooperation on Climate Change, Environment and Energy Issues, recognizing the importance of cooperation between the two countries on clean coal technology.171 On 16 November 2007, Japan’s Prime Minster Yasuo Fukuda announced the U.S.-Japan Cooperation on Energy Security, Clean Development, and Climate Change, reaffirming Japan’s partnership with the United States in developing collaborative technology and deployment in various key sectors, including low-carbon fossil fuel power generation, transportation, land use, near-zero carbon energy (e.g., nuclear, wind, and solar), and energy efficiency. 172 Most recently, on 2 December 2007, Japanese Foreign Minister Masahiko Komura and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao pledged greater cooperation in the use of clean energy.173 Japan is also a signatory to the Bali Action Plan, which was adopted at the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Bali in December 2007.174 The plan pledges financial support for the development, transfer, and enhancement of environmentally sound technologies for developing countries.175 The plan also commits to cooperation in the research and development of new and innovative clean energy technology.176 Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive domestic and international initiatives to encourage the use of clean energy technologies. Analysts: Yunjae Kim and Dasha Frolova Russia: 0 Russia has partially complied with its commitment on energy technologies. The Russian Ministry of Industry and Energy has financed research on low carbon intensive energy and technologies in cooperation with Carbon Sequestrate Forum. Russia has signaled plans for additional research to be conducted in the framework of state-owned Russian Venture Company, which was created in September 2007. At the international level, Russian has taken steps to address the issue of energy technology in various multilateral meetings. In October 2007, Russia hosted the International Energy Week in Moscow, at which time Deputy Minister of Industry and Energy Anatoly Yanovsky announced that innovations in the Russian energy sector are to be expected in the framework of Russia’s 2030 Energy Strategy.177 On 19-20 November 2007, Russia hosted the International Forum on Ecological Energy Technologies in the Postindustrial World, which aspired to foster multilateral cooperation in the promotion of clean, renewable and energy-saving technologies.178 Although Russia has demonstrated political will in working with other countries to promote multilateral discussions on energy security and technological developments, it has yet to take any significant action to 171 Joint Statement by Japan and the Republic of Indonesia on the Enhancement of the Cooperation on Climate Change, Environment, and Energy Issues, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 20 August 2007. Date of Access: 27 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asiapaci/pmv0708/joint.html> 172 U.S.-Japan Cooperation on Energy Security, Clean Development, and Climate Change, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 16 November 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/fs2007/95289.htm> 173 China, Japan to Fight Climate Change Jointly, China Daily (Beijing) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 29 December 2007. <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-12/04/content_6296035.htm> 174 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 175 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 176 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 177 Report of the Deputy Minister of Industry and Energy Anatoly Yanovsky at the International Energy Week, Russian Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/appearance/showAppearanceIssue?url=appearance/report/54> 178 General partner of the International Forum on Energy, and Ecology, National Innovation Company New Energy Projects (Moscow) 20 November 2007. Date of Access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.nic-nep.ru/default.asp?pKey=0000100007&id=18551> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 33 promote the development, consumption, and distribution of clean energy technologies at the domestic level. Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of 0. Analyst: Natalia Churkina United Kingdom: 0 The United Kingdom has partially complied with its commitment on energy technology. The British government has facilitated production of technologies such as carbon capture and storage from coal-fired power plants,179 and the development of fossil fuel, nuclear, and renewable sources of energy.180 The UK plans to build its first coal-fired generator in over thirty years,181 but is aggressively pursuing technologies which make this process cleaner.182 The UK is also a signatory to the Bali Action Plan, which was adopted at the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Bali in December 2007. 183 The plan pledges financial support for the development, transfer, and enhancement of environmentally sound technologies for developing countries.184 The plan also commits to cooperation in the research and development of new and innovative clean energy technology.185 Separately, the UK has pursued energy technology development with India. The British High Commissioner to India stated that "We want to work with India in a number of ways, including sharing our expertise in renewable energy and collaborating to develop technology to suit the Indian situation".186 Thus, the United Kingdom has been awarded a score of 0 for its initiative to encourage cleaner energy production. Analyst: Ryan MacIsaac United States: +1 The United States has fully complied with its commitment on energy technology. Since the Heiligendamm Summit, the US has introduced a multiplicity of strategies to aid the creation and implementation of lowemission, energy-efficient technologies in the areas of production and consumption. Although the United States continues to build coal-fired generators, it has recently announced plans to build the world’s first zero-emissions coal production plant at a cost of US$1.5 billion.187 In September 2007, the United States convened 17 of the world's major economies and the United Nations for an inaugural Major Economies Meeting on Energy Security and Climate Change in September 2007, with an explicit goal of “accelerating and expanding markets for currently available efficiency technology 179 Britain looks for green opportunities, The Age (Melbourne) 10 December 2007. Date of Access: 19 December <http://business.theage.com.au/britain-looks-for-green-opportunities/20071209-1fys.html> 180 New materials technologies for UK energy, Technology Strategy Board (Swindon) 11 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 December <http://www.processingtalk.com/news/teb/teb100.html> 181 £1bn coal-fired power station gets green light, Guardian Unlimited, (London), 4 January 2008. Date of Access: 12 January <http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jan/04/fossilfuels.carbonemissions> 182 United Kingdom: Carbon Capture And Storage In The EU, UK And US, Mondaq (London) 13 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January <http://www.mondaq.com/article.asp?articleid=55226> 183 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 184 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 185 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 186 Britain for cooperation with India in civil nuclear energy, Xinhua, (Beijing), 27 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-11/27/content_7156515.htm. 187 Coleman, Joseph. Carbon Storage Gains Support, Associated Press, (New York), 2 December 2007. Date of Access: 18 December http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gh5LiZ7y9GmUULE7BRnD2Ex0oWkQD8T9I4981. G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 2007. 2007. 2008. 2008. 2008. 2008. 2008. 2008. 2007. 34 and the use of nuclear, solar, and wind energy,”188 resulting in “a useful exchange of views.”189 More recently, in December 2007 the United States participated in the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali. The US initially tried to block a proposal to spread green energy technologies to poorer countries, but later acquiesced under massive public pressure.190 The United States is also actively pursuing multilateral partnerships with India and China to foster more efficient energy technology development through co-operation.191 For example, in conjunction with the United States, China will introduce an appliance labeling system to encourage efficient consumption, and public-private partnerships will introduce clean technologies to existing coal-fired power plants.192 In September 2007, the United States also participated in the Sydney APEC Summit, signing onto the Leaders’ Declaration on Climate Change, Energy Security, and Clean Development, which pledged cooperation for joint research, development, deployment, and transfer of low- and zero-emission technologies, as well as renewable energy.193 On 16 November 2007, Japan’s Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda announced the U.S.-Japan Cooperation on Energy Security, Clean Development, and Climate Change, reaffirming the US’s partnership with Japan in developing collaborative technology and deployment in various key sectors, including low-carbon fossil fuel power generation, transportation, land use, near-zero carbon energy (e.g., nuclear, wind, and solar), and energy efficiency.194 The United States has thus made notable strides to foster clean and climate-friendly energy technologies. It has therefore been awarded a score of +1. Analyst: Ryan MacIsaac European Union: 0 The European Union has partially complied with its commitment on clean energy technology. In November 2007, the EU Environment Commission announced its intentions to also introduce “quality standards for biofuels and bring forward the introduction of cleaner fuels”.195 The European Union is also a signatory to the Bali Action Plan, which was adopted at the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Bali in December 2007.196 The plan pledges financial support for the 188 Fact Sheet: Major Economies Meeting on Energy Security and Climate Change, The White House, (Washington D.C.), 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/09/20070927.html. 189 U.S. Global Climate Change Policy, US State Department, (Washington D.C.), 26 November 2007. Date of Access: 18 December 2007. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/nov/95662.htm. - Fact Sheet: Year in Review: 2007 A Year Of Accomplishment For The American People, The White House, (Washington D.C.), 20 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/12/20071220-5.html. 190 UN climate conference sets deadline for new pact, CTV, (Toronto), 15 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071215/bali_deal_071215/20071215?hub=Canada. - U.S., Developing Nations Compromise on Climate Talks, Bloomberg, (New York), 15 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601091&sid=a7ic5E60EpvA&refer=india. 191 China, US to formulate energy, environment protection 10 yr plan, Forbes, (New York), 12 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2007/12/12/afx4430072.html. - China, US forge new commitments following strategic talks, AFX News (London), 13 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2007/12/13/afx4434668.html. - US clean-energy firms to join trade mission to China, China Daily, (Beijing), 4 January 2008. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-01/04/content_6371724.htm. - Mission Statement: 2nd U.S. APP Clean Energy Trade Mission to China and India, Export.gov, (Washington D.C.), Date of Access: 12 January 2008. http://www.export.gov/cleanenergymission/doc_cem_mission.asp. 192 U.S. Global Climate Change Policy, US State Department (Washington D.C.) 26 November 2007. Date of Access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/nov/95662.htm> 193 Sydney APEC Leaders’ Declaration on Climate Change, Energy Security, and Clean Development, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (Sydney) 9 September 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/64638/200710260047/www.apec2007.org/apec1440.html?inc=lw/lw_syd_dec> 194 U.S.-Japan Cooperation on Energy Security, Clean Development, and Climate Change, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 16 November 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/fs2007/95289.htm> 195 Reversion of Fuel Quality Directive: Cleaner and More Sustainable Fuels, European Union (Brussels) 27 November 2007. Date of Access: 26 December 2007. <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/expert/infopress_page/064-13598-330-11-48-911-20071126IPR13591-26-11-2007-2007false/default_en.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 35 development, transfer, and enhancement of environmentally sound technologies for developing countries.197 The plan also commits to cooperation in the research and development of new and innovative clean energy technology.198 In summary, although the EU has promoted the issue of clean energy technologies at both the regional and international levels, it has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of comprehensive initiatives. Analyst: Sam Zhao 196 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 197 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> 198 Bali Action Plan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bonn) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 36 4. Energy: Efficiency [65] Commitment “To this end, we will promote the appropriate policy approaches and instruments, including inter alia economic incentives and sound fiscal policies, minimum standards for energy efficiency, sound and ambitious energy performance labelling, information campaigns aimed at consumers and industry that enhance national awareness, sector-based voluntary commitments agreed with industry, investment in research and development and guidelines for public procurement.”199 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy Background The G8 has long supported the imposition of measures aimed at promoting the efficient use of energy. At the San Juan Summit in 1976, the G7 acknowledged the need to “make efforts to develop, conserve and use rationally the various energy resources.”200 In 1991 at the London Summit, this aim was restated more directly as a commitment to “improve energy efficiency and to price energy from all sources so as to reflect costs fully, including environmental costs.”201 During the Köln Summit in 1999 the G8 reaffirmed its commitment to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by asserting the need to “develop and implement domestic measures” to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through “rational and efficient use of energy.”202 At the Evian Summit in 2003, energy efficiency again emerged as a critical issue in which the G8 made a specific determination to “promote energy efficiency of all sources” by focusing on measures that would include “standards, public procurement, economic incentives and instruments, information and labelling.”203 During the Gleneagles Summit in 2005 G8 members placed an unprecedented emphasis on the urgency of climate change, which culminated in the Gleneagles Plan of Action on Climate Change, Clean Energy and Sustainable Development, a comprehensive 63-commitment plan to tackle climate change. In the Gleneagles Plan G8 members committed themselves to taking action to “promote innovation, energy efficiency, conservation, improve policy, regulatory and financing frameworks.” 204 In the Gleneagles Plan the G8 specifically agreed to collaborate with the International Energy Agency (IEA) to review, develop and implement regulations and best practices to measure the energy efficiency of appliances, buildings, surface transport, aviation, industry, and energy generation.205 Concomitantly at the 2006 St. Petersburg Summit, the G8 reaffirmed the principles of the Gleneagles Plan through the St. Petersburg Plan of Action: Global Energy Security, and additionally, emphasized the need to “strengthen and elaborate the system of national and multilateral energy efficiency statistics” and undertake “necessary measures, including financial and tax incentives at home for the promotion of energy-efficient technologies, and the actual use of those available technologies on a wide-scale basis.” 206 At the Heiligendamm Summit in 2007, the G8 reiterated their commitment to the St. Petersburg Plan of Action and declared “energy efficiency and technology cooperation” as “crucial elements” in tackling climate change.207 Thus, in light of the historical 199 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 7 June 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-economy.html> 200 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 5 December 2007. <http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/datasets/allcommitments/app_b_cycle1.html> 201 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 17 December 2007. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/evaluations/G8_commitments.pdf> 202 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 17 December 2007. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/evaluations/G8_commitments.pdf> 203 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 17 December 2007. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/evaluations/G8_commitments.pdf> 204 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 17 December 2007. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/evaluations/G8_commitments.pdf> 205 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 17 December 2007. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/evaluations/G8_commitments.pdf> 206 All G7/8 Commitments 1975-2006, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2006. Date of Access: 17 December 2007. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/evaluations/G8_commitments.pdf> 207 Chair’s Summary, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-summary.html. G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 37 development and importance that has been attached to the issue of energy efficiency within the paradigm of G8 energy politics, it is probable that this issue will again be positioned high on the agenda of G8 member countries leading up to the 2008 Hokkaido Summit. Team Leader: James Meers Assessment Interim Compliance Score Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Lack of Compliance -1 Work in Progress 0 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 0 +1 +1 +1 +0.77 Canada: 0 Canada has partially complied with its energy efficiency commitment proposed at the Heiligendamm Summit. Although not substantially fulfilling any of the commitments, Canada has made some progress in building upon its ecoENERGY initiative launched in early 2007. On 23 July 2007, Energy Ministers from Canada, the United States, and Mexico met in Victoria, Canada. The three parties agreed to support energy research through the Trilateral Agreement in Energy Science and Technology, and agreed to collaborate on improving energy efficiency.208 On 25 September 2007, Canada’s Council of Energy Ministers held their annual meeting, at which they released a report on current energy efficiency initiatives and agreed to collaborate on intergovernmental energy efficiency issues.209 The report highlights current good practices and indicates three sectors to be targeted for improved energy efficiency: infrastructure, industry and transportation. It does not, however, include any detailed plans of action.210 On 7 November 2007, the federal government implemented the Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption Standards Act (MVFCSA).211 The MVFCSA was passed by Parliament in 1982, and set fuel efficiency standards for motor vehicles in Canada. However, the government did not implement the Act at the time due to voluntary commitment by the auto industry.212 On 17 January 2008, Minister of Transportation Lawrence Canon announced that Canada would begin implementing mandatory fuel consumption regulations on new cars and light trucks, commencing in 2011.213 This development in Canada’s shift toward greater fuel efficiency was articulated in a speech delivered by Minister Canon: "We made a commitment to implement fuel consumption regulations for the 2011 model year that are benchmarked 208 North American Energy Ministers Take Further Action on Energy Security and the Environment, Natural Resources Canada (Ottawa) 23 July 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/media/newsreleases/2007/200766_e.htm> 209 Energy Ministers’ Conference: Collaborating on Canada’s Energy Future, Natural Resources Canada (Ottawa) 25 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/media/newsreleases/2007/200790_e.htm> 210 Moving Forward on Energy Efficiency in Canada: A Foundation for Action. Natural Resources Canada (Ottawa) 25 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/com/resoress/publications/cemcme/cem-eng.php> 211 Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption Standards Act Proclaimed, Transport Canada (Ottawa) 7 November 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.tc.gc.ca/mediaroom/releases/nat/2008/08-h006e.htm> 212 Fuel Consumption Program: About the Program, Transport Canada (Ottawa) 2 November 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/environment/fuelpgm/prog/page3.htm> 213 Canada’s first motor vehicle fuel consumption regulations: Consultations begin, Transport Canada (Ottawa) 17 January 2008. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.tc.gc.ca/mediaroom/releases/nat/2007/07-h215e.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 38 against a stringent, dominant North American standard, and we are keeping our word."214 Given that Canada’s transport sector makes up 25 percent of greenhouse gas emissions and a large proportion of energy consumption, the newly implemented fuel regulations will likely make a significant impact in promoting greater overall energy efficiency in Canada.215 In addition, Canada has continued to bring into force amendments to clarify aspects of the Energy Efficiency Act, such as legislation regarding energy standards for stand-by power, which was an issue discussed at the Gleneagles Summit.216 In addition to policy, Canada has made progress in enhancing research and development of energy efficient practices and technology. On 20 June 2007, Natural Resources Canada (NRC) and the Natural Research Council of Canada pledged CAD5 million to improve the Model National Energy Code for Buildings. The two organizations plan to amend the Code in 2012.217 On 11 December 2007 at the Bali Conference on Climate Change, the NRC released the latest version of RETScreen, an environmental software package, with an additional component on energy efficiency, and translation into 26 languages for international use.218 On 9 September 2007, Canada signed the Sydney Declaration on Climate Change, Energy Security and Clean Development, which calls for an “aspirational goal” of reducing energy intensity by 25% by 2030.219 In summary, Canada has implemented policies in regards to research and technology and energy efficiency standards, but has yet to implement widespread policies in addition to the ecoENERGY initiative of 2007. Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of 0. Analyst: Conrad Lochovsky France: +1 France has fully complied with its commitment on energy efficiency. French President Nicolas Sarkozy has made energy efficiency a focus of his presidency, launching environmental negotiations at an unprecedented level.220 The Grenelle de l’environnement, launched on 6 July 2007, constituted a serious of top level negotiations and public consultations tasking political, industry, and civil society leaders to design proposals for the development of France’s environmental policy.221 On 25 October 2007, President Sarkozy announced the conclusions of the Grenelle de l’environnement and unveiled an ambitious environmental program. His plan emphasized large-scale fiscal investments to improve energy efficiency. President Sarkozy also announced the construction of new public transportation and river routes, which he claimed would provide a cleaner mode of transportation than trucks.222 To cut emissions in the housing sector (one of France’s largest sources of carbon emissions223) President Sarkozy 214 Canada’s first motor vehicle fuel consumption regulations: Consultations begin, Transport Canada (Ottawa) 17 January 2008. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.tc.gc.ca/mediaroom/releases/nat/2007/07-h215e.htm> 215 Canada’s first motor vehicle fuel consumption regulations: Consultations begin, Transport Canada (Ottawa) 17 January 2008. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.tc.gc.ca/mediaroom/releases/nat/2007/07-h215e.htm> 216 Canada’s New Government Targets Standby Power to Help Consumers Save Energy, Natural Resources Canada (Ottawa) 23 July 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/media/newsreleases/2007/200767_e.htm> 217 Canada’s New Government Invests $5 Million to Update Model National Energy Code for Buildings, National Research Council Canada (Ottawa) 20 June 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/newsroom/news/2007/code07-nr_e.html> 218 Canada Launches Clean Energy Software, Natural Resources Canada, Natural Resources Canada (Ottawa) 11 December 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/media/newsreleases/2007/2007126_e.htm> 219 2007 Leaders’ Declaration – Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC (Sydney) 9 September 2007. Date of Access: 17 January 2008. <http://www.apec.org/apec/leaders__declarations/2007/aelm_climatechange.html> 220 Sarkozy Promises a Green Revolutions for France, Reuters (London) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSL2511474720071026?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0> 221 Lancement du Grenelle Environnement, le Grenelle Environnement (Paris) 12 July 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.legrenelle-environnement.fr/grenelle-environnement/spip.php?article1> 222 Discours de M. le Président de la République à l’Occasion de la Restitution des Conclusions du Grenelle de l’Environnement, le Grenelle Environnement (Paris) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.equipement.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/President_Grenelle-1_cle7d6d42.pdf> 223 Efficacité énergique des bâtiments 2007-2008 un programme de mesures de plus en plus performant, Ministère de l’Écologie du Développement et de l’Aménagement durables (Paris) 6 November 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Efficacite_energetique_des_batiments_cle138bae.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 39 presented plans to finance the renovation of 400 000 homes every year.224 France’s new environmental plan also outlines a number of tax policies that serve to internalize the cost of emissions, including a tax on carbon-emitting trucks traveling through France, a bonus-malus tax on new cars, and a reduction in the value added tax on eco-friendly products.225 A number of energy efficiency initiatives are already operational. On 5 December 2007, France announced the implementation of a bonus/malus system whereby consumers purchasing low-emission vehicles would receive a bonus and those purchasing high-emission vehicles would pay a penalty.226 On 16 October 2007, Minister of Ecology and Sustainable Development Jean-Louis Borloo introduced initiatives targeting the public and private housing sectors, announcing a
350 million loan from the European Investment Bank (EIB) to assist in the construction and renovation of public buildings in adherence with newly instituted environmental standards.227 In November 2007, Minister Borloo also outlined a new set of energy-efficient minimum standards for existing homes, with financial aid available to owners for renovations.228 On 22 November 2007, the French government announced plans to implement taxes on heavy trucks passing through France, to be implemented in 2011.229 In addition, on 27 December 2007, Minister Borloo and the Minister of Finance, Economics, and Employment recommended an increase in gas taxes of up to 4%.230 Since the Heiligendamm Summit, France has made significant strides in fulfilling its G8 commitment to promote efficient use of energy. France’s efforts on the domestic and international scale, largely manifested in its Grenelle de l’environnement, merit the score of +1. Analyst: Tess Lorriman Germany: +1 Germany has fully complied with its commitment on energy efficiency. In a speech delivered on 5 July 2007, the Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety Sigmar Gabriel articulated some of Germany’s successes in achieving targets set out in its Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) environmental plan. In 2006, 45 million tons less of carbon dioxide emissions were emitted largely due to greater efforts to promote energy efficiency, stimulated by the EEG.231 An interim report released on a cost-benefit analysis of Germany’s integrated energy and climate program concluded that “the German government’s climate protection programme will lead to savings of five billion euro in private households and industry by 2020.”232 On 5 December 2007, the German Cabinet adopted a new comprehensive package of measures on climate protection that further builds on existing programs and 224 Discours de M. le Président de la République à l’Occasion de la Restitution des Conclusions du Grenelle de l’Environnement, le Grenelle Environnement (Paris) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.equipement.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/President_Grenelle-1_cle7d6d42.pdf> 225 Discours de M. le Président de la République à l’Occasion de la Restitution des Conclusions du Grenelle de l’Environnement, le Grenelle Environnement (Paris) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.equipement.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/President_Grenelle-1_cle7d6d42.pdf> 226 Première mesure de la Grenelle Environnement, Ministère de l’Écologie du Développement et de l’Aménagement Durables (Paris) 5 December 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/article.php3?id_article=2667> 227 EIB les EUR 350 million for eco-efficient buildings, Eurofunding Mag (Paris) 17 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.welcomeurope.com/default.asp?id=1300&idnews=4250&genre=15> 228 Efficacité énergique des bâtiments 2007-2008 un programme de mesures de plus en plus performant, Ministère de l’Écologie du Développement et de l’Aménagement durables (Paris) 6 November 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.developpementdurable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Efficacite_energetique_des_batiments_cle138bae.pdf> 229 La taxe poid lourds rapportera un milliard par an, le Figaro (Paris) 22 November 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.lefigaro.fr/impots/2007/11/22/05003-20071122ARTFIG00279-la-taxe-poids-lourds-rapportera-unmilliard-par-an.php> 230 Tarif du Gaz, Ministère de l’Écologie du Développement et de l’Aménagement durables (Paris) 27 December 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/article.php3?id_article=2726> 231 An outstanding success story, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (Berlin) 5 July 2007. Date of Access: 14 January 2008. <http://www.bmu.de/english/current_press_releases/pm/39678.php> 232 Climate protection programme will lead to savings of five billion euro, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (Berlin) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.bmu.de/english/current_press_releases/pm/40276.php> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 40 sets a standard for climate-friendly policies favouring energy efficiency. Minister Gabriel said, “We are promoting energy efficiency and raising the energy standards for residential buildings by 30%. These standards will also apply to existing buildings." 233 The climate package also increases government funding for climate protection measures by 200% compared to 2005, pledging a total of
3.3 billion for 2008.234 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive programs to improve energy efficiency. Analyst: Chantal Amirault Italy: +1 Italy has fully complied with its commitment on energy efficiency. The Italian government has instituted a large number of measures to encourage energy efficiency over the last six months, including information campaigns, subsidies, and bans on certain types of inefficient appliances. The issue of energy efficiency, together with renewable sources of energy, is of prime importance for the Italian government. On 6 November 2007, the Vice Minister for the Economy Gianni Piatti told a WWF conference in Rome that “the themes of energy efficiency and of the increase in renewable sources of energy must become popular, as they will help both to control and reduce emissions, allowing us to achieve the targets of the Kyoto Protocol, and to encourage savings and daily household economies.”235 Earlier, Environment Minister Alfonso Pecoraro urged consumers and businesses to avoid alarmist views on energy supplies and instead to look to efficiency and innovation as the answer. “It’s enough to look to what the European Union tells us…make the system more efficient to help us save 20% [of current usage].”236 The new Italian budget, passed on 24 December 2007, provides for a wide range of subsidies and programs aimed at encouraging energy efficiency among consumers and businesses. In particular, it provides for the continued support of efficiency subsidies at the municipal level and provides for the continuation of previously agreed subsidies for energy efficient retrofits until 2010.237 The 2008 budget also contains
1 million in funding for energy efficiency campaigns conducted by the Ministry of the Economy and Finance and a
40 million fund for educational programs on energy efficiency and renewable energies by the Ministry of the Environment.238 Finally, the document calls for the outright ban of certain classes of inefficient household electrical appliances by 2010.239 On 7 December 2007, the Italian Ministry of Economic Development announced that it would undertake a television campaign to inform consumers of the importance of energy efficiency.240 The TV ads are scheduled to run on the major RAI (state-owned) networks starting in January 2008 and will educate consumers on how they can save electricity at home for environmental and economic reasons.241 The information campaign was jointly conceived by the Ministry of Economic Development and the Ministry of the Environment.242 233 Germany remains a pioneer of climate protection, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (Berlin) 5 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.bmu.de/english/current_press_releases/pm/40562.php> 234 Germany remains a pioneer of climate protection, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (Berlin) 5 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.bmu.de/english/current_press_releases/pm/40562.php> 235 Ridurre le emissioni vuol dire rispettare Kyoto e aiutare i risparmi delle famiglie, Ministerio dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (Rome) 6 November 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.minambiente.it/index.php?id_doc=1088&id_oggetto=2> 236 Energia. Pecoraro: “Evitare alarmismi, la vera sfida sta nel risparmio e nell’efficienza”, Ministerio dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (Rome) 11 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.minambiente.it/index.php?id_doc=1032&id_oggetto=2> 237 La legge finanziaria 2008, ENEA (Rome) 2008. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://efficienzaenergetica.acs.enea.it/fin2007.htm> 238 La legge finanziaria 2008, ENEA (Rome) 2008. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://efficienzaenergetica.acs.enea.it/fin2007.htm> 239 La legge finanziaria 2008, ENEA (Rome) 2008. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://efficienzaenergetica.acs.enea.it/fin2007.htm> 240 Al via spot TV governo su efficienza energica, Ministerio dello Sviluppo Economico (Rome) 7 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/pdf_upload/comunicati/phpWqKOJe.pdf> 241 Al via spot TV governo su efficienza energica, Ministerio dello Sviluppo Economico (Rome) 7 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/pdf_upload/comunicati/phpWqKOJe.pdf> 242 Al via spot TV governo su efficienza energica, Ministerio dello Sviluppo Economico (Rome) 7 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/pdf_upload/comunicati/phpWqKOJe.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 41 On 27 September 2007 the Ministry of the Environment announced the provision of a
1.5 million fund to finance energy analyses, particularly in the public service and the tertiary sector.243 Applications for the funds will be accepted until 25 February 2008. They are intended to help government, businesses and consumers understand how to rationalize energy usage and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.244 On 11 June 2007, the Ministry of the Environment initiated a subsidy campaign to encourage Italian motorcycle and moped owners to trade in their less efficient gasoline-powered vehicles for bicycles, electric scooters and more efficient vehicles.245 The program offered a variety of subsidies ranging from the entire cost of demolition of a vehicle for those individuals who traded in their motorcycles for bicycles or public transit, to a refund of at least 8% of the cost of a more energy efficient vehicle (at most 2.3 litres of gasoline per 100km). 246 The program is the product of an agreement between the Ministry of the Environment and Confindustria, the Italian Chamber of Industry.247 On 28 December 2007, the Ministry of Economic Development and Ministry for the Environment launched a program to promote more efficient cars with monetary incentives and credits, making hybrid and electric vehicles more affordable.248 The program calls for the scrapping of cars matriculated before 1 January 1997, and distributes incentives valid towards public transportation and a newly established car-sharing program.249 The car-sharing program allows for service payments to be made on a monthly basis, while the fees are based on an hourly rate and on distance traveled.250 Finally, on 11 September 2007, the Ministry of the Economy and Finance clarified the application of a decree on energy efficiency. The decree, passed by the Ministry in February 2007, provides subsidies of up to 55% for the conversion of old heating systems to more efficient ones and for renovations of existing structures with the goal of reducing heat dispersion.251 Italians will now be able to apply for the rebates at the Revenue Agency, which falls under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Economy and Finance. The 2008 budget, passed late in 2007, has provided for a widening of this program. The 55% refund will now be applicable efficient hot water pumps for retro-fitted heating systems and for heating apparatuses fuelled by biofuels.252 Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of +1 for the myriad of measures used to encourage energy efficiency among consumers and businesses. Analyst: Michael Erdman Japan: +1 Japan has fully complied with its commitment on energy efficiency. Japan has actively fostered energy efficiency awareness among the public, and has made efforts to spearhead energy efficiency initiatives both domestically and internationally. 243 Dal Ministerio dell’Ambiente il nuovo bando per l’efficienza energetica, Ministerio dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (Rome) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.minambiente.it/index.php?id_doc=1050&id_oggetto=2> 244 Dal Ministerio dell’Ambiente il nuovo bando per l’efficienza energetica, Ministerio dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (Rome) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.minambiente.it/index.php?id_doc=1050&id_oggetto=2> 245 Ecoincentivi per ciclomotori e biciclette, Ministerio dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (Rome) 3 August 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.minambiente.it/index.php?id_doc=514&id_oggetto=3> 246 Ecoincentivi per ciclomotori e biciclette, Ministerio dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (Rome) 3 August 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.minambiente.it/index.php?id_doc=514&id_oggetto=3> 247 Ecoincentivi per ciclomotori e biciclette, Ministerio dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (Rome) 3 August 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.minambiente.it/index.php?id_doc=514&id_oggetto=3> 248 Auto, tornano gli incentivi alla rottamazione, Governoinforma (Rome) 28 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.governoinforma.it/attualita/news/2007/dicembre/rottamazione-(1).aspx> 249 Auto, tornano gli incentivi alla rottamazione; Governoinforma (Rome) 28 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.governoinforma.it/attualita/news/2007/dicembre/rottamazione-(1).aspx> 250 Car sharing: una sfida per ridurre inquinamento e traffico in città, Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (Rome) 20 November 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.minambiente.it/index.php?id_doc=556&id_oggetto=3> 251 I decreti attuativi, ENEA (Rome) 2008. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://efficienzaenergetica.acs.enea.it/decreti.htm> 252 La legge finanziaria 2008, ENEA, (Rome), 2008. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://efficienzaenergetica.acs.enea.it/fin2007.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 42 The Japanese government has advocated measures aimed at promoting energy efficiency and voluntary action both in the public and private sectors, continuing programs such as Eco-Drive Month 253 and the Eco Car World Show.254 On 18 October 2007, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) inaugurated the first meeting of the Energy-Efficient Household Appliance Promotion Forum. The forum aims to promote the use of energy-efficient household appliances, through campaigns, the development of energy saving diagnostic tools, and other initiatives.255 The METI held a Green IT Conference on 6 December 2007, which brought together industry leaders in Japan who pledged to create a framework to reduce IT-related energy consumption.256 On 2 July 2007 the METI and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport established new fuel efficiency standards to be achieved by 2015. 257 Japan has also continued to support energy efficient measures through subsidies to small and medium enterprises, public service sectors, and hospitals and schools.258 On 29 November 2007, the METI held a vice-ministerial-level meeting of the Inter-Ministerial Liaison Committee for the Promotion of Energy and Resource Conservation Measures, to draw up a basic policy on additional energy conservation measures.259 Japan has also continued to assert itself as a leader for energy efficiency change on the international stage, particularly in East Asia. In June 2007, Japan hosted the East Asia Summit’s Energy Efficiency and Conservation Conference, in attempts to encourage energy efficiency programs in member nations.260 On 2 July 2007, Japan and India agreed to set voluntary energy efficiency goals in line with commitments made at the 2nd East Asia Summit.261 Furthermore, on 16 November 2007 Japan and the United States agreed to cooperate on energy security at the Bali UNFCCC conference in December 2007.262 Japan has continued to lead calls for improvements in energy efficiency as a means to fight global climate change.263 Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive policies and diplomatic efforts to encourage energy efficiency. Analysts: Conrad Lochovsky and Katya Prokhorova Russia: 0 Russia has partially complied with its commitment on energy efficiency. During the International Energy Week in October 2007, Deputy Minister of Industry and Energy Anatoly Yanovsky declared that issues of energy efficiency are of high importance for Russia, and will be among the main priorities of the Energy Strategy 2030, which is still being developed.264 253 Eco-Drive Promotion Month: Start eco-driving to save the Earth and money, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (Tokyo) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 8 December 2007. <http://www.meti.go.jp/english/newtopics/data/nBackIssue20071031_04.html> 254 Eco Car World 2008, Ministry of Environment (Tokyo) 30 November 2007. Date of Access: 9 December 2007. <http://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/headline.php?serial=626> 255 Establishment of the Energy-Efficient Household Appliance Promotion Forum, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (Tokyo) 18 October 2007. Date of Access: 9 December 2007. <http://www.meti.go.jp/english/newtopics/data/nBackIssue20071018_03.html> 256 First meeting of the Green IT Initiative Conference, of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (Tokyo) 7 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 December 2007. <http://www.meti.go.jp/english/newtopics/data/nBackIssue20071207_02.html> 257 Formulation of new fuel efficiency standards for passenger vehicles - Fuel efficiency to be indicated in new form in catalogs, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (Tokyo) 2 July 2007. Date of Access: 8 December 2007. <http://www.meti.go.jp/english/newtopics/data/n070702e.html> 258 Adoption of Eight Programs as FY 2007 Model Projects that Introduce Measures against Climate Change in the Public Service Sector, Ministry of the Environment (Tokyo) 2 August 2007. Date of Access: 9 December 2007. <http://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/headline.php?serial=500> 259 Strengthening the national movement for energy conservation, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (Tokyo) 29 November 2007. Date of Access: 8 December 2007. <http://www.meti.go.jp/english/newtopics/data/nBackIssue20071129_02.html> 260 Results of the East Asia Summit’s Energy Efficiency and Conservation Conference, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (Tokyo) 19 June 2007. Date of Access: 8 December 2007. <http://www.meti.go.jp/english/newtopics/data/n070619e.html> 261 India, Japan Set Plans for Energy Efficiency, Daily News and Analysis (New Delhi) 2 July 2007. Date of Access: 17 January 2007. <http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1107467> 262 Fact Sheet: U.S.-Japan Cooperation On Energy Security, Clean Development, And Climate Change, Forbes (Washington D.C.) 16 November 2007. Date of Access: 17 January 2008. <http://www.forbes.com/businesswire/feeds/businesswire/2007/11/16/businesswire20071116005525r1.html> 263 2007 Leaders’ Declaration – Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC (Sydney) 9 September 2007. Date of Access: 17 January 2008. <http://www.apec.org/apec/leaders__declarations/2007/aelm_climatechange.html> 264 Report of the Deputy Minister of Industry and Energy Anatoly Yanovsky at the International Energy Week, Russian Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/appearance/showAppearanceIssue?url=appearance/report/54> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 43 The Russian Ministry of Industry and Energy has financed a number of research projects in the sphere of energy efficiency, including one that focuses on methods of stimulating investments into energy saving.265 The Ministry is also preparing Foresight, an energy efficiency think-tank that will gather experts to exchange their views on technology and energy savings.266 Participants at the 8th International Symposium “Energy Resources Efficiency and Energy Savings,” held in Kazan with the participation of the Ministry of Industry and Energy, discussed issues of energy efficiency and energy savings.267 On 19-20 November 2007, the Federal Council of the Russian Federation held the International Forum “Ecological Energy Technologies in the Postindustrial World” in Moscow. The Forum focused on clean, renewable and energy saving technologies.268 On 5 October 2007, the Ministry of Energy and Industry, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade and the Ministry of Regional Development took part in the Round-table on Energy Efficiency at the British Embassy.269 Russia has cooperated with other states on the development of energy efficiency technologies. In November 2007, Deputy Minister of Industry and Energy Anatoly Yanovsky met with a representative of German Minister of Innovations, Science, Research and Technologies Rainer Hertz to discuss partnership in the sphere of energy saving. The Parties decided to hold a seminar on energy efficiency next year.270 Thus Russia registers a score of 0 for its development of new forums on the issue of energy efficiency and its lack of bold new initiatives. Analyst: Natalia Churkina United Kingdom: +1 The United Kingdom has fully complied with its commitment on energy efficiency. On 29 June 2007, the United Kingdom announced its Energy Efficiency Action Plan, which aims to deliver energy savings of approximately 18% by 2016.271 This comprehensive action plan targets households, businesses, and the public and transport sectors. In particular, the United Kingdom passed legislation requiring “energy providers to spend 1.5 billion pounds over the next three years to install home-based energy efficiency measures for people on low incomes, those with disabilities and the over-70s.”272 On 6 December 2007, the government presented the Carbon Emissions Reduction Target that “suppliers will be able to promote microgeneration measures; biomass community heating and CHP; and other measures for reducing the consumption of supplied energy.”273 The United Kingdom pledged financial support to the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership to fund projects promoting energy efficiency in developing countries around the world.274 The 265 Completion of the 2nd Stage of NIR, Sustainable Energy Development Center (Moscow) 2007. Date of Access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.sedc.ru/page_pid_12_news_66_lang_1_p_3.aspx> 266 Industry-Energy Foresight, Russian Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 2007. Date of Access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/expertise/ie-foresight> 267 VIII International Symposium in Kazan, Sustainable Energy Development Center (Moscow) December 2007. Date of Access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.sedc.ru/page_pid_12_news_68.aspx> 268 General Partner of the International Forum on Energy, and Ecology, National Innovation Company New Energy Projects (Moscow) 20 November 2007. Date of Access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.nic-nep.ru/default.asp?pKey=0000100007&id=18551> 269 Round-table on Energy Efficiency in British Embassy, Sustainable Energy Development Center (Moscow) 5 October 2007. Date of Access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.sedc.ru/page_pid_12_news_60_lang_1_p_3.aspx> 270 Moscow-Düsseldorf, Russian Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/press/release/356> 271 Energy and Climate Change – Energy Efficiency, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (London) 16 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/energy/efficiency.htm> 272 Energy and Climate Change – Energy Efficiency, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (London) 16 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/energy/efficiency.htm> 273 Cash Boost for People in Fuel Poverty, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (London) 6 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2007/071206c.htm> 274 REEEP funds ten projects in the Sub-Saharan Africa region, Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Program (London) 1 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.reeep.org/index.php?id=3&assetType=news&assetId=16> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 44 United Kingdom remains committed to reducing European Union energy consumption by 20% by 2020.275 On 10 January 2008 the British Parliament passed the Energy Bill, which was designed to update the legislative framework so as to ensure that the “legislation underpins the long term delivery of [UK] energy and climate change strategy.”276 The Energy Bill articulated the United Kingdom’s long-term commitment to energy efficiency in particular, and climate change more broadly. Thus, the United Kingdom has been awarded a score of +1 for its efforts to encourage energy efficiency both at home and abroad. Analyst: Chantal Amirault United States: +1 The United States has fully complied with its commitment on energy efficiency. It has made strides in promoting energy efficiency, and taken some concrete steps towards improving energy efficiency in buildings, appliances, and transport through research, labeling and standards, particularly through the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA). On 19 December 2007, President George W. Bush signed the EISA into law. The Act calls for a new national fuel economy standard by 2020, exclusive use of Energy Star lighting products in federal buildings by 2013. The Act legislates the updating of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, which would improve energy efficiency standards for heating and cooling products, and improve labeling of household appliances with respect to energy efficiency.277 The United States has promoted energy efficiency in both the public and government sectors. Among other initiatives, the Department of Energy (DOE) recognized leaders in industry and government in energy efficiency, and launched the “Change a Light, Change the World” campaign, which encourages households to change to energy efficient Compact Fluorescent Light bulbs.278 The DOE has continued to make commitments in improving energy efficiency outside the EISA. On 8 August 2007, the DOE pledged to improve energy efficiency within its complexes by 30%.279 On 21 December 2007, this was extended to all new federal government buildings.280 The DOE also pledged funds for research into technologies aimed at vehicular fuel efficiency.281 The U.S. has signed bilateral and multilateral agreements on energy efficiency. On 23 July 2007, the U.S., Canada and Mexico agreed to collaborate on improving energy efficiency and signed a trilateral agreement on energy science and technology, which included research into energy efficiency.282 In September 2007, China and the U.S. agreed to jointly improve industrial and motor vehicular energy efficiency, with a focus on research and development of energy efficiency methods.283 These efforts culminated in the U.S. signing 275 Energy and Climate Change – Energy Efficiency, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (London) 16 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/energy/efficiency.htm> 276 Energy 2007-2008, Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (London) 10 January 2008. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/bill/page40931.html> 277 Energy for America’s Future, The White House (Washington D.C.) 18 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/energy/> 278 Welcome to our Community: Energy Star, Energy Star (Washington D.C.). Date of Access: January 11 2008. <http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=cal.showPledge> 279 Department of Energy Launches Major Initiative to Increase Energy Savings Across the Nationwide DOE Complex by 30 Percent, Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) 8 August 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.energy.gov/news/5300.htm> 280 Department of Energy Finalizes Regulations to Increase Energy Efficiency in New Federal Buildings by 30%, Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) 21 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.energy.gov/news/5790.htm> 281 DOE to Provide up to $21.5 million for Research to Improve Vehicle Efficiency, Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) 7 August 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.energy.gov/news/5298.htm> 282 U.S. and China Sign Agreement to Increase Industrial Energy Efficiency, Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) 14 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.energy.gov/news/5495.htm> 283 U.S. and China Continue to Increase Cooperation on Vehicle Efficiency, Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) 20 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.energy.gov/news/5518.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 45 the Sydney Declaration on Climate Change, Energy Security and Clean Development, which calls for an “aspirational goal” of reducing energy intensity (or energy consumption per unit GDP) by 25% by 2030.284 Thus, the United States has a score of +1 for its comprehensive actions to encourage energy efficiency. Analyst: Conrad Lochovsky European Union: +1 The European Union has fully complied with its commitment on energy efficiency. Since the Heiligendamm Summit, the European Commission (EC) has adopted a number of proposals promoting energy efficiency, in line with its post-Kyoto goal to cut greenhouse gas emissions 20% by 2020 compared to 1990 levels.285 The EC passed sector-specific legislation that aims to increase energy efficiency in the transportation, industrial, aviation, and energy sectors through investment, economic incentives, and regulation. A revised directive for the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles sets guidelines for the public procurement of vehicles and for emissions limits on passenger cars.286 By 2012, public authorities seeking to procure vehicles must include the lifetime costs of energy consumption in their award criteria.287 The EC set an objective for all passenger cars to emit no more than 120 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) per kilometer by 2012.288 The EC also outlined penalties for carmakers whose average fleet emits more CO2 than 130 g/km, with plans to achieve an additional 10 g/km reduction in CO2 emissions through other technological improvements, such as the increased use of biofuels.289 Through these measures, the EC hopes to give manufacturers incentives to produce energy efficient cars while at the same time reducing the cost of such cars by fostering economies of scale.290 In September 2007, European Energy Commissioner Andris Piebagls unveiled a package of energy sector reforms, asserting that they will benefit consumers by increasing energy efficiency.291 By encouraging competition and transparency in the energy sector, Commissioner Piebagls hopes that consumer choice will drive providers to be more energy efficient.292 Commissioner Piebagls said that coordinating regulatory bodies and transmission system operators would enhance regulatory oversight and streamline research and innovation in environmentally-friendly technologies.293 On 22 November 2007 the EC Directorate General for Energy and Transport presented the Strategic Energy Technology Plan, a fiscal investment plan to 284 2007 Leaders’ Declaration – Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC (Sydney) 9 September 2007. Date of Access: 17 January 2008. <http://www.apec.org/apec/leaders__declarations/2007/aelm_climatechange.html> 285 Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, European Union (Brussels) 22 October 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/sustainable/docs/estat_2007_sds_en.pdf> 286 Clean Urban Transport, European Union (Brussels) 19 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/transport/clean/promotion/index_en.htm> 287 Revised proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of clean energy and energy efficient road transport vehicles, European Union (Brussels) 19 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/transport/clean/promotion/doc/com_2007_0817_en.pdf> 288 Revised proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of clean energy and energy efficient road transport vehicles, European Union (Brussels) 19 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/transport/clean/promotion/doc/com_2007_0817_en.pdf> 289 Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars as part of the Community’s integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles, European Union (Brussels) 19 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/reducing_co2_emissions_from_cars/docs/\com_2007_856_en.pdf> 290 Clean Urban Transport, European Commission Transport, European Union (Brussels) 19 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/transport/clean/promotion/index_en.htm> 291 Address by Energy Commissioner Andris Piebalgs at the EU Energy Law Conference, European Union (Brussels) 21 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/07/562&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 292 Article 5.6 in Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/54/EC concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity, European Union (Brussels) 19 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52007PC0528:EN:NOT> 293 Article 2 and 4 in Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/54/EC concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity, European Union (Brussels) 19 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52007PC0528:EN:NOT> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 46 promote the development and implementation of energy efficient technologies. 294 The Plan proposes financing industrial initiatives and launching a legislative process that will streamline technological innovation, beginning in 2008.295 Internationally, the European Union (EU) has addressed energy efficiency by fiscal investment and by encouraging other countries to sign onto its carbon emissions trading scheme. The European Investment Bank (EIB) funds environmental projects through partnerships with EU members and abroad. A partnership of the EIB, the French Ministry for the Environment and Sustainable Development, and Groupe Caisse d’Epargne (a French bank) lent France
350 million to finance the renovation and construction of public buildings, which will meet high energy efficiency standards.296 The EIB also pledged funding for renewable energy projects in French Polynesia297 and New Caledonia,298 as well as renewable energy projects in North-West, 299 Central, and South-Eastern Europe. 300 On 13 December 2007 Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas announced that the EU would invest
80 million between 2008 and 2010 into a Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund to promote energy efficiency in developing countries.301 Additionally, the EC has linked its emissions trading scheme with the European Economic Area, which includes Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein in order to harmonize European emissions standards.302 Ecolabel is the EU’s environmentally friendly label, aimed at increasing consumer awareness. The EU established a special promotional campaign to raise consumer awareness of Ecolabel in September 2007, which was designated as “Flower Month” in seven EU member states.303 Since the Heiligendamm Summit the EC has been very active in developing legislation to promote energy efficiency in all 27 EU member states, and has provided funds for environmental projects abroad. Thus, the European Union has been awarded a score of +1 for its efforts. Analyst: Tess Lorriman 294 European Commission proposes a plan to accelerate energy technologies for a low-carbon future, European Union (Brussels) 22 November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/1750&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 295 Towards a low carbon future: European Strategic Energy Technology Plan, Directorate General for Energy and Transport, European Union (Brussels) 22 November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/setplan/doc/com_2007/2007_memo_graphical_en.pdf> 296 France: EIB lends EUR 350 million for eco-efficient buildings, European Investment Bank (Luxembourg) 16 October 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.bei.org/projects/press/2007/2007-103-france-350-millions-de-la-bei-pour-des-b%C3%A2timents-publics-%C3%A9coefficients.htm?searchType=press&indice=5> 297 French Polynesia: the EIB lends 5 million to Socredo bank for financing environmental projects, European Investment Bank (Luxembourg) 5 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.bei.org/projects/press/2007/2007-129-polyn%C3%A9sie-fran%C3%A7aise--la-beipr%C3%AAte-5-millions-deur-%C3%A0-la-banque-socredo-pour-le-financement-de-projets-environnementaux.htm?searchType=press&indice=3> 298 New Caledonia: EIB funding for environmental projects, European Investment Bank (Luxembourg) 29 November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.bei.org/projects/press/2007/2007-124-nouvelle-cal%C3%A9donie--financement-de-la-bei-pour-les-projetsenvironnementaux.htm?searchType=press&indice=4> 299 EUR 250 million for Renewable Energy Projects in North-West Europe, European Investment Bank (Luxembourg) 28 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.bei.org/projects/press/2007/2007-090-eur-25-million-for-renewable-energy-projects-in-north-westeurope.htm?searchType=press&indice=6> 300 EUR 25 million EIB financing to support renewable energy projects in Central and South-Eastern Europe, European Investment Bank (Luxembourg) 28 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.bei.org/projects/press/2007/2007-091-eur-25-million-eib-financing-to-supportrenewable-energy-projects-in-central-and-south-eastern-europe.htm?searchType=press&indice=6> 301 Address by Environmental Commissioner Stavros Dimas at the UN Climate Change Conference, European Union (Brussels) 13 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/07/821&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 302 Emissions trading: Commission announces linkage EU ETS with Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein, European Union (Brussels) 26 October 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/1617&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 303 Watch out for Flower Month, European Union (Brussels) 1 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/news/index_en.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 47 5. Energy: Diversification [90] Commitment “We will make efforts to integrate renewables into the power grid.”304 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy Background Energy diversification is seen as a solution to two problems facing many G8 states, particularly those in Europe. First, increasing the use of renewable energy production responds to domestic demands for action on climate change. Secondly, greater emphasis on sources like wind, solar and geothermal power reduces dependence on imported hydrocarbon fuels and thus helps to “secure” the national energy sector. Renewable energy sources first appeared in official G8 Summit documents at the Evian Summit in 2003. There, the members agreed to take measures to encourage an increase in the percentage of global energy use from renewable sources and advance research on these sources.305 At Sea Island in 2004, the topic of renewables was merged into a commitment on energy efficiency and called only for increased international cooperation on the matter.306 It was not until the Gleneagles Plan of Action: Climate Change, Clean Energy and Sustainable Development that G8 leaders agreed to take comprehensive action on renewables, calling for greater research and development, international cooperation and initiatives to integrate renewable sources of energy into respective national power grids. Emphasis was also placed on technology transfer to the developing world and support for research into hydrogen as a source of energy.307 Diversification was again a major component of the St. Petersburg Plan of Action: Global Energy Security, in which nations agreed to encourage further developments in hydrogen fuels and renewable sources of energy such as wind, solar, hydro, biomass and geothermal. Commitments on renewable sources of energy, however, amounted to a reiteration of promises made at the Gleneagles Summit and did not include new international or domestic initiatives for the integration of renewables into national power grids.308 Team Leader: Erin Haines Assessment Interim Compliance Scores Lake of Compliance -1 Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Work in Progress 0 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 0 +1 +1 0 +0.67 304 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 7 June 2007. Date of Access: 17 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-economy.html> 305 Science and Technology for Sustainable Development: A G8 Action Plan, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2 June 2003. Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2003evian/sustainable_development_en.html. 306 Science and Technology for Sustainable Development: “3r” Action Plan and Progress On Implementation, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 10 June 2004. Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2004seaisland/sd.html> 307 Gleneagles Plan of Action: Climate Change, Clean Energy and Sustainable Development, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/climatechangeplan.html> 308 Global Energy Security, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 16 July 2006. Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2006stpetersburg/energy.html. G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 48 Canada: 0 Canada has partially complied with its energy diversification commitment. Although Canada has made significant investments in the development of renewable energy sources, it has not taken measures to integrate these sources of power generation into the grid. On 25 June 2007, Member of Parliament for Lethbridge Rick Casson, on behalf of Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food and Minister for the Canadian Wheat Board Gerry Ritz, announced an investment of over CAD416 000 in three Alberta biofuel projects.309 On 4 July 2007, Minister of Natural Resources Gary Lunn announced that the Kettles Hill Wind Energy Inc. would receive CAD16.5 million, as the first company to be funded under the ecoENERGY for Renewable Power Initiative.310 On 1 October 2007, Minister Lunn announced that the Baie-des-Sables Wind Energy Project would receive more than CAD31 million over ten years.311 On 4 October 2007, the Canadian government invested CAD5 million to boost the biofuels sector.312 On 6 November 2007, the Canadian government invested CAD150 000 to build an alternative energy research and training center at the Dawson Creek campus of Northern Lights College.313 The next day, Minister of Health Tony Clement, on behalf of Minister Lunn, announced an investment of over CAD53 million over 10 years for Canada’s largest wind energy project.314 On 19 November 2007, Minister Lunn announced CAD1.1 million of funding for demonstration projects promoting photovoltaic and solar thermal power technology for commercial and residential use.315 On 1 December 2007, Minister Ritz announced CAD1.5 billion in biofuel production incentives.316 On 3 December 2007, the Renewable Fuels Bill was introduced in Parliament. If passed, the Bill will allow the Government of Canada to regulate the renewable content in fuels.317 On 5 December 2007, Minister of the Environment John Baird, emphasized Canada’s commitment to renewable energy in a speech made to the Economic Club of Toronto.318 Most recently, on 17 January 2008, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that the Government of Canada would provide the Province of Saskatchewan with CAD36.4 million in support of objectives compatible with the Community Development Trust, such as biofuels and sustainable energy development.319 Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of 0 for its comprehensive funding of renewable energy projects. Analyst: Erin Haines 309 Canada’s New Government Invests Over $416,000 in Alberta’s Emerging Biofuels Industy, Natural Resources Canada (Ottawa) 25 June 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://news.gc.ca/web/view/en/index.jsp?articleid=326369&keyword=energy&page=25> 310 Canada’s Government Announces $16.5 Million to Kettles Hill Wind Energy Project, Natural Resources Canada (Ottawa) 4 July 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://news.gc.ca/web/view/en/index.jsp?articleid=333559&keyword=energy&page=24> 311 Canada’s New Government Invests In Largest Wind Energy Project in the Province of Quebec, Transport Canada (Ottawa) 1 October 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://news.gc.ca/web/view/en/index.jsp?articleid=351919&keyword=energy&page=16> 312 Canada’s New Government Gives $5M to Boost Biofuels Sector, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (Ottawa) 4 October 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2007. <http://news.gc.ca/web/view/en/index.jsp?articleid=352629&keyword=energy&page=15> 313 Federal Government Invests in Renewable Energy Research Facility, Western Economic Diversification Canada (Ottawa) 6 November 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2007. <http://news.gc.ca/web/view/en/index.jsp?articleid=359289&keyword=energy&page=10> 314 Government of Canada Invests in Canada’s Largest Wind Energy Project, Government of Canada (Ottawa) 7 November 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://news.gc.ca/web/view/en/index.jsp?articleid=359919&keyword=energy&page=9. 315 Government of Canada Invests in Clean Solar Energy, Natural Resources Canada (Ottawa) 19 November 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://news.gc.ca/web/view/en/index.jsp?articleid=362439&keyword=energy&page=8> 316 Government of Canada Calls on Industry to Participate in New Biofuels Initiative, Natural Resources Canada (Ottawa) 1 December 2007. Date of Access 18 January 2008. <http://news.gc.ca/web/view/en/index.jsp?articleid=365219&keyword=energy&page=6> 317 Renewable Fuels Bill Clears the Way for Renewable Fuel Content, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (Ottawa) 3 December 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://news.gc.ca/web/view/en/index.jsp?articleid=365619&keyword=energy&page=6> 318 Speech by the Honourable John Baird, Minister of the Environment, at the Economic Club of Toronto. Environment Canada (Ottawa) 5 December 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008: <http://news.gc.ca/web/view/en/index.jsp?articleid=366139&keyword=energy&page=6> 319 PM Announces Funding for Saskatchewan Under New National Community Development Trustent Trust, Office of the Prime Minister (Ottawa) 17 January 2008. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://news.gc.ca/web/view/en/index.jsp?articleid=372719&keyword=energy> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 49 France: +1 France has fully complied with its commitment on energy diversification. The French government is currently developing long-term policies for the integration of renewable energies into the power grid. On 23-25 October 2007, the French government convened the Grenelle de L’Environnement. The event consisted of a series of negotiations on climate issues between the government and environmental, labour, agriculture and industry organizations.320 In his address to the closing session of the conference, French President Nicolas Sarkozy indicated that the recommendations of the conference were to be the basis for new energy policy in France. President Sarkozy stated that “Just as we have the national nuclear program, which was launched in 1974 with the goal of reducing our energy dependence, I want us to undertake a national renewable energy program with the same ambition”.321 In addition, President Sarkozy stated that France will “launch a renewable energy development plan” and “earmark a billion euros over a four-year period for the energies and the engines of the future, for biodiversity and for environmental health. Where we spend a euro on nuclear research, we will also spend a euro on clean technologies”.322 President Sarkozy also called for priority to be given to the development of second-generation biofuels in France.323 On 12 October 2007, Minister of Ecology and Sustainable Development Jean-Louis Borloo approved projects for the capture of methane produced by the effluents of farm animals, and for the reduction of HFC emissions in commercial refrigeration, the food supply industry and in skating rinks, in an effort to reduce GHG emissions by 5 million tons over the period of 2008-2012.324 After the conclusion of the Grenelle, France announced plans to invest
1 billion over four years in alternative energies, specifically biofuels.325 A framework law enacting these measures will be put before Parliament in the first quarter of 2008.326 Since 23 August 2006, it is reported that Minister Borloo has received 56 offers to construct electrical power plants powered by biomass for a cumulative power of 700 MW, more than twice as much as the targeted level (300 MW). The projects are expected to be operational by 2010, producing both electricity and heat from biomass.327 France has announced specific targets directly relating to the generation, distribution and consumption of renewable energy. In January 2008, France declared that it would increase the percentage of renewable energy in its total energy consumption from 6.7% in 2004 to 20% by 2020.328 In particular, plans have been 320 Speech by the President of the French Republic at the Concluding Session of the Grenelle De L’Environnement, La Présidence de la République (Paris) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.elysee.fr/search?q=renewable+energy&btnG.x=0&btnG.y=0&site=elyseev2&proxystylesheet=v2&output=xml_no_dtd&client=v2&lr=lang _fr&ie=utf8&oe=utf8&mode=html> 321 Speech by the President of the French Republic at the Concluding Session of the Grenelle De L’Environnement, Présidence de la République (Paris) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 12. <http://www.elysee.fr/search?q=renewable+energy&btnG.x=0&btnG.y=0&site=elyseev2&proxystylesheet=v2&output=xml_no_dtd&client=v2&lr=lang _fr&ie=utf8&oe=utf8&mode=html> 322 Speech by President of the French Republic at the Concluding Session of the Grenelle De L’Environnement, Présidence de la République (Paris) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.elysee.fr/search?q=renewable+energy&btnG.x=0&btnG.y=0&site=elyseev2&proxystylesheet=v2&output=xml_no_dtd&client=v2&lr=lang _fr&ie=utf8&oe=utf8&mode=html> 323 Speech by President of the French Republic at the Concluding Session of the Grenelle De L’Environnement, Présidence de la République (Paris) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.elysee.fr/search?q=renewable+energy&btnG.x=0&btnG.y=0&site=elyseev2&proxystylesheet=v2&output=xml_no_dtd&client=v2&lr=lang _fr&ie=utf8&oe=utf8&mode=html> 324 Projets domestiques CO2, Ministère de l’Écologie, du Développement et de l’Aménagement durables (Paris) 12 October 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/_affiche_article.php3?id_article=2583> 325 Discours de M. le Président de la République à l’Occasion de la Restitution des Conclusions du Grenelle de l’Environnement, le Grenelle Environnement, (Paris), 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. http://www.equipement.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/President_Grenelle-1_cle7d6d42.pdf. 326 Environment round table: France aims to set an example, Office of the Prime Minister of the Republic (Paris) 11 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/en/information/latest_news_97/environment_round_table_france_57898.html> 327 Jean-Louis Borloo se réjouit du succès de l’appel d’offres pour la construction de centrales électriques alimentées à partir de biomasse, Ministère de l’Écologie, du Développement et de l’Aménagement durables (Paris) 4 September 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.developpementdurable.gouv.fr/_affiche_article.php3?id_article=2503> 328 France Sets Ambitious Renewable Energy Targets, Renewable Energy Access (Vienna) 2 January 2008. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=50971> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 50 introduced to increase wind power generation from 810 MW in 2006 to 25 000 MW by 2020 and photovoltaic power capacity from 32.7 MW in 2006 to 3 000 MW by 2020329. Furthermore, 5 million solar thermal units are to be installed in buildings by 2020, with 80% of them in homes.330 Thus, France has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive initiatives in solar, biomass and nuclear energy. Analyst: Matthew Chomyn Germany: + 1 Germany has fully complied with its energy diversification commitment. Germany has introduced policies to expand energy production from renewable sources as well as to integrate those sources into the power grid. On 23-24 August 2007, the German Cabinet met at Meseberg to discuss an integrated climate and energy program. The Cabinet resolved to increase the share of renewable energies in power production to 25-30% by 2020. It further recommended improving the “feed-in, generation and grid management for power from renewable energies and incentives for the demand-oriented feed-in of power from renewable energies to the electricity grid.”331 Minister for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Sigmar Gabriel welcomed the announcement of new legislation from the European Commission regarding the liberalization of European energy markets. The legislation calls for energy suppliers to give up ownership of transmission networks or allow an independent system operator to manage them.332 On 4 December 2007, the governments of Germany, Denmark, and Sweden entered into an agreement entitled “Joint Declaration on Cooperation in the Field of Research on Offshore Wind Energy Deployment.”333 The governments agreed to “collaborate on integration of large amounts of offshore wind energy into the electrical system and to study the concerted development of offshore grids in the adjacent seas”.334 Under the provisions of Germany’s Renewable Energy Sources Act, a progress report was submitted to the German Bundestag by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety and was adopted by Cabinet on 7 November 2007.335 The report stated that Germany is likely to surpass its target level of 12.5% of electricity generation from renewable energy sources by 2010 in 2007, thus necessitating an adjustment of national renewable energy expansion targets. 336 The ministries further recommended that the German Government create a fund to help offset the risk of exploration and 329 France Sets Ambitious Renewable Energy Targets, RenewableEnergyAccess (Vienna) 2 January 2008. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=50971> 330 France Sets Ambitious Renewable Energy Targets, RenewableEnergyAccess (Vienna) 2 January 2008. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=50971> 331 Key Elements of an Integrated Energy and Climate Programme, Decision of German Cabinet on August 23rd/24th 2007 at Meseberg, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Berlin) 24 August 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/klimapaket_aug2007_en.pdf> 332 Gabriel welcomes European Commission’s legislative package for the EU electricity and gas markets, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Berlin) 19 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.erneuerbareenergien.de/inhalt/40019/40149/> 333 Joint Declaration on Cooperation in the Field of Research on Offshore Wind Energy Deployment, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Berlin) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/joint_decl_d_dk_se.pdf> 334 Joint Declaration on Cooperation in the Field of Research on Offshore Wind Energy Deployment, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Berlin) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/joint_decl_d_dk_se.pdf> 335 Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) Progress Report 2007, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Berlin) 12 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/erfahrungsbericht_eeg_2007_zf_en.pdf> 336 Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) Progress Report 2007, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Berlin) 12 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/erfahrungsbericht_eeg_2007_zf_en.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 51 investment in renewable energy sources such as geothermal energy. 337 In addition, a revision of the Renewable Energy Sources Act is scheduled to take place in 2008.338 Thus, the German government has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive action on renewable energies. Analyst: Matthew Chomyn Italy: +1 Italy has fully complied with its commitment on energy diversification. Italy has demonstrated a concerted action to better integrate the use of solar energy into its national energy infrastructure. Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi hosted a major climate change conference on 12-13 September 2007. In the run-up to the conference, Italian Environment Minister Pecoraro stressed that “clean and renewable energy sources, energy and water efficiency and sustainable mobility” were on the agenda, and especially important for Italy.339 At the close of the conference, Prime Minister Prodi promised to “support farreaching and costly EU policies for the environment.” He also spoke of the need for an observatory to “coordinate and monitor the scientific, industrial and environment aspects of a long term strategy [for] renewable energy sources.”340 In December 2007, he reiterated his intention to comply with EU policy and stated that “Italy’s energy policy is moving towards alternative energy.”341 On 21 December 2007, Minister for the Environment, Land and Sea Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio announced that Italy is investing
40 million to promote the production of electricity from solar thermal energy.342 The Ministry is keeping investment in this project open to the public and private sectors.343 On 20 June 2007, Minister Scanio also announced Italy’s plan to build its first solar-heat energy station344 and has plans to later create ten 50 MW stations.345 A task-force chaired by Nobel Prize winner Carlo Rubbia has been created to oversee the development of this technology.346 In December 2007, Prime Minister Prodi announced plans to increase photovoltaic capacity in Italy to 400 MW by 2010.347 Thus far, over
2.6 million has been assigned to outfitting buildings with photovoltaic panels.348 On 25 September 2007, the European Parliament adopted a road map for renewable energy in Europe. If the report, which is a renewable energy legislative framework, is drafted into a directive by the European 337 Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) Progress Report 2007, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Berlin) 12 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/erfahrungsbericht_eeg_2007_zf_en.pdf> 338 Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) Progress Report 2007, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Berlin) 12 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/erfahrungsbericht_eeg_2007_zf_en.pdf> 339 Italy seeks ways to handle climate change, XinhuaNet (Beijing) 12 September 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-09/12/content_6707511.htm> 340 Intervento del Presidente del Consiglio Romano Prodi alla Conferenza nazionale sui cambiamenti clamtici, Portale del Governo Italiano (Rome) 13 September 2007. Date of Access: 23 January 2008. <http://www.governo.it/Presidente/Interventi/testo_int.asp?d=36328> 341 Italy to reach Europe’s carbon cuts targets –PM, Reuters UK (London) 3 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKL0310113720071203> 342 La Finanziaria e la promozione del solare termodinamico, Ilsoleatrecentosessantagradi (Rome) 21 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.ilsoleatrecentosessantagradi.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=156&Itemid=93> 343 La Finanziaria e la promozione del solare termodinamico, Ilsoleatrecentosessantagradi (Rome) 21 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.ilsoleatrecentosessantagradi.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=156&Itemid=93> 344 La forza del sole per il bene dell'ambiente, Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (Rome) 20 June 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.minambiente.it/index.php?id_doc=500&id_oggetto=3> 345 Solare termodinamico, firmata l'intesa centrali in Lazio, Puglia e Calabria, La Repubblica (Rome) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.repubblica.it/2006/11/sezioni/ambiente/solare/intesa-termodinamico/intesa-termodinamico.html> 346 Istituita presso il Ministero dell'Ambiente la task-force per il solare termodinamico, Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (Rome) 3 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.minambiente.it/index.php?id_doc=566&id_oggetto=3> 347 Il mercato globale del fotovoltaico stimato oltre i 2,3 GWp nel 2007, Ilsoleatrecentosessantagradi (Rome) 17 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.ilsoleatrecentosessantagradi.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=136&Itemid=222> 348 Bando "Il fotovoltaico nell'architettura", Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (Rome) 27 July 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.minambiente.it/index.php?id_doc=493&id_oggetto=3> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 52 Commission as proposed, it would make adherence to National Action Plans and grid access key priorities.349 Finally, on 11-15 November 2007, Prime Minister Prodi hosted the World Energy Congress in Rome, and in his opening ceremony address called for “more eyes on energy supply, energy efficiency and the development of renewable energy.”350 Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive progress on PV technology. Analyst: Stephanie Gan Japan: +1 Japan has fully complied with its energy diversification commitment. Japan has taken action on both the development of renewable energy and the investment in infrastructure and technology that facilitates its wide-scale distribution. Soon after the 2007 Heiligendamm Summit, the Japanese Ministry of the Environment established the "Program to Support Initiatives Introducing Measures against Climate Change in the Public Service Sector," in order to accelerate the use of energy-saving and renewable energy-based equipment in the public service sector, including in public and private hospitals and schools. In FY 2007, the programs of eight applicant facilities were selected as FY 2007 Model Projects.351 At the same time, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Ministry of the Environment agreed to support the Renewable Energy 2008 Tokyo Fair, to be hosted from 30 July to 1 August 2008 by the Japan Council for Renewable Energy. The Council is a non-governmental organization dedicated to promoting renewable energy, its technology and the emerging industry.352 On 12 September 2007, Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda was one among the 10 ASEAN leaders who produced a collective declaration promoting sustainable environmental policies. The leaders also expressed their intention to promote renewable and alternative energy sources such as solar, hydro, wind and civilian nuclear power.353 In November 2007, Japan, in subsidizing wind farm construction, set a target to boost wind power to 3 GW of installed capacity by 2010, slightly more than double its 2007 wind power capacity.354 As of early January 2008, it is anticipated that Prime Minister Fukuda will announce at a World Economic Forum meeting, a five-year JPY1 trillion package to help developing countries. This funding will be targeted at the use of more renewable energy sources, including solar power.355 In the future, the Japanese government plans to set solar power generators on top of its buildings across the nation over six years, from FY 2007 to 2012. About 300 buildings will have solar panels installed, which would generate 10 million kWh a year, enough energy to power approximately 2 500 homes. Solar power generators are also planned for all new buildings, except ones that will be exposed to insufficient sunlight.356 349 A roadmap for renewable energy in Europe, Europe Parliament (Strasbourg) 25 September 2007. Date of Access: 23 January 2008. <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/expert/infopress_page/051-10638-267-09-39-909-20070823IPR09781-24-09-2007-2007-false/default_en.htm> 350 Prodi: World economy jeopardized by soaring oil prices, Xinhuanet English (Beijing) 11 November 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-11/12/content_7053275.htm> 351 Adoption of Eight Programs as FY 2007 Model Projects that Introduce Measures against Climate Change in the Public Service Sector, Ministry of the Environment (Tokyo) 2 August 2007. Date of Access: 9 December 2007. <http://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/headline.php?serial=500> 352 Introducing Japan’s latest products, technology, and information concerning new energy to the world, Japan Council for Renewable Energy (Tokyo). Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.renewableenergy.jp/english/index.html> 353 Southeast Asisan nations pledge to strengthen environmental efforts in region, International Herald Tribune (Paris) 20 November 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://southeast-asian-news.newslib.com/story/1556-3218539/> 354 INTERVIEW-M'bishi Heavy sees Japan offshore wind power drive, Reuters UK (London) 7 November 2007. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. <http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKT25162220071107?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0> 355 Fukuda to offer developing nations Y1 tril to combat global warming, Japan Today, 11 January 2008. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/424632> 356 Japan: Solar panels to be placed on govt buildings, The Yomiuri Shimbun (Tokyo) 16 July 2007. Date of access: 1 January 2008. <http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/en/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=8495> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 53 Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of +1 for its multi-layered approach to renewable energies in both the public and private sectors. Analysts: Stephanie Gan and Katya Prokhorova Russia: 0 Russia has partially complied with its commitment on energy diversification. The State Duma is considering a bill in support of alternative energy sources in the Russian Federation, which was submitted in March 2007.357 The bill aims to increase the share of renewable energy in national energy production to 3-5% by 2015 and to 10% by 2020.358 At the International Energy week in Moscow in October 2007, Deputy Minister of Industry and Energy Anatoly Yanovsky stated that the Russian Government had agreed to a general scheme for energy project location until 2020, including active hydro energy development.359 During the World Energy Congress in Rome, 11-15 November 2007, Minister of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation Vladimir Khristenko declared that Russia would promote the development of renewable energy.360 In addition, the Russian Ministry of Industry and Energy has already financed several research projects on renewables.361 Also in November 2007, Deputy Minister of Industry and Energy Anatoly Yanovsky met with Representative of the Minister of Innovations, Science, Research and Technologies of the Land North Rhein-Vestfal, Rainer Hertz, regarding a partnership on energy saving. One of the key elements of this discussion was renewable energy sources.362 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of 0 for progress on its development of a new energy policy that includes renewable energies. Analyst: Natalia Churkina United Kingdom: +1 The United Kingdom has fully complied with its Heiligendamm Energy Diversification commitment. The United Kingdom has made efforts to address the implementation of renewable programs into the grid, and has been active in advancing renewable energy. On 26 July 2007, Energy Minister Malcolm Wicks acknowledged the delay in linking clean electricity and wind power to the national grid and launched a joint BERR/Ofgem review, the Transmission Access Review, to assess challenges and recommend necessary changes to the framework.363 On 17 September 2007, Secretary Hutton approved a Wave hub socket off of North Cornwall and a 30 turbine project in Teeside. These projects will provide energy for almost 80 000 homes through an 357 Renova will invest billion in wind and sun, Kommersant (Moscow) 5 March 2007. Date of Access: 23 January 2008. <http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.html?docId=747436> In the small hydro energy we are the first, Ministry of Industry and Energy of the RF (Moscow) 6 March 2007. Date of Access: 23 January 2008. <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/appearance/interview/53> 359 Main Directions of Russian Energy Strategy and Global Energy Safety, Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/appearance/showAppearanceIssue?url=appearance/report/54> 360 Forum in the Eternal City, Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 12 November 2007. Date of access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/activity/inter/news/185> 361 Forum in the Eternal City, Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 12 November 2007. Date of access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/activity/inter/news/185> 362 Moscow-Düsseldorf, Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/press/release/356> 363 Ending Gridlock on the Grid, GNN (Government News Network), Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (London) 26 July 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=302935&NewsAreaId=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=False> 358 G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 54 additional 110MW of clean power fed into the grid. The projects will save up to 60 000 tons of carbon emissions.364 On 9 October 2007, the Government announced an additional GBP170 million for the Environmental Transformation Fund (ETF). This pledge, added to the GBP800 million already allotted to the ETF, brings total funding to GBP1.2 billion between 2008 and 2011. Energy Secretary Hilary Benn explained that “Britain must be at the forefront of developing and deploying this technology – whether it be LED lighting for people’s homes, biomass boilers for small business, or major sources of renewable electricity from wind and the sea to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.”365 On the same day, in a keynote address at the British Wind Energy Association’s annual conference in Glasgow, Energy Minister Wicks approved Devon Wind Power’s 66MW Fullabrook Down project, which will be based in North Devon and consist of 22 turbines. This project should meet the needs of 30 000 of domestic users (80% of domestic electricity consumption or 30% of total electricity consumption) in North Devon. 366 Also in October 2007, upon receiving the approval of the Department for Business and Enterprise and UK Trade and Investment, Regional Development Agency ONE NorthEast has pledged a GBP5 million funding package for Project Britannica to develop and expand offshore wind technology.367Additional renewable energy projects were approved in November 2007.368 On 19 November 2007, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown promised that a new Energy Bill and a revised Planning Bill will be introduced in order to reform the renewables obligation and to speed up the planning system for major infrastructure.369 In addition, the Prime Minister announced that, while it would be up to the private sector to make the “necessary investment,” the “government will do more to remove the planning and other obstacles that are currently holding renewable back.”370 On 31 December 2007, Minister Wicks announced a “go green” New Year’s resolution to encourage homeowners, schools and businesses to use the remaining phase one funds (GBP11 million for homes and GBP44 million for schools, charitable bodies and public organizations) of the Low Carbon Building Program launched in 2006. The grants fund installation of solar panels, biomass boilers and ground-source heat pumps.371 Thus, the UK has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive approach to the use of renewable energy. Analyst: Jen MacDowell United States: +1 364 Snails pace’ planning system produces millions of additional tonnes of carbon, GNN (Government News Network), Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (London) 17 September 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=315057&NewsAreaId=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=False> 365 £170 million boost for low-carbon energy technology, GNN (Government News Network), Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (London) 9 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=321124&NewsAreaId=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=False> 366 We are committed to wind power – Wicks, GNN (Government News Network), Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (London) 9 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=320736&NewsAreaId=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=False> 367 UK is a magnet for renewable energy investment – Hutton, GNN (Government News Network), Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (London) 5 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=319949&NewsAreaId=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=False. 368 Wicks consents to Wanley, GNN (Government News Network), Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (London) 7 November 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=328771&NewsAreaId=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=False. 369 Prime Minister’s Speech on Climate Change, Number 10 Downing St. (London) 19 November 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page13791.asp> 370 Prime Minister’s Speech on Climate Change, Number 10 Downing St. (London) 19 November 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page13791.asp> 371 Wicks calls for a ‘go’ green’ new year resolution, GNN (Government News Network), Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (London) 31 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=341605&NewsAreaId=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=False> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 55 The United States has fully complied with its energy diversification commitment. The United States has made major efforts in energy diversification through research and development and funding, and is making efforts to integrate renewable energy into the grid. 0n 26 June 2007, the Department of Energy (DOE) announced its intention to invest US$375 million in biomass, solar and wind projects.372 Later, in July 2007, the Solar America initiative for research and development revealed a number of concepts developed to address grid reliability and economic issues associated with PV market penetration on grid distribution systems.373 The Department of Energy (DOE) will also seek to develop local markets for PV installations in 13 cities and will work with the Solar Energy Industry Association to assess supply/demand and cost/pricing projections.374 On 27 August 2007, the DOE launched a Funding Opportunity Announcement of up to US$38 million for the development of enzymes to convert cellulosic biomass.375 On 1 October 2007, the DOE invested US$30 million in three Bioenergy Research Centers, allowing immediate research into cellulosic ethanol and other biofuels. 376 On 6 November 2007, the Department of the Interior released an Environmental Impact Statement in support of the Minerals Management Service (MMS) program that organizes the development of renewable energy projects on the outer continental shelf (OCS). The OCS has been proposed for offshore wind power as well as wave and tidal energy projects. The MMS will begin rulemaking for the program in the spring of 2008, and will establish an interim policy to allow testing activities until then.377 On 8 November 2008, the DOE announced that US$21.7 million would be available for research in photovoltaic (PV) solar cell technology to be divided among 25 projects, each of which will receive approximately US$900 000 over the next three years. The projects are expected to yield prototypes for commercialization by 2015.378 On 29 November 2007, the DOE provided $US5.2 million in funds to be divided among 12 projects for the development of concentrating solar power (CSP). CSP helps to lower component costs and develop storage technologies. 379 The DOE will also divide a US$7.2 million commercialization fund for prototype development demonstration, market research and deployment, between three national laboratories as of 29 November 2007.380 On 19 December 2007, US President George Bush signed the Energy Independence and Securities Act of 2007, which calls for accelerated research and development, deployment, program expansion, and workforce training in renewable energy technology sectors, such as solar, geothermal, hydrokinetic and marine energy.381 Also on 19 December 2007, the largest solar photovoltaic system in North America, installed at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada under the Solar Energy Technologies Program, was completed.382 Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of +1 for its extensive support of renewable energy production and distribution. 372 DOE Awards $375 Million for Three Bioenergy Research Centers, Biomass Program, Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) 26 June 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/news_detail.html?news_id=11063> 373 Key R&D Accomplishments, Solar Energy Technologies Program – Solar America Initiative, Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) July 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar_america/printable_versions/accomplishments.html> 374 Key R&D Accomplishments, Solar Energy Technologies Program – Solar America Initiative, Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) July 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar_america/printable_versions/accomplishments.html> 375 DOE Offers up to $33.8 million to Support Cellulosic Biofuel Process, Biomass Program, Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) 27 August 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/news_detail.html?news_id=11209> 376 DOE Invests $30 million to Launch Bioenergy Research Centers, Solar Energy Technologies Program, US Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) 1 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/news_detail.html?news_id=11317> 377 Interior Department Moves Forward on Offshore Renewable Energy, Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program, Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) 7 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/news_detail.html?news_id=11410> 378 DOE Invests $21 Million in Next-Generation Solar Cell Research, Solar Energy Technologies Program, US Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) 14 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/printable_versions/news_detail.html?news_id=11422> 379 DOE Provides $5.2 Million for Concentrating Solar Power, Solar Energy Technologies Program, Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) 29 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/printable_versions/news_detail.html?news_id=11453> 380 DOE Creates a $7.2 Million Clean Energy Commercialization Fund, Solar Energy Technologies Program, US Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) 5 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/printable_versions/news_detail.html?news_id=11459> 381 New Energy Act Calls for Increased Renewable Energy Research, Wind and Hydrppower Technologies Program, Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) 2 January 2008. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/news_detail.html?news_id=11501> 382 Nellis Air Force Base Hosts the Largest U.S. Solar PV System, Solar energies Technologies Program, US Department of Energy (Washington D.C.) 19 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/printable_versions/news_detail.html?news_id=11486> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 56 Analyst: Jen MacDowell European Union: 0 The European Union has partially compliance with its energy diversification commitment. Renewable energy has been the subject of repeated debate in the European Parliament, which has drafted a ‘roadmap’ for renewable energy in Europe. On 24 September 2007, the European Parliament debated the Thomson Report. The Saryusz-Wolski Report was debated on 25 September 2007. Both reports outline a series of suggestions with regards to renewable energy and a common European energy policy.383 On 25 September 2007, the European Parliament adopted an ‘own-initiative’ report on a roadmap for renewable energy. The Parliament also emphasized support for the European Commission’s proposal for the inclusion of renewable energy within Member States’ National Action Plans (NAP).384 However, the European Parliament also stated that each state should be able to decide, according to its specific needs, which renewable energy sources should be taken into account within its NAP.385 If the road map is adopted, it would make adherence to NAPs and grid access key priorities.386 On 21 November 2007, the European Parliament’s temporary Climate Change Committee held a hearing on the prospects for renewable energy in Europe. The Committee heard from MPs and experts on investment in areas such as solar, underground, and sea energy.387 In December 2007, the EU attended the UN Climate Change Conference in Bali. At the Conference, the European Commission garnered international support for the Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund (GEEREF), a global risk capital fund that attempts to spur renewable energy growth through the sub-financing of private global investors that wish to transfer renewable energy technology in developing countries.388 The European Commission pledged
80 million to GEEREF over four years, with other public finance institutions including the Europe Investment Bank and Europe Investment Fund, and partner countries expected to inject additional funding that would amount to
1 billion in financial support.389 Thus, the EU has been awarded a score of 0 for its progress on energy diversification. Analyst: Erin Haines 383 MPs to Debate Renewable Energy and Foreign Energy Policy, European Parliament (Strasbourg) 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2007. <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/story_page/051-10564-267-09-39-909-20070921STO10534-2007-24-09-2007/default_en.htm> 384 A roadmap for renewable energy in Europe, Europe Parliament (Strasbourg) 25 September 2007. Date of Access: 23 January 2008. <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/expert/infopress_page/051-10638-267-09-39-909-20070823IPR09781-24-09-2007-2007-false/default_en.htm> 385 A roadmap for renewable energy in Europe, Europe Parliament (Strasbourg) 25 September 2007. Date of Access: 23 January 2008. <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/expert/infopress_page/051-10638-267-09-39-909-20070823IPR09781-24-09-2007-2007-false/default_en.htm> 386 A roadmap for renewable energy in Europe, Europe Parliament (Strasbourg) 25 September 2007. Date of Access: 23 January 2008. <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/expert/infopress_page/051-10638-267-09-39-909-20070823IPR09781-24-09-2007-2007-false/default_en.htm> 387 Renewable Technology – the key to our future?, European Parliament (Strasbourg) 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/story_page/064-13235-323-11-47-911-20071115STO13223-2007-19-11-2007/default_en.htm> 388 Bali: Side-event on Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund, Commissioner for the Environment (Brussels) 13 December 2007. Date of Access: 25 December 2007. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/07/821&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 389 Bali: Side-event on Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund, Commissioner for the Environment (Brussels) 13 December 2007. Date of Access: 25 December 2007. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/07/821&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 57 6. Raw Materials [103] Commitment “To this end we will build capacity for good governance of mineral resources consistent with social and environmental standards and sound commercial practices by reducing barriers to investment and trade, through the provision of financial, technical and capacity building support to developing countries for the mining, processing and trading of minerals.”390 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy Background The issue of good governance in the raw materials sector first arose at the 2004 Sea Island Summit,391 where G8 leaders stressed the need for resource-rich nations to be attentive to potentially corrupt practices arising within the business practices of raw materials industries.392 The G8 countries had been involved with good governance raw materials programs outside the G8 forum for some time before Sea Island. One particular program of widespread attention was the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), which brought together producer nations, major importing nations and firms in a forum designed to spread best practices among resource producers and consumers.393 At Gleneagles, petroleum-producing nations were encouraged to implement best practices with regards to transparency in order to stimulate greater investment in their extractive industries.394 African states were also encouraged to comply with the EITI and implement its code of best practices, and the G8 countries pledged to continue their support of the EITI. 395 The St. Petersburg Summit featured little emphasis on the issue of transparency and good governance in extractive industries, with only a short mention of continuing G8 support for the EITI.396 G8 support for the EITI facilitated the formation of an independent EITI organization based in Oslo and incorporating diverse stakeholders involved in the accomplishment of EITI objectives, including the business community, governments and civil society.397 The G8 commitment made at the Heiligendamm Summit this year marks a departure from the historic G8 discussions on good governance in the raw material sector, as it calls for the establishment of new policies and programs outside the framework of EITI and focuses on reducing trade barriers. It is also novel in the fact that it excludes third parties, such as civil society groups and multi-national firms, from discussions. Team Leader: Sarah Koerner 390 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 7 June 2007. Date of Access: 1 December <http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-economy.html.> 391 Fighting Corruption and Improving Transparency, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 10 June 2004. Date of Access: 22 January <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2004seaisland/corruption.html> 392 Fighting Corruption and Improving Transparency, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 10 June 2004. Date of Access: 22 January <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2004seaisland/corruption.html> 393 EITI Summary, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (Oslo) 23 September 2007. Date of Access: 22 January <http://www.eitransparency.org/eiti/summary> 394 Global Economy and Oil, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 22 January <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/globaleconomy.pdf> 395 Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 22 January <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/africa.html> 396 Global Energy Security, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 16 July 2006. Date of Access: 22 January <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2006stpetersburg/energy.html> 397 History of EITI, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (Oslo) 23 September 2007. Date of Access: 22 January <http://www.eitransparency.org/eiti/history> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 2007. 2008. 2008. 2008. 2008. 2008. 2008. 2008. 58 Assessment Interim Compliance Score Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Lack of Compliance -1 Work in Progress 0 0 0 0 0 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 0 0 +1 +0.22 Canada: 0 Canada has partially complied with its commitment on raw materials. The Government of Canada’s general statement on trade in goods states: “Our current and future growth and prosperity depend on open world markets and a stable, predictable, and transparent trading environment.”398 Canada’s actions following the 2007 G8 Summit support this position. Canada has worked extensively to lower trade barriers. On 7 June 2007, Minister of International Trade David Emerson announced the launch of negotiations towards a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between Canada, Colombia, and Peru.399 These countries held negotiations on 16-20 July 2007, 1-5 October 2007 and 26-30 November 2007.400 Major imports from Colombia include coal and fuel, while those from Peru include gold, copper, and other ores.401 Negotiations included a wide range of issues such as customs procedures, trade facilitation, non-tariff measures and cross-border trade in services and investment.402 Canada and the Dominican Republic announced separate negotiations for an FTA on 7 June 2007, and held the first round of negotiations on 9 July 2007.403 The Government of Canada expects that an FTA with the Dominican Republic will provide a more secure and predictable business environment for Canadian investment as well as enhanced market access opportunities in the wood and forestry sectors.404 Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and King Abdullah II of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan announced that Canada and Jordan would begin studying the feasibility of negotiating an FTA on 13 July 2007.405 On 20 October 2007, the Government of Canada launched a comprehensive consultation process seeking views of Canadians on the scope of such an agreement.406 Jordan’s expanding economy provides opportunities for Canadian investors in several sectors including agriculture, forestry products, and mining.407 398 Trade in Goods, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 30 November 2007. Date of Access: 8 December 2007. <http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/goods-produits/tariffs.aspx?lang=en> Canada-Colombia-Peru FTA talks. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 6 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/andean-andin/index.aspx> 400 Canada-Colombia-Peru FTA talks. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 6 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/andean-andin/index.aspx> 401 Canada-Colombia-Peru FTA talks. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 6 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/andean-andin/index.aspx> 402 Canada-Colombia-Peru FTA talks. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 6 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/andean-andin/index.aspx> 403 Canada-Dominican Republic FTA talks. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 5 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 December 2007. <http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/dominican-dominicaine.aspx?lang=en> 404 Canada-Dominican Republic FTA talks. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 5 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 December 2007. <http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/dominican-dominicaine.aspx?lang=en> 405 Canada-Jordan FTA talks. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 30 November 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/jordan-jordanie.aspx?lang=en> 406 Canada-Jordan FTA talks. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 30 November 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/jordan-jordanie.aspx?lang=en> 407 Canada-Jordan FTA talks. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 30 November 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/jordan-jordanie.aspx?lang=en> 399 G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 59 On 26 July 2007, Minister of Natural Resources Gary Lunn announced that a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signed with Chile will develop geospatial knowledge in both countries.408 The MOU will facilitate the use of expertise of Canadian companies and tools such as remote sensing and satellite imagery to promote environmental projects and enhance the sustainable development of both Canada and Chile’s natural resources.409 On 29 March 2007, an Advisory Committee released the Final Report of the National Roundtables on Corporate Social Responsibility and the Canadian Extractive Industry in Developing Countries.410 The Report contained recommendations stemming from the National Roundtables on Corporate Social Responsibility, held in various Canadian communities throughout 2006 with the support of the Canadian government. The recommendations contained in the Report were intended to strengthen Canadian government sanctions against those corporations operating in the extractive sector that violate international environmental and human rights standards.411 As of January 2008, the Government of Canada has failed to implement the recommendations contained in the report. On 27 July 2007, while in Argentina, Minister of Natural Resources Gary Lunn reminded his audience that Canada supports the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). 412 He further noted Finance Minister Jim Flaherty’s support for the Initiative and announcement of CAD750 000 for the EITI, which was made in April 2007.413 No new statements of support or announcements of additional funds have been made since Minister Flaherty’s speech in April 2007. Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of 0 for its comprehensive initiatives to further North-South cooperation in extractive industries and its failure to implement previously drafted recommendations on CSR. Analyst: Valentine Nichita France: 0 France has partially complied with its commitment on raw materials. As part of the Africa-EU Action Plan 2008-2010, announced at the EU-Africa Summit in Lisbon, Portugal on 8 December 2007, France agreed to continue its support for the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI).414 France has consistently provided political leadership and economic support for EITI proceedings. 415 As part of the EITI, France has provided macroeconomic aid and assistance for the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), a mineral-rich African nation.416 The French Foreign Ministry stressed the need for “encouraging the implementation of the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative 408 Canada’s New Government Strengthens Ties with Chile with Mapping Agreement. Natural Resources Canada (Ottawa) 25 July 2007. Date of Access 18 January 2007. <http://www.rncan.gc.ca/media/newsreleases/2007/200772_e.htm> 409 Canada’s New Government Strengthens Ties with Chile with Mapping Agreement. Natural Resources Canada (Ottawa) 25 July 2007. Date of Access 18 January 2007. <http://www.rncan.gc.ca/media/newsreleases/2007/200772_e.htm> 410 An Important Step Forward: Final Report of the National Roundtables on Corporate Social Responsibility and the Canadian Extractive Industry in Developing Countries, Development and Peace (Montreal) 30 March 2007. Date of Access: 22 February 2008. <http://www.devp.org/devpme/eng/pressroom/2007/comm2007-03-30-eng.html> 411 An Important Step Forward: Final Report of the National Roundtables on Corporate Social Responsibility and the Canadian Extractive Industry in Developing Countries, Development and Peace (Montreal) 30 March 2007. Date of Access: 22 February 2008. <http://www.devp.org/devpme/eng/pressroom/2007/comm2007-03-30-eng.html> 412 Notes for a Speech by The Honourable Gary Lunn, P.C., M.P., to the Argentina-Canada Chamber of Commerce, Natural Resources Canada (Ottawa) 27 July 2007. Date of Access: 22 February 2008. < http://www.rncan-nrcan.gc.ca/media/speeches/2007/200768_e.htm> 413 Notes for a Speech by The Honourable Gary Lunn, P.C., M.P., to the Argentina-Canada Chamber of Commerce, Natural Resources Canada (Ottawa) 27 July 2007. Date of Access: 22 February 2008. < http://www.rncan-nrcan.gc.ca/media/speeches/2007/200768_e.htm> 414 DRC ready to embark on next phase of EITI, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (Oslo) 11 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.eitransparency.org/node/306> 415 Supporting Countries, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (Oslo) 23 September 2007. Date of Access 19 January 2008. <http://eitransparency.org//supporters/countries> 416 Framework Partnership Document- Democratic Republic of Congo (2007-2011), Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/development_2108/french-policy_2589/aid-instruments_2674/framework-partnershipdocuments_2675/framework-partnership-document-france-democratic-republic-of-congo-2007-2011_9498.html?var_recherche=eiti#sommaire_9> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 60 (EITI)” in the DRC and supported DRC participation in the Kimberley Process.417 On 24 and 25 August 2007, France also participated in an EITI program to spread best practices in the raw materials sectors of the Chadian economy.418 French cooperation on issues pertaining to the extractive industries is also conducted by the French Development Agency (AFD). The AFD supports energy initiatives in China in an attempt to prevent import over-dependency in the region and to develop sustainable energy practices.419 Thus, France has been awarded a score of 0 for its support of the EITI and its lack of action in lowering trade barriers for raw materials. Analyst: Roland Xing Germany: 0 Germany has partially complied with its raw materials commitment. In October 2007, the Federal Government of Germany financed a pilot project designed to establish Certified Trading Chains (CTC) in mineral production in cooperation with the World Bank.420 CTC is an instrument to implement ethical standards and transparency in the extraction and processing of minerals.421 On 13-14 December 2007, an international conference on “Transparency in the Extractive Sector” was held in Berlin, Germany.422 It was designed to allow high-level representatives from politics, industry, academia, and civil society to contribute their experience from projects in industrialized, emerging, and developing countries to panel discussions and workshops. 423 The aim of the conference was to increase the transparency of payments in connection with the extraction of oil, gas, and other raw materials so that the revenues would flow into public budgets used to combat poverty.424 Participants also focused attention on certification systems as important instruments contributing to greater transparency in the extraction, trade and processing of raw materials, the reduction of environmental pollution, and the observance of social standards.425 Erich Stather, State Secretary, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and Dr. Bernd Pfaffenbach, G8 Sherpa to the Federal Chancellor and State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) presided over the conference.426 At the conclusion of the Transparency in the Extractive Sector Conference, State Secretary Erich Stather noted that “in many countries, commodity export earnings have had an almost paradoxical impact: more social conflicts, impoverishment of broad masses of the population, even war-like disputes.”427 Secretary 417 Framework Partnership Document- Democratic Republic of Congo (2007-2011), Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/development_2108/french-policy_2589/aid-instruments_2674/framework-partnershipdocuments_2675/framework-partnership-document-france-democratic-republic-of-congo-2007-2011_9498.html?var_recherche=eiti#sommaire_9> 418 EITI Workshop held in Chad, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (Oslo) 24 August 2007. Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <http://eitransparency.org/node/255> 419 L'AFD en Chine : Maîtriser l'énergie pour un Développement durable, Agence française de développement (Paris) Date of Access : 19 January 2007. <http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/lang/en/home/activite/Energie/pid/964> 420 Certified Trading Chains in Mineral Production, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (Berlin) October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2007. <http://www.transparency-extractive-sector-conference-2007.info/downloads/en/071001_WaB121_CTCconcept.pdf> 421 Certified Trading Chains in Mineral Production, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (Berlin) October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2007. <http://www.transparency-extractive-sector-conference-2007.info/downloads/en/071001_WaB121_CTCconcept.pdf> 422 Transparency in the Extractive Sector Conference, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (Berlin) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2007. <http://www.transparency-extractive-sector-conference-2007.info/en/Default.htm> 423 Transparency in the Extractive Sector Conference, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (Berlin) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2007. <http://www.transparency-extractive-sector-conference-2007.info/en/Default.htm> 424 Transparency in the Extractive Sector Conference, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (Berlin) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2007. <http://www.transparency-extractive-sector-conference-2007.info/en/Default.htm> 425 Transparency in the Extractive Sector Conference, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (Berlin) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2007. <http://www.transparency-extractive-sector-conference-2007.info/en/Default.htm> 426 Transparency in the Extractive Sector Conference, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (Berlin) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2007. <http://www.transparency-extractive-sector-conference-2007.info/en/Default.htm> 427 Conference: Transparency in the Extractive Sector, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2007. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/december/pm_20071214_151.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 61 Stather then stressed the need to support transparency initiatives like the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI).428 However, no definite goals, timelines, or funding commitments were announced. Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of 0 for the progress it has made on its raw materials commitment. Analyst: Valentine Nichita Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with its raw materials commitments On 25 June 2007, Italy highlighted the benefits of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) and the Kimberly Process at a Security Council session convened to discuss the exploitation of natural resources in areas of conflict.429 As a member of the European Community, the 2007 Brussels Plenary session of the Kimberly Process recognized Italy “for its efforts as chair to strengthen the international implementation of the Kimberly Process.” 430 Three new members were added at the Brussels Plenary session in November of 2007, including Turkey, Liberia and the Republic of Congo.431 Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of concrete initiatives on the issue of transparency in extractive industries. Analyst: Shiva Logarajah Japan: 0 Japan has partially complied with its commitment on raw materials. On 23 August 2007, Japanese Minister of Economy, Trade, and Industry H.E. Akira Amari attended the 4th ASEAN+3 (China, Japan and Korea) Energy Meeting in Singapore, where member states agreed to “promote mutual understanding of the oil markets in a bid to encourage freer trade of oil.” Members also supported the JODI (Joint Oil Data Initiative), which advocates transparency in oil extraction and sales.432 Minister Amari, along with other Ministers from China and Korea, acknowledged mutual dependence of the three nations with regard to natural gas.433 The Ministers agreed that discussions on natural gas issues should be in an atmosphere of transparency and on a basis of mutual trust and respect, so as to ensure an open, efficient, and transparent investment climate.434 The Ministers also requested the ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) and the ASEAN Council on Petroleum (ASCOPE) for assistance from ASEAN+3 countries 428 Conference: Transparency in the Extractive Sector, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2007. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/december/pm_20071214_151.html> 429 Security Council Underscores Need For Peacekeeping Mandates To Consider Helping States Prevent Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources from Fuelling Conflict, United Nations (New York) 25 June 2007. Date of Access: 1 December 2007. <http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/sc9060.doc.htm> 430 2007 Kimberly Process Communique, The Kimberley Process (Brussels) 8 November 2007. Date of Access: 1 December 2007. <http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/678> 431 Kimberley Process Reviews Progress during 2007, The Kimberley Process (Brussels) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 1 December 2007. <http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/691> 432 th 4 ASEAN+3 (China, Japan, and Korea) Ministers on Energy Meeting Singapore, 23 August 2007, Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (Tokyo) 24 August 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.meti.go.jp/english/information/downloadfiles/PressRelease/070823JointMinisterialStatements.pdf> 433 th 4 ASEAN+3 (China, Japan, and Korea) Ministers on Energy Meeting Singapore, 23 August 2007, Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (Tokyo) 24 August 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.meti.go.jp/english/information/downloadfiles/PressRelease/070823JointMinisterialStatements.pdf> 434 th 4 ASEAN+3 (China, Japan, and Korea) Ministers on Energy Meeting Singapore, 23 August 2007, Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (Tokyo) 24 August 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.meti.go.jp/english/information/downloadfiles/PressRelease/070823JointMinisterialStatements.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 62 on the task of preparing a compendium of the natural gas (Coal Bed Methane) industry, which will provide vital information on doing business in the ASEAN+3 region’s natural gas industry.435 On August 23, 2007, Minister Amari also held a meeting in Singapore with the Hon. Harry Duynhoven, Associate Minister for Energy of New Zealand, on the occasion of the First East Asia Summit Energy Ministers Meeting.436 Both parties communicated the importance of bilateral cooperation on petroleum stocks, bearing in mind Article 3 of the Annex to the Agreement on an International Energy Program.437 The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has been assisting a four-year project in Poland ending in June 2008.438 The aim of the project is to establish an Energy Conservation Technology Center with the capacity to provide energy conservation training, energy audit services, public information services, and other services to industry.439 Four experts are currently on long-term assignments in Poland and Japan also plans to send experts on short-term assignments.440 Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of 0 for its international cooperation on extractive industries and its lack of activity in addressing trade barriers. Analysts: Molly Jung and Dasha Frolova Russia: +1 Russia has fully complied with its commitment on raw materials. On 11 September 2007, at the 145th OPEC Conference, Deputy Minister of Industry and Energy Andrey Reus stressed Russia’s commitment to follow principles of transparency in the framework of the global energy dialogue.441 Deputy Minister Reus. He said that Russia is willing to assist in increasing the flow of accurate and timely information about energy products between “key players” in the energy market, in the hope that this will stabilize markets for oil and gas. 442 He also noted that Russia took the issue of cooperation with foreign investors in the energy sector very seriously.443 On 4 October 2007, Minister of Industry and Energy Viktor Khristenko and Minister of Industry and Trade of Kazakhstan Galim Orazbakov signed a program of economic partnership for 2008-2011. They discussed issues of the transit of oil from Kazakhstan through Russian territory and of Russian oil through Kazakhstan, aimed at a reduction of transport risks.444 Russia pursues a policy of open partnership with developing countries on issues of mining, processing and trading of minerals. On 20 September 2007, meeting with Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iraq Khoshiyar 435 th 4 ASEAN+3 (China, Japan, and Korea) Ministers on Energy Meeting Singapore, 23 August 2007, Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (Tokyo) 24 August 2007. Date of access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.meti.go.jp/english/information/downloadfiles/PressRelease/070823JointMinisterialStatements.pdf> 436 Joint Statement between the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan and the Associate Minister for Energy of New Zealand on Cooperation in the field of Petroleum Stocks, Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (Tokyo) 23 August 2007. Date of aAcess: 9 January 2008. <http://www.meti.go.jp/press/20070823002/03_eng.pdf> 437 Joint Statement between the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan and the Associate Minister for Energy of New Zealand on Cooperation in the field of Petroleum Stocks, Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (Tokyo) 23 August 2007. Date of access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.meti.go.jp/press/20070823002/03_eng.pdf> 438 The Project on Poland-Japan Energy Conservation Technology Center, Japan International Cooperation Agency (Tokyo) Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.jica.go.jp/english/global/ener/poland.html> 439 The Project on Poland-Japan Energy Conservation Technology Center, Japan International Cooperation Agency (Tokyo). Date of access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.jica.go.jp/english/global/ener/poland.html> 440 The Project on Poland-Japan Energy Conservation Technology Center, Japan International Cooperation Agency (Tokyo). Date of access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.jica.go.jp/english/global/ener/poland.html> 441 Commitment to energy principles, Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 11 September 2007. Date of access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/activity/inter/news/178> 442 Commitment to energy principles, Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 11 September 2007. Date of access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/activity/inter/news/178> 443 Commitment to energy principles, Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 11 September 2007. Date of access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/activity/inter/news/178> 444 Open border, Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 4 October 2007. Date of access: 18 December 2007. <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/activity/inter/news/176> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 63 Zibari, Minister Khristenko pointed out important directions of cooperation, among which are oil and gas, infrastructure, and science and technology development. 445 According to Minister Khristenko, active partnership and new projects in the sphere of minerals processing are also planned between China and Russia.446 At the end of June 2007, the Ministers responsible for fuel and energy development in the framework of The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) met in Moscow. Representatives created the SCO Energy Club for further partnership and informational exchange development.447 The goal of this new framework is the efficient and timely dissemination of information about energy production, consumption and transit among governments, businesspeople and the financial markets, thereby increasing transparency of energy flows.448 At their joint meeting on 29 June 2007, Deputy Minister of Industry and Energy Anatoly Yanovsky and Deputy Minister of Oil of Iran developed a partnership of companies from Russia and Iran in the sphere of oil, gas and coal industry. Iran declared its interest in Russian equipment for Iran minefields. The Russian state company Gazprom declared that it is ready to collaborate with Iran gas industry to increase its efficiency.449 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of +1 for its widespread cooperation with developing nations in extractive sector and its commitment to transparency in the energy sector. Analyst Natalia Churkina UK: 0 The United Kingdom has partially complied with its commitment on raw materials. Although British officials have reaffirmed their support for transparency and lower trade barriers, the UK has not yet made explicit monetary commitments. The UK is a founding member of the Extractive Energy Transparency Initiative (EITI), and was a sponsoring country of the initiative. 450 The UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) continues its engagement in developing countries and has several ongoing financial commitments with other nations to emphasize the importance of energy transparency and commitment to EITI objectives. DFID stated: “Improving the management of natural resource exploitation for the benefit of all the DRC [Democratic Republic of Congo]’s people” is a priority. 451 The Department does not, however, give specific details of cooperation between the UK and the DRC on the issue of transparency in the extractive sector. DFID also has ongoing, long-term development projects in China, with a projected duration from 2006-2011, specifically addressing the need to “engage” China in EITI goals.452 On 8 December 2007, at the EU-Africa Summit in Lisbon, the UK reaffirmed its support for good governance in the extractive sector. The Africa-EU Action Plan 2008-2010, which was endorsed at the 445 Not from the very beginning, Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 20 September 2007. Date of access: 18 December <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/activity/inter/news/179> 446 East window of opportunities, Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 10 July 2007. Date of Access: 18 December <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/activity/inter/news/171> 447 The SCO Energy Club will appear, Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 29 June 2007. Date of Access: 18 December <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/activity/inter/news/168> 448 The SCO Energy Club will appear, Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 29 June 2007. Date of Access: 18 December <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/activity/inter/news/168> 449 21 Azar 1386 of the Solar Hijra Calendar, Ministry of Industry and Energy (Moscow) 29 June 2007. Date of Access: 17 December <http://www.minprom.gov.ru/press/release/showNewsIssue?url=activity/inter/news/190> 450 Supporting Countries, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (Oslo) 23 September 2007. Date of Access 19 January <http://eitransparency.org//supporters/countries> 451 “Country Profiles: Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo.” DFID, March 2007 (London), Date of Access 19 January 2008. http://www.dfid.gov.uk/countries/africa/congo.asp 452 “China: Country Assistance Plan”, DFID, March 2006, (London) Date of Access 19 January 2008. http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/china-cap-short.pdf G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 2007. 2007. 2007. 2007. 2007. 2008. 64 Summit, signaled an intention to “promote transparency in the management of natural resources and conduct a dialogue on relevant international initiatives such as the EITI.”453 Concerns over the efficiency of the current system may stall British progress on implementing the EITI and similar initiatives. In a November 2007 review of British Strategic Exports Controls, representatives of the Departments of Foreign Affairs, Defence, Trade, Industry and Development recommended that the government postpone plans to expand its anti-corruption and transparency-based export controls until auditors had assessed whether or not they were indeed capable of preventing illegal dealings.454 The auditors suggested that it was too difficult to determine whether or not a deal was corrupt ex-ante and that sufficient evidence for the imposition of the export control was only apparent after the completion of the transaction.455 Thus, the United Kingdom has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of concrete action on the issue of transparency in the extractive industries. Analysts: Sarah Koerner and Roland Xing United States: 0 The United States has partially complied with its commitment on raw materials. Since the Heiligendamm Summit the US has participated in both multilateral organizations and bilateral relationships to improve transparency in its extractive sector. Assistant Secretary for Economic, Energy, and Business Affairs Daniel S. Sullivan Assistant Secretary Sullivan praised the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in his speech on 26 September 2007 in Washington, D.C., noting that the “EITI is an important part of fighting kleptocracy.”456 He explained that the EITI is in line with President Bush’s national strategy to internationalize efforts against kleptocracy and “enablers” of kleptocracy.457 On 16 August 2007, in Baku, Azerbaijan, Assistant Secretary Sullivan delivered a speech in which he highlighted the importance of maintaining a good relationship with Azerbaijan in the energy sector. Assistant Secretary Sullivan and his Azeri counterpart Minister Sharifov launched The Economic Partnership Commission (EPC) in February 2007, which intends to deepen economic and commercial engagement between the two countries, and to facilitate oil exports to a wider market.458 The EPC attempts to ensure Azerbaijan’s continued and sustainable development, wise use of its energy resources and revenues, and successful transition toward a market economy. 459 The EPC encourages Azerbaijan to diversify its economy and use oil revenue for sustainable ends. It also addresses development in both the oil and non-energy sector.460 453 First Action Plan (2008-2010) For the Implementation of the Africa-EU strategic partnership, European Union (Brussels) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 December 2007. <http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010_en.pdf#zoom=100> 454 Response of the Secretaries of State for Defence, Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, International Development and Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, Foreign and Commonwealth Office (London) 23 November 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/KFile/FCO%20Command%20(2).pdf> 455 Response of the Secretaries of State for Defence, Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, International Development and Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, Foreign and Commonwealth Office (London) 23 November 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/KFile/FCO%20Command%20(2).pdf> 456 Developing an Anti-Corruption Program for SME’s: Role of USG Agencies, International Financial Institutions, and NGO’s, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 26 September 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/rm/2007/93237.htm> 457 Developing an Anti-Corruption Program for SME’s: Role of USG Agencies, International Financial Institutions, and NGO’s, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 26 September 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/rm/2007/93237.htm> 458 Economic Engagement: Building the U.S.-Azerbaijan Relationship, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 16 August 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/rm/2007/91369.htm> 459 Economic Engagement: Building the U.S.-Azerbaijan Relationship, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 16 August 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/rm/2007/91369.htm> 460 Economic Engagement: Building the U.S.-Azerbaijan Relationship, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 16 August 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/rm/2007/91369.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 65 Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of 0 for its promotion of the EITI and related initiatives in developing countries. Analyst: Molly Jung European Union: +1 The European Union has fully complied with its commitment on raw materials. Not only have EU representatives made numerous statements regarding transparency and good governance, but there has also been progress in “reducing barriers to investment and trade.”461 As chair of the Kimberley Process in 2007, the European Commission was recognized “for its efforts as chair to strengthen the international implementation of the Kimberly Process.”462 Turkey, Liberia and the Republic of Congo were added as new members at the Brussels Plenary session in November of 2007.463 In addition, as chair, the EU brought greater transparency to the Kimberley Process through the publication of diamond production and trade statistics.464 In October 2007, the EU sponsored a technical conference to enhance the traceability of diamonds in West Africa. As a result of this conference, “progress to develop ‘footprints’ [size-frequency distribution diagrams] for West African diamond production” has been made.465 On 8 December 2007 at the EU-Africa Summit in Lisbon, the EU reaffirmed its support for good governance in the extractive sector. The Africa-EU Action Plan 2008-2010, which was endorsed at the Summit, signaled an intention to “promote transparency in the management of natural resources and conduct a dialogue on relevant international initiatives such as the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (EITI).”466 On 23 November 2007, the European Union and the Southern African Development Community signed an interim Economic Partnership Agreement which allows for “100% liberalization by value by the EU as of 1 January 2008,” including raw materials.467 On 16 December 2007, the EU and the Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM) launched an initial Economic Partnership Agreement that will eliminate 90.7% of tariff lines between the two entities over the next 25 years, including tariffs on raw materials.468 Thus, the EU has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive action to encourage openness and transparency in the extractive industries. Analyst: Shiva Logarajah 461 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 7 June 2007. Date of Access: 1 December 2007. <http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-economy.html> 462 2007 Kimberly Process Communiqué, The Kimberley Process (Brussels) 8 November 2007. Date of Access: 1 December 2007. <http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/678> 463 Kimberley Process Reviews Progress during 2007, The Kimberley Process (Brussels) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 1 December 2007. <http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/691> 464 Kimberley Process Reviews Progress during 2007, The Kimberley Process (Brussels) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 1 December 2007. <http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/691> 465 Kimberley Process Reviews Progress during 2007, The Kimberley Process (Brussels) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 1 December 2007. <http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/691> 466 First Action Plan (2008-2010) For the Implementation of the Africa-EU strategic partnership, European Union (Brussels) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 December 2007. <http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010_en.pdf#zoom=100> 467 Update: Interim Economic Partnership Agreements, Office of External Trade (Brussels) 19 December 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2007/november/tradoc_136959.pdf> 468 Update: Interim Economic Partnership Agreements, Office of External Trade (Brussels) 19 December 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2007/november/tradoc_136959.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 66 7. Corruption [115] Commitment “We are committed to full implementation of their obligations under existing international agreements created to combat corruption, particularly those of the United Nations and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).” Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy469 Background Cognizant of the problems that corruption presents to economic growth and global stability, at Evian the G8 committed to strengthening the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, concluding the UN Convention Against Corruption and supporting the accelerated ratification of the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. Most G8 states, however, had yet to ratify the UN Convention Against Corruption. As of the St. Petersburg Summit, Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan and the European Union had all failed to do so. In October of 2007, Canada ratified the UN Convention Against Corruption. 470 Shortly after the St. Petersburg Summit, Italy became the second to last member to ratify the UN Convention on Transnational Organized Crime; Japan has signed but not ratified the treaty. The G8 also pledged to encourage partner countries and companies, both in the private and public sectors, to disclose pertinent information to various International Financial Institutions (IFI), such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). At the 2004 Sea Island Summit, the G8 reiterated its commitment to fighting corruption and improving transparency and accountability in coordination with other relevant actors, and formed compacts with the governments of Georgia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, and Peru. More recently, the G8 pledged to continue its earlier efforts to promote transparency in public financial management and accountability, including by following through on our 2004 Sea Island commitment to launch four compacts, and our 2005 Gleneagles commitment to increase support for the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) and countries implementing it.471 Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime935 Signed Ratified 14 Dec 2000 13 May 2002 12 Dec 2000 29 Oct 2002 12 Dec 2000 14 June 2006 12 Dec 2000 02 Aug 2006 12 Dec 2000 12 Dec 2000 26 May 2004 14 Dec2000 09 Feb 2006 13 Dec 2000 03 Nov 2005 12 Dec 2000 21 May 2004 UN Convention Against Corruption936 Signed Ratified 21 May 2004 02 Oct 2007 09 Dec 2003 11 Jul 2005 09 Dec 2003 09 Dec 2003 09 Dec 2003 09 Dec 2003 09 May 2006 09 Dec 2003 09 Feb 2006 09 Dec 2003 30 Oct 2006 15 Sept 2005 Team Leader: Aaron Ghobarah 469 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 7 June 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-economy.html> 470 UN Convention Against Corruption, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna) 31 October 2003. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/signatories.html> 471 Transnational Crime and Corruption, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 15 May 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/evaluations/2006compliance_final/14-2006_g8compliance_crime.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 67 Assessment Interim Compliance Score Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Lack of Compliance -1 Work in Progress 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 0 0 0 -1 0 +1 +1 0 +0.22 Canada: +1 Canada has achieved full compliance. The Canadian government ratified the United Nations Convention Against Corruption and deposited the instrument of ratification on 2 October 2007.472 The Government of Canada amended the Federal Accountability Act – which serves as Canada’s primary means of combating corruption - to reflect the necessary changes dictated by the United Nations Convention against Corruption. On 9 July 2007, the Government of Canada reinforced and improved the role of the Ethics Commissioner.473 The Canada Elections Act was also altered to include new provisions. “The Government of Canada closed loopholes in the election laws by applying new restrictions on the use of trust funds and the receipt of gifts by candidates for federal political office.”474 Moreover, the Honorable Vic Toews, President of the Treasury Board, declared a new stage in the fight against corruption. On 9 July 2007, a new Conflict of Interest Act came into force. “The Conflict of Interest Act prohibits ministers from voting on matters related to their personal gain and ensures Parliamentarians focus on the public interest.”475 All major Canadian inter-provincial actors participated in developing new statutes and improving existing laws. While on a state visit to Haiti, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper underlined his support for fighting corruption worldwide. “I told him [the Haitian leader] that Canada remains committed to supporting his efforts in this regard, as well as those he is leading to establish good governance and to fight corruption”476. On the international stage, Canada has participated in all three of the working groups associated with the United Nations Convention Against Corruption for 2007.477 Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of +1 for its efforts to implement the UN Convention against Corruption domestically and for its promotion of transparency abroad. Analyst: Igor Puzhevich 472 Canada ratifies the United Nations Convention against corruption, Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 2 October 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://w01.international.gc.ca/minpub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&publication_id=385475&docnumber=133&bPrint=False&Year=2007&ID=14 9&Language=E> 473 Strengthening the role of the Ethics Commissioner. Federal Accountability Act (Ottawa) Date of Access: January 6 2008. <http://www.faa-lfi.gc.ca/fsfi/16/03fs-fi_e.asp> 474 Banning secret donations to political candidates, Federal Accountability Act (Ottawa) Date of Access: January 6 2008. <http://www.faa-lfi.gc.ca/fsfi/16/02fs-fi_e.asp> 475 New Conflict of Interest Act Comes Into Force, Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat (Ottawa) 9 July 2007. Date of Access: 21 December 2007. <http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/media/nr-cp/2007/0709_e.asp> 476 Statement by the PM on his visit to Haiti, Office of the Prime Minister (Ottawa) 20 July 2007. Date of Access: 23 December 2007 <http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1766> 477 Working Groups established by the conference of the State Parties, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna) Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/working-groups.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 68 France: 0 France has partially complied with its commitment on corruption as agreed at the Heiligendamm Summit. According to the 2007 Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index (CPI), France is ranked at position 19 with a score of 7.3.478 In addition, France has also been named one of the countries in which the fewest bribes are paid, with less than 1% of French nationals reporting that they have paid a bribe.479 France has participated in several anti-corruption conferences. French delegates attended the second session of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption in Vienna between 29 and 31 August 2007,480 as well as on 2 October 2007.481 In his speech to the 62nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly on 25 September 2007, French President Sarkozy issued “a solemn appeal to the United Nations to do more to tackle the corruption which is undermining countries that are suffering and are too poor.”482 French delegates also attended the GOVNET Seminar on Anti-Corruption in Fragile States on 17 October 2007, where the challenge of tackling corruption in fragile states was identified. Participants also took stock of donors’ interventions on the issue of corruption.483 In addition, at the Tenth Anniversary of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention held in Rome, France was praised for its support of the convention.484 French officials have stated that they would attempt to cut old corrupt ties and promote humanitarian aid and clean governments in Africa.485 On 19 June 2007, French prosecutors launched an investigation into alleged embezzlement by two African leaders: Gabonese President Omar Bongo Ondimba and Congolese leader Denis Sassou Nguesso.486 In an interview with the newspaper La Soleil during his visit to Senegal, President Sarkozy reiterated France’s development assistance to Senegal, including aid for the fight against corruption.487 At a reception held on 13 July 2007, French Minister of Justice Rachida Dati announced that “integrated cooperation [in the Mediterranean region], based on a common judicial area is the best answer that we can bring together to corruption, organized crime and terrorism.”488 At the domestic level, French Minister of Justice Rachida Dati introduced a new bill against corruption on 19 September 2007489. The bill, which places French laws in line with international obligations, introduces two new additions to the penal code and was adopted on 10 October 2007.490 478 CPI 2007 Table. Transparency International (Berlin) 26 September 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2007/cpi2007/cpi_2007_table> One in 10 ‘forced to pay bribes’, BBC News International Edition (London) 6 December 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7130529.stm> 480 Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, United Nations Office on Crime and Drugs (Vienna) 31 August 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/convention_corruption/cosp/WGs/WG1/LOP.pdf> 481 Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, United Nations Office on Crime and Drugs (Vienna) 2 October 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/convention_corruption/cosp/WGs/WG3/LOP.pdf> 482 Address by French President M. Nicolas Sarkozy at the 62nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly, French Embassy in the United Kingdom (London) 25 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.ambafrance-uk.org/President-Sarkozy-s-speech-toUN.html?var_recherche=anti-corruption> 483 Seminar on Anti-corruption in Fragile States: 17 October 2007. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (Paris) 17 October 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.oecd.org/document/4/0,3343,en_2649_34565_39721604_1_1_1_1,00.html> 484 Tenth Anniversary of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention: its Impact and its Achievement. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (Paris) 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.oecd.org/document/37/0,3343,en_21571361_39316778_39656933_1_1_1_1,00.html> 485 Sarkozy’s Africa Policy Shift, BBC News International Edition (London) 26 September 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7014776.stm> 486 France starts African cash probe, BBC News International Edition (London) 19 June 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6768197.stm> 487 Interview given by French President M. Nicolas Sarkozy to the Senegalese Newspaper “La Soleil”, French Embassy in the United Kingdom (London) 26 July 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.ambafrance-uk.org/President-Sarkozy-talks-to,9280.html?var_recherche=anticorruption> 488 Une reception sous le signe de l’Europe et de la Méditerranée, Ministry of Justice (Paris) 13 July 2007. Date of Access: 16 December 2007. <http://www.justice.gouv.fr/index.php?rubrique=10030&article=12866> 489 Rachida Dati a présenté le texte en Conseil des ministres, Ministry of Justice (Paris) 19 September 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.justice.gouv.fr/index.php?rubrique=10030&article=13141> 490 Adoption du texte à l’Assemblée Nationale, Ministry of Justice (Paris) 10 October 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.justice.gouv.fr/index.php?rubrique=10016&ssrubrique=10259&article=13365> 479 G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 69 Thus, France has been awarded a score of 0 for its active diplomacy on the issue of corruption and its limited domestic compliance with UN Conventions. Analyst: Tatyana Zeljkovic Germany: 0 Germany has partially complied with its commitment on corruption at the 2007 Heiligendamm Summit. Germany's compliance is demonstrated by its participation in multiple working groups and seminars in the latter half of 2007. However, Germany must ratify the UN Convention Against Corruption in order to achieve full compliance. Germany participated in several working groups on corruption, including the OECD's 6th Regional Technical Seminar on Asset Recovery and Mutual Legal Assistance held in Bali, Indonesia on 5-7 September 2007. Germany participated in this conference under the auspices of its UNCAC project. The prime focus of this project is "contributing to mainstreaming the UN Convention Against Corruption in development cooperation." The project's activities are country-specific and aim to "not only complement efforts of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) ..., but also link with regional initiatives such as the ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative Asia and Pacific, cooperate with the OECD Govnet, partner with the U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, the Basel Institute on Governance, and support the activities of Transparency International. 491 In its background paper "Making Technical Assistance Work: The German UNCAC Project", the German Association for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) reiterated its commitment to promote "the key provisions of the UN Convention Against Corruption" and to "support the capacity of developing countries and countries in transition to prevent and combat corruption as well as to assist them in meeting their needs for the implementation of the Convention".492 "The Steering Group meeting is to be followed by an international seminar on asset recovery organized for the Initiative by the Indonesian Anti-Corruption Commission in cooperation with UNODC, the Basel Institute on Governance and sponsored by Germany, the Asia Foundation, the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and the United States Department of State. The German UNCAC project stands ready to sponsor similar events for African and Latin American countries in 2008, thereby responding to the increasing need for supporting capacities in partner countries for asset recovery and mutual legal assistance."493 From 29 to 31 August 2007, Germany participated as a signatory party in the Open-ended Intergovernmental Expert Working Group on Review of the Implementation of the United Nations Convention Against Corruption held by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).494 It also participated in its Intergovernmental Expert Working Groups on Asset Recovery and on Technical Assistance held on August 27- 28 and October 1-2 respectively.495 496 Germany hosted the G8 Conference on the Rule of Law held in Berlin on 30 November 2007 under the aegis of the German Federal Foreign Office and in cooperation with the German Foundation for International Legal Cooperation (IRZ). The summit witnessed discussion on issues of "sustainable 491 Implementing the UN Convention against Corruption- Making Technical Assistance work: The German UNCAC Project, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Teschnische Zussamenarbeit (GTZ) (Berlin) August 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.baselgovernance.org/fileadmin/docs/pdfs/Bali/Dedo_Geinitz.pdf> 492 Making Technical Assistance work: The German UNCAC Project, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zussamenarbeit (GTZ) (Berlin) 10 August 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.u4.no/pdf/?file=/themes/uncac/documents/GER-UNCAC-Project_GTZ.pdf> 493 Implementing the UN Convention against Corruption- Making Technical Assistance work: The German UNCAC Project, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Teschnische Zussamenarbeit (GTZ) (Berlin) August 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.baselgovernance.org/fileadmin/docs/pdfs/Bali/Dedo_Geinitz.pdf> 494 Working Group on the Review of Implementation, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna). Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/working-group1.html> 495 Working Group on Asset Recovery, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna). Date of Access: 6 January 2008. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/working-group2.html> 496 Working Group on Technical Assistance, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna). Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/working-group3.html G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 70 economic and civil society development as well as legislation and administration.” 497 The GTZ, in conjunction with the Bertelsmann Foundation engaged in a "hitherto unique" study on Corporate Social Responsibility presented in Berlin on 22 October 2007. The study is entitled “The CSR Navigator – Public Policies in Africa, the Americas, Asia and Europe.” It was an attempt to enhance public-private cooperation in order to battle corporate corruption and help companies meet their social obligations.498 Germany fared relatively well in Transparency International's 2007 Progress Report on Enforcement of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials, although areas of inadequacy persist.499 Germany demonstrated the political will to prosecute major multinationals and to initiate a substantially higher number of investigations in 2007. However, despite satisfactory levels of coordination and supervision, Germany has failed to institutionalize a centralized national office or unit for foreign bribery enforcement. Its allocation of financial and human resources for foreign bribery enforcement and its statutory and legal measures to affirm corporate criminal liability have also been deemed unsatisfactory.500 Germany's progress in compliance is attenuated by the fact that as of December 2007, it has not yet ratified the UNCAC.501 For this reason, and for its active promotion of transparency abroad, Germany has been awarded a score of 0. Analyst: Elliot DeSouza Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with its commitment on corruption as agreed at the Heiligendamm Summit. Despite attending a number of anti-corruption conferences and bilateral meetings, Italy has yet to ratify the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC).502 On 30 June 2007, Italy became the 45th member of the Group of States against Corruption (GRECO), confirming its commitment to the fight against corruption.503 As a new member, Italy attended the 34th and 35th Plenary Meetings on 19 October 2007504 and 7 December 2007505 respectively. In addition, Italian delegates attended the second session of the Conference of the States Parties to the UNCAC in Vienna on 31 August 2007506 and 2 October 2007 respectively.507 On 4 October 2007, Italian Minister of the Interior Giuliano Amato attended the 7th Regional Ministerial Conference on Illegal Migration, Organized Crime, Corruption and Terrorism in Brdo, Slovenia.508 Italian delegates also attended the GOVNET Seminar on Anti-Corruption in Fragile States on 17 October 2007 where the challenge of tackling corruption in fragile states was discussed.509 On 21 November 2007, the Italian Government and the OECD Working Group on 497 G8 Conference on the Rule of Law, Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zussamenarbeit (GTZ) (Berlin) 30 November 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.gtz.de/en/aktuell/21779.html> 498 Study: The CSR Navigator – Public Policies in Africa, the Americas, Asia and Europe, Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zussamenarbeit (GTZ) (Berlin) 22 October 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.gtz.de/en/presse/21396.html> 499 Arme Familien - auch in reichen Ländern – leiden am meisten unter Bestechung, Transparency International (Berlin) 6 December 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.transparency.de/fileadmin/pdfs/Korruptionsindices/PM_uebersetzt_Poor_families_TI.pdf> 500 Progress Report 07: Enforcement of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials, Transparency International (Berlin) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. <http://www.transparency.org/content/download/21619/314761/file/3rd_OECD_progress_report_07.pdf> 501 Fact Sheet on Stolen Asset Recovery, The World Bank (Washington D.C.). Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21475797~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html> 502 United Nations Convention against Corruption: Signatories. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna). Date of Access: 24 December 2007. <http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/signatories.html> 503 Italy becomes 45th member of the Group of States against Corruption (GRECO), Group of States against Corruption (Strasbourg) 2 July 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2007. <http://www.coe.int/t/dg1/greco/news/News(20070702)PressReleaseItalia45thmember_en.asp> 504 Calendar of GRECO meetings, Group of States against Corruption (Strasbourg) December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. http://www.coe.int/t/dg1/greco/meetings/calendar2007_en.asp> 505 Doppio Impegno Internazionale per l’Alto Commissario Anticorruzione, High Commissioner for the Fight and Prevention of Corruption (Rome) 3 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.anticorruzione.it/site/ArtId__614/355/DesktopDefault.aspx> 506 Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, United Nations Office on Crime and Drugs (Vienna) 31 August 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/convention_corruption/cosp/WGs/WG1/LOP.pdf> 507 Conference of the State Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, (Vienna) 2 October 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/convention_corruption/cosp/WGs/WG3/LOP.pdf> 508 Brdo: VII conferenza sull’immigrazioine, la criminalità, la corruzione e il terrorismo, High Commissioner for the Fight and Prevention of Corruption (Rome) 4 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.anticorruzione.it/site/ArtId__575/302/DesktopDefault.aspx> 509 Seminar on Anti-corruption in Fragile States: 17 October 2007. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (Paris) 17 October 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.oecd.org/document/4/0,3343,en_2649_34565_39721604_1_1_1_1,00.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 71 Bribery hosted the Tenth Anniversary of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention in Rome. The Working Group raised awareness of progress on implementation of and continued commitment to the convention.510 Furthermore, Italy attended the Paris Plenary of the Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transaction, created by the OECD, from 4 to 7 December 2007.511 On 13 June 2007, the High Commissioner met with a delegation from Macedonia in order to assist in aligning their anti-corruption policies with that of the European Union.512 Italian Foreign Minister Massimo D’Alema also met with Montenegrin Foreign Minister Milan Rocen on 25 July 2007513. The two ministers signed a Cooperation Agreement aimed at intensifying bilateral relations in preventing organized crime, illegal trafficking and money laundering.514 On 9 November 2007 anti-corruption High Commissioner Achille Serra received a German delegation to exchange information on measures for combating corruption.515 A few days later, High Commissioner Serra met with Serbian Minister of Justice Dusan Petrovic to also discuss anti-corruption policies on 12 November 2007.516 At the domestic level, High Commissioner for the Combat against and Prevention of Corruption Achille Serra has implemented a number of anti-corruption policies which includes the creation of a toll-free hotline urging citizens to denounce any abuses within the public administration, as well as launching a number of initiatives promoting transparency within the government.517 Despite both international and domestic initiatives, the 2007 Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index (CPI) ranks Italy at position 45, an improvement from the 2006 CPI but still behind other G8 members.518 Thus, despite extensive progress in the fight against corruption both at home and abroad, Italy has been awarded a score of 0 for its failure to ratify the UN Convention Against Corruption. Analyst: Tatyana Zeljkovi Japan: -1 Japan has not taken significant action to comply with its commitment on corruption. To achieve at least partial compliance, Japan must ratify the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC).519 Japan has made some progress towards compliance with the G8 commitment against corruption through participating in the ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for the Asia-Pacific Region.520 Japan has also participated in all three working groups associated with the United Nations Convention Against Corruption for 2007.521 Nevertheless, Japan has been awarded a score of -1 for not yet ratifying the UNCAC. Analyst: Jack (Jie) Dong and Arina Shadrikova 510 Tenth Anniversary Celebration of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, OECD: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (Paris) 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2007. <http://www.oecd.org/site/0,3407,en_21571361_39316778_1_1_1_1_1,00.html> 511 Doppio Impegno Internazionale per l’Alto Commissario Anticorruzione, High Commissioner for the Fight and Prevention of Corruption (Rome) 3 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.anticorruzione.it/site/ArtId__614/355/DesktopDefault.aspx> 512 Lotta alla Corruzione: Gemmellaggio Italia-Macedonia, High Commissioner for the Fight and Prevention of Corruption (Rome) 13 June 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. >http://www.anticorruzione.it/site/ArtId__487/355/DesktopDefault.aspx> 513 Minister D'Alema meets with the foreign Minister of Montenegro, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Rome) 24 July 2007. Date of Access: 24 December 2007. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Stampa/Sala_Stampa/News/2007/07/20070724DalemaRocen> 514 Minister D’Alema meets with Foreign Minister of the Republic of Montenegro, Milan Rocen, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Rome) 25 July 2007. Date of Access: 24 December 2007. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Ministero/Ministro/Comunicati/2007/07/20070725DalemaRocen> 515 Lotta alla Corruzione: Incontro di Studio Italia-Germania, High Commissioner for the Fight and Prevention of Corruption (Rome) 9 November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.anticorruzione.it/site/ArtId__601/355/DesktopDefault.aspx> 516 L’Alto Commissario Incontro il Ministro della Giustizia Serbo, High Commissioner for the Fight and Prevention of Corruption (Rome) 12 November 2007. Date of access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.anticorruzione.it/site/ArtId__602/355/DesktopDefault.aspx> 517 Lotta alla Corruzione: I Primi 4 Mesi dell’Alto Commissario Achille Serra, High Commissioner for the Fight and Prevention of Corruption (Rome) 28 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.anticorruzione.it/site/ArtId__627/355/DesktopDefault.aspx> 518 CPI 2007 Table. Transparency International (Berlin) 26 September 2007. Date of access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2007/cpi2007/cpi_2007_table> 519 United Nations Convention Against Corruption, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna) Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/signatories.html> 520 The ADB/OECD Anti- Corruption Initiative for Asian Pacific strategy and program 2007/2008, OECD (Paris) Date of Access: 4 January 2008. <http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/19/26/37876529.pdf> 521 Working Groups established by the conference of the State Parties, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna) Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/working-groups.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 72 Russia: 0 The Russian Federation has partially complied with its commitment on corruption. Russia has made substantial progress in the fight against corruption. In June 2007, the Federal Bailiff Service opened a hotline as a part of a program to help combat corruption and bribery in the Service.522 In July 2007, the Government administrative reform commission headed by Deputy Prime Minister Sergey Naryshkin approved the full Model Program to Fight Corruption in the executive branch of the state at the regional and federal levels – which will be tested in 18 regions of the Russian Federation 523. In September 2007, Prime Minister Viktor Zubkov declared the fight against corruption to be one of the government’s priorities. He proposed to pass anti-corruption laws and to create a commission dedicated to the fight against corruption.524 On 6 November 2007, the Federal Service for Financial Monitoring initiated a special effort to control abuses of Russia’s banks, broker companies, realtors and insurers by foreign nationals. Its recommendations have been submitted to the State Duma for approval. This amendment is needed for Russia’s participation in the FATF and will help to deal with corrupt practices of foreign nationals doing business in the Russian Federation.525 On 7 November 2007, Russia participated in the OECD High Level conference on the fight against corruption. The conference discussed Russia’s bid to join the Convention. Russia plans to concentrate its efforts on joining the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials.526 In the second part of 2007, several high-ranking officials were arrested for corruptions and replaced. Those arrested included the head of personnel at the central office of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade: Andrey Mylov and his deputy Gennady Yartsev.527 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of 0 for its progress in combating corruption. Analyst: Julia Ovchinnikova United Kingdom: +1 The United Kingdom has achieved full compliance with the 2007 Corruption commitment. Since the G8 Summit in Heiligendamm in June the United Kingdom has demonstrated compliance through the funding of new activities and through the announcement of new initiatives. On 20 June 2007, the British Secretary of State for International Development announced an international initiative, in cooperation with multinational construction firms and NGOs, to combat corruption in the construction sector. 528 The United Kingdom is one of the first countries to pilot the program domestically. 529 On 21 September 2007 the British Secretary of State for International Development reiterated the British Government’s commitment to fighting corruption abroad and supporting the activities of Transparency International.530 The Department for International Development has pledged GBP3 million 522 Hotline against bribery, Rossisskaya Gazeta (Moscow) 20 June 2007. Date of access: 4 December 2007. <http://www.rg.ru/2007/06/20/bezopasnost.html> 523 The Wages of Virtue, Kommersant (Moscow) 30 June 2007. Date of Access: 7 December 2007. <http://www.kommersant.com/p790929/corruption/> 524 Russia’s new prime minister Zubkov aims to root out corruption, Russia Now (Moscow) 13 September 2007. Date of Access: 7 December 2007/ <http://russia-now.info/russia/russia_news/russia_s_new_prime _minister_zubkov_aims_to_root_ out_corruption _ 13.html> 525 Rosfinmonitoring to Deal with Corruption of Aliens, Kommersant (Moscow) 6 November 2007. Date of Access: 7 December 2007. <http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?id=822339> 526 OECD High Level conference on the fight against corruption, OECD (Paris) 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 10. December 2007. <http://www.oecd.org/document/33/0,3343,en_2649_201185_39592161_1_1_1_1,00.html> 527 Economics Ministry Officials Face Corruption Charges, Kommersant (Moscow) 3 July 2007. Date of access: 9 December 2007. <http://www.kommersant.com/p779542/corruption_bribery_/> 528 Get what you pay for – UK leads the way building transparency in construction, DFID (London) 20 June 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/construction-transparency.asp> 529 Get what you pay for – UK leads the way building transparency in construction, DFID (London) 20 June 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/construction-transparency.asp> 530 DFID’s response to Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index, DFID (London) 21 September 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/ti-cpi.asp> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 73 over a three and a half year period to support efforts to combat corruption in Uganda.531 The DFID will also implement complimentary anti-corruption projects in Uganda in partnership with the Royal Netherlands Embassy, such as public service and tax reform.532 The United Kingdom will likely participate in the second session of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption to be held 28 January 2008 to 1 February 2008 in Bali, Indonesia.533 Thus, the United Kingdom has been awarded a score of +1 for its active participation in the fight against corruption. Analyst: Aaron Ghobarah United States: +1 The United States has fully complied with its commitment on corruption. In its annual report, Transparency International noted that the United States had initiated the highest number of investigations and prosecutions for corruption of all nations surveyed.534 On the home front, the US continues to fight corruption in both the private and public sectors. There were a number of major scandals and investigation touching the most powerful US figures. In Alaska, “FBI and Internal Revenue Service agents searched the Alaska home of longtime Sen. Ted Stevens amid a corruption probe that already has snared two oil-company executives and a state lobbyist.”535 In New Orleans, “a wave of recent federal convictions shows New Orleans’ most chronic image – that killers and crooked politicians are under assault”.536 Another important investigation took place in New York. On 8 November 2007, the Washington Post reported that “Federal prosecutors are planning to unveil an indictment against former New York City police commissioner Bernard B. Kerik…spotlighting alleged corruption…”537 Prosecution is combined with different awareness programs. During the month of December 2007, the U.S. Office of Government Ethics set up a series of workshops at its location in Washington D.C. The main theme of these workshops was “Correctly identifying and resolving real and potential conflict of interest issues reported on confidential financial disclosure reports”.538 There were also a number of federal laws proposed that intended to help battle corruption at home. These laws include a proposition by the Governmental Affairs Committee to advance the so-called Inspector General (IG) legislation, which will allow the IG to “gain more independence from the federal agencies.”539 Furthermore, the American government has also used its financial and political strength to organize information forums. At home and abroad, Washington participates in or hosts events that are essential to the complete execution of OECD and UN conventions on anti-corruption. One example comes from the US embassy in Belgrade. The conference entitled "Challenges and Successes in Combating Corruption in 531 DFID Uganda: Anti-Corruption Fact Sheet, DFID (London) January 2008. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/Anticorruption-factsheet.pdf> 532 DFID Uganda: Anti-Corruption Fact Sheet, DFID (London) January 2008. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/Anticorruption-factsheet.pdf> 533 Second session of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna) January 2008. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/CAC-COSP-session2.html> 534 TI Progress Report 2007: Enforcement of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials, Transparency International (Berlin) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.transparency.org/publications/publications/3rd_oecd_progress_report> 535 Ted Barrett, C. Cratty and J. Johns, FBI Searches U.S. senator’s home amid corruption probe, CNN (Atlanta) 31 July 2007. Date of Access: 26 December 2007. <http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/07/30/lawmaker.raid/index.html> 536 Alan Sayre, New Orleans Cracks Down on Corruption, The Associated Press. 29 December 2007. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/29/AR2007122900526.html?sub=new 537 John Solomon, Kerik Indictment on Tax and Corruption Charges Imminent, Washington Post (Washington D.C.) 8 November 2007. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/07/AR2007110702463.html> 538 “December Training Courses Offered in Washington, DC”, U.S. Office of Government Ethics (Washington D.C.) November 15, 2007. Date of Access: 27 December 2007 <http://www.usoge.gov/pages/daeograms/dgr_files/2007/dt07045.txt> 539 Andy Leonatti. “Governmental Affairs Committee moves IG legislation”, Governmentexecutive.com 15 November 2007. Date of Access: 22 December 2007 <http://www.govexec.com/story_page.cfm?articleid=38590&dcn=e_gvet> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 74 Serbia” took place at the Novi Sad Fair Congress Centre from 31 October 2007 to 2 November 2007540. The US embassy organized this event for prosecutors and police, which undoubtedly contributed to the fight against corruption. The Assistant Attorney General of the U.S., Ms. Alice S. Fisher, attended OECD Anti-Bribery Convention meetings in Rome, which took place at the end of November 2007. Washington’s efforts were not limited by the work it has done in Europe. On 29 October 2007, Elizabeth G. Verville, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, participated in the APEC Anticorruption Conference, which took place in Lima, Peru. In Peru, E.G. Verville noted that “We should also seek to develop here in Lima specific ideas that we might take to Indonesia to promote effective implementation of UNCAC, including in the three working groups created by the Conference: asset recovery, review of implementation and technical assistance.”541 This signals the US’s desire to provide leadership when it comes to fulfillment of UNCAC and OECD conventions. The American government also pays particular attention to Asia and Africa. On 19 December 2007, the Bloomberg news agency noted that “U.S. prosecutors are expanding their enforcement of laws against bribing foreign officials, targeting both U.S. and overseas [Nigeria and Kazakhstan] companies.”542 Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of +1 for its efforts in combating corruption both at home and abroad. Analyst: Igor Puzhevich European Union: 0 The European Union has partially complied with its commitment on corruption as agreed at the 2007 Heiligendamm Summit. Although the EU has participated in several anti-corruption workshops and has made significant strides in dealing with corruption associated with narcotics trafficking in the Balkans and promoting anti-corruption measures in accession countries, the European Union has yet to ratify the UN Convention Against Corruption. From 29 to 31 August 2007, the European Community (EC) participated as a signatory party in the Openended Intergovernmental Expert Working Group on Review of the Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption held by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).543 It also participated in the Intergovernmental Expert Working Groups on Asset Recovery and on Technical Assistance held on 27- 28 August 2007544 and again on 1-2 October 2007. The latter meeting was conducted under the auspices of the Council of the Europe.545 The EU has made considerable progress in dealing with the import of narcotics and pursuant issues of money-laundering, corruption and illegal arms transfers in the notorious Balkan corridor. "The advancement of the Balkan countries towards NATO and EU membership is believed to have discouraged criminal organizations. Institutions are strengthening, new measures for regional co-operation are being adopted and there are technological advancements in border control." Macedonia, for instance, has begun "integrated border management," which entails the transfer of control, monitoring and securing of borders 540 “U.S. Department of Justice Organizes Anti-Corruption Conference”, Embassy of the United States of America in Belgrade (Belgrade) 29 October 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008 <http://belgrade.usembassy.gov/embassy/press/2007/a071030.html> 541 Elizabeth G. Verville, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. “The Fight Against High-Level Corruption: Ending Impunity”. U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 29 October 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008 <http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rm/94406.htm> 542 Robert Schmidt. “U.S. Expands Bribery Probes, Targeting Nigeria and Kazakhstan”. Bloomberg.com (New York) 19 December 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aEBP7qiwyPv4> 543 Working Group on the Review of Implementation, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna) 2008.Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/working-group1.html> 544 Working Group on Asset Recovery, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna) 2008. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/working-group2.html> 545 Working Group on Technical Assistance, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna) 2008. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/working-group3.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 75 from the army to the police; it has introduced GPS technology for more intense monitoring.546 Recent reports suggest that Serbia's Public Prosecution Office is due to form an anti-corruption department in early 2008. Prosecutors in these departments will "attend various forms of training and anti-corruption seminars, and if necessary, will be able to consult Council of Europe and OSCE experts on certain matters". The reason for this positive decision has been attributed to the strict anti-corruption benchmarks imputed by the EU for accession candidates.547 The EU's Structural and Cohesion Funds (SCF) and Common Agricultural Program (CAP) are programs susceptible to abuse. Open Europe's recent report on the EU's Regional Programmes affirms the vulnerability to fraud of the SCF due to its complexity, specious targeting and bureaucratic implementation. As well, recent reports from the European Court of Auditors (ECA) assert that only 31 percent of SCF projects were found to be free from error. The ECA have also warned that "of the
49.8 billion paid out last year under CAP,
15 billion were not subject to any proper checks". In addition, the Court found that "one quarter of the payments tested at final beneficiary level revealed overpayments."548 These discrepancies, among others, have led the ECA to refuse, for the thirteenth year in succession, to clear the EU budget, citing errors of "legality and regularity... in the majority of EU expenditure due to weaknesses in internal control systems both at the Commission and in Member States" and suspicions of fraud.549 Thus, the European Union has been awarded a score of 0. Although it has made significant progress in combating corruption, its successes are offset by the need to ratify the UN Convention Against Corruption. Analyst: Elliot DeSouza 546 Regional co-operation makes drug trafficking tougher via Balkan route, Southeast European Times (Skopje) 7 January 2008. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.balkantimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/articles/2008/01/07/reportage-01> 547 Prosecution to create anti-corruption body, B92 (Belgrade) 9 January 2008. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.b92.net/eng/news/comments.php?nav_id=46800> 548 New report says £7.2 billion EU regional programmes are "massive failure", Open Europe, 21 December 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2007. <www.openeurope.org.uk/research/regional.pdf> 549 Accounting for the EU, The Wall Street Journal, 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119559490526099671.html?mod=opinion_main_europe_asia> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 76 8. Heiligendamm Process [134] Commitment “We will initiate a new form of a topic-driven Dialogue in a structured manner based on this new partnership.”550 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy Background The G8 has, for several years, sought to reach out to various developing nations in order to broaden the base of its discussions on topics such as trade, climate change, the world economy and health. In 2002, the G8 leaders met with the Presidents of Algeria, Nigeria, Senegal and South Africa to discuss the NEPAD Initiative.551 The next year, these leaders were joined by the heads of government of Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Malaysia, Mexico, and Saudi Arabia.552 The G8 nations had thus begun a trend that saw the leaders of various nations attend the annual summits for ad hoc discussions on pressing international or regional issues. Although each summit has featured a variety of non-G8 leaders whose nations played key roles in topics of focus, the leaders of five emerging economies – India, China, Brazil, South Africa and Mexico – have been invited to all of the past three summits. Although these nations are not formally acceding to the G8, they have now assumed a semi-permanent role in discussions of a recurring nature within the G8, including those on the world economy, trade and HIV/AIDS.553 At the Heiligendamm Summit, the G8 nations decided to formalize their relationship with “major emerging economies” on the topic of freedom of international investment flows.554 Team Leader: Erin Haines Assessment Interim Compliance Score Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Lack of Compliance -1 Work in Progress 0 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 +1 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0.22 Canada: 0 Canada has partially complied with its Heiligendamm Process commitment. Canada has participated in topic-driven discussions with Mexico, China and India but has not engaged Brazil or South Africa. In 550 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy, G8 Information Centre (Toronto), 7 June 2007. Date of Access: 17 January <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-economy.html> 551 G8 Africa Action Plan, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 27 June 2002. Date of Access: 19 January <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2002kananaskis/africaplan.html> 552 Sommet D’Evian Delegations and Dates, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2003. Date of Access: 19 January <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2003evian/delegations.html> 553 Final Press Briefing with President Putin, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 17 July 2006. Date of Access: 19 January <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2006stpetersburg/putin060717.html> 554 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 7 June 2007. Date of Access: 17 January <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-economy.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 2008. 2008. 2008. 2008. 2008. 77 addition, Canada has not actively encouraged other G8 member states to participate in topic-driven discussions. On 16 June 2007, Canada and India concluded the negotiation of a Foreign Investment Protection and Promotion Agreement. This agreement is intended to help Canadian and Indian investors take advantage of new investment opportunities in each other’s markets.555 Soon after, on 25 June 2007, Minister of Finance Jim Flaherty announced that Chinese Minister of Finance Jin Renqing and a high-level Chinese delegation would be coming to Canada in the fall to participate in a Canada-China Capital Markets Forum. Minister Flaherty noted that the Government’s Advantage Canada economic plan highlights the emergence of markets such as China as offering significant opportunities for Canada. 556 On 21 August 2007, Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Maxime Bernier and Mexican Secretary of External Affairs Patricia Espinosa announced a Canada-Mexico Joint Action Plan and a declaration by Canada and Mexico with respect to labour mobility; security; environment and forestry; trade and investment; science and technology; and cooperation within the Americas and beyond.557 On 19 October 2007, Canada attended an outreach dinner at the U.S. Treasury Department to initiate highlevel discussions on the impact of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs). Participants at the dinner shared a common interest in maintaining an open investment environment and promoting financial stability.558 On 11 January 2008, Canada and Hong Kong signed a Memorandum of Understanding on Investment Promotion and Cooperation. Frederick Ma, Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, encouraged Canadian companies to utilize the opportunities arising from the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) between Mainland China and Hong Kong. On 12 January 2008, Minister Bernier concluded a three-day visit to India during which he explored ways of deepening relations between Canada and India.559 During his meeting with Indian Commerce and Industry Minister Kamal Nath, Minister Bernier highlighted areas where commercial relations between Canada and India could be expanded, notably through two-way investment and collaboration on science and technology. Thus, Canada has a score of 0 for its engagement of China, Mexico and India on investment-related issues. Analyst: Marko Adamovic France: +1 France has fully complied with its commitment to the Heiligendamm Process. The French President has aggressively pursued negotiations with Outreach 5 nations on the issue of investment flows and has actively sought to encourage other G8 nations to follow suit. On 25 January 2008, French President Nicholas Sarkozy and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh held a joint press conference in New Dehli. During the event, President Sarkozy remarked that he indicated to 555 Canada and India strengthen commercial ties, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 16 June 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.international.gc.ca/commerce/india2/menu-en.asp> 556 Canada’s New Government Takes Steps to Strengthen Bilateral relationship with China, Department of Finance Canada (Ottawa) 25 June 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.fin.gc.ca/news07/07-052e.html> 557 Minister Bernier and Mexican Foreign Minister Espinosa Announce Two Initiatives to Strengthen Canada-Mexico Cooperation, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 21 August 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://w01.international.gc.ca/MinPub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&publication_id=385383&Language=E&docnumber=115> 558 Address by US Treasury Deputy Secretary Kimmit at the US-GCC Investment Forum, Embassy of the United States (Manama, Bahrain) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 December 2007. <http://bahrain.usembassy.gov/remarks--interviews/deputy-secretary-kimmitt-keynote-u.s.-gcc-investmentforum-december-4/> 559 Minister Bernier Concludes Successful Meetings in India, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 12 January 2008. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://w01.international.gc.ca/MinPub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&publication_id=385765&Language=E&docnumber=11> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 78 the “Indian Prime Minister how much he would like [to see] the transformation of the G8 into the G13 with a place for India.”560 He further commented that it was “not normal” that the world’s largest emerging economies, including India, China, Brazil, South Africa and Mexico, would not be invited to participate in all three days of talks with the other 8 members of the G8.561 Both President Sarkozy and Prime Minister Singh announced their desire to encourage a doubling of bilateral investment flows between their two countries by 2012.562 On 27 November 2007, President Sarkozy held a joint press conference in Beijing with the Chinese President, Hu Jintao. During the conference, President Sarkozy noted that China was a major power in all aspects of international affairs and said that “this was the reason for which he [President Sarkozy] had proposed making the G8 into the G13.”563 Earlier, at the Gala Dinner of the Franco-Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Beijing on 25 November 2007, President Sarkozy stated that he had pressed President Jintao on the impoartance of correcting global financial imbalances and of opening the Chinese economy to international financial flows.564 On 22 November 2007, President Sarkozy affirmed his support for the inclusion of the Outreach 5 nations in the full range of discussions undertaken by the G8 nations, including those on investment flows. While speaking to the Franco-Japanese Club in Tokyo, President Sarkozy recognized Japan’s reservations about the inclusion of other nations in the G8, but noted that it was “absurd” to exclude nations as large and important as China, Brazil, India, Mexico and South Africa from the meetings on all three days of the G8 Summits.565 On 12 October 2007, President Sarkozy met with South African Vice-President Phumzile Mlabo-NgcukA to discuss the growing economic ties between France and South Africa. President Sarkozy and VicePresident Mlabo-NgcukA also examined in detail the Intiative to Support Growth (ASGISA), which seeks to attract foreign investment to South Africa in order to develop the country’s infrastructure.566 President Sarkozy has planned to visit South Africa567 and Brazil in February 2008 in order to conduct high-level talks with the leaders of both nations. French Secretary of State, Hervé Novelli, responsible for Businesses and Foreign Trade, visited several countries in the final months of 2007 in order to encourage stronger economic relations.568 Novelli attended the International Forum on Investments in Moscow from 20 to 23 September 2007.569 On 19 October 2007, a French representative attended an outreach dinner at the U.S. Treasury Department to initiate high-level 560 Conférence de presse conjointe du Président de la République avec le Premier Ministre indien, Présidence de la République (Paris) 25 January 2008. Date of Access: 14 February 2008. <http://www.elysee.fr/documents/index.php?lang=fr&mode=view&cat_id=3&press_id=946> 561 Conférence de presse conjointe du Président de la République avec le Premier Ministre indien, Présidence de la République (Paris) 25 January 2008. Date of Access: 14 February 2008. <http://www.elysee.fr/documents/index.php?lang=fr&mode=view&cat_id=3&press_id=946> 562 Conférence de presse conjointe du Président de la République avec le Premier Ministre indien, Présidence de la République (Paris) 25 January 2008. Date of Access: 14 February 2008. <http://www.elysee.fr/documents/index.php?lang=fr&mode=view&cat_id=3&press_id=946> 563 Déclaration de Monsieur Nicholas Sarkozy, Président de la République française, lors de la conférence de presse conjointe avec Monsieur Hu Jintao, Président de la République Populaire de la Chine, Présidence de la République (Paris) 27 November 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.elysee.fr/documents/index.php?lang=fr&mode=view&cat_id=3&press_id=712 > Allocution de M. Nicholas Sarkozy Président de la République à l’occasion du dîner gala de la Chanbre du Commerce et de l’Industrie francochinoise et remise du prix <<PME>> de la CCIFC, Présidence de la République (Paris) 25 November 2007. Date of Access: 14 February 2008. <www.elysee.fr/download/?mode=press&amp;filename=Discours_du_PR_CCIFC_25_novembre_2007.pdf> 565 Allocution du Président de la République Réunion du Club franco-japonais, Présidence de la République (Paris) 22 November 2007. Date of Access: 14 February 2008. <www.elysee.fr/download/?mode=press&amp;filename=Reunion_club_franco_japonais.pdf> 566 Rencontre du Président de la République avec Mme. Phumzile Mlabo-NgcukA, Vice-Présidente de la République de l’Afrique du Sud, Présidence de la République (Paris) 12 October 2007. Date of Access: 14 February 2008. <http://www.elysee.fr/documents/index.php?lang=fr&mode=view&cat_id=5&press_id=527> 567 Conférence de presse de Monsieur Nicholas Sarkozy, Présidence de la République (Paris) 8 December 2007. Date of Access: 14 February 2008. <www.elysee.fr/download/?mode=press&amp;filename=CP_Lisbonne.pdf> 568 Hervé Novelli conduira 15 missions d’entreprises à l’étranger avant la fin de l’année 2007, Ministère de l’Économie, des Finances et de l’emploi (Paris) 30 August 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.exporter.gouv.fr/exporter/Pages.aspx?iddoc=1141&pex=1-2-5-1088-1246-1141> 569 Hervé Novelli conduira 15 missions d’entreprises à l’étranger avant la fin de l’année 2007, Ministère de l’Économie, des Finances et de l’emploi (Paris) 30 August 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.exporter.gouv.fr/exporter/Pages.aspx?iddoc=1141&pex=1-2-5-1088-1246-1141> 564 G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 79 discussions on the impact of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs). Participants at the dinner shared a common interest in maintaining an open investment environment and promoting financial stability.570 On 28 and 29 January 2008, Secretary Novelli also visited Mexico for discussions with various Mexican officials on the issue of economic cooperation.571 Secretary Novelli’s visit was the first of a series of meetings of a contact group composed of French and Mexican officials. The contact group is an initiative that was announced at the meeting between President Sarkozy and Mexican President Luis Calderón immediately prior to the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007.572 Thus, France has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive measures to engage Outreach 5 countries in discussions on investment flows. Analysts: Yinuo Geng and Michael Erdman Germany: +1 Germany has fully complied with its Heiligendamm Process commitment. Germany has held formal discussions with several emerging economies and has promoted the process with other G8 member states. On 27 July 2007, German Development Minister Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul reaffirmed Germany’s commitment to the Heiligendamm Process while also rejecting demands to end German cooperation with China.573 One month later, on 26 August 2007, German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited Beijing on a weeklong trip to China and Japan.574 Throughout the trip, Chancellor Merkel reiterated the importance of regular and structured cooperation with the five largest emerging economies. In Kyoto, Chancellor Merkel called for China, India, Brazil, Mexico and South Africa to be involved in the Heiligendamm Process and stated her confidence that it would remain high on the agenda once the G8 Presidency was taken over by Japan.575 On 19 October 2007, Germany attended an outreach dinner held at the U.S. Treasury Department to initiate high-level discussions on the impact of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs). Finance ministers from the G7 countries, the heads of the IMF, the OECD, and the World Bank, and finance ministers and heads of SWFs from China, Kuwait, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, and the United Arab Emirates were in attendance. Participants shared a common interest in maintaining an open investment environment and promoting financial stability.576 Later in the month, in a speech made on 31 October 2007 while visiting India, Chancellor Merkel stressed the commitment to the Heiligendamm Process and the importance of closer relations between Germany and India.577 570 Paulson sets tough goals for IMF on sovereign wealth funds, currency, spending, Forbes (Washington) 20 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 December 2007. <http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2007/10/20/afx4242119.html> 571 Visite au Mexique de M. Novelli, Secrétaire d’État français chargé des entreprises et du commerce exterieur, Ambassade de la France en Mexique (Mexico, D.F.) 31 January 2008. Date of Access: 14 February 2008. < http://www.francia.org.mx/article.php3?id_article=1058> 572 Visite au Mexique de M. Novelli, Secrétaire d’État français chargé des entreprises et du commerce exterieur, Ambassade de la France en Mexique (Mexico, D.F.) 31 January 2008. Date of Access: 14 February 2008. < http://www.francia.org.mx/article.php3?id_article=1058> 573 Strategic Cooperation with China In Germany’s Interest, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) 27 July 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/july/pm_20070727_90.html> 574 Chancellor Visits Far East: China and Japan, Die Bundesregrierung (Berlin) 26 August 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.bundesregierung.de/nn_6516/Content/EN/Artikel/2007/08/2007-08-26-bundeskanzlerin-angela-merkel-in-china-und-japan__en.html> 575 It Makes Economic Sense to Take Ecological Action, Die Bundesregrierung (Berlin) 31 August 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.bundesregierung.de/nn_6516/Content/EN/Artikel/2007/08/2007-08-31-f_C3_BCnfter-tag-bundeskanzlerin-in-japan__en.html> 576 Address by US Treasury Deputy Secretary Kimmit at the US-GCC Investment Forum, Embassy of the United States (Manama-Bahrain) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 December 2007. <http://bahrain.usembassy.gov/remarks--interviews/deputy-secretary-kimmitt-keynote-u.s.-gcc-investmentforum-december-4/> 577 Speech by Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel at the Gala Dinner Hosted by the Indo-German Chamber of Commerce, Die Bundesregrierung (Berlin) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.bundesregierung.de/nn_6516/Content/EN/Reden/2007/10/2007-10-31-rede-merkeldeutsch-indische-handelskammer-mumbai.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 80 In November 2007, bilateral Brazilian-German development cooperation was adjusted to reflect a changing international environment. In addition, both countries acknowledged their responsibility to carry out the commitments made within the framework of the Heiligendamm Process.578 Thus, Germany has a score of +1 for its comprehensive support of the Heiligendamm Process. Analyst: Erin Haines Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with its Heiligendamm Process commitment. Italy has participated in bilateral discussions with Mexico and has engaged in other discussions relating to investment flows. These discussions, however, have not taken place within the context outlined by commitment. On 16 October 2007, Deputy Premier and Minister for Foreign Affairs Massimo D’Alema met with the Mexican Foreign Minister Patricia Espinosa Cantellano at the foreign ministry in Rome. The meeting took place on the sidelines of the 3rd National Conference on Italy-Latin America and Caribbean.579 With respect to economic relations, Minister D’Alema stressed current positive trends in trade as well as the margins for improvement that still exist in matters of direct investment and industrial collaboration. On 19 October 2007, Italy attended an outreach dinner at the U.S. Treasury Department to initiate highlevel discussion of the impact of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs).580 Finance ministers of the G7, the heads of the IMF, the OECD, and the World Bank, and finance ministers and heads of SWFs were in attendance. Participants shared a common interest in maintaining an open investment environment and promoting financial stability.581 From 17-18 November 2007, Italy participated in the meeting of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in Kleinmond, South Africa, at which participants reaffirmed the need to maintain their openness to investment flows. 582 Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of concrete initiatives within the context of the Heiligendamm Process. Analyst: Marko Adamovic Japan: 0 Japan has partially complied with its commitment on the Heiligendamm Process. Japan has made progress by signing several economic partnership agreements for increased liberalization of investment with developing nations. Former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe also held several high-level talks with other leaders within Asia on the issue of investment flows, but only engaged with two of the five relevant emerging economies. From 21-23 August 2007, former Prime Minster Abe held talks with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The two Prime Ministers signed the “Joint Statement on the Roadmap for New Dimensions to the 578 Partnership with Brazil for Global Protection of the Climate and the Environment, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) 23 November 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/november/pm_20071123_135.html> 579 Minister D’Alema Meets with Mexican Foreign Minister Amb. Patricia Espinosa Cantellano, Ministero d’Affari Esteri (Rome) 16 October 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Ministero/Ministro/Comunicati/2007/10/20071017_Dalema_Cantellano.htm> 580 Paulson sets tough goals for IMF on sovereign wealth funds, currency, spending, Forbes (Washington D.C.) 20 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 December 2007. <http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2007/10/20/afx4242119.html> 581 Address by US Treasury Deputy Secretary Kimmit at the US-GCC Investment Forum, Embassy of the United States (Manama, Bahrain) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 December 2007. <http://bahrain.usembassy.gov/remarks--interviews/deputy-secretary-kimmitt-keynote-u.s.-gcc-investmentforum-december-4/> 582 Meeting of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, Kleinmond, South Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 18 November 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g20/g20-071118.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 81 Strategic and Global Partnership between Japan and India”.583 Later that month, Prime Minister Abe met with German Chancellor Angela Merkel. Both leaders reaffirmed their commitment to the Heiligendamm Process.584 On 19 October 2007, Japan attended a US-hosted outreach dinner at the Treasury Department, participants of which shared a common interest in maintaining an open investment climate and promoting financial stability. Other attendees included the G7 finance ministers, the heads of the IMF, the OECD, and the World Bank, and finance ministers and heads of SWFs from China, Kuwait, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, and the United Arab Emirates.585 On 1 December 2007, the First Japan-China High-Level Economic Dialogue was held in Beijing, and it resulted in an agreement on a “Medium to Long Term Vision for Japan-China Economic and Trade Cooperation”.586 The report analyzed the expansion of trade and investment between Japan and China. It also announced the conclusion of a trilateral investment agreement between China, Japan and South Korea.587 Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of 0 for the progress it has made on its commitment to the Heiligendamm Process. Analysts: Yinuo Geng and Arina Shadrikova Russia: 0 Russia has partially complied with its commitment to the Heiligendamm Process. Russia has acknowledged the increasingly significant role of the five emerging economies in international investment flows. However, Russia has not held formal topic-driven dialogues with these countries based on the criteria set out in the commitment. On 28 August 2007, an official representative of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Michail Camynin, commented on the enlargement of G8. Mr. Camynin asserted that Russia supports the Heiligendamm Process on topic-driven dialogue with the five emerging economies and stated that, “Evidently, global problems cannot be solved successfully without full participation of developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. The work of [the] G8 will be transformed to take into consideration [the] escalating influence of globalization factors. It is an essential and vital tendency, and Russia supports it.”588 On 9 September 2007, within the framework of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Forum, the foreign ministers of Russia and Mexico held a meeting. The ministers confirmed their intention for further cooperation in international organizations in all areas of concern, including investment.589 On 24 September 2007, the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Brazil 583 Japan-India Relations. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) December 2007. Date of Access: 31 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/india/index.html> 584 It Makes Economic Sense to Take Ecological Action, Die Bundesregrierung (Berlin) 31 August 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.bundesregierung.de/nn_6516/Content/EN/Artikel/2007/08/2007-08-31-f_C3_BCnfter-tag-bundeskanzlerin-in-japan__en.html> 585 Address by US Treasury Deputy Secretary Kimmit at the US-GCC Investment Forum, Embassy of the United States (Manama, Bahrain) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 December 2007. <http://bahrain.usembassy.gov/remarks--interviews/deputy-secretary-kimmitt-keynote-u.s.-gcc-investmentforum-december-4/> 586 Announcement of the “Medium to Long Term Vision for Japan-China Economic and Trade Cooperation”, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Tokyo) 3 December 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.meti.go.jp/english/newtopics/Backissueindex.html> 587 Announcement of the “Medium to Long Term Vision for Japan-China Economic and Trade Cooperation”, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Tokyo) 3 December 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.meti.go.jp/english/newtopics/Backissueindex.html> 588 Response of an official representative of Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Russian Federation Calmykin M.L. on the question of Russian mass media concerning the idea of Sarkozy to enlarge the G8, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Russian Federation (Moscow) 28 August 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.ln.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/sps/54042360EAD3A43BC3257345005E117E> 589 On meeting of Minister for Foreign Affairs of Russian Federation S. Lavrov and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Mexico P. Espinosa (Sydney), Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Russian Federation (Moscow) 9 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.ln.mid.ru/Brp_4.nsf/arh/10EDBE75460EE30DC3257351001BB8B4?OpenDocument> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 82 discussed key aspects of the international agenda, including investment, within the context of the 62nd session of the UN General Assembly.590 On 19 October 2007, Russia attended an outreach dinner at the Treasury Department, hosted by the US to initiate high-level discussions on the impact of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs). Participants shared a common interest in maintaining an open investment environment and promoting financial stability.591 On 26 November 2007, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Sergey Lavrov, declared during the interview with Itogi magazine that progress has been made in the partnership between Russia and such countries as China, India, Brazil, Mexico and South Africa. He also said that there is a high degree of shared understanding on the way actual problems of the present international community could be solved.592 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of any concrete measures taken in accordance with the Heiligendamm Process. Analyst: Yuriy Zaitsev United Kingdom: 0 The United Kingdom has partially complied with its Heiligendamm Process commitment. The UK has reaffirmed a commitment to cooperation with the G8 member states and the emerging five economies, but engagement has been limited. On 23 July 2007, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown emphasized the UK’s commitment to economic reform, liberalization and cooperation with the United States, India and Brazil.593 On 19 October 2007, the Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling attended an outreach dinner hosted by the U.S. Treasury Department. Other attendees included the G7 finance ministers, heads of the IMF, the OECD and representatives from China, Russia, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea and the United Arab Emirates. A feature topic of discussion was a common interest in maintaining an open investment climate and financial security. 594 On 8 January 2008, Prime Minister Brown stated that the extension and broadening of G8 relations with the emerging economies was “something that we favour.”595 In addition, on 18 January 2008, the Prime Minster announced a new, expanded partnership with China. The new partnership will seek to increase bilateral investment flows.596 Thus, the UK has been awarded a score of 0 for the progress it has made on the Heiligendamm Process. Analyst: Erin Haines 590 On the meeting of Minister for Foreign Affairs of Russian Federation Sergey Lavrov with Minister for Foreign Affairs of Federal Republic of Brasil S. Amorim. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Russian Federation (Moscow) 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.ln.mid.ru/Brp_4.nsf/arh/FEBFC5275E768E9CC32573600056B411?OpenDocument> 591 Address by US Treasury Deputy Secretary Kimmit at the US-GCC Investment Forum, Embassy of the United States (Manama, Bahrain) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 December 2007. <http://bahrain.usembassy.gov/remarks--interviews/deputy-secretary-kimmitt-keynote-u.s.-gcc-investmentforum-december-4/> 592 Interview of Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russian Federation Sergey Lavrov to “Itogi” magazine. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Russian Federation (Moscow), 26 November 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.ln.mid.ru/Brp_4.nsf/arh/31EC0BE66CC08F97C325739F0028CA78?OpenDocument> 593 Downing Street Press Conference, 10 Downing Street (London) 23 July 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page12590.asp.> 594 Address by US Treasury Deputy Secretary Kimmit at the US-GCC Investment Forum, Embassy of the United States (Manama, Bahrain) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 December 2007. <http://bahrain.usembassy.gov/remarks--interviews/deputy-secretary-kimmitt-keynote-u.s.-gcc-investmentforum-december-4/> 595 January Press Conference, 10 Downing Street (London) 8 January 2008. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page14198.asp> 596 Prime Minister Hails New Partnership with China, 10 Downing Street (London) 18 January 2008. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page14303.asp> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 83 United States: 0 The United States has partially complied with its Heiligendamm Process commitment. The United States has actively engaged China, Brazil and India, but not Mexico or South Africa, in discussions related to liberalizing investment flows since the completion of the Heiligendamm Summit. In addition, the US has undertaken diplomatic efforts to gather representatives from the other G8 member states for topic-driven discussions with China, but not with the other large developing economies. On 11 October 2007, US Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez and Brazilian Minister of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade Miguel Jorge released a Joint Statement commending the US-Brazil Commercial Dialogue. The joint release came after Brazil hosted a delegation of US institutional investors through a joint public-private partnership.597 On 19 October 2007, US Treasury Secretary Paulson hosted an outreach dinner at the Treasury Department to initiate high-level discussion on the impact of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs).598 Finance ministers of the G7, the heads of the IMF, the OECD, and the World Bank, and finance ministers and heads of SWFs from China, Kuwait, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, and the United Arab Emirates were in attendance. Participants shared a common interest in maintaining an open investment environment and promoting financial stability.599 On 12-13 December 2007, at the 3rd US-China Strategic Economic Dialogue in Beijing, the US and China agreed to prioritize work on a high-level exchange of investment policies, practices and climates, and to intensify ongoing discussions regarding the prospect of negotiating a Bilateral Investment Treaty.600 On 10 January 2008, US Treasury Secretary Paulson announced in Washington, D.C. that the US and India are to explore the possibility of forging a bilateral investment agreement in high-level talks in February 2008. US officials have encouraged India to adopt sweeping reforms, including lifting ownership caps, to draw foreign investments and fuel rapid growth.601 Thus, the US has been awarded a score of 0 for its failure to engage Mexico and South Africa in the Heiligendamm Process. Analyst: Ross Cuthbert European Union: 0 The European Union has partially complied with its Heiligendamm Process commitment. The EU has actively engaged China, Brazil and India since the completion of the Heiligendamm Summit in discussion related to liberalizing investment flows. However, the European Union has not engaged in diplomacy to gather representatives from the other G8 member states for topic-driven discussion with the large developing economies. 597 The US-Brazil Commercial Dialogue Joint Statement, US Department of Commerce (Washington D.C.) 11 October 2007. Date of Access: 28 November 2007. http://www.commerce.gov/NewsRoom/PressReleases_FactSheets/PROD01_004231 598 Paulson sets tough goals for IMF on sovereign wealth funds, currency, spending, Forbes (Washington D.C.) 20 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 December 2007. <http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2007/10/20/afx4242119.html> 599 Address by US Treasury Deputy Secretary Kimmit at the US-GCC Investment Forum, Embassy of the United States (Manama, Bahrain) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 December 2007. <http://bahrain.usembassy.gov/remarks--interviews/deputy-secretary-kimmitt-keynote-u.s.-gcc-investmentforum-december-4/> 600 The Third US-China Strategic Economic Dialogue, December 12-13, 2007, Beijing, Joint Fact Sheet, US Department of the Treasury (Washington D.C.) 13 December 2007. Date of Access: 27 December 2007. <http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/hp732.htm> 601 US, India eye bilateral investment treaty, AFP (Washington D.C.) 10 January 2008. Date of Access: 13 January 2007. <http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ib_FA2RQq8-CHrk6KZi3E0Osvn2g> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 84 On 28 June 2007, the EU and India began negotiations on a broad-based bilateral trade and investment agreement in Brussels. Both trading partners expect to promote bilateral trade in goods and services, and investment across all sectors of the economy.602 On 4 July 2007, President of the European Council Jose Socrates, Secretary General of the Council of the European Union Javier Solana, President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso, and President of the Federative Republic of Brazil Luiz Ignacio da Silva, released a Joint Statement at the EU-Brazil Summit in Lisbon. All parties agreed to cooperate towards further liberalization of trade and facilitation of investment flows through the establishment of a dialogue on macro-economic and financial issues. They also agreed to encourage cooperation between the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the Brazilian National Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES).603 On 28 November 2007, President of the European Council Jose Socrates, President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso and Premier of the State Council of China Wen Jiabao, issued a Joint Statement at the 10th China-EU Summit in Beijing. The statement included a commitment to start negotiations towards updating the 1985 EEC-China Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement. Both parties agreed to establish, by the end of March 2008, a High Level Economic and Trade Dialogue between the European Commission and the State Council of China at the level of Vice-Premier that will discuss strategies in EU-China trade, investment and economic cooperation.604 Thus, the EU has been awarded a score of 0 for its engagement of Brazil, India and China within the context of the Heiligendamm Process. Analyst: Ross Cuthbert 602 India-EU Joint Statement, Government of India Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Department of Commerce (New Delhi) 28 June 2007. Date of Access: 29 November 2007. <http://commerce.nic.in/trade/India_EU_Joint_Stat.asp#> 603 Joint Statement at the EU-Brazil Summit, Presidency of the European Union (Lisbon) 4 July 2007. Date of Access: 27 November 2007. <http://www.eu2007.pt/UE/vEN/Noticias_Documentos/20070704BRSUM.htm> 604 Joint Statement of the 10th China-EU Summit, Presidency of the European Union (Lisbon) 3 December 2007. Date of Access: 19 December 2007. <http://www.eu2007.pt/UE/vEN/Noticias_Documentos/20071202CHINA.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 85 9. Africa: Debt Relief [143] Commitment “These include the historic multilateral debt relief of up to US$60 billion, the implementation of which is now well underway.”605 Growth and Responsibility in Africa Background At the July 2005 G8 Summit in Gleneagles, Scotland, G8 leaders pledged to cancel the debt of the world’s most indebted countries, most of which are located in Africa.606 The G8 Proposal for Debt Relief, which was renamed the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI), provides for 100% relief on eligible debt from three multilateral institutions: the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank (International Development Association), and the African Development Fund.607 MDRI supplements the 1996 Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC Initiative) by granting 100% relief for those countries completing the HIPC Initiative process. MDRI is seen as a supplementary initiative that would assist lowincome countries to meet the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.608 At the G8 Summit in St. Petersburg in July 2006, G8 leaders affirmed their support for long-term debt sustainability through the IMF and World Bank debt sustainability framework for low-income countries.609 This framework, officially titled the Debt Sustainability Framework in Low-Income Countries, was implemented by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund in the spring of 2005.610 Debt sustainability is the ability to manage debts so that they do not become unserviceable. Many lowincome countries have struggled to maintain their external debt at sustainable levels while trying to meet development objectives. The goal of the Debt Sustainability Framework in Low-Income Countries is to provide guidance on new lending to low-income countries whose main source of financing is official loans. The framework has been developed with the intention to better monitor and prevent the accumulation of unsustainable debt.611 Team Leader: Michael Erdman 605 Growth and Responsibility in Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-africa.html> 606 Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 01 January 2008. < http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/africa.html> 607 G8 Finance Ministers’ Conclusions on Development, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 11 June 2005. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm050611_dev.htm> 608 G8 Finance Ministers’ Conclusions on Development, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 11 June 2005. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm050611_dev.htm> 609 Update on Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 16 July 2006. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. < http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2006stpetersburg/africa.html> 610 The Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Framework for Low Income Countries, International Monetary Fund (Washington D.C.) May 2007. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. <http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/jdsf.htm> 611 The Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Framework for Low Income Countries, International Monetary Fund (Washington D.C.) May 2007. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. <http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/jdsf.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 86 Assessment Interim Compliance Score Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Lack of Compliance -1 Work in Progress 0 0 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 0 -1 0 +1 +1 0 +0.22 Canada: 0 Canada has partially complied with its commitment on debt relief as reaffirmed at the June 2007 G8 Summit in Heiligendamm. In his address to the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), Finance Minister Jim Flaherty welcomed the recently approved “Joint Management Action Plan” to improve coordination and communication between the staff of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. 612 He encouraged all borrowers and lenders to participate fully in the HIPC debt relief process and to respect the Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework.613 Minister Flaherty also noted that taking advantage of the “fiscal space” created by the HIPC Initiative and the MDRI “requires a commitment to restrain excessive external borrowing to avoid another run-up of unsustainable debt.”614 Canada is actively involved in meetings regarding early debt repayment by Gabon615 and Jordan.616 It has not, however, provided completion point debt cancellation for countries included in the HIPC Initiative in the latter half of 2007. The last documented example of Canadian debt cancellation for a low-income country under the HIPC Initiative or the MDRI was Canada’s cancellation of Cameroon’s debt in July 2006.617 No further cases of debt cancellation have been publicized by the Canadian government, although no debt contracts have been eligible for bilateral forgiveness under either the HIPC Initiative or the MDRI since that time. On 19 October 2007, the Finance Ministers and Central Bankers of the G7 nations met in Washington D.C. The Ministers expressed their concern over litigation against HIPCs and to commend the steps taken by the Paris Club to address this issue.618 They also urged creditors not to sell on their claims against highly- 612 Statement Prepared for the International Monetary and Financial Committee of the Board of Governors of the International Monetary Fund, Department of Finance (Ottawa) 20 October 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.fin.gc.ca/activty/G7/imf201007e.html> 613 Statement Prepared for the International Monetary and Financial Committee of the Board of Governors of the International Monetary Fund, Department of Finance (Ottawa) 20 October 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.fin.gc.ca/activty/G7/imf201007e.html> 614 Statement Prepared for the International Monetary and Financial Committee of the Board of Governors of the International Monetary Fund, Department of Finance (Ottawa) 20 October 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.fin.gc.ca/activty/G7/imf201007e.html> 615 Gabon: Paris Club agrees on the principle of an early repayment of its debt offered by Gabon, Paris Club (Paris) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.clubdeparis.org/sections/services/communiques/gabon8480/viewLanguage/en> 616 Jordan: Paris Club agrees on the principle of an early repayment of its debt by Jordan, Paris Club (Paris) 18 October 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.clubdeparis.org/sections/services/communiques/jordanie_1/viewLanguage/en> 617 Canada’s New Government Cancels All Debt Owed by Cameroon, Department of Finance (Ottawa) 18 July 2006. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.fin.gc.ca/news06/06-034e.html> 618 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 87 indebted nations.619 At the meeting, Canada joined other G7 nations in calling on “all IMF members to respond to the current situation in Liberia and follow us in financing full debt relief at the IMF.”620 Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of 0. Analyst: Nicole Formosa France: 0 France has partially complied with its commitment on debt relief as reaffirmed at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. Although it has offered debt relief to two African states, its representatives have remained silent on the evolution of the HIPC Initiative, the MDRI and the Debt Sustainability Framework (DSF). France has been active in the cancellation of the debts of several African nations. On 29 December 2007, the French government announced that it would cancel 100% of Zambia’s remaining debt, which totaled to
67 million.621 The announced sum exceeds the Paris Club’s decision to cancel 90% of Zambia’s debt as agreed upon in May 2007.622 France also participated in the multilateral debt treatment for Gambia agreed by the Paris Club on 22 June 2007.623 In her speech to the International Monetary and Financial Committee of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on 20 October 2007, French Minister for Economy, Finance and Employment Christine Lagarde made no mention of debt relief or multilateral debt sustainability programs.624 The Alternate Governor of the Fund for France, Christian Noyer, was also silent on the issue of debt relief in his 22 October 2007 address to the Joint Annual Discussion of the Board of Governors of the IMF.625 Neither representative made mention of relief offered to Liberia. On 19 October 2007, the Finance Ministers and Central Bankers of the G7 nations met in Washington D.C. As part of their joint statement, the Ministers expressed concern over litigation against HIPCs and commended the steps taken by the Paris Club to address this issue.626 They also urged creditors not to sell on their claims against highly-indebted nations.627 Thus, France has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of policy statements on the issue of debt relief and for the debt cancellations offered to Gambia and Zambia. Analyst: Nikola Cvetkovic Germany: +1 Germany has fully complied with its Debt Relief commitment as reaffirmed at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. At the summit, Germany was the first nation to confirm its support for the Debt2Health 619 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 620 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 621 France cancels Zambia’s debt by 100 percent, AngolaPress (Lusaka) 28 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.angolapressangop.ao/noticia-e.asp?ID=403689> 622 France cancels Zambia’s debt by 100 percent, AngolaPress (Lusaka) 28 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.angolapressangop.ao/noticia-e.asp?ID=403689> 623 GAMBIA – Debt Treatment June 22, 2007, Paris Club (Paris) 22 June 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.clubdeparis.org/sections/traitements/gambie-22-06-2007/viewLanguage/en> 624 Statement by Ms. Christine Lagarde Minister for Economy, Finance and Employment for France, International Monetary Fund (Washington D.C.) 20 October 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.imf.org/External/AM/2007/imfc/statement/eng/fra.pdf> 625 Statement by the Hon. Christian Noyer, Alternate Governor of the Fund for France, At The Joint Annual Discussion, International Monetary Fund (Washington D.C.) 22 October 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.imf.org/external/am/2007/speeches/pr36e.pdf > 626 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 627 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 88 Initiative founded by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. The Debt2Health Initiative seeks to finance Global Fund activities in developing countries via debt swaps and debt relief.628 Germany is participating in discussions with Indonesia, Kenya, Peru, and Pakistan to be the first to benefit.629 On 23 October 2007, German Foreign Minister Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul reinforced Germany’s commitment to the accelerated implementation of debt relief at the High-Level Dialogue on Financing for Development. 630 On 19 November 2007, German Ambassador to UNCTAD Dr. Reinhard Schweppe further confirmed Germany’s support for UNCTAD activities in the field of debt management by providing
450 000 for its programs.631 Dr. Schweppe also reiterated Germany’s support for the strengthening of debt relief programs at the World Bank.632 Germany has behaved as a key actor in the practical implementation of debt relief by endorsing multilateral assistance for Liberia.633 On 7 October 2007, Chancellor Merkel supported debt relief for Liberia within the framework of the HIPC Initiative by promising to cancel all bilateral debt owed by Liberia to Germany.634 On 21 December 2007, Germany also signed an agreement to write off more than US$1.2 billion owed by Cameroon after the country successfully met the completion conditions set by the HIPC Initiative.635 Earlier in the year, Germany provided substantial debt relief for Afghanistan, another member of the Enhanced HIPC Initiative. On 18 July 2007 it was announced that the German government collaborated with the Russian and American governments at the Paris Club to forgive 90% of Afghanistan’s nonconcessional debt payments.636 The agreement between the three countries amounts to over US$1 billion in debt relief.637 On 19 October 2007, the Finance Ministers and Central Bankers of the G7 nations met in Washington D.C. As part of their joint statement, the Ministers expressed concern over litigation against HIPCs and commended the steps taken by the Paris Club to address this issue.638 They also urged creditors not to sell on their claims against highly-indebted nations.639 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of +1 for its continued support of debt relief initiatives and its cooperation in multilateral debt cancellations. Analyst: Stefan Bundi Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with its Debt Relief commitment as reaffirmed at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. Finance Minister Padoa-Schioppa stressed Italy’s commitment to the Enhanced HIPC initiative 628 Debt conversion initiative launched to help fund health programs, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Bonn) 26 September 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/september/pm_20070926_111.html> 629 Debt conversion initiative launched to help fund health programs, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) 26 September 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/september/pm_20070926_111.html> 630 Address by Federal Minister of Economic Cooperation and Development Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Bonn) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/speeches/ministerin/rede_20071023.html > 631 Debt relief and beyond: Debt sustainability and the MDGs, UNCTAD (Geneva) 19 November 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://r0.unctad.org/dmfas/docs/DMconf07_papers/Schweppe.pdf> 632 Debt relief and beyond: Debt sustainability and the MDGs, UNCTAD (Geneva) 19 November 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://r0.unctad.org/dmfas/docs/DMconf07_papers/Schweppe.pdf> 633 Wieczorek-Zeul welcomes debt relief for Liberia, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Bonn) 13 November 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://entwicklungspolitik.de/en/press/pm/2007/november/pm_20071113_130.html > 634 Wieczorek-Zeul welcomes debt relief for Liberia, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Bonn) 13 November 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://entwicklungspolitik.de/en/press/pm/2007/november/pm_20071113_130.html > 635 Germany writes off Cameroon’s $1.2 billion debt, China View (Beijing) 21 December 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-12/22/content_7294130.htm 636 United States and Other Paris Club Creditors Provide Further Debt Relief to Afghanistan, United States Treasury (Washington D.C.) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp495.htm> 637 United States and Other Paris Club Creditors Provide Further Debt Relief to Afghanistan, United States Treasury (Washington D.C.) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp495.htm> 638 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 639 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 89 and the MDRI during his address at the IMF’s Joint Annual Discussion on 21 October 2007.640 He also urged creditor nations to support extending debt relief to Liberia.641 Nevertheless, the Italian government has failed to unilaterally cancel large amounts of HIPC debt since 2006.642 Under the new government of Romani Prodi, Italy’s ODA has been subjected to extensive restructuring and reform, resulting in delays in the allocation of resources to new and ambitious projects, including those agreed at G8 Summits.643 Although Italy participated in Paris Club Debt Treatments for Gambia644 and Angola645, the last bilateral debt cancellation granted under either the HIPC Initiative or the MDRI was for the Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Honduras and Zambia in August 2006.646 Indeed, even Italy’s implementation of debt relief agreed within the context of the Paris Club has been slow. Minister of Foreign Affairs Sentinelli signed Italy’s partial cancellation of loans to Haiti on 5 July 2007 – more than six months after the cancellation had been agreed by the members of the Paris Club.647 On 19 October 2007, the Finance Ministers and Central Bankers of the G7 nations met in Washington D.C. As part of their joint statement, the Ministers expressed concern over litigation against HIPCs and commended the steps taken by the Paris Club to address this issue.648 They also urged creditors not to sell on their claims against highly-indebted nations.649 Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of unilateral debt relief initiatives and its cooperation in multilateral debt cancellations. Analyst: Michael Erdman Japan: -1 Japan has failed to comply with its commitment on debt relief. Despite numerous debt cancellations and support for the HIPC Initiative and the MDRI, Japan has continued to employ loan aid to states that qualify for MDRI debt relief. In a statement written to the President of Japan, the Minister-Counsellor to the United Nations Mikio Mori stated that “...free trade and debt relief are crucial for the sustainable development of Africa. The objective of poverty reduction through economic growth has long been one of the pillars of Japan's development cooperation with Africa.”650 This reaffirms Japan’s willingness to provide aid to African nations. Indeed, in August 2007, Japan provided over ¥3 868 million of debt relief in the form of debt cancellation to Sierra Leone, thereby eliminating all of Sierra Leone’s obligations to the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC).651 640 Statement by the Hon. Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa, Governor of the Fund for Italy, at the Joint Annual Discussion, International Monetary Fund (Washington, D.C.) 21 October 2007. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. <http://www.imf.org/external/am/2007/speeches/pr46e.pdf> 641 Statement by the Hon. Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa, Governor of the Fund for Italy, at the Joint Annual Discussion, International Monetary Fund (Washington, D.C.) 21 October 2007. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. <http://www.imf.org/external/am/2007/speeches/pr46e.pdf> 642 Accordi Bilaterali 2006, Ministero Affari Esteri (Rome) 2006. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Economia/Cooperaz_Econom/Debito_Estero/AccordiBilaterali2006/> 643 Cooperazione italiana: attività e risultati del primo anno di Governo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Rome) June 2007. Date of Access: 22 December 2007. <http://www.cooperazioneallosviluppo.esteri.it/pdgcs/italiano/Pubblicazioni/pdf/Attivita_risultati_2006-07.pdf> 644 Gambia Debt Treatment, Club de Paris (Paris) 22 June 2007. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. <http://www.clubdeparis.org/sections/traitements/gambie-22-06-2007/viewLanguage/en> 645 Visita della Viceministra Sentinelli in Angola, Ministero Affari Esteri (Rome) 15 November 2007. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Ministero/Viceministri_Sottosegretari/Sentinelli/Comunicati/2007/11/20071116_Angola> 646 Accordi Bilaterali 2006, Ministero Affari Esteri (Rome) 2006. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. < http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Economia/Cooperaz_Econom/Debito_Estero/AccordiBilaterali2006/> 647 La Vice Ministra Sentinelli ha firmato l’accordo bilaterale per la cancellazione parziale del debito del Haiti verso l’Italia, Ministero Affari Esteri (Rome) 05 July 2007. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Ministero/Viceministri_Sottosegretari/Sentinelli/Comunicati/2007/07/Comunicato_0> 648 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 649 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 650 Statement by Mr. Mikio Mori Minister-Counsellor, Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 18 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/speech/un2007/un0710-5.html> 651 Debt-Relief Measure in the Form of Cancellation for Sierra Leone, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 1 August 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/8/1174693_832.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 90 The Senior Vice Minister of Finance of Japan stressed the positive influence of effective debt relief programs, and the MDRI in particular, at the 76th Meeting of the World Bank/IMF Joint Development Committee. “I welcome the recent trend of increase in total aid volume as well as the number of aid channels... We need to constantly monitor development impact of debt relief initiatives, including the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiatives. Debt relief provides fiscal space to recipient countries, having the same effect as providing a straightforward budget support. We should not underestimate its development impact.”652 Japan’s failure to comply stems from its continued use of loans rather than grants in its development assistance funding. Japan has granted loans to countries that qualify for HIPC debt relief, including Kenya, which received ¥26.711 billion in Japanese loans, and Tanzania, which received ¥2 billion.653 Japan has in turn provided ¥3.484 billion in loans to Uganda, a state that not only qualifies for HIPC debt relief but also for the MDRI.654 On 19 October 2007, the Finance Ministers and Central Bankers of the G7 nations met in Washington D.C. As part of their joint statement, the Ministers expressed concern over litigation against HIPCs and commended the steps taken by the Paris Club to address this issue.655 They also urged creditors not to sell on their claims against highly-indebted nations.656 Thus, despite its policy pronouncements in favour of the HIPC Initiative and the MDRI and its cancellation of Sierra Leone’s debt, Japan has been awarded a score of -1 for its continued use of interest-bearing loans to HIPC and MDRI countries, contrary to the proclaimed goal of the Heiligendamm Summit. Analyst: Nikola Cvetkovic and Gleb Zhigailo Russia: 0 There has been substantial progress in Russia’s cancellation of debt owed by African states. Before the annual fall International Monetary and Financial Committee meeting, the president of the World Bank, Robert Zoellick, said that Russia would soon change its World Bank status from that of borrower to donor.657 In December 2006, it was announced that Russia would write off US$558.5 million worth of debt from Benin, Zambia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania and Ethiopia. All states had terminated their participation in the HIPC initiative before 31 December 2006.658 The fiscal allocations for the debt relief were included in a 24 July 2007 amendment to the 2007 Budget of the Russian Federation. This amounts to 100% debt relief for these 6 countries.659 The signing of bilateral documents was not expected earlier than the end of 2007. 652 Statement by the Hon. Otohiko Endo Senior Vice Minister of Finance of Japan At the 76th Meeting of the World Bank/IMF Joint Development Committee, Ministry of Finance (Tokyo) 21 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 December 2007. <http://www.mof.go.jp/english/if/wb_imf_071021_st.htm> 653 Exchange of Notes in Fiscal Year 2007 Loan Aid by Region, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 11 December 2007. Date Accessed: 10 January 2008. < http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/note/loan-7r.html>. 654 Exchange of Notes in Fiscal Year 2007 Loan Aid by Region, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 11 December 2007. Date Accessed: 10 January 2008. < http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/note/loan-7r.html>. 655 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 656 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 657 Russia has joined the ranks of the World Bank donors, according to the Head of the WB, RIA Novosti (Moscow) 18 October 2007, Date of Access: 11 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/economy/20071018/84459878.html> 658 Russia is ready to cancel debts totaling US$560 million for countries that completed the HIPC initiative before the end of 2006, Interfax (Moscow) 21 December 2006. Date of Access: 11 December 2007. <http://www.interfax.ru/r/B/0/35.html?id_issue=11651383> 659 Debts of foreign countries on credits granted by the Government of the former USSR and the Government of the Russian Federation, Attachment 50 to the Federal law “On the federal budget for 2007”, Ministry of Finance (Moscow) 24 July 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www1.minfin.ru/common/img/uploaded/library/2007/07/fz_132fz_ot_170707.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 91 Moreover, at the Heiligendamm Summit, Russia expressed its readiness to apply debt-for-development principle in managing African debt.660 Funds released from the debt servicing will be used in priority development programs, first and foremost in the fight against infectious diseases.661 On 22 October 2007, Russian Minister of Finance Alexey Kudrin announced Russia’s intention to contribute to the cancellation of Liberia's US$700 million debt to the World Bank, although the exact sum of Russia’s contribution has yet to be clarified.662 Earlier in the year, the Russian Federation provided substantial debt relief for Afghanistan, another member of the Enhanced HIPC Initiative. On 18 July 2007 it was announced that the Russian government collaborated with the German and American governments at the Paris Club to forgive 90% of Afghanistan’s non-concessional debt payments.663 The agreement between the three countries amounts to over US$1 billion in debt relief.664 However, Russia’s success was obscured by the arrest of Deputy Finance Minister Sergei Storchak on suspicion of attempted large-scale fraud on 16 November 2007.665 Storchak’s arrest took place on the eve of his business trip to South Africa, during which he was to accompany the Minister of Finance of Russia to the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors meeting and to negotiate the relief of Libya’s debts to Russia.666 This arrest further affected Russia’s efforts to provide debt relief by stalling negotiations with Southern African nations on the matter.667 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of 0 for its progress on debt relief. Analyst: Tatiana Lanshina United Kingdom: +1 The United Kingdom has fully complied with its commitments on debt relief as reaffirmed at the June 2007 G8 Summit in Heiligendamm. In October 2007, HM Treasury (HMT) published a comprehensive report outlining Britain’s goals and delivery strategy to reduce debt in those countries included in the Heavily-Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative. The report stated that the Department for International Development (DFID) and HMT will continue to work towards the full implementation of the HIPC and Multilateral Debt relief Initiative (MDRI). 668 It also noted that the UK government will continue to promote responsible lending and sustainable debt management, strengthen international co-ordination to ensure that new lending and borrowing is responsible, and press other donors to ensure that promises on the financing of debt relief are met.669 660 Russia is ready to release funds from the debt servicing for developing countries to plow them into fighting infectious diseases, AMI-TASS (Moscow) 7 June 2007. Date of Access: 11 December 2007. <http://www.ami-tass.ru/article/23862/1> 661 Russia is ready to release funds from the debt servicing for developing countries to plow them into fighting infectious diseases, AMI-TASS (Moscow) 7 June 2007. Date of Access: 11 December 2007. <http://www.ami-tass.ru/article/23862/1> 662 Russia will join cancellation of Liberia's $700 mln debt, RIA Novosti, 22 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 December 2007. http://en.rian.ru/russia/20071022/84923514.html 663 United States and Other Paris Club Creditors Provide Further Debt Relief to Afghanistan, United States Treasury (Washington D.C.) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp495.htm> 664 United States and Other Paris Club Creditors Provide Further Debt Relief to Afghanistan, United States Treasury (Washington D.C.) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp495.htm> 665 Russian Deputy Finance Minister Sergei Storchak detained in connection with a criminal case, RIA Novosti (Moscow) 16 November 2007. Date of Access: 9 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/defense_safety/investigations/20071116/88449348.html> 666 The Arrest of Russian Deputy Finance Minister Sergei Storchak is threatening the budget and the image of Russia, Newsru (Moscow) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 December 2007. <http://www.newsru.com/russia/04dec2007/poteri.html> 667 The Arrest of Russian Deputy Finance Minister Sergei Storchak is threatening the budget and the image of Russia, Newsru (Moscow) 4 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 December 2007. <http://www.newsru.com/russia/04dec2007/poteri.html> 668 PSA Delivery Agreement 29: Reduce poverty in poorer countries through quicker progress towards the Millennium Development Goals, HM Treasury (United Kingdom) October 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk./media/E/4/pbr_csr07_psa29.pdf> 669 PSA Delivery Agreement 29: Reduce poverty in poorer countries through quicker progress towards the Millennium Development Goals, HM Treasury (United Kingdom) October 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk./media/E/4/pbr_csr07_psa29.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 92 In his address to the International Monetary and Financial Committee on 20 October 2007, Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling expressed strong support for the HIPC Initiative and the MDRI. 670 Chancellor Darling welcomed the debt relief package offered to Liberia and called on all creditors to participate.671 He also stressed that, in order for the MDRI to be successful, public and private creditors needed to ensure debt relief was fully funded and that lenders and borrowers needed to work together to keep debt at sustainable levels.672 The UK has been actively involved in Paris Club meetings regarding early debt repayment by Gabon 673 as well as Jordan.674 It has also participated in the Paris Club’s treatment of Gambia’s debt, announced on 22 June 2007.675 On 19 October 2007, the Finance Ministers and Central Bankers of the G7 nations met in Washington D.C. As part of their joint statement, the Ministers expressed concern over litigation against HIPCs and commended the steps taken by the Paris Club to address this issue.676 They also urged creditors not to sell on their claims against highly-indebted nations.677 Thus, the UK has been awarded a score of +1 for strongly advocating the importance of the HIPC Initiatives and MDRI and for its cancellation of Gambia’s debt. Analyst: Nicole Formosa United States: +1 The United States has fully complied with its commitment on debt relief as reaffirmed at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. The American government has continued to highlight the issue of debt relief and sustainability as an area of international concern and has participated in numerous debt cancellations over the last six months. As part of his address to the International Monetary and Financial Committee on 20 October 2007, Secretary of the Treasury Henry M. Paulson Jr. stressed the importance of the International Monetary Fund in the application of the Debt Sustainability Framework (DSF) to low-income countries.678 He warned against overstretching the capacity of the Fund by expanding the scope of its activities. In the words of Secretary Paulson, “vigilant application of the Debt Sustainability Framework and renewed emphasis on the importance of responsible borrowing and lending decisions must be a cornerstone of the IMF’s work in low-income countries.”679 On a separate occasion, Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice noted that United States also viewed debt relief for low-income countries in the Americas as a crucial component of its policy in the region.680 670 Statement by Alistair Darling, Chancellor of the Exchequer, United Kingdom, International Monetary Fund (Washington D.C.) 20 October 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.imf.org/External/AM/2007/imfc/statement/eng/gbr.pdf> 671 Statement by Alistair Darling, Chancellor of the Exchequer, United Kingdom, International Monetary Fund (Washington D.C.) 20 October 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.imf.org/External/AM/2007/imfc/statement/eng/gbr.pdf> 672 Statement by Alistair Darling, Chancellor of the Exchequer, United Kingdom, International Monetary Fund (Washington D.C.) 20 October 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.imf.org/External/AM/2007/imfc/statement/eng/gbr.pdf> 673 Gabon: Paris Club agrees on the principle of an early repayment of its debt offered by Gabon, Paris Club (Paris) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.clubdeparis.org/sections/services/communiques/gabon8480/viewLanguage/en> 674 Jordan: Paris Club agrees on the principle of an early repayment of its debt by Jordan, Paris Club (Paris) 18 October 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.clubdeparis.org/sections/services/communiques/jordanie_1/viewLanguage/en> 675 GAMBIA – Debt Treatment June 22, 2007, Paris Club (Paris) 22 June 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.clubdeparis.org/sections/traitements/gambie-22-06-2007/viewLanguage/en> 676 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 677 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 678 Statement by Henry M. Paulson Jr., Secretary of the Treasury, United States, International Monetary Fund (Washington D.C.) 20 October 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.imf.org/External/AM/2007/imfc/statement/eng/usa.pdf> 679 Statement by Henry M. Paulson Jr., Secretary of the Treasury, United States, International Monetary Fund (Washington D.C.) 20 October 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.imf.org/External/AM/2007/imfc/statement/eng/usa.pdf> 680 Remarks at the Organization of American States, Hosted by the Council on Foreign Relations, United States Department of State (Washington D.C.) 9 October 2007. Date of Access: 09 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2007/10/93377.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 93 On 13 November 2007, Secretary Paulson expressed his pleasure at the announcement that 80 nations had agreed to cancel Liberia’s debt.681 In addition to its leadership role at the IMF on the issue of Liberia’s debt, the American government has also pledged US$2.5 million to aid in the settlement of Liberia’s debts with the African Development Bank.682 “We would rather see the Liberians use their money for schools, health clinics and other urgent rebuilding needs”, noted Secretary Paulson.683 Earlier in the year, the United States Treasury provided substantial debt relief for Afghanistan, another member of the Enhanced HIPC Initiative. On 18 July 2007 it was announced that the American government had collaborated with the German and Russian governments at the Paris Club to forgive 90% of Afghanistan’s non-concessional debt payments.684 The agreement between the three countries amounts to over US$1 billion in debt relief. The U.S. Treasury urged other creditors to follow suit.685 On 19 October 2007, the Finance Ministers and Central Bankers of the G7 nations met in Washington D.C. As part of their joint statement, the Ministers expressed concern over litigation against HIPCs and commended the steps taken by the Paris Club to address this issue.686 They also urged creditors not to sell on their claims against highly-indebted nations.687 Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of +1 for its support of multilateral debt relief structures and its continued engagement in multilateral debt cancellations. Analyst: Michael Erdman European Union: 0 The European Union has partially complied with its commitment on debt relief as reaffirmed at the Heiligendamm Summit. On 31 October 2006, the European Commission signed an agreement with the European Investment Bank (EIB), transferring responsibility for the management of the Commission’s HIPC and Least Developed Country (LDC) Trust Funds.688 The EIB will thus be responsible for the oversight and implementation of EU debt relief until 31 December 2009.689 As of 10 January 2008, the EIB had announced no new bilateral or multilateral debt cancellations nor had it released its report on the state of EU debt relief for 2007.690 The European Union is not a participating member of the IMF, IDA or African Development Fund. As such, it has no financial responsibilities, as a creditor, under the terms of the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI).691 681 Treasury Welcomes IMF Debt Relief for Liberia, U.S. Government to Provide Additional Funding to Help Liberia Close the Deal at the African Development Bank, United States Treasury (Washington D.C.) 13 November 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp678.htm> 682 Treasury Welcomes IMF Debt Relief for Liberia, U.S. Government to Provide Additional Funding to Help Liberia Close the Deal at the African Development Bank, United States Treasury (Washington D.C.) 13 November 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp678.htm> 683 Treasury Welcomes IMF Debt Relief for Liberia, U.S. Government to Provide Additional Funding to Help Liberia Close the Deal at the African Development Bank, United States Treasury (Washington D.C.) 13 November 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp678.htm> 684 United States and Other Paris Club Creditors Provide Further Debt Relief to Afghanistan, United States Treasury (Washington D.C.) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp495.htm> 685 United States and Other Paris Club Creditors Provide Further Debt Relief to Afghanistan, United States Treasury (Washington D.C.) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp495.htm> 686 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 687 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 688 Commission Participation in the HIPC Initiative: 2006 Status Report, EuropeAID (Brussels) December 2006. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/development/body/tmp_docs/2007/2006_HIPC.pdf#zoom=100> 689 Commission Participation in the HIPC Initiative: 2006 Status Report, EuropeAID (Brussels) December 2006. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/development/body/tmp_docs/2007/2006_HIPC.pdf#zoom=100> 690 African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP), European Investment Bank (Luxembourg). Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.eib.org/projects/regions/acp/index.htm> 691 Commission Participation in the HIPC Initiative: 2006 Status Report, EuropeAID (Brussels) December 2006. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/development/body/tmp_docs/2007/2006_HIPC.pdf#zoom=100> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 94 In his speech to the International Monetary and Financial Committee of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on 20 October 2007, the President of ECOFIN expressed the support of EU member states for the application of the Debt Sustainability Framework (DSF) to the activities of the IMF and their own borrowing and lending practices.692 The President of ECOFIN stressed the EU’s support for the debt cancellation package for Liberia introduced in August 2007 and urged all creditors to take part.693 Scant mention was made of debt relief in the Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, released at the EU-Africa Summit in Lisbon 07-09 December 2007. In the document, “partners” (European and African nations, in addition to the European Union) are encouraged to keep debt at sustainable levels.694 The document also urges European countries to consider debt cancellation when debt levels become “unsustainable”.695 Thus, the European Union has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of any new debt cancellations and its policy support for debt relief and the DSF. Analyst: Michael Erdman 692 Speech of the President of ECOFIN to the Internation Monetary and Financial Committee – IMF, Presidency of the European Union: Portugal 2007 (Lisbon) 20 October 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.eu2007.pt/ue/ven/noticias_documentos/20071022noticiastatement.htm> 693 Speech of the President of ECOFIN to the Internation Monetary and Financial Committee – IMF, Presidency of the European Union: Portugal 2007 (Lisbon) 20 October 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.eu2007.pt/ue/ven/noticias_documentos/20071022noticiastatement.htm> 694 The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, Presidency of the European Union: Portugal 2007 (Lisbon) 8 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.eu2007.pt/NR/rdonlyres/D449546C-BF42-4CB3-B566-407591845C43/0/071206jsapenlogos_formatado.pdf> 695 The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, Presidency of the European Union: Portugal 2007 (Lisbon) 8 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.eu2007.pt/NR/rdonlyres/D449546C-BF42-4CB3-B566-407591845C43/0/071206jsapenlogos_formatado.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 95 10. Africa: Official Development Assistance [144] Commitment “They also include increasing, compared to 2004, with other donors, ODA to Africa by US$ 25 billion a year by 2010.”696 Growth and Responsibility in Africa Background At the 2005 Summit in Gleneagles, then British Prime Minister Tony Blair brought Official Development Assistance (ODA) to Africa to the forefront of the Summit agenda.697 A lack of consensus among G8 nations on commitments to Blair’s ambitious targets led to a watered-down version of the Prime Minister’s initial focus on infrastructural development.698 The resulting commitment instead promised to double 2004 levels of ODA to Africa by the year 2010.699 Reaffirming PM Blair’s focus on ODA for Africa, at the 2007 Heiligendamm Summit German Chancellor Angela Merkel concentrated heavily on African development in the Summit’s theme of “Growth and Responsibility.”700 In the face of criticism from the media and NGOs, who pointed to a lack of allocation of new funds and a failure on behalf of many countries to follow through on the previous commitment,701 Merkel led G8 countries to pledge a US$25 billion yearly increase in ODA to African countries by 2010 in order to fulfill the goal articulated in 2004.702 Team Leader: Courtney Hood Assessment Interim Compliance Score Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Lack of Compliance -1 Work in Progress 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 -1 +1 0 0 +1 +1 +1 0 +0.44 696 Growth and Responsibility in Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 24 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-africa.html> 697 Official Development Assistance, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 12 June 2006. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/evaluations/2005compliance_final/2005-06-g8-f-comp-oda.pdf> 698 Official Development Assistance, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 12 June 2006. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/evaluations/2005compliance_final/2005-06-g8-f-comp-oda.pdf> 699 Gleneagles G8 commitments on debt relief and aid- two years on, House of Commons Library, Research Paper 07/51, Economic Policy and Statistics Section (London) 4 June 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2007/rp07-051.pdf> 700 Africa: Commitments will be honored, G8 Summit 2007 Heiligendamm (Berlin) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 24 January 2008. <http://www.g8.de/nn_92160/Content/EN/Artikel/__g8-summit/2007-06-08-meldung-bk-afrika-arbeitssitzung__en.html> 701 What is new from the G8 Summit? African Monitor Initial Response, African Monitor (Cape Town) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.africanmonitor.org/node/81> 702 Africa: Commitments will be honored, G8 Summit 2007 Heiligendamm (Berlin) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 24 January 2008. <http://www.g8.de/nn_92160/Content/EN/Artikel/__g8-summit/2007-06-08-meldung-bk-afrika-arbeitssitzung__en.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 96 Canada: +1 Canada has fully complied with its commitment on Official Development Assistance to Africa. In 2007, the Government of Canada committed itself to doubling Canadian aid to Africa from CAD1.05 billion in 2003 to CAD2.1 billion in 2008.703 On 14 December 2007, the Government of Canada pledged CAD1.3 billion to the World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA) as a part of its commitment to double aid to the continent by 2010.704 Canadian Minister of Finance Jim Flaherty stressed this commitment on 14 December 2007, stating that “our government is committed to ensuring Canada’s international assistance is effective, and that taxpayers’ money is well spent.”705 In addition, in its review of Canada’s development assistance policy, the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) issued a positive statement on Canada’s contributions to ODA, stating that “the [Canadian] government is on track to meet its commitment of doubling assistance to the continent by 2010 and is working with G8 and African partners to fight HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria; to build African capacity to address peace and security challenges; and to support economic development and governance reforms.”706 Canada also continues to contribute to the Canada Fund for Africa (CFA), allocating over CAD100 million from the Federal budget to provide “risk capital for private investments in Africa that generate growth.”707 Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of +1 for its rapid progress towards a doubling of ODA to Africa by 2010. Analyst: Katie Batrie France: -1 France has failed to comply with its commitment to double ODA to Africa. In 2007, French ODA allocations for Africa rose by only 1% from the previous year.708 French President Nicolas Sarkozy has postponed the completion of former President Jacques Chirac’s plan to attain a ratio of 0.7% ODA/GNI by 2012 to 2015. 709 In order to meet President Chirac’s pledge, France would have had to allocate an additional US$1.5 billion to its ODA budget each year from 2007 to 2010.710 The focus of French ODA has historically reflected a concentration in sub-Saharan Africa, and France expects 53% of its ODA in 2008 to be directed to countries in the region. This is a slight increase relative to the 49% of funds channeled to sub-Saharan Africa in 2007. France, however, has set a target ratio of 60% for 2010, which corresponds to France’s goal of sending two-thirds of total bilateral aid to sub-Saharan Africa.711 France has also committed to double bilateral aid to the region, relative to 2004 levels, by 2009. 703 Ottawa wants to pare down its 'bloated' list of foreign aid recipients, National Post (Toronto) 29 November 2007. Date of Access: 26 December 2007 <http://www.nationalpost.com/most_popular/story.html?id=130518> 704 Government of Canada Pledges $1.3 Billion to World Bank’s International Development Association, Department of Finance (Ottawa) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.fin.gc.ca/news07/07-099e.html> 705 Government of Canada Pledges $1.3 Billion to World Bank’s International Development Association, Department of Finance (Ottawa) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.fin.gc.ca/news07/07-099e.html> 706 Canada (2007), DAC Peer Review: Main Findings and Recommendations, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Paris) 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.oecd.org/document/60/0,3343,en_33873108_33873277_39509628_1_1_1_1,00.html> 707 Canada Fund for Africa, Canadian International Development Agency (Ottawa) 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. < http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/cidaweb/acdicida.nsf/En/ANN-76105016-KEG> 708 The Data Report, Debt AIDS Trade Africa 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.thedatareport.org/pdf/DATAREPORT2007.pdf> 709 Les fausses promesses du G8 à L’Afrique, Le Monde (Paris) 26 June 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://abonnes.lemonde.fr/cgibin/ACHATS/ARCHIVES/archives.cgi?ID=7d22528ea866b77eacb79aa297baeec18f4b2ff6f2389eb4> 710 The Data Report, Debt AIDS Trade Africa 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.thedatareport.org/pdf/DATAREPORT2007.pdf> 711 Objectifs et indicateurs de performance, Ministère du Budget des Comptes Publiques et de la Fonction Publique (Paris). Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.performance-publique.gouv.fr/farandole/2008/pap/html/DBGPGMOBJINDPGM209.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 97 Total French ODA increased from
109 million in 2006 to
157 million throughout 2007.712 However, once debt relief is excluded, French baseline ODA figures shrink significantly. 713 Foreign Affairs Commission member Henriette Martinez states that one-third of total French ODA is attributed to debt relief.714 According to Henri Emmanuelli, Special Reporter on ODA for the National Assembly, France has not met its expected ODA/GNI target of 0.5% for 2007 as outlined in the 2007 National Budget Report, and has attained only 0.42% by year’s end. The failure to reach the planned ration is due to overestimation of debt cancellation. 715 Although the French government’s 2008 budget anticipates a rise to 0.45% ODA/GNI, this presents an inferior level of ODA from previously expected 2008 levels, effectively reducing the probability of compliance with France’s 0.7% ODA/GNI objective by 2015. 716 As the opportunity to use debt relief to boost ODA figures will be soon exhausted, France will need to make budgetary provisions to achieve the 2010 target without relying on ODA inflated by debt cancellation figures.717 Thus, France has received a score of -1 for the lack of significant increases in its ODA allocations to Africa. Analyst: Adam Romanov Germany: +1 Germany has fully complied with its Official Development Assistance (ODA) commitment. On 4 October 2007, German Chancellor Angela Merkel reassured the African Union (AU) that Germany will have increased its ODA to Africa by an additional
3 billion by 2011.718 German ODA policy towards Africa has focused exclusively on calming political instability, countering economic stagnation in African countries, and combating HIV/AIDS.719 In 2007, Germany increased its ODA to the African continent by
324 million, or 7.61% of its 2006 budget.720 In order to meet the promises made at the 2007 G8 Summit at Heiligendamm, the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) has made provisions to allocate
5.1 billion to ODA in 2008, an increase of 14.3% over the 2007 allocation.721 On 28 November 2007, German Development Minister Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul noted that the increase in aid allocation in the federal budget will enable Germany to meet the ODA goal agreed at the 2005 Gleneagles and 2007 Heiligendamm G8 Summits.722 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of +1 for its progress in doubling ODA to Africa by 2010. Analyst: Surkhab Peerzada 712 Projet de loi de finances pour 2007: Aide publique au développement, Le Sénat (Paris). Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.senat.fr/rap/a06081-3/a06-081-38.html> 713 The Data Report, Debt AIDS Trade Africa 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.thedatareport.org/pdf/DATAREPORT2007.pdf> 714 Pays en développement : La France réduit ses aides, Le journal du développement durable (Paris) 8 November 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.developpementdurablelejournal.com/spip.php?article1460> 715 Pays en développement : La France réduit ses aides, Le journal du développement durable (Paris) 8 November 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.developpementdurablelejournal.com/spip.php?article1460> 716 Pays en développement : La France réduit ses aides, Le journal du développement durable (Paris) 8 November 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.developpementdurablelejournal.com/spip.php?article1460> 717 The Data Report, Debt AIDS Trade Africa 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.thedatareport.org/pdf/DATAREPORT2007.pdf> 718 Merkel speaks to the African Union: “Things are on the move in Africa”. Office of the Federal Government (Berlin) 4 October 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.g-8.de/nn_94646/Content/EN/Artikel/2007/10/2007-10-04-afrika-bk-au__en.html> 719 Africa and German foreign policy. Federal Foreign Office (Berlin) 31 October 2005. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.auswaertigesamt.de/diplo/en/Aussenpolitik/RegionaleSchwerpunkte/Afrika/Afrikapolitik.html> 720 Facts and Figures: Germany’s contribution. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin). Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/figures/GermanContribution/index.html> 721 Facts and Figures: Germany’s contribution. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin). Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/figures/GermanContribution/index.html> 722 Development policy more important than ever before, says Wieczorek-Zeul, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin)11 November 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/november/pm_20071128_136.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 98 Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with its commitment to increase annual ODA levels. Despite a decrease in total assistance allocations, Italian bilateral ODA to sub-Saharan Africa increased by US$200 million in 2007, with allocations to the region increasing from 38% to 52% of the total ODA budget.723 The Italian Government has issued statements expressing its desire to increase its ratio of ODA/GNI to 0.33% in 2008. 724 Nevertheless, Italy previously experienced a two-year delay in disbursements of allocations to the African and Asian Development Funds.725 Indeed, critics have argued that the target for 2008 as unlikely to be met.726 The projected ODA budget for 2008 is uncertain, and the potential of the 2008 budget to allocate enough resources to meet the 0.33% ODA/GNI target is unclear, jeopardizing Italy’s ability to reach its 0.51% ODA/GNI target by 2010. On 23-24 October 2007, Ambassador Aldo Mantovani, Deputy Permanent Representative of Italy to the United Nations, delivered a statement outlining the latest breakdown of Italian ODA. Ambassador Mantovani noted that over US$250 million from a total US$1 billion in ODA is to be channeled through UN agencies.727 Italy is set to contribute US$600 million over a number of years to the International Finance Facility for Immunization and its annual contribution to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria will amount to US$180 million over the next three years.728 However, Italy’s failure to establish a clear and comprehensive plan for meetings its commitment on doubling ODA to Africa has resulted in a score of 0. Analyst: Adam Romanov Japan: 0 Japan has partially complied with its commitment on ODA. Although the Japanese government has shown interest in increasing ODA to Africa, it has not been able to secure an increase in its ODA budget through normal fiscal measures. On 31 August 2007, Japan's Foreign Ministry announced a future request for JPY517.3 billion (US$4.46 billion) for ODA for the 2008 fiscal year, a 13.9% increase in funding from the 2007 budget allocation.729 Despite the Foreign Ministry’s request, on 20 December 2007 the Ministry of Finance submitted a budget blueprint to the Japanese Cabinet for the 2008 fiscal year proposing a decrease in ODA to JPY700.2, a reduction of 4.0% from the 2007 budget.730 On 24 December 2007, the budget proposal was approved, rendering the upcoming fiscal period the ninth straight year of ODA reductions due to the Japanese government’s swelling public deficit.731 Despite proposed budget cuts, there is speculation that Japan may 723 Documento di Programmazione Economico-Finanziaria, Ministero dell’Economie e delle Finanze (Rome) 28 June 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.governo.it/GovernoInforma/Dossier/finanziaria_2008/documenti/dpef_2008_2011.pdf> 724 Documento di Programmazione Economico-Finanziaria, Ministero dell’Economie e delle Finanze (Rome) 28 June 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.governo.it/GovernoInforma/Dossier/finanziaria_2008/documenti/dpef_2008_2011.pdf> 725 Documento di Programmazione Economico-Finanziaria, Ministero dell’Economie e delle Finanze (Rome) 28 June 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.governo.it/GovernoInforma/Dossier/finanziaria_2008/documenti/dpef_2008_2011.pdf> 726 Documento di Programmazione Economico-Finanziaria, Ministero dell’Economie e delle Finanze (Rome) 28 June 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.governo.it/GovernoInforma/Dossier/finanziaria_2008/documenti/dpef_2008_2011.pdf> 727 Statement by H.E. Ambassador Aldo Mantovani Deputy Permanent Representative, High-Level Dialogue on Financing for Development, Permanent Mission of Italy to the United Nations in New York (New York) 24 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.italyun.esteri.it/italyun/docs/statemen/2007_10_24.html> 728 Statement by H.E. Ambassador Aldo Mantovani Deputy Permanent Representative, High-Level Dialogue on Financing for Development, Permanent Mission of Italy to the United Nations in New York (New York) 24 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.italyun.esteri.it/italyun/docs/statemen/2007_10_24.html> 729 Japan Struggles to Keep up Overseas Aid, Reuters (London) 31 August 2007. Date of Access: November 25. <http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUST42530. 730 Highlights-Japan FY08/09 Draft Budget Totals Y83.06 trln, Reuters (London) 19 December 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUST1699620071220> 731 Japan to Cut ODA Budget 4.0%, Down for 9th Straight Year+, AOL LLC (New York) 23 December2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://news.aol.com/story/_a/japan-to-cut-oda-budget-40percent-down/n20071223203609990009> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 99 rethink its ODA reduction slated, given that Japan will host the fourth annual Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV) in May 2008732 and chair the 2008 G8 Summit.733 The Japanese government further emphasized its willingness to “take the lead in helping developing nations fight global warming and facilitating international efforts to support African development” in a government report to the World Bank on 21 December 2007.734 On 26 December 2007, Minister for Foreign Affairs Masahiko Koumura announced that Japan will stress “the importance of assistance not only for development but also for human security,” in the agenda for the upcoming G8 Summit.735 The Minister also stated that Japan is considering “a new financing mechanism geared towards developing countries… utilizing not only ODA but also a number of other tools it possesses,” with a particular focus on technology, to enhance the adaptability of developing countries to risks posed by global warming.736 On 4 January 2008 Minister Koumura announced a new Japanese assistance package for African countries, amounting to US$264.5 million, for humanitarian aid and peace building assistance.737 Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of 0 for its increases in ODA to Africa achieved through extrabudgetary tools and extraordinary fiscal measures. Analysts: Ayami Hayashi and Gleb Zhigailo Russia: +1 Russia has fully complied with its commitment on ODA to Africa. The Russian government announced that it plans to scale up its ODA allocations from US$215 million in 2006 (US$50 million in 2003) to US$400-500 million per year,738 with infectious disease control as one of the top priorities of the ODA expansion program. In October 2007, the Government of the Russian Federation signed an agreement with the World Bank Group and the World Health Organization (WHO), according to which it will assign US$20 million for fighting malaria and training personnel in Mozambique and Zambia.739 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of +1 for its increase in annual ODA levels. Analyst: Tatiana Lanshina United Kingdom: +1 The United Kingdom fully complied with its commitment to double ODA to Africa by 2010. The UK has made significant progress towards its goal to reach an ODA/GNI ratio of 0.7% by 2013 740, and has made 732 Africa high on Japan’s Agenda in 2008, The World Bank Group (Tokyo) 27 December 2008. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21598710~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html> 733 Continental Drift, Asahi Shimbun (Osaka) 21 August 2007. Date of Access: 24 November 2007. <http://www.asahi.com/english/Heraldasahi/TKY200708210086.html> 734 Japan To Focus Foreign Aid On African Development, Climate Change, The World Bank Group (Washington, D.C.) 21 December 2007. Date of Access: 28 December. <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,date:2007-1221~menuPK:34461~pagePK:34392~piPK:64256810~theSitePK:4607,00.html> 735 Address by Mr. Masahiko Koumura, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan at the 61st Meeting of the Nippon Keidanren Board of Councilors, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 26 December 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/fm/koumura/address0712.html> 736 Address by Mr. Masahiko Koumura, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan at the 61st Meeting of the Nippon Keidanren Board of Councilors, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 26 December 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/fm/koumura/address0712.html> 737 Speech by H.E. Mr. Masahiko Koumura, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan "Japan and Tanzania: Partners towards a Vibrant Africa," Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 4 January 2008. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/africa/tanzania/speech0801.html> 738 IMF and World Bank are calling on donor countries to increase the amount of aid, RIA Novosti (Moscow) 22 October 2007. Date of Access: 24 January 2008. <http://www.rian.ru/economy/20071022/84904829.html> 739 Russia Contributes US$20 Million to Malaria Control in Africa, MedNovosti (Moscow) 22 October 2007. Date of Access: 6 December 2007. <http://www.medportal.ru/mednovosti/news/2007/10/22/tuberculosis/> 740 Global Poverty and the G8 Summit, 10 Downing Street (London) 26 June 2007. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. < http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page12104.asp> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 100 aid to sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia among the top priorities of its international development policy.741 On 9 October 2007, the Department for International Development (DFID) released a 2007 Spending Review confirming its commitment to doubling aid to Africa by 2010.742 In the report, the Department noted that “total UK ODA will rise to over GBP 9.1 billion by 2010/11, representing 0.56% of Gross National Income (GNI), in line with the European Union’s collective commitment, keeping us on track to reach our commitment of 0.7% GNI by 2013.”743 The report also stipulates a goal to “more than double total multilateral and bilateral aid to Africa between 2004 and 2010 as pledged at Gleneagles.”744 Thus, the United Kingdom has been awarded a score of +1 for the progress it has made in doubling ODA to Africa by 2010. Analyst: Katie Batrie United States: +1 The United States has fully complied with its commitment on Official Development Assistance. Although general Development Assistance for Africa will decrease in 2008 relative to funds allocated in 2006, this has been offset by a 176% increase in the US budget for its Global HIV/AIDS Initiative in Africa. According to the Summary and Highlights of the FY2008 International Affairs Budget Request, the US government has requested approximately US$490 million from Congress for Development Assistance in Africa.745 This represents a decrease of US$116 million from the actual amount of Development Assistance provided by the American government in 2006.746 Nevertheless, the US government has increased its assistance to multilateral organizations that specialize in African development. In particular, funding for the African Development Fund (ADF) will increase by US$7.2 million from 2006.747 The vast majority of American ODA for African nations, however, is concentrated in programs to fight against the spread of HIV/AIDS. Indeed, the US government has requested US$3.4 billion for 2008 for the activities of its Global HIV/AIDS Initiative in Africa. This represents a 176% increase over the amount spent in 2006 and is in excess of American contributions to the Global Fund.748 The funds are to be allocated to projects in 12 sub-Saharan African nations, including South Africa, Côte D’Ivoire, Botswana and Kenya.749 As part of the FY2008 Budget Request, the U.S. Department of State and USAID issued a Joint Strategic Goal Framework in which the two organizations outlined seven strategic goals for US foreign assistance. Included in the seven goals were “Governing Justly and Democratically”, “Investing in People” (which targets health and educational issues), “Promoting Economic Growth and Prosperity”, and “Providing 741 Global Poverty and the G8 Summit, 10 Downing Street (London) 26 June 2007. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. < http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page12104.asp> 742 2007 Pre-Budget Report and Comprehensive Spending Review, Department for International Development (London) 9 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/csr07.asp> 743 2007 Pre-Budget Report and Comprehensive Spending Review, Department for International Development (London) 9 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/csr07.asp> 744 2007 Pre-Budget Report and Comprehensive Spending Review, Department for International Development (London) 9 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/csr07.asp> 745 Summary and Highlights, International Affairs Function 250, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 2007. Date of Access: 24 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/80151.pdf> 746 Summary and Highlights, International Affairs Function 250, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 2007. Date of Access: 24 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/80151.pdf> 747 Summary and Highlights, International Affairs Function 250, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 2007. Date of Access: 24 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/80151.pdf> 748 Summary and Highlights, International Affairs Function 250, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 2007. Date of Access: 24 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/80151.pdf> 749 Summary and Highlights, International Affairs Function 250, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 2007. Date of Access: 24 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/80151.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 101 Humanitarian Assistance”.750 The State Department and USAID have requested year-on-year increases in funding of 11.4% for Governing Justly and Democratically,751 8.7% for Investing in People,752 4.6% for Promoting Economic Growth and Prosperity,753 and 5.6% for Providing Humanitarian Assistance.754 The regional breakdown of these funds is unclear. Thus, the US has been awarded a score of +1. Analysts: Surkhab Peerzada and Michael Erdman European Union: 0 The European Union has partially complied with its commitment on ODA to Africa. During the second EU-Africa Summit in Lisbon on 7-9 December 2007, the EU adopted a new partnership agenda for development in Africa. Entitled the Joint Strategy and Action Plan, it is based upon a “consensus on values, common interests and common strategic objectives.” 755 At the Summit, the Commission further agreed to country strategy papers of the 10th European Development Fund (EDF) with 31 countries of sub-Saharan Africa, pledging
8 billion to cover the period 2008-2013.756 Furthermore, beginning in 2008, countries in sub-Saharan Africa will receive annual disbursements of
3.3 billion via the 10th European Development Fund, and the Commission's total support for Africa is projected to reach an annual
5 billion in the years to come.757 EU aid to Africa must grow to
20 billion per year by 2010, however, in order for the EU to reach its target ratio of 0.56% for ODA/GNI.758 During 2007, the EU also launched a series of humanitarian aid projects to provide humanitarian aid to people in need in the following African countries: Burundi and Tanzania (
20 million), Chad (
17 million), Democratic Republic of Congo (
30 million), Liberia (
15.6 million), Sudan (
70 million) and Uganda (
12 million).759 Thus, the EU has been awarded a score of 0 for its progress in doubling its ODA to Africa by 2010. Analyst: Ayami Hayashi 750 Department of State/USAID Joint Strategic Goal Framework, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 5 February 2007. Date of Access: 24 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/79678.pdf> 751 Strategic Goal 2: Governing Justly and Democratically, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 5 February 2007. Date of Access: 24 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/79680.pdf> 752 Strategic Goal 3: Investing in People, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 5 February 2007. Date of Access: 24 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/79681.pdf> 753 Strategic Goal 4: Promoting Economic Growth and Prosperity, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 5 February 2007. Date of Access: 24 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/79682.pdf> 754 Strategic Goal 5: Providing Humanitarian Assistance, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 5 February 2007. Date of Access: 24 January 2008. < http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/79683.pdf> 755
8 billion: a Great Step Forward for Development and Ambitious Partnerships for 31 States in sub-Saharan Africa and the Commission, European Commission (Brussels) 9 December 2007. Date of Access 23 December 2007. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/1880&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 756
8 billion: a Great Step Forward for Development and Ambitious Partnerships for 31 States in sub-Saharan Africa and the Commission, European Commission (Brussels) 9 December 2007. Date of Access 23 December 2007. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/1880&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 757
8 billion: a Great Step Forward for Development and Ambitious Partnerships for 31 States in sub-Saharan Africa and the Commission, European Commission (Brussels) 9 December 2007. Date of Access 23 December 2007. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/1880&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 758 Recent Developments in International Economic Support for Africa: A Brief Note, United Nations (New York) 2006. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.un.org/africa/osaa/reports/Issues%20paper_Recent%20Developments%20in%20International%20Economic%20Support%20.pdf> 759 From Afghanistan to Uganda: Commission Earmarks Nearly
370 Million in Aid to Humanitarian Hotspots Around the Globe for 2008, European Commission (Brussels) 29 December 2007. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/08/7&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 102 11. Africa: Financial Markets [183] Commitment “[This partnership should help us work together more effectively with a variety of new and existing initiatives such as:] developing a regional Micro Small and Medium Enterprises Investment Fund (REGMIFA) as an instrument to mobilize resources to refinance medium- and long-term investment credits for smaller enterprises and to microfinance institutions.”760 Growth and Responsibility in Africa Background The G8 states have occasionally addressed the issue microfinance and private market development in the developing world. At the 2004 Sea Island Summit, the nations agreed to various measures to encourage private sector development, including an increase in support for microfinance and microentreprises.761 . Their initiatives were inspired by the Martin-Zedillo report on Private Sector Development, presented by then Mexican President Ernest Zedillo and Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin to the United Nations in 2004. The UN General Assembly designated 2005 as the International Year of Microcredit and invited governments, members of the United Nations system, concerned non-governmental organizations and others from civil society, the private sector, and the media to participate in raising the profile and building the capacity of the microcredit and microfinance sectors.762 On 13 October 2006, the founder of the first microfinance bank, Muhammed Yunus, and his organization, the Grameen Bank, were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.763 Microfinance came up again, briefly, in discussions on African development at the Gleneagles Summit in 2005.764 There was no discussion of the issue in any G8 press release from the 2006 St. Petersburg Summit. In the 2007 Heiligendamm Summit, the issue of microfinance was strongly brought up through the German initiatives and the members agreed to focus the funds on microfinance institutions. Team Leader: Mila Khodskaya Assessment Interim Compliance Score Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Lack of Compliance -1 Work in Progress 0 0 Full Compliance +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 0.0 760 Growth and Responsibility in Africa, Summit Declaration, U of T G8 Information Centre, (Heiligendamm), 08 July 2007. Date of Access: 03 January 2008. http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-africa.html. 761 G8 Action Plan: Applying the Power of Entrepreneurship to the Eradication of Poverty, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 9 June 2004. Date of Access: 22 January 2007. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2004seaisland/poverty.html> 762 Financing Development: Private Entrepreneurship, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) June 2004. Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/evaluations/2004seaisland_final/13_2004_seaisland_final.pdf> 763 The Nobel Peace Prize for 2006, Nobel Foundation (Oslo) 13 October 2006. Date of Access: 29 January 2008. <http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/press.html> 764 Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/africa.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 103 Canada: 0 Canada has partially complied with its financial markets commitment. Although Canada supports efforts aimed at developing Africa’s private sector, it has yet to actively participate in the development of a regional Micro Small and Medium Enterprises Investment Fund (REGMIFA). On 14 December 2007, the Government of Canada pledged CAD1.3 billion over three years to the World Bank’s International Development Association, which provides interest-free loans and grants to the world’s poorest countries.765 The contributions comes as a “part of the Government’s intention, reaffirmed by Prime Minister Stephen Harper at this year’s Group of Eight (G8) summit, to double international assistance to Africa by 2008–09 from 2003–04 levels, as more than 50 per cent of IDA’s resources are expected to go towards Africa.”766 Canadian officials have otherwise remained silent on the issue of Canadian support for microfinance initiatives in Africa and Canada has made no announcements on contributions to the start-up capital of the REGMIFA. On 19 October 2007, Finance Ministers and Central Bankers of the G7 nations met for their annual fall meeting in Washington D.C. The Ministers made no mention of their support for the REGMIFA and instead highlighted the importance of encouraging the growth of local bond markets in developing nations.767 Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of 0 for its contribution to the IDA. Analyst: Julien Russell Brunet France: -1 France has failed to comply with its commitment on financial markets. Although French officials have voiced their support for the operation of alternate microfinance institutions in particular African states, they have taken no actions to emphasize their commitment to this aspect of African development. In the Framework Partnership Document for cooperation between France and the Democratic Republic of Congo dated 10 July 2007, France states that it supports “the acquisition of shareholdings in microfinance institutions” as an initial step towards “the reactivation of [the Congolese] economy.”768 French officials, however, have made no statements on the importance of microfinance to the African economy as a whole. On 19 October 2007, Finance Ministers and Central Bankers of the G7 nations met for their annual fall meeting in Washington D.C. The Ministers made no mention of their support for the REGMIFA and instead highlighted the importance of encouraging the growth of local bond markets in developing nations.769 Thus, France has been awarded a score of -1 for its silence on the issue of the REGMIFA. Analyst: Julien Russell Brunet 765 Government of Canada Pledges $1.3 Billion to World Bank’s International Development Association, Department of Finance Canada (Ottawa) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <http://www.fin.gc.ca/news07/07-099e.html> 766 Government of Canada Pledges $1.3 Billion to World Bank’s International Development Association, Department of Finance Canada (Ottawa) 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <http://www.fin.gc.ca/news07/07-099e.html> 767 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bankers, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 768 Framework partnership document France - Democratic Republic of Congo (2007-2011), Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 10 July 2007. Date of Access: January 10, 2008. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/development_2108/french-policy_2589/aidinstruments_2674/framework-partnership-documents_2675/framework-partnership-document-france-democratic-republic-of-congo-20072011_9498.html?var_recherche=microfinance#so_13> 769 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bankers, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 104 Germany: +1 Germany has fully complied with its commitment on financial markets. On 4 October 2007, German Chancellor Angela Merkel addressed the African Union in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and reaffirmed Germany’s commitment to developing a microfinance bank in Africa. 770 Chancellor Merkel’s statement was reinforced on 22 November 2007, when the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) pledged
50 million for the startup of a regional microfinance bank in Africa (REGMIFA).771 The BMZ plans to make REGMIFA operational in 2008.772 The BMZ has promoted investment in private sector development through the KfW Entwicklungsbank, the German Development Bank. The KfW Entwicklungsbank held its 2007 Financial Sector Development Symposium in Berlin on 15 - 16 November 2007.773 The symposium helped foster knowledge exchange and discussions on topics including microfinance securitization and the strengthening of financial markets.774 Germany has actively promoted microfinance in Africa to private investors. On 11 December 2007, the BMZ held the “Africa Investment Day” which brought together more than 150 participants from the African and German private sectors.775 The meeting was designed to “promote a stronger involvement of the private sector on the African continent.”776 Germany continues to support microfinance initiatives as part of its development policy through the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), a federally owned international cooperation enterprise. The GTZ is explicitly working towards Germany’s G8 Financial Markets commitment through the Financial System Development (FSD) Program, which cooperates with the Bank of Uganda to develop a micro-credit system.777 On 19 October 2007, Finance Ministers and Central Bankers of the G7 nations met for their annual fall meeting in Washington D.C. The Ministers made no mention of their support for the REGMIFA and instead highlighted the importance of encouraging the growth of local bond markets in developing nations.778 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive support of REGMIFA and microcredit initiatives in general. Analyst: Tatjana Zalar 770 Speech by Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel to the African Union in Addis Ababa on 4 October 2007, Government of the Federal Republic of Germany (Berlin) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://www.bundesregierung.de/nn_6516/Content/EN/Reden/2007/10/2007-1004-rede-merkel-addis-abeba.html.> 771 G8 – Progress on implementation: General Overview, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) 22 November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <www.bmz.de/de/zentrales_downloadarchiv/Presse/AFP_und_WBF/englisch/heiligendamm_implementation_en.pdf> 772 G8 – Progress on implementation: General Overview, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) 22 November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <www.bmz.de/de/zentrales_downloadarchiv/Presse/AFP_und_WBF/englisch/heiligendamm_implementation_en.pdf> 773 2007 Financial Sector Development Symposium, KfW Entwicklungsbank (Berlin) 15 November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Topics/FinancialS15/Events29/Sympsoium_2007/index.jsp> 774 Mobilising Structured Finance for New Fields –Ready for New Applications? KfW Entwicklungsbank (Berlin) 16 November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. http://www.kfw<entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Topics/FinancialS15/Events29/Pdf_documents_events/2007Session5_Presentation_Jobst.pdf> 775 "Africa Investment Day" of the German government to promote investments in Africa, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) 11 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/december/pm_20071211_146.html> 776 Africa Investment Day" of the German government to promote investments in Africa, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) 11 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/december/pm_20071211_146.html> 777 Financial System Development (FSD) Programme, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (Berlin). Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.gtz.de/en/top-themen/16458.htm> 778 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bankers, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 105 Italy: -1 Italy has failed to comply with its commitment to participate in the creation of a regional microfinance bank or to refinance microcredit institutions. In September 2007, Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi issued a statement noting that it is “useful and realistic to prioritize what Africa is requesting: peace, security, support for alleviating poverty and fostering growth, and continent-wide cooperation.” 779 No mention was made of microfinance or microcredit priorities. However, Mr. Prodi did suggest that “we must strengthen and in some cases create institutional, cultural, and political cooperation”780 with Africa. As well, the Prime Minister acknowledged that the G8 “can play an important role” in recognizing Millennium Development Goals. 781 On 19 October 2007, Finance Ministers and Central Bankers of the G7 nations met for their annual fall meeting in Washington D.C. The Ministers made no mention of their support for the REGMIFA and instead highlighted the importance of encouraging the growth of local bond markets in developing nations.782 Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of -1 for its failure to participate in the creation of a regional microfinance institution for Africa. Analyst: Karen Chang Japan: -1 Japan has failed to comply with its commitment on the financing of a regional Micro Small and Medium Enterprise Investment Fund. Japan has largely ignored the role of microcredit in African initiatives. On 21 August 2007, The International Herald Tribune reported that “Japan is being forced to look more closely at its role in providing Africa with aid in light of the looming G8 Summit.”783 Nevertheless, Japan plans to hold the fourth annual Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV) in May 2008. TICAD IV will focus on encouraging economic growth in Africa.784 On 19 October 2007, Finance Ministers and Central Bankers of the G7 nations met for their annual fall meeting in Washington D.C. The Ministers made no mention of their support for the REGMIFA and instead highlighted the importance of encouraging the growth of local bond markets in developing nations.785 Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of -1 for its total lack of action on the issue of microfinance in Africa. Analysts: Tatjana Zalar and Katya Prokhorova 779 Address by Prime Minister Romano Prodi at the United Nations, Permanent Mission of Italy to the United Nations (New York) 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.italyun.esteri.it/italyun/docs/statemen/2007_09_24 cds_en.html> 780 Address by Prime Minister Romano Prodi at the United Nations, Permanent Mission of Italy to the United Nations (New York) 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.italyun.esteri.it/italyun/docs/statemen/2007_09_24 cds_en.html> 781 Address by Prime Minister Romano Prodi at the United Nations, Permanent Mission of Italy to the United Nations (New York) 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.italyun.esteri.it/italyun/docs/statemen/2007_09_24 cds_en.html> 782 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bankers, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 783 African Development - Japan's 2008 G8: Plans for the Hokkaido Toyako Summit, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 1 January 2008. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/evaluations/2008hokkaido/2008plan/2008plan070921.html#africa> 784 TICAD IV (28-30 May, 2008), Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan (Tokyo) November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/africa/ticad/ticad4/outline.pdf > 785 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bankers, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 106 Russia: -1 Russia has failed to comply with its commitment to contribute to developing a regional Micro Small and Medium Enterprises Investment Fund (REGMIFA). Three distinct issues affected Russia’s noncompliance with the commitment. First, Russia has long been a destination of credits for microfinance from developed countries and international organization.786 The Russian Federation has attracted credits from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and still has an acute need for microfinance. According to market estimates, six million small enterprises in Russia need microcredit787. Secondly, in contrast to other G8 countries, Russia has a very short history of microfinance and little experience in this sphere. Microfinance in Russia is not yet fully regulated – even the concept of a microfinance institution (MFI) is absent in Russian legislation. Nevertheless, some progress has been observed. As of November 2007, it became known that negotiations between the World Bank and the Government of Russia over the Russian Federal Law on Microfinance may be concluded prior to 2008.788 Thirdly, Russia is the only G8 country that is not a non-regional member (i.e. shareholder) of the African Development Bank (ADB).789 Russia’s absence at the ADB restricts its ability to contribute to microfinance initiatives on the continent. Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of -1. Analyst: Tatiana Lanshina United Kingdom: +1 The United Kingdom has fully complied with its commitment on financial markets. Since June 2007, the UK has continued to support microfinance initiatives as part of its development policy. On 19 October 2007, the UK announced that the CDC Group plc, a government-backed private equity emerging markets fund-of-funds investor, would be investing US$30 million in a new microfinance hedge fund.790 Minlam Asset Management LLC (MAM), a New York-based investment firm, established the fund called Minlam’s Microfinance Offshore Hedge Fund. 791 Minlam provides local currency credit to microfinance institutions (MFIs), which operate in emerging markets across Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and Central and South America.792 CDC’s commitment to Minlam’s Hedge fund is its biggest investment in microfinance funds to date. According to Hywel Rees-Jones, CDC’s investments director, Minlam is the Group’s first investment in a provider of debt capital for MFIs.793 786 Rapid growth in microfinance, Business and Society, Banking Practice Abroad (Kiev) August 2007. Date of Access: 4 December 2007. <http://www.web-standart.net/magaz.php?aid=9027> 787 Russia Misses Microfinance, Inter Press News Service Agency (Rome) 28 August 2007. Date of Access: 3 December 2007. <http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=39045> 788 Ministry of finance is developing legislation for microfinance, Allbusiness (Moscow) 15 November 2007. Date of Access: 4 December 2007. <http://www.allbusiness.ru/NewsAM/NewsAMShow.asp?id=809434> 789 Non-regional member countries, African Development Bank (Abidjan). Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.afdb.org/portal/page?_pageid=473,969002&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL> 790 UK’s CDC Group Invests USD 30 Million in Minlam’s Microfinance Offshore Hedge Fund, Microcapital Org (Massachussets) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 30 November 2007. <http://www.microcapital.org/?p=1425#more-1425> 791 UK’s CDC Group Invests USD 30 Million in Minlam’s Microfinance Offshore Hedge Fund, Microcapital Org (Massachussets) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 30 November 2007. <http://www.microcapital.org/?p=1425#more-1425> 792 UK’s CDC Group Invests USD 30 Million in Minlam’s Microfinance Offshore Hedge Fund, Microcapital Org (Massachussets) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 30 November 2007. <http://www.microcapital.org/?p=1425#more-1425> 793 UK Government Investment Group Puts US$30Mln in New Microfinance Hedge Fund, The Microfinance Gateway (Washington D.C.) 17 October 2007. Date of Access: 30 November 2007. <http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/44213> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 107 On 27 November 2007, the UK announced that it is doubling its contribution to the 11th replenishment of the African Development Fund, bringing to sum to GBP417 million.794 British International Development Secretary Douglas Alexander remarked that “It demonstrates our commitment to help build African institutions, our confidence in the reform process being undertaken by the African Development Bank, and our belief that the Fund can effectively support development in Africa's poorest countries.”795 On 19 October 2007, Finance Ministers and Central Bankers of the G7 nations met for their annual fall meeting in Washington D.C. The Ministers made no mention of their support for the REGMIFA and instead highlighted the importance of encouraging growth in local bond markets in developing nations.796 Thus, the United Kingdom has been awarded a score of +1 for its replenishment of the ADB and its support of private sector-based microfinance vehicles. Analyst: Hannah Moosa United States: +1 The United States has fully complied with its commitment on REGMIFA. The United States has been successful in refinancing microfinance institutions as well as setting up new investment funds. On 8 June 2007, the United States launched initiatives to strengthen African financial markets, mobilize domestic and foreign investment and help spur job creation and economic growth in Africa.797 The Africa Financial Sector Initiative (AFSI) is expected to mobilize up to US$1 billion in privately managed investment funds for Africa in addition to providing expert assistance to address impediments in Africa’s financial sector. 798 Furthermore the United States pledged that the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, OPIC, will support the creation of new private equity funds that may mobilize up to US$800 million of additional investment to Africa.799 The U.S. has pledged US$250 million funds to jump start three new African investment funds.800 The OPIC expressed it will provide the initial financing to get the funds started. The OPIC will grant US$100 million each to the Africa Catalyst Fund and the Millennium Global Africa Opportunities Fund. In addition, US$50 million will be given to the Atlantic Coast Regional Fund.801 The Africa Catalyst Fund and Millennium Global Africa Opportunities Fund will invest in private and exchange-traded debt and equity securities with a focus on different countries.802 Atlantic Coast Regional is to make private equity investments in west and central Africa, including Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal.803 The investments would be aimed at sectors like transportation, financial services, telecommunications and mining.804 794 UK Doubles Contribution to African Development Fund, African Development Bank Group (Abidjan) 7 November 2007. Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <http://www.afdb.org/portal/page?_pageid=293,174339&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&he _item=26150415&press_lang=us> 795 UK Doubles Contribution to African Development Fund, African Development Bank Group (Abidjan) 7 November 2007. Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <http://www.afdb.org/portal/page?_pageid=293,174339&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&press_item=26150415&press_lang=us> 796 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bankers, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 797 Fact Sheet: A Record of Commitment to Africa, The White House (Washington D.C.) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/06/20070608-14.html> 798 Fact Sheet: A Record of Commitment to Africa, The White House (Washington D.C.) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/06/20070608-14.html> 799 Fact Sheet: A Record of Commitment to Africa, The White House (Washington D.C.) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/06/20070608-14.html> 800 U.S. plans $250 mln for African investment funds, Reuters (Accra) 19 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSL1927704720071119?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0> 801 U.S. plans $250 mln for African investment funds, Reuters (Accra) 19 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSL1927704720071119?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0> 802 U.S. plans $250 mln for African investment funds, Reuters (Accra) 19 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSL1927704720071119?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0> 803 U.S. plans $250 mln for African investment funds, Reuters (Accra) 19 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSL1927704720071119?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0> 804 U.S. plans $250 mln for African investment funds, Reuters (Accra) 19 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January. <2008.http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSL1927704720071119?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 108 On 19 October 2007, Finance Ministers and Central Bankers of the G7 nations met for their annual fall meeting in Washington D.C. The Ministers made no mention of their support for the REGMIFA and instead highlighted the importance of encouraging growth in local bond markets in developing nations.805 Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of +1 for its active involvement in strengthening Africa’s financial sector. Analyst: Karen Chang European Union: +1 The European Union has fully complied with its financial market commitments. On 11 November 2007, The European Investment Bank (EIB) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) announced that they would invest up to
10 million in the equity of Capital Financial Holdings SA, the first financial holding company in the Central Africa region.806 CFH brings together Commercial Bank Cameroon, Commercial Bank Chad and Commercial Bank Centrafrique and aims to develop the banks’ small and medium-sized enterprise lending capacity, benefiting local entrepreneurs and investors while contributing to the development of the region’s banking system.807 On 25 October 2007, AfriCap Microfinance Fund closed its second round of investments at US$50 million, and announced its transformation into a permanent capital investment company called AfriCap Microfinance Investment Company.808 The EIB committed up to
5 Million in investments in the regional company, which is dedicated to creating and acquiring commercial microfinance companies and banks.809 On 19 December 2007, the EIB’s Facility for Euro-Mediterranean Investment and Partnership (FEMIP) granted a long-term loan of nearly TND3.6 million (
2 million) to the Tunisian micro-finance association ENDA Inter-Arabe to finance its expansion.810 This loan will enable ENDA to provide over 50 000 microcredits.811 In turn, it will foster the creation of small businesses and jobs, in addition to having a catalytic effect on local investors. Aside from being the leading provider of development finance in the region, FEMIP has also established itself as a forum for dialogue and cooperation between Europe and the Mediterranean. In May 2008, FEMIP will hold a conference dedicated to microfinance issues in Tunis. 812 Thus, the EU has been awarded a score of +1 for the comprehensive funding packages offered by the EIB to private and public sector microfinance institutions. Analyst: Hannah Moosa 805 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bankers, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 806 IFC and EIB invest in Central Africa’s first financial holding company to boost lending to SMEs and strengthen banking in the region, European Investment Bank (Luxembourg) 11 December 2007. Date of Access: 19 January 2007. <http://www.eib.org/projects/press/2007/2007-134--ifc-and-eibinvest-in-central-africas-first-financial-holding-company-in-the-region.htm?searchType=press&indice=3> 807 IFC and EIB invest in Central Africa’s first financial holding company to boost lending to SMEs and strengthen banking in the region, European Investment Bank (Luxembourg) 11 December 2007. Date of Access: 19 January 2007. <http://www.eib.org/projects/press/2007/2007-134--ifc-and-eibinvest-in-central-africas-first-financial-holding-company-in-the-region.htm?searchType=press&indice=3> 808 AfriCap Transforms into Largest African Microfinance Private Equity Company: Second Round of Investments Closes at US$50Mln, The Microfinance Gateway (Washington D.C.) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 30 November 2007. <http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/44426> 809 AFRICAP II, European Investment Bank (Luxembourg) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 30 November 2007. <http://www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/2006/20060099.htm> & AfriCap Transforms into Largest African Microfinance Private Equity Company: Second Round of Investments Closes at US$50Mln, The Microfinance Gateway (Washington D.C.) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 30 November 2007 <http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/44426> 810 FEMIP supports microfinance in Tunisia - EUR 2 million loan to ENDA Inter-Arabe microfinance association, European Investment Bank (Luxembourg)19 December 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2007. <http://www.eib.org/projects/press/2007/2007-148--La-FEMIP-soutient-lamicrofinance-en-Tunisie.htm?searchType=press&indice=2> 811 FEMIP supports microfinance in Tunisia - EUR 2 million loan to ENDA Inter-Arabe microfinance association, European Investment Bank (Luxembourg) 19 December 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2007. <http://www.eib.org/projects/press/2007/2007-148--La-FEMIP-soutient-lamicrofinance-en-Tunisie.htm?searchType=press&indice=2> 812 FEMIP supports microfinance in Tunisia - EUR 2 million loan to ENDA Inter-Arabe microfinance association, European Investment Bank (Luxembourg) 19 December 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2007. <http://www.eib.org/projects/press/2007/2007-148--La-FEMIP-soutient-lamicrofinance-en-Tunisie.htm?searchType=press&indice=2> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 109 12. Africa: Education [202] Commitment “The G8 will continue to work with partners and other donors to meet shortfalls in all FTI endorsed countries, estimated by the FTI Secretariat at around US$ 500 million for 2007.”813 Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy Background At the World Conference on Education for All in Jomtien, Thailand (5-9 March 1990), delegates from 155 countries, as well as representatives from approximately 150 organizations, agreed to universalize primary education and massively reduce illiteracy before the year 2000.814 Article III of the World Declaration on Education for All addresses universalizing access to, and promoting equity in, education, stating that “basic education should be provided to all children, youth and adults.”815 The Article also recognizes the most urgent objective to be ensuring access to, and improving the quality of, education for girls and women and removing every obstacle that hampers their active participation.816 Senegal hosted the World Education Forum in April 2000.817 Through the adoption of the Dakar Framework for Action, the 1100 participants of the Forum reaffirmed their commitment to achieving Education for All by the year 2015, and entrusted UNESCO with the overall responsibility of coordinating all international players and sustaining global momentum.818 The G8 countries reaffirmed their support for the Education for All agenda at the July 2001 Genoa Summit,819 and all nations endorsed the results of the G8 Education Task Force, which reported at the 2002 Kananaskis Summit.820 Three years later, at the 2005 Gleneagles Summit, G8 leaders once again renewed their commitment to the Education for All Initiative, with a strong emphasis placed on its implementation in Africa. 821 All participants expressed support for the Fast Track Initiative (FTI), a partnership between donor and developing countries guaranteeing progress toward universal primary education as an objective of the Millennium Development Goals, provided that the candidate countries display a strong commitment to implementing strategies geared to improving the educational sector.822 Education was a topic of particular emphasis for the Russian Presidency of the G8. At the 2006 St. Petersburg Summit, leaders reaffirmed their support for the Millennium Development Goals focused on education and stressed their commitment to the Education for All Initiative.823 Seven separate commitments on Education for All were included in the document Education for Innovative Societies in the 21st Century. These commitments reaffirmed support for promises made at numerous previous G8 Summits, highlighted the importance of education in furthering African development, and stressed the necessity of including 813 Growth and Responsibility in Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-africa.html> 814 The World Conference on Education for All 1990, UNESCO (Geneva). Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.unesco.org/education/efa/ed_for_all/background/world_conference_jomtien.shtml> 815 World Declaration on Education for All, UNESCO (Geneva) 1990. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.unesco.org/education/efa/ed_for_all/background/jomtien_declaration.shtml> 816 World Declaration on Education for All, UNESCO (Geneva) 1990. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.unesco.org/education/efa/ed_for_all/background/jomtien_declaration.shtml> 817 EDUCATION Primary Education, UNESCO (Geneva). Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.phpURL_ID=33163&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html> 818 EDUCATION Primary Education, UNESCO (Geneva). Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.phpURL_ID=33163&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html> 819 Communiqué, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 22 July 2001. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2001genoa/finalcommunique.html> 820 A New Focus on Education for All, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 26 June 2002. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2002kananaskis/education.html> 821 Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/africa.html> 822 Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/africa.html> 823 st Education for Innovative Societies in the 21 Century, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 16 July 2006. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2006stpetersburg/education.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 110 programs for HIV/AIDS awareness in education systems.824 The leaders also agreed to assist FTI-identified nations in developing sustainable capacity and identifying necessary resources for the completion of their educational goals.825 Team Leader: Christina Jabbour Assessment Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Interim Compliance Score Lack of Compliance Work in Progress -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 +1 +1 +0.11 Canada: -1 Canada has failed to comply with its commitment to fund FTI shortfalls. In its December 2007 report, the Education Program Development Fund (EPDF), one of the two funds associated with the FTI, did not list Canada as a major contributor.826 Indeed, the only pledge that Canada has made to the Fund, as of December 2007, was a contribution of US$3.4 million in 2006.827 Similarly, Canada has failed to make new contributions or pledges to the FTI’s other funding structure, the Catalytic Fund, since 2006.828 This, however, represents Canada’s earlier decision to provide lump-sum funding to the FTI-EFA rather than annual disbursements. According to the Global Campaign for Education School Report 2007, Canada contributes 40% less than the amount necessary to meet the FTI target goals by 2015. In order to meet these goals, Canada will have to give an additional US$125 million annually.829 The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) lists support of the Education for All Initiative as one of the components of its Sustainable Development Strategy 2007-2009.830 Indeed, the Strategy states that “Canada’s commitment to basic education is reflected in its support of a number of international agreements, which include the EFA Framework.” 831 Nevertheless, CIDA has announced no new contributions to the EFA or the two Funds of the FTI since the release of its Sustainable Development 824 Education for Innovative Societies in the 21st Century, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 16 July 2006. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2006stpetersburg/education.html> 825 Education for Innovative Societies in the 21st Century, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 16 July 2006. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2006stpetersburg/education.html> 826 Education Program Development Fund (EDPF) Summary Progress Report, Education for All (Dakar) December 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.education-fast-track.org/library/EPDF_reportdec07.pdf> 827 Education Program Development Fund (EDPF) Summary Progress Report, Education for All (Dakar) December 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.education-fast-track.org/library/EPDF_reportdec07.pdf> 828 FTI Catalytic Fund Status Report, Education for All (Dakar) December 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.education-fasttrack.org/library/CF_statusreport_dec07.pdf> 829 School Report 2007, Global Campaign for Education (Saxonwold, South Africa) 2007. Date of Access: 9 December 2007. <http://www.campaignforeducation.org/documents/news/2007/April/EngsNarrativelowres.pdf> 830 Sustainable Development Strategy: 2007-2009, Canadian International Development Agency (Ottawa) 9 January 2008. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/acdicida.nsf/En/RAC-1129144152-R4Q#act2b> 831 Sustainable Development Strategy: 2007-2009, Canadian International Development Agency (Ottawa) 9 January 2008. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/acdicida.nsf/En/RAC-1129144152-R4Q#act2b> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 111 Strategy. The last contribution listed on the CIDA website is Canada’s pledge of US$25 million for the EFA-FTI, which was made at the St. Petersburg G8 Summit in 2006.832 Canada has neither announced new pledges to cover FTI shortfalls nor displayed a commitment to encourage further funding from donors. Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of -1. Analyst: Christina Jabbour France: 0 France has partially complied with its commitment to meet shortfalls in all FTI countries. France’s financial contribution to the FTI is channeled through the Agence Française de Développement (AFD). On 4 October 2007, the AFD announced that its Foreign States Committee had approved the allocation of two grants totaling
9.05 million to the Catalytic Fund and the Education Program Development Fund. Together, the two financial vehicles constitute the trust funds of the FTI.833 On 23 October 2007, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs released the Perret Commission Report.834 The Report was delivered to the French Parliament on 4 June 2007. Entitled French Cooperation and the Challenge of Education in Africa: An Urgent Need for New Dynamics, the Perret Report reviews France’s support for education in Africa and the FTI. The Report reiterates France’s commitment to moving the Fast Track Initiative forward and suggests that France do more to support the Initiative, as its financial participation in the FTI is still modest. Indeed, the Perret Commission notes that although France increased its development aid for education from
93 million in 2006 to
122 million in 2007, the increase was largely due to debt cancellation contracts with Cameroon and Mauritania and was unlikely to be sustainable.835 The report also urges the French state to use its influence to ensure that the FTI is financed through long-term and durable sources and that the Catalytic Fund does not become a permanent means of financing FTI shortfalls.836 To date, there is little evidence that French diplomacy has been effective in mobilizing additional donor resources. Thus, France has been awarded a score of 0 for its modest financial contribution to the FTI and its efforts to encourage other donors to follow suit. Analyst: Mariann Lau Germany: 0 Germany has partially complied with its education commitment as agreed at the 2007 Heiligendamm Summit. Germany is committed to building support among donors to meet shortfalls in FTI-endorsed countries. In a report entitled The G8: Players in a Global Development Partnership, published in September 2007, the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) announced that it would help bridge the FTI’s funding gap in the basic education sector and that it would organize an international forum on building capacity within the Education for All Initiative in October 2007.837 832 Sustainable Development Strategy: 2007-2009, Canadian International Development Agency (Ottawa) 9 January 2008. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/acdicida.nsf/En/RAC-1129144152-R4Q#act2b> 833 Multi-country: financing basic education, Agence française du développement (Paris) 4 October 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2007. <http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/lang/en/home/Presse/Communique/pid/3478> 834 Politique éducative - rapport de la commission Perret, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 23 October 2007. Date of Access : 20 January 2007. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/aide-au-developpement_1060/colonne-droite_1640/reflexions...-touteindependance_1805/politique-educative-rapport-commission-perret_54262.html> 835 Politique éducative - rapport de la commission Perret, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 23 October 2007. Date of Access : 20 January 2007. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/aide-au-developpement_1060/colonne-droite_1640/reflexions...-touteindependance_1805/politique-educative-rapport-commission-perret_54262.html> 836 Politique éducative - rapport de la commission Perret, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 23 October 2007. Date of Access : 2 January 2007. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/aide-au-developpement_1060/colonne-droite_1640/reflexions...-touteindependance_1805/politique-educative-rapport-commission-perret_54262.html> 837 The G8: Players in a Global Development Partnership. Development Policy Priorities of the Germany G8 Presidency in 2007, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) September 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2007. <http://www.bmz.de/en/service/infothek/fach/spezial/spezial150.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 112 On 8-10 October 2007, the BMZ hosted the international forum “Capacity Development for Education for All – Putting Policy into Practice” in Bonn. At the forefront of the forum was a discussion on the efficiency of funds allocations. The goal was to have increased funding met with increased capacity across all sectors.838 German officials believe that, rather than creating new institutions, the key to making the FTI sustainable and efficient is the establishment of new partnerships, including partnerships between the public and private sectors and between governments, civil society and other non-state actors.839 Finally, Germany plans to contribute
8 million from 2007 to 2009 to the Fast Track Initiative Catalytic Fund.840 The exact contribution transferred to the Catalytic Fund for the second half of 2007, however, has not been made clear.841 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of 0 for its overall contributions to the FTI and for its efforts at encouraging other parties to participating in bridging the funding gap. Analyst: Mariann Lau Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with its commitment to meet shortfalls in the Fast Track Initiative countries. It has pledged new funds to the FTI, but has not attempted to obtain shortfall funding from other donors, despite its rhetoric on the importance of African development. Italy has followed through on funds pledged to the Fast Track Initiative’s Catalytic Fund between 2003 and 2006.842 Furthermore, it has promised US$4.2 million in 2007 and a further US$4.2 million in 2008.843 This is a significant increase from past years. Italy contributed US$2.4 million in 2004 and 2005 respectively, and only US$1.3 million in 2006. 844 However, the new funds pledged for 2007 have not yet been received.845 Since the Heiligendamm Summit, Italian officials have spoken frequently on the importance of African development and the Millennium Development Goals. At a meeting on 9 November 2007, the United Kingdom’s Secretary of State for International Development Shriti Vadera and Italy’s Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Patrizia Sentinelli spoke generally about the “Millennium Objectives.”846 In an address to African ambassadors on 23 November 2007, Minister of Foreign Affairs Massimo D’Alema said: “We are guided by the objectives indicated by the Millennium Development Goals [...] This is one of the reasons which convinced us to increase our efforts in the field of cooperation to development.”847 Reporting to the 838 Capacity Development for Education for All: Putting Policy into Practice, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) November 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2007. <http://www.bmz.de/en/service/infothek/fach/spezial/special152pdf.pdf> 839 Capacity Development for Education for All: Putting Policy into Practice, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) November 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2007. <http://www.bmz.de/en/service/infothek/fach/spezial/special152pdf.pdf> 840 Education for All – Quenching the Thirst for Education: International forum "Capacity Development for Education for All – Putting policy into practice", Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2007. <http://www.bmz.de/en/EU_G8/Blickpunkte/blickpunkt_efa_bonn/index.html> 841 Education for All – Quenching the Thirst for Education: International forum "Capacity Development for Education for All – Putting policy into practice", Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2007. <http://www.bmz.de/en/EU_G8/Blickpunkte/blickpunkt_efa_bonn/index.html> 842 FTI Catalytic Fund Status Report, FTI Secretariat (Washington D.C.) December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://www.education-fasttrack.org/library/CF_statusreport_dec07.pdf> 843 FTI Catalytic Fund Status Report, FTI Secretariat (Washington D.C.) December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://www.education-fasttrack.org/library/CF_statusreport_dec07.pdf> 844 FTI Expanded Catalytic Fund Status Report, FTI Secretariat (Washington D.C.) May 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://www.educationfast-track.org/library/CF_statusreport_may07.pdf> 845 FTI Catalytic Fund Status Report, FTI Secretariat (Washington D.C.) December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://www.education-fasttrack.org/library/CF_statusreport_dec07.pdf> 846 Meeting between Deputy Minister Sentinelli and the United Kingdom’s Under Secretary of State for International Development, Shriti Vadera, Ministero d’Affari Esteri (Rome) 9 November 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2007. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Ministero/Viceministri_Sottosegretari/Sentinelli/Comunicati/2007/11/20071109_Vader.htm> 847 Minister of Foreign Affairs Massimo D’Alema addresses Ambassadors of the African Group, Ministero d’Affari Esteri (Rome) 23 November 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2007. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Ministero/Ministro/Interventi/2007/11/20071123_intervento_riunione.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 113 Senate on Foreign Relations on 25 July 2007, D’Alema referred to African development assistance as “major commitments that represent one of the key areas of our foreign policy.”848 Despite this focus on the Millennium Development goals in general, Italian representatives have spoken very little about education, choosing to focus primarily on health issues. Perhaps as a result, they do not appear to have secured any shortfall funding from other donors. Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of 0 for its failure to secure additional funding for FTI funding shortfalls and its support of increased assistance to African development in general. Analyst: Allison Martell Japan: -1 Japan has failed to comply with its commitment to meet shortfalls in the Fast Track Initiative countries. There is no evidence to suggest that Japan has delivered the financial support committed prior to the 2007 Heiligendamm Summit in Germany. It has not sought out additional support from other donors nor has it committed to any additional funding. As of October 2007, the only funding that the Japanese government has provided for the two funds that make up the FTI-EFA’s financing resources has been a US$1.2 million disbursement to the EPDF in 2007.849 Japanese officials have announced their intention to attend two conferences that will address the issue of education in Africa. The first conference, set for 6 February 2008, is the Japanese Education Forum.850 This conference will address Japan’s role in the development of the Education for All Initiative.851 The second conference, scheduled for 28 May 2008, the Tokyo International Conference on African Development, will discuss processes to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goals. The agenda, however, does not identify any specific focus on the Education For All – Fast Track Initiative.852 Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of -1 for its lack of funding for FTI shortfalls and its inactivity in securing the support of other donors. Analyst: Julia Kulik and Katya Prokhorova Russia: 0 Russia has partially complied with its commitment on the Fast Track Initiative. The Russian Federation pledged to contribute US$4 million to the FTI in 2006-2008, including US$1 million in 2008.853 According to the FTI Secretariat, as of 31 October 2007 Russia has transferred US$ 3 million to the EFA-FTI.854 There has been no announcement of Russian allocations for 2009.855 848 Minister of Foreign Affairs Massimo D’Alema addresses Senate, Ministero d’Affari Esteri (Rome) 25 July 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2007. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Ministero/Ministro/Interventi/2007/07/20070725DalemaSenato.htm> 849 Education Program Development Fund (EDPF) Summary Progress Report, Education for All (Dakar) December 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.education-fast-track.org/library/EPDF_reportdec07.pdf> 850 Fifth Japan Education Forum V, Waseda University International Office, International Affairs Division (Tokyo) 7 January 2008. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.waseda.jp/intl-ac/jef2008-e.htm> 851 FTI – Education For All, Education For All, FTI Secretariat (Washington D.C.). Date of Access: 3 January 2008 <http://www.education-fasttrack.org/calendar.asp?action=detail&incDate=2/6/2008> 852 MOFA: TICAD IV in Yokohama, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo). Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/africa/ticad/ticad4/outline.pdf> 853 Annual Report 2007, FTI Secretariat (Washington D.C.) 10 December 2007, Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.education-fast-track.org/library/AR2007_Eng_Full.pdf> 854 Annual Report 2007, Fast Track Initiative Secretariat (Washington D.C.) 10 December 2007, Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.education-fast-track.org/library/AR2007_Eng_Full.pdf> 855 Annual Report 2007, FTI Secretariat (Washington D.C.) 10 December 2007, Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.education-fast-track.org/library/AR2007_Eng_Full.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 114 Moreover, within the framework of the FTI, Russia has committed to pay out to the Education Program Development Fund US$1.2 million in 2007 and 2 US$ million in 2008. According to the Annual Report 2007, represented by the FTI on 10 December 2007, the promised funds have yet to be received from Russia.856 On 29 October 2007, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Alexander Yakovenko pointed out that participation in the EFA-FTI is one of Russia’s foreign policy priorities. He also confirmed that Russia would help African nations both with policy advice and financing.857 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of 0 for its financial contributions to the Fast Track Initiative and its failure to engage other donors. Analyst: Igor Churkin United Kingdom: +1 The United Kingdom has fully complied with its commitment on the Fast Track Initiative. In its December 2007 report, the Education Program Development Fund (EPDF), one of the two Funds associated with the FTI, noted that pledges from the UK, the Netherlands and Norway accounted for 75% of the EPDF’s funding in 2007.858 The United Kingdom pledged US$5.4 million in 2007 for the EPDF and plans to contribute a further US$1 million in 2008.859 According to the Department for International Development (DFID), the UK has committed GBP8.5 billion towards education to 2015, with disbursements of GBP1 billion a year from 2010 onwards, including GBP150 million to the Fast Track Initiative. 860 Nevertheless, according to the Global Campaign for Education School Report 2007, the UK contribution falls short of the amount needed to meet the FTI target goals by 2015 by 8%. In order to meet these goals, the United Kingdom will need to give an additional US$48 million annually.861 The UK has also been involved in mobilizing political will for the education initiative. On 31 July 2007, speaking at the United Nations headquarters in New York, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown called for a renewed international effort to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, of which Goal 3 is universal primary education. The Prime Minister called for an emergency meeting to be held in 2008 to report on progress toward this goal.862 On 24 October 2007, British Minister for International Development Shriti Vadera stressed the importance of the EFA-FTI while at an Education for All event in Washington D.C.863 The purpose of Minister Vadera’s visit to Capitol Hill was not to highlight the UK’s contributions to the FTI, but rather to congratulate the American government and Congress on funding initiatives linked to the EFA-FTI and 856 Annual Report 2007, FTI Secretariat (Washington D.C.) 10 December 2007, Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.education-fast-track.org/library/AR2007_Eng_Full.pdf> 857 Alexander Yakovenko: Russia will take part in the World Electronic Library creation, PolitRussia (Moscow) 29 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.politrussia.ru/life/8111.html> 858 Education Program Development Fund (EDPF) Summary Progress Report, Education for All (Dakar) December 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.education-fast-track.org/library/EPDF_reportdec07.pdf> 859 Education Program Development Fund (EDPF) Summary Progress Report, Education for All (Dakar) December 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.education-fast-track.org/library/EPDF_reportdec07.pdf> 860 Millennium Development Goals, Department for International Development (London) 1 August 2007, Date of Access: 8 December 2007. < http://www.dfid.gov.uk/mdg/progress-07.asp> 861 School Report 2007, Global Campaign for Education (Saxonwold, South Africa) 2007. Date of Access: 9 December 2007. <http://www.campaignforeducation.org/documents/news/2007/April/EngsNarrativelowres.pdf> 862 Millennium Development Goals, Department for International Development (London) 1 August 2007. Date of Access: 8 December 2007. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/mdg/progress-07.asp> 863 Speech by International Development Minister Shriti Vadera at Education for All event on the Hill, Department for International Development (London) 24 October 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/Speeches/vadera-education.asp> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 115 other educational goals. Minister Vadera also urged the US to continue supporting efforts to provide universal primary education by 2015.864 Thus, the United Kingdom has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive support of the EFA-FTI and for its activities to encourage other donor nations to contribute to the Initiative. Analyst: Christina Jabbour United States: +1 The United States has fully complied with its commitment to meet shortfalls in all Fast Track Initiative countries. The American government has committed financial support for the Education for All – Fast Track Initiative (EFA-FTI) for the fiscal year 2008, as it has done every year since the program’s introduction in 2002.865 The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) specifically targets resources to address education inequalities in Africa. By supporting the EFA-FTI, USAID works to eliminate the high number of children out of school, raise the quality of learning, increase the number of trained teachers, and improve the quality of learning materials.866 On 24 September 2007, First Lady Laura Bush announced the launch of a USAID initiative that strengthens President Bush’s previous commitment to basic education in Ethiopia, Ghana, Honduras, Liberia, Mali, and Yemen. Mrs. Bush reaffirmed the President’s promise, made on 31 May 2007, which committed US$525 million over the next five years to the FTI countries to expand basic education for African children.867 Beginning in 2008, the US Government aims to provide an additional four million children with access to basic education. To meet this goal, USAID has requested US$535 million in additional funding from Congress for 2008.868 Mrs. Bush also announced that a new position has been created, known as the Coordinator of the President’s International Education Initiative. Dr. Thomas Corts, who was named the first Coordinator, will be responsible for the work of the Basic Education Initiative and the organization of American education efforts internationally.869 On 26 June 2007 the First Lady announced that the Africa Education Initiative will provide an additional 800 000 textbooks to school children in Senegal. American universities have been partnered with African countries to produce primary school textbooks that reflect current technologies and that are more representative of African culture. 870 American representatives have also encouraged other nations to support the EFA-FTI and other UNESCOdriven educational campaigns. On 18 October 2007, Education Secretary Spelling urged participants at the UNESCO General Conference to support programs to measure the results of literacy campaigns and provide accountability for educational programs throughout the world.871 She also reminded participants 864 Speech by International Development Minister Shriti Vadera at Education for All event on the Hill, Department for International Development (London) 24 October 2007. Date of Access: 25 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/Speeches/vadera-education.asp> 865 Fact Sheet: Today’s Education Announcement, The White House (Washington D.C.) 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 31 December 2007. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/09/20070924-3.html> 866 USAID: Africa Education Initiative, USAID (Washington D.C.) 2 January 2008. Date of Access: 3 January 20008. <http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/initiatives/aei.html> 867 Fact Sheet: A Record of Commitment to Africa, The White House (Washington D.C.) 8 June 2007. 31 December 2007. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/06/20070608-14.html> 868 Fact Sheet: Today’s Education Announcement, The White House (Washington D.C.) 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 31 December 2007. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/09/20070924-3.html> 869 Address by First Lady Laura Bush at The Pierpont Morgan Library and Museum, PEPFAR (Washington D.C.) 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 31 December 2007. <http://www.pepfar.gov/press/92762.htm> 870 Address by First Lady Laura Bush at Grand Medine Primary School, State Department (Washington D.C.) 26 June 2007. Date of Access: 31 December 2007. <http://www.state.gov/p/af/rls/87664.htm> 871 Secretary Spellings’s Remarks to the UNESCO General Conference Plenary Debate in Paris, France, U.S. Department of Education (Washington D.C.) 18 October 2007. Date of Access: 22 February 2008. <http://www.ed.gov/news/speeches/2007/10/10182007.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 116 that, in order to make the EFA-FTI programs effective, they had to “leverage every available resource to maximize efficiency and results.”872 Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of +1 for its active funding of the EFA-FTI shortfall. Analyst: Julia Kulik European Union: +1 The European Union has fully complied with its commitment on the FTI. The European Union’s modest but comprehensive action on this commitment qualifies it for full compliance. The European Commission’s Directorate-General for Development has increased its funding commitment to the Fast Track Initiative’s Catalytic Fund, and has also encouraged its member states to accelerate progress towards Education for All. Since the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007, the European Commission’s pledged contribution to the Catalytic Fund for 2007 and 2008 has increased slightly – from US$20.2 million to US$21.4 million in each year.873 Although the Commission has met its commitments up to 2007, none of the promised funds for 2007 have been received.874 As a major donor, the EC’s contributions to the Fast Track Initiative are particularly important, and promised financing is now crucial to the fund’s short-term survival. Due to overall funding shortfalls and an increasing number of qualifying recipient countries, the Catalytic Fund is currently only has sufficient pledges through mid-2008.875 The EU-Africa Summit in Lisbon on 8-10 December 2007 focused primarily on trade agreements, but did result in a general statement of principles which included support for the Fast Track Initiative. The Joint Africa-EU Strategy Draft states that “Africa and the EU will together work towards ensuring long-term predictable funding for national education plans to help ensure quality education for all and that all girls and boys attend and complete school, including through the Education for All Fast Track Initiative.”876 Under the objective “accelerate the achievement of the Education Targets of the MDGs,” EU member states are listed as “actors.”877 Thus, the European Union has been awarded a score of +1 for its contribution to the FTI’s Catalytic Fund and for its encouragement of member states to follow suit. Analyst: Allison Martell 872 Secretary Spellings’s Remarks to the UNESCO General Conference Plenary Debate in Paris, France, U.S. Department of Education (Washington D.C.) 18 October 2007. Date of Access: 22 February 2008. <http://www.ed.gov/news/speeches/2007/10/10182007.html> 873 FTI Expanded Catalytic Fund Status Report, FTI Secretariat (Washington D.C.) May 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://www.educationfast-track.org/library/CF_statusreport_may07.pdf> 874 FTI Catalytic Fund Status Report, FTI Secretariat (Washington D.C.) December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://www.education-fasttrack.org/library/CF_statusreport_dec07.pdf> 875 Quality Education for All Children: Meeting the Challenge, World Bank (Washington D.C.) 10 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2007. <http://www.education-fast-track.org/library/AR2007_Eng_Full.pdf> 876 The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership: A Joint Africa-EU Strategy, European Union (Brussels) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2007. <http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_joint_strategy_en.pdf> 877 The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership: A Joint Africa-EU Strategy, European Union (Brussels) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2007. <http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_joint_strategy_en.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 117 13. Africa: Peace and Security [213] Commitment “At the same time we remain firmly committed to providing the necessary support to the ASF for its core military capabilities, which require increased investment by troop contributors and donors alike”878 Growth and Responsibility in Africa Background African peace support operations have been a staple of G8 Summit commitment since the creation of the African Action Plan at the 2002 Kananaskis Summit.879 At the 2003 Evian Summit the Action Plan was expanded to become the Joint Africa-G8 Action Plan to Enhance African Capabilities to Undertake Peace Support Operations.880. At the 2004 Sea Island Summit, The G8 Action Plan: Expanding Global Capacity for Peace Support Operations committed the G8 countries to aid in the creation of an African-owned peacekeeping and stabilization force.881 The G8 recognizes the financial and logistical difficulties faced by many African nations when deploying troops and equipment internationally. Commitments on supporting peace and security in Africa formed a large component of the Africa document that emerged from the Gleneagles Summit in 2005. G8 nations made 5 separate promises on helping to provide Africans with the capacity to tackle conflict resolution on their own and a further 7 commitments to assist the African Union in ensuring that past conflicts would not re-emerge.882 At St. Petersburg in 2006, the member states reported on their progress in complying with these commitments and reaffirmed their support for the African Standby Force.883 The primary focus of the G8 commitments on peace and security is to developing local and regional capacities to undertake peace support operations in accordance with the UN Charter and to prevent violent outbreaks and ensure that the threat of conflict is quickly diffused. Although the member states have focused on transportation and logistical support as the primary means of assistance to their African counterparts, they have also called for greater participation from non-governmental actors, such as academic and research institutions.884 Team Leader: Egor Ouzikov 878 Growth and Responsibility in Africa, G8 Research Group, (City), 9 June 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-africa.html 879 G8 Africa Action Plan, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 27 June 2002. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2002kananaskis/africaplan.html> 880 Implementation Report by Africa Personal Representative to Leaders on the G8 Africa Action Plan, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 1 June 2003. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2003evian/apr030601.html> 881 G8 Action Plan: Expanding Global Capability for Peace Support Operations, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 10 June 2004. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2004seaisland/peace.html> 882 Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/africa.html> 883 Update of Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 16 July 2006. Date of Access: 29 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2006stpetersburg/africa.html> 884 Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/africa.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 118 Assessment Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Interim Compliance Score Lack of Compliance Work in Progress -1 0 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0.11 Canada: 0 Canada has partially complied with its commitment to bolster African peace and security by providing support for the African Standby Force (ASF). Canada continues to support the CAD15 million West Africa Peace and Security Initiative, 885 which began in 2003 and has provided contributions to the Pearson Peacekeeping Centre (PPC) to engage in West African peace-operations training and capacity-building activities. 886 The PPC helps to improve the capacities of African countries to train and deploy civilian police and gendarmerie for peace operations. On 1-2 October 2007, the PPC Africa Program Director Peter Miller and PPC Police Advisor Vic Josey visited the Police Division of the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), meeting with Andrew Hughes, DPKO's new Police Adviser, and Fatemeh Ziai, Director of DPKO Integrated Training Service (ITS).887 From 3 November 2007 to 8 December 2007, the PPC conducted a series of structural visits to assess civilian police capacity and identify constraints and technical needs for ten countries in West and Southern Africa and in the Maghreb region.888 The Government of Canada and the PPC have also continued their support for peacekeeping training centres. PPC staff visited the Training Centres for Excellence in Nigeria and Ghana to conduct a needs assessment and plan the next round of courses during 18-28 November 2007.889, 890 The PPC continues to offer regular peace operations training courses at various locations throughout Africa, including a course from 14 to 18 December 2007 in Dakar, Senegal on Design, Development & Facilitation course for Police and Gendarmerie trainers.891 Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of 0 for its continued support of existing peacekeeping activities in Africa and its lack of new initiatives. Analyst: Julie Wilson 885 Strengthening West Africa’s Peace Operations Capacity, Department of Foreign Affairs (Ottawa) 1 October 2007. Date of Access: 5 January <http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/cip-pic/library/peaceoperationsinwestafrica-en.aspx> 886 Disclosure of Grant and Contribution Awards over $25 000 – Pearson Peacekeeping Centre, Foreign Affairs Canada (Ottawa) 26 September Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://w01.international.gc.ca/grantdisclosurepublic/main_fa.aspx?l=e&p=4&r=14&c=894> 887 Calendar, 1-2 October 2007, Pearson Peacekeeping Centre. Date of Access: 5 January <http://www.peaceoperations.org/web/la/en/pa/9A024792978946D3A0341768DB272E28/template.asp> 888 Calendar, 3 November-8 December 2007, Pearson Peacekeeping Centre. Date of Access: 5 January <http://www.peaceoperations.org/web/la/en/pa/7A68EE376BCC4569B9E34C3EBC82CE2E/template.asp> 889 Calendar, 18-28 November 2007, Pearson Peacekeeping Centre. Date of Access: 5 January <http://www.peaceoperations.org/web/la/en/pa/7A68EE376BCC4569B9E34C3EBC82CE2E/template.asp> 890 Disclosure of Grant and Contribution Awards over $25 000 – Pearson Peacekeeping Centre, Foreign Affairs Canada (Ottawa) 26 September Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://w01.international.gc.ca/grantdisclosurepublic/main_fa.aspx?l=e&p=4&r=14&c=894> 891 Calendar, 14-18 December 2007, Pearson Peacekeeping Centre. Date of Access: 5 January, <http://www.peaceoperations.org/web/la/en/pa/FDD99EE3A841406B951224FC07438DB0/template.asp> 2008. G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 119 2007. 2008. 2008. 2008. 2007. 2008. France: +1 France has fully complied with its Heiligendamm commitment on support for the ASF. At the EU-Africa Summit in Lisbon on 7-9 December 2007, France identified peace and security as vital “preconditions for political, economic, and social development”892 in a Strategic Partnership paper released on behalf of fellow G8, EU and AU actors. With the support of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), France urged participants to continue to issue increased levels of “financial and human resources” in order to fully enhance the “operationalisation”893 of the Continental Early Warning System, Panel of the Wise, and African Standby Force. 894 Additionally, the partnership document stated that “valuable [European] guidance” from initiatives such as Euro-RECAMP and previously successful methods of “sustainable, predictable, and flexible funding for African-led peace support operations” will be crucial to the success of African endeavours.895 France actively participates in the European Union Security and Defence Framework military operation along the border of eastern Chad and northeastern Central African Republic. The mission is designed to prevent potential spillovers of violence that may result from the conflict in Darfur. According to French Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Pascale Andreani, on 21 December 2007 France’s 3 000 troop contribution constituted the “bulk” of the approximately 4 300-strong EUFOR/TCHAD/RCA combined force.896 On 8 December 2007, French President Nicholas Sarkozy stated in an official address that France remained “determined to take all the necessary measures” to deliver a new joint European and African peace and security contract to the continent.897 Thus, France has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive leadership on the issue of African peace and security within the European context. Analyst: Charlotte Freeman-Shaw Germany: 0 Germany has partially complied with its peace and security commitment. Germany has increased funding for the ASF but has made minimal progress on troop contributions. On 4 October 2007, German Chancellor Angela Merkel announced to the African Union in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia that the German government “will provide significant finance for projects in this field from 2008.”898 On 26 November 2007, German Ambassador to Ghana Dr. Marius Haas presented 12 troop-carrying vehicles and other equipment to the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence. The total value of these contributions was
480 000. They represent an addition to Ghana’s ECOWAS contribution to the ASF.899 The German 892 The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/IMG/pdf/AFRICA_EU_strategic_partnership.pdf> 893 First Action Plan (2008-2010) For the Implementation of the Africa –EU Strategic Partnership, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/IMG/pdf/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010.pdf> 894 The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/IMG/pdf/AFRICA_EU_strategic_partnership.pdf> 895 The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/IMG/pdf/AFRICA_EU_strategic_partnership.pdf> 896 France: EU has Assembled ‘Bulk’ of its Force for Darfur Spillover, International Herald Tribune (Paris) 21 December 2007. Date of Access: 5 December 2007. <http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/21/europe/EU-GEN-France-EU-Africa-Force.php> 897 Address by President Nicolas Sarkozy at the EU-Africa Summit, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 8 December 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://pastel.diplomatie.gouv.fr/editorial/actual/ael2/bulletin.gb.asp?liste=20071217.gb.html&submit.x=10&submit.y=6&submit=consulter> 898 Address by Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel to the African Union at Addis Ababa, German Embassy of Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) 4 October 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.daressalam.diplo.de/Vertretung/daressalam/en/Seite__merkel__rede.html> 899 Germany Donates to GAF. Ghana Official Portal (Accra) 27 November 2007. Date of Access: 14 January 2008. <http://www.ghana.gov.gh/ghana/germany_donates_gaf.jsp> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 120 Military Advisory Group also plans to open a new Disaster Management Centre at the Engineer Training School in Ghana in 2008.900 On 24 September 2007, a German-funded “Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) course” was announced by the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Center (KAIPTC) in Accra, Ghana. The course was scheduled to take place 3-14 December 2007. It was characterized by the German government as having been upgraded from previous initiatives.901 At the course’s opening on 3 December 2007, Joachim Schmitt, a representative of the German Embassy in Accra, confirmed that Germany will increase its 2008 budgetary support for African peace and security initiatives detailed in the G8’s African Action Plan.902 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of 0 for its funding contributions to the ASF. Analyst: Mark Donald Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with its commitment on African peace and security. Following the EU-Africa Summit in Lisbon 7-9 December 2007, Italy reaffirmed its commitment to the creation and maintenance of African peace and security initiatives. On 9 December 2007, Italy and the AU signed an agreement to create the Italian African Peace Facility (IAPF), thereby guaranteeing
40 million in funding for the AU.903 The IAPF will also contribute to the “capacity building” of “the institutional, operational, and logistics capabilities of the AU” for the prevention, mediation, and resolution of conflicts.904 On 25 September 2007, Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi pledged Italy’s full support of a hybrid security mission in Darfur while addressing a UN Security Council meeting. During the meeting the Prime Minister also advocated the creation of a more “comprehensive strategy” in Somalia under the auspices of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). In particular, Italy emphasized the importance of both financial and “logistical air support for troop transportation.”905 Moreover, Prime Minister Prodi pledged Italy’s commitment to the creation of “a bilateral African peace facility” in order to assist the continent in supporting the efforts of the AU.906 On 20 December 2007, Italian Foreign Minister Massimo D’Alema announced the Italian government’s decision to allocate
12 million of additional funding for emergency and humanitarian action in Somalia.907 Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of 0 for its increasing funding of peace and security initiatives and its failure to seek additional troop contributions. Analyst: Charlotte Freeman-Shaw 900 Germany Donates to GAF. Ghana Official Portal (Accra) 27 November 2007. Date of Access: 14 January 2008. <http://www.ghana.gov.gh/ghana/germany_donates_gaf.jsp> 901 DDR Course at KAIPTC Accra-Ghana, The Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Center (Accra) 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.kaiptc.org/aboutus/news.asp?nav=7&news_id=89> 902 CPMRD Newsletter Volume 1, Issue 9. The Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Center. (Accra) 3 December 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.kaiptc.org/_upload/general/December%20Newsletter.pdf> 903 Italy Contributes to Italian African Peace Facility, Il Giornale di Copenhagen (Copenhagen) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.italiensk.info/news/article.php?itemID=140> 904 Italy Contributes to Italian African Peace Facility, Il Giornale di Copenhagen (Copenhagen) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.italiensk.info/news/article.php?itemID=140> 905 Address by President Romano Prodi to UN Security Council Meeting on Peace and Security in Africa, Ministero d’Affari Esteri (Rome) 25 September 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.italyun.esteri.it/italyun/docs/statemen/2007_09_24%20cds_en.html> 906 Darfur, Somalia High on Security Council Agenda as Members Hold Historic Summit on Peace, Security in Africa, United Nations (New York) 25 September 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/sc9128.doc.htm> 907 Minister D’Alema underscores the importance of the position adopted by the United Nations Security Council on Somalia, Ministero d’Affari Esteri (Rome) 20 December 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Ministero/Ministro/Comunicati/2007/12/20071221_ONU_Somalia> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 121 Japan: 0 Japan has partially complied with its commitment to support the African Standby Force. Despite its increased funding of peacekeeping missions, Japan has failed to address troop levels. On 5 January 2008, Japanese Foreign Minister Masahiko Komura signed a document with Tanzanian Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Minister Bernard Kamillius Membe, pledging grant aid of US$5.6 million for peace building and humanitarian activities in Africa.908 In a speech on 4 January 2008, Foreign Minister Komura pledged JPY30 billion in aid of peace building and humanitarian measures.909 Japan has also pledged to increase its contribution to United Nations peace and security efforts in Africa. Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Japan Yukio Takasu said “Japan welcomes the establishment of the United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID), and looks forward to its early deployment and progress in the political process in Darfur. Japan will strengthen its contribution for the consolidation of peace and stability in Africa.” 910 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Deputy Permanent Representative of Japan H.E. Mr. Takahiro Shinyo declared at the Security Council open debate on the role of the Security Council in conflict prevention in Africa. “…We intend to continue to extend such assistance…we are determined to address the issue of conflict prevention and resolution in a more active way.” 911 To that end, in April 2008 Japan will host the G8 Development Ministers' meeting, in May 2008 the fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV) and in July 2008 the G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit.” Thus, Japan has been awarded a score 0 for its financial contributions and its lack of progress on securing troop levels. Analysts: Aziza Mohammed and Gleb Zhigailo Russia: 0 Russia has partially complied with its commitment on African peace and security. Russia has continued to participate in the development of the African Standby Force. At the Plenary Session of the 62nd Session of the UN General Assembly, Nikolay Chulkov, Deputy Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations, welcomed the purpose-oriented activities of the African Union to form the African Standby Forces and expressed the intention of Russia to continue to assist in the promotion of peace and security on the African continent.912 Russian peacekeepers, currently 320 strong, are involved in practically every UN peacekeeping operation in Africa.”913 Russia has pledged to make annual contributions to the UN Peacebuilding Fund in the amount of US$4 million.914 This fund is also utilized to support peacebuilding activities, although it is not linked to the ASF. 908 Komura: Japan not seeking 'rewards', Asahi Shimbun (Osaka) 7 January 2008. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200801070056.html> 909 Komura: Japan not seeking 'rewards', Asahi Shimbun (Osaka) 7 January 2008. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200801070056.html> 910 Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization at the 62nd Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 8 October 2007. Date of Access: 14 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/speech/un2007/un07102.html> 911 Security Council Open Debate on the Role of the Security Council in Conflict Prevention in Africa, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 28 August 2007. Date of Access: 14 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/speech/un2007/un0708-2.html> 912 Statement By Mr. Nikolay V. Chulkov Deputy Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations at the Plenary Session of the 62nd Session of the UN General Assembly on Agenda Item 64, United Nations (New York) 18 October 2007, Date of Access: 14 December 2007. <http://www.un.int/russia/new/MainRoot/Statements/ga/GA62/ga_docs/Statement181007en.htm> 913 Statement By Mr. Nikolay V. Chulkov Deputy Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations at the Plenary Session of the 62nd Session of the UN General Assembly on Agenda Item 64, United Nations (New York) 18 October 2007, Date of Access: 14 December 2007. <http://www.un.int/russia/new/MainRoot/Statements/ga/GA62/ga_docs/Statement181007en.htm> 914 Peacebuilding Fund Pledges, Commitments & Deposits, United Nations Peacebuilding Fund (New York) 10 December 2007. Date of Access: 14 December 2007. <http://www.unpbf.org/pledges.shtml> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 122 Since 2002, the training center of the Combined Academy of the Armed Forces of Russia has been training African peacekeepers. 78 representatives of law enforcement bodies from 16 countries of Africa were trained at the Peacekeeping Force Training Center of the All-Russian Personnel Training Institute in 2007. This is double the number of representatives trained in 2006.915 Thus Russian government is close to fulfilling its promise to teach up to 80 African peacekeepers per annum at this centre by 2010.916 At his meeting with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia, Seyoum Mesfin, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov affirmed that Russia would increase its role in African development. Minister Lavrov stressed the importance of global involvement in the resolution of regional conflicts in Africa and said that Russia would extend support to African states to help them build peace-support capacity.917 Additionally, Russian experts are providing training for African peacekeeping personnel at the International Peacekeeping Training Centers in Accra, Ghana and Vicenza, Italy.918 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of 0 for the progress it has made in support the ASF. Analyst: Tatiana Lanshina United Kingdom: 0 The United Kingdom has partially complied with its Heiligendamm commitment to provide support for the African Standby Force (ASF). The United Kingdom has demonstrated support for peace and security in Africa, but has yet to take actions that are directly targeted at the development of the ASF. The United Kingdom was represented by Baroness Amos at the EU-Africa Summit, which took place in Lisbon, Portugal 7-9 December 2007.919 The resultant Joint EU-Africa Strategy920 and 2008-2010 Action Plan 921 both prioritize strengthening African peace and security and include a reaffirmed commitment to fully operationalize the ASF. In a House of Lords Debate, Minister of State Lord Malloch Brown stated that “We warmly welcomed the launch of the Southern African Development Community's (SADC) regional standby brigade at the SADC Summit in Lusaka on 17 August.…The ASF is a key element of the AU's approach to developing African capacity to prevent and manage African conflicts. The UK strongly supports the development of the ASF both politically and practically.”922 In its Autumn 2007 Performance Report, the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID) assessed that it is “broadly on course [despite] minor slippage” for assisting with the development of the ASF. The Report claimed that “Short-term crisis response on Darfur and Somalia is diverting 915 Russia will train up to 80 peacekeepers at the Peacekeeping Force Training Center of the All-Russian Personnel Training Institute, RIA Novosti (Moscow) 1 March 2007. Date of Access: 12 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/defense_safety/army_navy/20070301/61401978.html> 916 Russia will train up to 80 peacekeepers at the Peacekeeping Force Training Center of the All-Russian Personnel Training Institute, RIA Novosti (Moscow) 1 March 2007. Date of Access: 12 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/defense_safety/army_navy/20070301/61401978.html> 917 Stenograph of the presentations and answers to questions by Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia S.V. Lavrov on the results of discussions with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Democratic Federative Republic of Ethiopia S. Mesfin, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia (Moscow) 7 November 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/sps/57A666AE720D907DC325738C00529AAF> 918 Statement By Mr. Nikolay V. Chulkov Deputy Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations at the Plenary Session of the 62nd Session of the UN General Assembly on Agenda Item 64, United Nations (New York) 18 October 2007, Date of Access: 14 December 2007. <http://www.un.int/russia/new/MainRoot/Statements/ga/GA62/ga_docs/Statement181007en.htm> 919 FCO Newsfile: EU-Africa Summit. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (London) 8 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1196167215946> 920 Joint EU-Africa Strategy, Presidency of the European Union: Portugal 2007 (Lisbon) 8 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.eu2007.pt/NR/rdonlyres/D449546C-BF42-4CB3-B566-407591845C43/0/071206jsapenlogos_formatado.pdf> 921 First Action Plan (2008-2010) For the Implementation of the Africa-EU Strategic Partnership. European Union (Brussels) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010_en.pdf#zoom=100> 922 Hansard (House of Lord Debates), United Kingdom Parliament (London) 1 October 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200607/ldhansrd/text/71001w0022.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 123 resources from long-term ASF development.”923 The United Kingdom continues to support peace and security initiatives in Darfur, and has committed GBP114 million in aid of Sudan for 2007/2008.924 The United Kingdom has also provided financial support for peacekeeping efforts in Somalia.925 In November, International Development Secretary Douglas Alexander announced that the United Kingdom would more than double its support to the African Development Fund, contributing GBP417million over the next three years.926 The Fund supports projects that aid long term development and growth in Africa, including projects that promote peace and stability and will complement the development of the ASF.927 Thus, the UK has been awarded a score of 0 for its support of general peace and security initiatives in Africa. Analyst: Julie Wilson United States: 0 The United States has partially fulfilled its commitment to contributing to the African Standby Force. The United States has sought to garner international support for the ASF from troop contributors and donors. At the Security Council on 6 November 2007, Ambassador Zalmay Khalilzad stated, “The United States supports voluntary contributions to fund the work of regional organizations. We look forward to close cooperation with the AU and view its role in UNAMID and in garnering political support for its deployment and operations… the Security Council must work with regional and sub-regional organizations to enhance their capacity and ability to deal with the various challenges they face.”928 The United States has also affirmed its commitment to supporting its African partners in peace operations. On 5 December 2007, Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice stated in Addis Ababa that “We welcome this opportunity to support our Great Lakes partners as they work together to forge a peaceful, democratic and prosperous future for their people. I am here to underscore the commitment of the United States to your success.”929 Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of 0 for its efforts to increase troop contributions to the ASF and its lack of direct financial support for the Force. Analyst: Aziza Mohammed European Union: 0 The European Union (EU) has partially complied with its commitment to strengthen the capacities of the African Standby Force. The EU has been vocal in its pledges to support elements of African peace and security initiatives, but it has not increased its financial or operational support since the Heiligendamm Summit. 923 DFID Autumn Interim Performance Report 2007, UK Department for International Development (London) 12 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/autumn-report-2007.asp> 924 UK announces £6 million to support peace in Darfur, UK Department for International Development (London) 28 October 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/darfur-6m.asp> 925 Uganda: UK gives UPDF Sh4.5b for Somalia, New Vision (Kampala), 16 June 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://allafrica.com/stories/200706170009.html> 926 Douglas Alexander announces doubling of UK support for African Development Fund, UK Department for International Development (London) 27 November 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/Pressreleases/alexander-adf.asp> 927 African Development Fund Appraisal Report: Support to ECOWAS for Peace and Development. African Development Bank (Abidjan) March 2004. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/ADB_ADMIN_PG/DOCUMENTS/OPERATIONSINFORMATION/ADF_BD_WP_2004_105_E.PDF> 928 Address by Ambassador Zalmay Khalilzad at the United Nations Security Council, United States Mission to the United Nations (New York) 6 November 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.un.int/usa/press_releases/20071106_290.html> 929 Statement by Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, U.S. Department of State. (Washington D.C.) 5 December 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2007/12/96274.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 124 On 19 November 2007, the Council of the European Union “encouraged all stakeholders involved in the Action Plan on strengthening the partnership between Africa and the EU in the field of African capabilities for the prevention management and resolution of conflicts, to make all necessary efforts with a view to its effective and timely implementation.”930 This appeal included a call to focus on the EURO-RECAMP cycle of military and peacekeeping exercises to develop AU Peace Support Operation Department capacities and to provide a Command Post-Exercise in 2010 at a continental level. The exercises are intended to support the AU review process of the ASF. 931 On 9 December 2007, following the completion of the EU-Africa Summit in Lisbon, Portugal, the European Union released the Joint EU-Africa Strategy and Action Plan, which declared the EU’s intent “to cooperate in enhancing the capacity of Africa and the EU to respond timely and adequately to security threats, and also to join efforts in addressing global challenges.”932 The EU has pledged to: enhance dialogue on challenges to peace and security; operationalize the African Peace and Security Architecture; and ensure predictable funding for Africa-led peace support operations.933 As part of this initiative, the European Commission “signed the country strategy papers of the 10th European Development Fund (EDF) with 31 countries of sub-Saharan Africa.”934 This action represents the fulfillment of a pledge made on 3 May 2006. Thus, the EU has been awarded a score of 0 for the progress it has made towards supporting the ASF. Analyst: Mark Donald 930 EU/AU Cooperation - Strengthening African Capabilities, Council of the European Union (Strasbourg) 20 November 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=PRES/07/262&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 931 EU/AU Cooperation - Strengthening African Capabilities, Council of the European Union (Strasbourg) 20 November 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=PRES/07/262&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 932 The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership: A Joint Africa-EU Strategy, Portuguese Presidency of the European Union (Lisbon) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010_en.pdf#zoom=100 933 The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership: A Joint Africa-EU Strategy, Portuguese Presidency of the European Union (Lisbon) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010_en.pdf#zoom=100 934
8 billion: a great step forward for development and ambitious partnerships for 31 States in sub-Saharan Africa and the Commission, Commission of the European Union (Brussels) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/1880&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 125 14. Africa: Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria [227] Commitment “[We recognize that the level of demand to the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) will increase substantially in the future as has been projected by the GFATM Board. In this regard, noting the conclusions of the April meeting of the GFATM Board, which estimated an additional demand of approximately US$ 6 billion by 2010 which might possible reach US$ 8 billion,] G8 members pledge to work with other donors to replenish the GFATM and to provide long-term predictable funding based on ambitious, but realistic demand driven targets.”935 Growth and Responsibility in Africa Background The Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was formed at the 2000 Okinawa Summit and formally launched at the 2002 International AIDS Conference in Barcelona936. The Global Fund is a private-public partnership between governments, civil society, the private sector and communities around the world. It aims to finance projects that support the eradication, treatment, or prevention of those diseases that cumulatively kill approximately six million people a year.937 At the 2006 St. Petersburg Summit, the G8 countries renewed their commitment to combat HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria through the financing of the Global Fund’s 2006-2007 funding period as well as by encouraging the global community to actively work towards the development of the four-year Strategic Framework. Commitments to replenish the Global Fund have been made at past G8 Summits: 2003 Evian 938 and 2005 Gleneagles.939 In order to achieve successful compliance, G8 countries are expected to contribute their ‘fair share’ in pledges towards the replenishment of the Global Fund. 940 During the Fund-the-Fund campaign, one hundred international organizations came together to support the Equitable Contributions Framework.941 The Equitable Contributions Framework is a formula developed to show the world’s forty-seven wealthiest states that their ‘fair share’ contribution to the Global Fund should be based on the Global Fund’s total budget relative to a country’s economic capability and GDP.942 In addition, G8 member states have committed to actively support and participate in the development of a four-year Strategic Framework. This Strategic Framework will ultimately solidify the activities and initiatives of the Global Fund for the coming years. The first elements of the Framework were adopted at the Global Fund’s Fourteenth Board Meeting from 31 October to 3 November 2006 in Guatemala City, Guatemala.943 This was followed by the Fifteenth Board Meeting of the Global Fund, which took place in Geneva, Switzerland between 25 and 27 April 2007 and the Sixteenth Board Meeting of the Global Fund, which took place in Kunming, China 12-13 November 2007.944 935 Growth and Responsibility in Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto), 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2007. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-africa.pdf> Report Card Shows Many Donors Still Failing on AIDS, TB, and Malaria, RESULTS Education Fund (Toronto) 14 August 2006. Date of Access 13 January 2007. <http://www.results.org/website/article.asp?id=2341> 937 The Framework Document for the Global Fund for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva). Date of Access: 16 January 2007. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/publicdoc/Framework_uk.pdf> 938 Health: A G8 Action Plan, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 2 June 2003. Date of Access: 21 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2003evian/health_en.html> 939 Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 21 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/africa.html> 940 Transcript: Richard Burzynski, International Council of AIDS Service Organizations (Geneva) 16 July 2003. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/in_action/events/paris/transcripts/burzynski/> 941 Transcript: Richard Burzynski, International Council of AIDS Service Organizations (Geneva) 16 July 2003. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/in_action/events/paris/transcripts/burzynski/> 942 Transcript: Richard Burzynski, International Council of AIDS Service Organizations (Geneva) 16 July 2003. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/in_action/events/paris/transcripts/burzynski/> 943 Fourteenth Board Meeting, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 3 November 2006. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/about/board/fourteenth/> 944 Sixteenth Board Meeting, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 12 November 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/media_center/press/pr_071112.asp> 936 G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 126 To promote periodic replenishment and to ensure sustainable and predictable support for of the Global Fund, the Board of the Global Fund established the replenishment mechanism in October 2003.945 The process was based on the financing model of a number of international funds to enable donors to better plan their financial commitments and provide a forum for vital exchange on donor expectations. 946 The replenishment cycle has now been extended to three years and will cover the period 2008-2010. The First Meeting of the Global Fund’s Second Voluntary Replenishment was held in Oslo, Norway 6-7 March 2007. The Second Meeting of Global Fund’s Second Voluntary Replenishment met in Berlin, Germany 26-28 September 2007.947 Team Leader: Christopher VanBerkum Assessment Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Interim Compliance Score Lack of Compliance Work in Progress -1 0 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 +1 0 0 0 +1 +1 0 +0.44 Canada: 0 Canada has partially complied with its commitment to replenish the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Minister of Industry James Prentice, on behalf of the government of Canada, announced that Canada will continue to work with G8 and African partners to make progress in fighting HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Minister Prentice made specific reference to the Global Fund as one of these international initiatives and partnerships. 948 Canada participated in the second replenishment exercise of the Global Fund in September 2007 and has signalled its ongoing support of the initiative.949 On 26 November 2007, the government of Canada announced that it would double aid to Africa from CAD1.05 billion in 2003-2004 to CAD2.1 billion in 2008-2009 and build upon its partnership with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, WHO, World Bank and other donor countries.950 Although the Global Fund has reported that Canada would announce its latest pledge at a later date (an estimate of CAD125 million a year, announced by the Global Fund Secretariat, is based on projections from the current level), the Canadian government has committed no new funding to replenish the Global Fund at the Second Meeting of the Second Replenishment for 2008-2010.951 945 Voluntary Replenishment Mechanism, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, (Geneva). Date of Access: 16 January 2008. http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/about/replenishment/oslo/. 946 Voluntary Replenishment Mechanism, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, (Geneva). Date of Access: 16 January 2008. http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/about/replenishment/oslo/. 947 Special 2007 Germany and the Global Family, Germany to host a Replenishment Conference, (Geneva). Date of Access: 16 January 2008. http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/in_action/events/germany/introduction/default.asp#replenishment. 948 Report on the Statutory Review of Sections 21.01 to 21.19 of the Patent Act, Industry Canada, (Ottawa), 14 December 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. http://camr-rcam.hc-sc.gc.ca/review-reviser/camr_rcam_report_rapport_e.html. 949 The 2007 G8 Summit, Government of Canada, (Heiligendamm), 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. http://www.g8.gc.ca/G8_Summiten.asp. 950 PM Launches Initiative to Save a Million Lives, Office of the Prime Minister, (Dar es Salaam), 26 November 2007. Date of Access: 17 January 2008. http://news.gc.ca/web/view/en/index.jsp?articleid=363809. 951 The Global Fund’s Second Replenishment 2008-2010, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/about/replenishment/berlin/Replenishment_2008_2010_Pledge_Table.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 127 Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of 0 for its failure to announce new funding for the Global Fund. Analyst: Soomee Kim France: +1 France has fully complied with its commitment on the replenishment of the Global Fund. In 2007, France was the only G8 country to pledge more than its ‘fair share’ to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.952 Following the Second Meeting of the Second Replenishment, France again met its share under the Equitable Contribution Framework with a pledge of
900 million.953 This contribution was announced in Berlin in September 2007 by Foreign and European Affairs Minister Bernard Kouchner and is a thirty-three percent increase over the French contribution for 2005-2007.954 France currently provides over ten percent of the budget of the Global Fund.955 Nevertheless, the Global Fund reports that France still has contributions of US$36 443 149 outstanding from the 2007 French pledge of US$422 558 806.956 France’s increased support for the Global Fund is demonstrative of the country’s concern for better coordination of multilateral and bilateral aid.957 This includes a series of non-governmental organizations and other donor countries to the Global Fund. In Kunming, China, France was represented at the Sixteenth Board Meeting of the Global Fund by several members of the Foreign Ministry. These representatives of the French Foreign Ministry participated in an unprecedented renewal and approval of grants.958 Thus, France has been awarded the score of +1 because of its strong financial contribution and active cooperation with other states and organizations. Analyst: Christopher VanBerkum Germany: +1 Germany has fully complied with its commitment to replenish the Global Fund. Germany, the host of the 2007 summit, is one of the largest donors to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. At the Global Fund Replenishment Conference, which took place in Berlin 2628 September 2007, Germany pledged
600 million in funding to be distributed between 2008 and 2010,959 consisting of equal US$291 545 190 (approximately
200 million) installments paid annually.960 By 2015,
4 billion of the US$60 billion pledged at the Heiligendamm Conference by the G8 will be provided by 952 Report Card Shows Many Donors Still Failing on AIDS, TB and Malaria, RESULTS, Inc. (Toronto) 14 August 2006. Date of Access: 14 January 2008. <http://www.results.org/website/article.asp?id=2341> 953 The Global Fund’s Second Replenishment 2008-2010, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/about/replenishment/berlin/Replenishment_2008_2010_Pledge_Table.pdf> 954 Second Global Fund Replenishment Conference 2008-2010, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Paris) 28 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/health-and-food_1102/aids_4007/2nd-global-fund-replenishment-conference-20082010-27-28.09.07_10039.html> 955 Second Global Fund Replenishment Conference 2008-2010, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Paris) 28 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/health-and-food_1102/aids_4007/2nd-global-fund-replenishment-conference-20082010-27-28.09.07_10039.html> 956 Contributions to Date, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 28 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/pledges&contributions.xls> 957 Second Global Fund Replenishment Conference 2008-2010, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Paris) 28 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/health-and-food_1102/aids_4007/2nd-global-fund-replenishment-conference-20082010-27-28.09.07_10039.html> 958 Board of the Global Fund Approves US$1.1 Billion in New Grants, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 12 November 2007. Date of Access: 14 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/media_center/press/pr_071112.asp> 959 DSW provides input to Global Fund Replenishment Conference, German Foundation for World Population (Berlin) 28 September. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.weltbevoelkerung.de/en/advocacy/replenishment_conference.shtml> 960 Pledges, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 28 December 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/pledges&contributions.xls> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 128 Germany. Germany has committed an additional
20.6 million to five projects in Central Asia and the Caucasus to combat tuberculosis specifically.961 German Chancellor Angela Merkel has actively encouraged the business community to participate in the fight against AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria.962 On 27 September 2007, she praised the success of the Global Fund thus far and called for “a significant boost in the efficiency of cooperation in the health sector.” 963 Chancellor Merkel has noted that the efforts of the Global Fund must be closely coordinated with bilateral and multilateral programs and has promised that she will work to enlist the support of German industry. 964 Additionally, Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul signed an agreement with Indonesia on 26 September 2007. Under the terms of this agreement, Germany will write off more than
50 million of debt owed by Indonesia country, as part of the ‘Debt2Health’ German pilot program, provided that the Indonesian government contributes half of the sum needed to run its domestic Global Fund health programs.965 Moreover, Germany participated at the Global Fund’s Sixteenth Board Meeting, which took place in Kunming, China on 12-13 November 2007.966 At the meeting, delegates approved 73 new grants totaling more than US$ 1.1 billion over two years, as well as US$130 million for the renewal of five grants that had reached the end of their term.967 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of +1 for its contributions to the Global Fund and its active diplomacy to encourage widespread participation in Fund programs. Analyst: Delia Maria Ionescu Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with its commitment to replenish the Global Fund. In his Report to the Senate on Foreign Policy Issues, Deputy Premier and Minister for Foreign Affairs Massimo D’Alema noted that “we were able to meet our commitment to pay our quota to the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria [which was in arrears with respect to the amount due for 2005]; the government has undertaken to pay the sums promised subsequently, thus enabling Italy once again to play its part, with some credibility, in this initiative on behalf of the most disadvantaged countries.”968 Minister D’Alema acknowledged “the importance Italy attributes to the development of the African continent.”969 No reference was made, however, to working with other donors or finding long-term funding solutions. On 20 December 2007, the Global Fund Trustee announced that Italy had made early payment of
130 million for the 2008-2010 pledge period.970 This followed the approval of the Italian Parliament of a decree 961 A Review of the Work of the G8 in the Field of Tacking the Three Pandemics HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, German Presidency of the G8 (Berlin) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.g-8.de/Content/EN/Artikel/__g8-summit/anlagen/2007-11-05-healthreview,property=publicationFile.pdf> 962 AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Kill Millions, The Office of the Federal Chancellor (Berlin) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/nn_127650/Content/EN/Artikel/2007/09/2007-09-27-bk-geber-konferenz__en.html> 963 AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Kill Millions, The Office of the Federal Chancellor (Berlin) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/nn_127650/Content/EN/Artikel/2007/09/2007-09-27-bk-geber-konferenz__en.html> 964 AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Kill Millions, The Office of the Federal Chancellor (Berlin) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/nn_127650/Content/EN/Artikel/2007/09/2007-09-27-bk-geber-konferenz__en.html> 965 AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Kill Millions, The Office of the Federal Chancellor (Berlin) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/nn_127650/Content/EN/Artikel/2007/09/2007-09-27-bk-geber-konferenz__en.html> 966 List of Participants, Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Kunming) 13 November 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/boardmeeting16/GF-BM16_18_List_Participants.pdf> 967 Board of the Global Fund Approves US$ 1.1 Billion in New Grants, Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Kunming) 12 November 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/media_center/press/pr_071112.asp> 968 Report to the Senate on Foreign Policy Issues by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ministero d’Affari Esteri (Rome) 25 July 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Ministero/Ministro/Interventi/2007/07/20070725DalemaSenato> 969 Report to the Senate on Foreign Policy Issues by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ministero d’Affari Esteri (Rome) 25 July 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Ministero/Ministro/Interventi/2007/07/20070725DalemaSenato> 970 Italy is First in Paying 2008 Contributions to the Global Fund, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 20 December 2007. Date of Access 12 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/media_center/press/pr_071220a.asp> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 129 of urgent financial measures attached to the 2008 budget.971 This donation falls short of the
186 890 600 pledged by Italy for 2008, as reported by the Global Fund.972 The Global Fund nevertheless states that “[Italy provides] an important part of the Global Fund’s resources for the fight against the three diseases through the Global Fund.”973 Dr. Christoph Benn, Director of External Relations at the Global Fund, added: “We are very pleased with Italy’s early contribution. It sends a very positive signal to other donors.”974 Italy has also pledged
189 504 373 for 2009, but has planned no contribution for 2010.975 Italy has thus far contributed
793 100 600 of the
850 billion that has been pledged to the Global Fund.976 Although Italy has worked towards replenishment of the Global Fund, the lack of partnership with other donors is conspicuous. Italy did not join Germany in the ‘Debt2Health’ pilot initiative following the Second Voluntary Replenishment meeting held 26-28 September 2007 in Berlin, nor has it co-operated with private organizations on the replenishment of the Fund. Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of 0. Analyst: Christopher VanBerkum Japan: 0 Japan has partially complied with its commitment to replenish the Global Fund. The Global Fund reports that Japan will contribute US$183.8 million in 2008, in order to complete the disbursement of US$500 million pledged in 2005. Japan has already transferred US$ 316.2 million of the promised US$500 million. However, Japan has not pledged any new funding for the period 2008-2010.977 Dr. Michel Kazatchkine, Executive Director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, visited Japan 25-27 July 2007 and engaged in discussions with high-level officials at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare.978 He also exchanged views with persons from concerned economic circles, international organizations and NGOs in an effort to further an awareness of the Global Fund within Japan.979 Deputy Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs Masaharu Kohno and Jun Yamazaki, Deputy DirectorGeneral, Consular Bureau Chief, led the Japanese delegation to the Second Meeting of the Second Replenishment, held in Berlin 26-28 September 2008.980 Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of 0 for its contributions to the Global Fund. Analyst: Dasha Frolova 971 Italy is First in Paying 2008 Contributions to the Global Fund, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 20 December 2007. Date of Access 12 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/media_center/press/pr_071220a.asp> 972 Pledges, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 28 December 2007. Date of Access 12 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/pledges&contributions.xls> 973 Italy is First in Paying 2008 Contributions to the Global Fund, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, (Geneva), 20 December 2007. Date of Access 12 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/media_center/press/pr_071220a.asp> 974 Italy is First in Paying 2008 Contributions to the Global Fund, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, (Geneva), 20 December 2007. Date of Access 12 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/media_center/press/pr_071220a.asp> 975 Pledges, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 28 December 2007. Date of Access 12 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/pledges&contributions.xls> 976 Pledges, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 28 December 2007. Date of Access 12 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/pledges&contributions.xls> 977 The Global Fund’s Second Replenishment 2008-2010, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/about/replenishment/berlin/Replenishment_2008_2010_Pledge_Table.pdf> 978 Visit to Japan by Dr. Michel Kazatchkine, Executive Director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 24 July 2007. Date of Access: 17 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/event/2007/7/1174546_852.html> 979 Visit to Japan by Dr. Michel Kazatchkine, Executive Director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 24 July 2007. Date of Access: 17 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/event/2007/7/1174546_852.html> 980 Voluntary Replenishment Meeting of the Global fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 27 September 2008. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/event/2007/9/1175579_856.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 130 Russia: 0 Russia has partially fulfilled its commitment to replenish the Global Fund through 2008 to 2010. Russia has contributed US$75 264 567 to the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria for 2007.981 The Global Fund reports that Russia has planned a total contribution of US$146 735 433, although the annual allocation of these funds will be determined by the Global Fund Secretariat.982 The Global Fund Observer indicates that this Russian pledge corresponds to 0.034% of Russia’s GNI.983 Moreover, on 19 October 2007 Russia signed an agreement with the World Bank Group and the World Health Organization to provide US$20 million for malaria control in Africa.984 This contribution outside of the Global Fund marks Russia’s growing role as a donor and active partner in international development. Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of 0 for its contribution to the Global Fund and its additional support of efforts to combat malaria. Analyst: Igor Churkin United Kingdom: +1 The United Kingdom has complied with its commitment to replenish the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. On 25 September 2007, Secretary of State for International Development Douglas Alexander announced a commitment to contribute GBP1 billion up to 2015 to the Global Fund prior to British participation at the Second Replenishment Meeting of the Global Fund in Berlin.985 As part of this commitment, the United Kingdom will contribute GBP360 million for 2008-2010, a twenty percent increase from current funding levels.986 AIDSPAN reports that this corresponds to a pledge of 0.034% of the United Kingdom’s GDP.987 Secretary Alexander noted that “the UK is the first country to make a long term commitment to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria in the push to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. By keeping our G8 promises, we will be the second largest donor of development assistance in the G8 by 2010… The [Global] Fund will need to become more efficient and speed up the way in which resources are put to work for the benefit of poor people.” 988 The United Kingdom also continues to support innovative financing mechanisms such as the International Finance Facility for Immunization, which aims to raise US$4 billion over ten years to tackle vaccinepreventable diseases.989 Additionally, the United Kingdom has made a commitment to UNITAID, which, subject to UNITAID’s performance, will amount to some GBP790 million over twenty years.990 As a 981 Pledges, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 28 December 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/pledges&contributions.xls> 982 Pledges, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 28 December 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/pledges&contributions.xls> 983 Donor Governments Pledge Record Amounts to the Fund, AIDSPAN (Nairobi) 30 September 2007. Date of Access: 14 January 2008. <http://www.aidspan.org/index.php?issue=77&article=1> 984 Russia Contributes US$20 Million to Malaria Control in Africa, The World Bank (Washington D.C.) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/RUSSIANFEDERATIONEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21519756~pagePK:149761 8~piPK:217854~theSitePK:305600,00.html> 985 UK makes £1 billion commitment to Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria in poor countries, Department for International Development (London) 25 September 2007. Date of Access 13 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/global-fund.asp> 986 UK makes £1 billion commitment to Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria in poor countries, Department for International Development (London) 25 September 2007. Date of Access 13 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/global-fund.asp> 987 Donor Governments Pledge Record Amounts to the Fund, AIDSPAN (Nairobi) 30 September 2007. Date of Access: 14 January 2008. <http://www.aidspan.org/index.php?issue=77&article=1> 988 UK makes £1 billion commitment to Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria in poor countries, Department for International Development (London) 25 September 2007. Date of Access 13 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/global-fund.asp> 989 UK makes £1 billion commitment to Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria in poor countries, Department for International Development (London) 25 September 2007. Date of Access 13 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/global-fund.asp> 990 UK makes £1 billion commitment to Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria in poor countries, Department for International Development (London) 25 September 2007. Date of Access 13 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/global-fund.asp> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 131 member of the UNITAID Board, the United Kingdom has approved contributions to Global Fund programmes totaling US$144 million.991 Finally, the International Health Partnership (IHP) was launched in London on 5 September 2007 with the full support of British Prime Minister Gordon Brown.992 It commits donors and international agencies, including the Global Fund, to better coordinate support for national health plans in poor countries.993 Thus, the United Kingdom has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive funding of the Global Fund and its many initiatives to encourage other donors to participate in Global Fund programs. Analyst: Soomee Kim United States: +1 The United States has partially complied with its commitment to replenish the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. The United States pledged US$724 million for the Global Fund over 2007.994 On 26 September 2007, the US government announced a contribution of US$531 007 853 to the Fund through the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the largest sum ever provided to the Global Fund at one time.995 However, in the absence of additional contributions, the United States has contributed only 73.34% of its original pledge for 2007, with a funding shortfall of US$192 992 147.996 The United States remained the largest contributor to the Global Fund in 2007, with its contributions comprising 23.38% of all donations made by national governments.997 However, when measured against the size of the American economy, the United States falls well below its proposed funding share under the Equitable Contribution Framework of 0.035% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP).998 On 25 September 2007, US President George Bush addressed the UN General Assembly and briefly mentioned the Global Fund.999 President Bush did not, however, actively call for a long-term funding solution.1000 The United States participated in the Second Meeting of the Global Fund’s Second Voluntary Replenishment held in Berlin 26-28 September 2007, but did not announce any new contributions at the Meeting.1001 Additional funds are not anticipated before Congress passes a new budget.1002 Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of +1 for its contributions to the Global Fund. Analyst: Jasmeet Sidhu 991 UK makes £1 billion commitment to Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria in poor countries, Department for International Development (London) 25 September 2007. Date of Access 13 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/global-fund.asp> 992 Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership. Department for International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 993 UK makes £1 billion commitment to Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria in poor countries, Department for International Development (London) 25 September 2007. Date of Access 13 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/global-fund.asp> 994 Pledges, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 28 December 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/pledges&contributions.xls> 995 U.S. Government Contribution to the Global Fund Exceeds $2.5 Billion, Office of U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator (Washington D.C.) 26 September 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://www.pepfar.gov/press/92775.htm> 996 Pledges, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 28 December 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/pledges&contributions.xls> 997 Pledges, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 28 December 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/pledges&contributions.xls> 998 Two Cheers on Global AIDS, The New York Times (New York) 18 June 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/18/opinion/18mon1.html?scp=60&sq=%22global+fund%22+united+states> 999 Address by President George W. Bush at the United Nations, The White House (Washington D.C.) 25 September 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/09/20070925-4.html> 1000 Address by President George W. Bush at the United Nations, The White House (Washington D.C.) 25 September 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/09/20070925-4.html> 1001 Health Fund Falls Well Short of Pledge Goal, The New York Times (New York) 28 September 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9403E7DD1E3EF93BA1575AC0A9619C8B63&scp=5&sq=%22global+fund%22> 1002 Health Fund Falls Well Short of Pledge Goal, The New York Times (New York) 28 September 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9403E7DD1E3EF93BA1575AC0A9619C8B63&scp=5&sq=%22global+fund%22> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 132 European Union: 0 The European Union has partially complied with its commitment to replenish the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. The European Union has pledged
100 million to the Global Fund for 2007, and has promised a further
300 million for the 2008-2010 Replenishment Period.1003 However, the Global Fund reports that the European Commission still owes US$55 393 586 of its 2007 pledge of US$145 364 708, and that funds have yet to be contributed for 2008-2010.1004 On 12-13 November 2007, the European Commission participated in the Global Fund’s Sixteenth Board Meeting in Kunming, China, which saw the expansion of the Global Fund portfolio.1005 The EU did not, however, announce new contributions or initiatives at the Meeting. Thus, the EU has been awarded a score of 0 for its contributions to the Global Fund. Analyst: Delia Maria Ionescu 1003 The Global Fund’s Second Replenishment, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 19 January 2007. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/about/replenishment/berlin/> 1004 Contributions to Date, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 28 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/files/pledges&contributions.xls> 1005 Board of the Global Fund Approves US$ 1.1 Billion in New Grants, Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Geneva) 12 November 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/media_center/press/pr_071112.asp> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 133 15. Africa: Sexual and Reproductive Education [233] Commitment “The G8 will take concrete steps to support education programs especially for girls, to promote knowledge about sexuality and reproductive health and the prevention of sexually transmitted infections.”1006 Growth and Responsibility in Africa Background The issue of sexual and reproductive health is a new one for the G8 Summit. It has long been an issue of concern for the United Nations and other international organizations. The World Health Organization notes that, as of 2005, 1600 mothers die of complications from childbirth per day.1007 Almost half of these deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa.1008 In recognizing this fact, the United Nations made reduction of maternal mortality one of the Millennium Development Goals.1009 The WHO has also noted that these trends in female mortality are exacerbated by the changing pathology of the AIDS epidemic in Africa.1010 UNIFEM now estimates that, while almost half of all HIV/AIDS sufferers in the world are women, young African women are three times more likely to be HIV-positive than young African men.1011 Information and educational campaigns for girls and women are thus crucial to reversing the HIV/AIDS epidemic, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where 77% of all HIV-infected women live.1012 UNIFEM argues that women are more likely to be infected by HIV because of a lack of information about prevention and about the disease. According to UNIFEM, 50% of all women and girls in Sub-Saharan Africa are unaware that condoms help prevent the spread of HIV.1013 At the same time, studies from 17 African countries have shown that girls who receive some sexual and reproductive health education are more likely to delay sex and insist on the use of condoms during intercourse, thereby reducing the spread of the infection.1014 Team Leader: Michael Erdman 1006 Growth and Responsibility in Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-africa.html> 1007 10 Facts About Women’s Health, World Health Organization (Geneva) 7 March 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/women/en/index.html> 1008 Maternal Mortality, World Health Organization (Geneva) 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_mortality_2005/mme_2005.pdf> 1009 United Nations Millennium Development Goals, United Nations (New York). Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/> 1010 Maternal Mortality, World Health Organization (Geneva) 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_mortality_2005/mme_2005.pdf> 1011 Facts & Figures on HIV/AIDS, United Nations Development Fund for Women (New York) July 2004. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.unifem.org/gender_issues/hiv_aids/facts_figures.php> 1012 Facts & Figures on HIV/AIDS, United Nations Development Fund for Women (New York) July 2004. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.unifem.org/gender_issues/hiv_aids/facts_figures.php> 1013 Facts & Figures on HIV/AIDS, United Nations Development Fund for Women (New York) July 2004. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.unifem.org/gender_issues/hiv_aids/facts_figures.php> 1014 Facts & Figures on HIV/AIDS, United Nations Development Fund for Women (New York) July 2004. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.unifem.org/gender_issues/hiv_aids/facts_figures.php> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 134 Assessment Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Interim Compliance Score Lack of Compliance Work in Progress -1 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 0 0 -1 0 -1 +1 +1 +1 +0.22 Canada: +1 The Canadian government has fully complied with its sexual and reproductive education commitment made during the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. Canada is engaged in a number of multilateral commitments regarding women and girls' sexual and reproductive education in Africa, although some of these programs have not seen additional financial contributions during the current G8 compliance cycle. Following the 2007 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced a new Canada-led health initiative, Save a Million Lives, in partnership with UNICEF, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the World Health Organization, and the World Bank.1015 Canada will contribute CAD105 million over five years, some of which will go towards HIV/AIDS and reproductive health initiatives across the African continent. One such initiative is "breastfeeding education for new mothers," 1016 aimed at reducing the mortality rates of children and new mothers. The Canadian government expects that Canadian funding for Save a Million Lives "will help save 200,000 lives in Africa."1017 Additionally, Canada's International Development Agency (CIDA) has introduced a number of different initiatives for health education programs across the African continent. The program for Institutional Support to the African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) provides over CAD15 million from 2007 to 2012 and focuses, in part, on family health and health education.1018 As well, the Canadian government has provided CAD15 000, through the Canadian International Youth Internship Program (IYIP), for a gender and HIV/AIDS education and prevention internship in South Africa.1019 The program focuses on mobilizing youth to take an "action role in curriculum and community development in relation to HIV and AIDS."1020 Canada has frequently reiterated its support for sexual and reproductive health programs, especially its desire to "make progress in fighting HIV/AIDS," 1021 and hus thus been awarded a score of +1. Analyst: Jennifer Pollock 1015 PM launches Initiative to Save a Million Lives, Office of the Prime Minister (Ottawa) 26 November 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1911> 1016 Backgrounder - The Initiative to Save a Million Lives, Office of the Prime Minister (Ottawa) 26 November 2007. Date of Access: January 5 2008. <http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1912> 1017 Backgrounder - The Initiative to Save a Million Lives, Office of the Prime Minister (Ottawa) 26 November 2007. Date of Access: January 5 2008. <http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1912> 1018 Institutional Support to the African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) 2007-2012, Canadian International Development Agency (Ottawa) 11 January 2008. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.acdicida.gc.ca/cidaweb/cpo.nsf/vLUWebProjEn/37B792D6C7702E01852572AB00371486?OpenDocument> 1019 McGill University - Internships 2007-2008, Canadian International Development Agency (Ottawa) 11 January 2008. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/cidaweb/cpo.nsf/vLUWebProjEn/FF6E17280125C88D8525734700373F32?OpenDocument> 1020 McGill Centre for Research and Teaching on Women (MCRTW), Canadian International Development Agency (Ottawa) 19 June 2007. Date of Access: January 5 2008. <http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/cpb/zonejeun.nsf/En/JEF-32124947-NWN> 1021 The 2007 G8 Summit, Office of the Prime Minister (Ottawa) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1688> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 135 France: 0 France has partially complied with its Heiligendamm commitment to extend support for sexual and reproductive health education programs in Africa. The French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs announced that, in 2008, “France will pay particularly close attention to the funding of prevention, treatment and healthcare of programs in subSaharan Africa.”1022 However, there have been no announcements about funding that is specifically aimed towards the support of sexual and reproductive health education programs.1023 The French Development Agency (AFD) has continued implementation of projects launched prior to 2007 that promote health care programs in Africa. While many of these programs promote an increased general awareness about sexual and reproductive health, they are aimed mostly towards education and treatment for HIV/AIDS.1024 For example, AFD is currently supporting a project in Zimbabwe that aims to prevent the transmission of HIV from mother to child. The goals of this project include promoting prevention campaigns, marketing condoms, improving diagnostics, training health care professionals and defining protocols for medical care.1025 Outside of support for this program, however, the French government has not announced new efforts to support the establishment of sexual and reproductive health education, and STI prevention programs that target children and youth, since the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. Although Secretary of State for International Cooperation and Francophonie Jean-Marie Bockel was present at the launch of the International Health Initiative in London on 5 September 2007, he did not announce any new French participation in cooperative projects aimed at sexual and reproductive health education in Africa.1026 Thus, for extending support to educational programs about HIV/AIDS, France has earned a score of 0. Analyst: Pratima Arapakota Germany: 0 The German government has partially complied with the sexual and reproductive education commitment made at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. Despite numerous press releases and official statements on the issue of sexual and reproductive health, there is little evidence of new projects or initiatives being undertaken. Shortly after the Heiligendamm Summit, German Development Minister Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul announced the allocation of
4 billion for the fight against HIV/AIDS between 2008 and 2015.1027 The majority of these funds will be used for the purchase of medication and treatment and “the additional resources will be used, in particular, for the protection and treatment of girls and women.”1028 Outlined 1022 2nd Global Fund Replenishment Conference 2008-2010 (Berlin, September 27-28, 2007), Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 28 September 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/health-and-food_1102/aids_4007/2nd-global-fundreplenishment-conference-2008-2010-27-28.09.07_10039.html> 1023 2nd Global Fund Replenishment Conference 2008-2010 (Berlin, September 27-28, 2007), Ministère des Affaires étrangères (Paris) 28 September 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/health-and-food_1102/aids_4007/2nd-global-fundreplenishment-conference-2008-2010-27-28.09.07_10039.html> 1024 List of Projects, French Development Agency (Paris) 1 January 2008. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. <http://72.14.203.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=fr%7Cen&u=http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/home/NosProjets/accessecteur%3Fsecteur%3DSANT%26 srcpage%3Dlstsect> 1025 Preventions Sida, French Development Agency (Paris) 16 November 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.afd.fr/jahia/jsp/jahia/templates/myjahiasite//AFD/projet/pdf_import/20071212_CZW3000_PREVENTION_SIDA.pdf> 1026 Lancement d’une initiative international sur la Santé : International Health Partnership, Ministère d’Affaires étrangères (Paris) 5 September 2007. Date of Access : 13 January 2008. < http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/sante_913/lancement-une-initiative-internationale-sur-santeinternational-health-partnership-05.09.07_53806.html> 1027 4 Billion euros for HIV/AIDS in the period up to 2015, Federal Ministry for Economic Corporation and Development (Bonn) 7 June 2007. Date of Access 13 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/EU_G8/Teaserseite_Aktuelles/AktuelleMeldungen/20070607_hiv_280/index.html> 1028 4 Billion euros for HIV/AIDS in the period up to 2015, Federal Ministry for Economic Corporation and Development (Bonn) 7 June 2007. Date of Access 13 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/EU_G8/Teaserseite_Aktuelles/AktuelleMeldungen/20070607_hiv_280/index.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 136 projects that demonstrate how these extra resources will be used to render compliance with the commitment have yet to be disclosed. On 25 November 2007, the International Day Against Violence Against Women, Minister Wieczorek-Zeul condemned the sexual violence perpetrated against girls and women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).1029 She reiterated the priority with which women’s rights are treated in the official policy of the Federal Republic of Germany.1030 The Minister also noted that “[w]omen's rights are an inalienable human right – without gender equality there will be no development”.1031 Earlier in the year, on 10 July 2007, Minister Wieczorek-Zeul marked World Population Day by highlighting Germany’s commitment to improve maternal health, promote women’s rights and combat the spread of HIV/AIDS.1032 She called on men to join worldwide efforts to improve maternal health.1033 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of 0 for its numerous policy statements in favour of sexual and reproductive education in Africa and its lack of new initiatives. Analyst: Lucia Ferrer Italy: -1 The Italian government has failed to comply with its sexual and reproductive education commitment made at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. The Italian government is undertaking a large-scale reform of the entire system of development aid and international cooperation within the context of the government’s proposed 2008-2010 budget.1034 As part of the reform, the Agency for International Cooperation has proposed directing funds away from international organizations towards bilateral and multilateral projects and public-private partnerships. However, no such projects have been announced to address the issues of sexual and reproductive health in Africa since June 2007.1035 It is unlikely that ambitious new projects to encourage sexual and reproductive awareness among African youth will be undertaken by the end of the current compliance cycle. Projected development funds for 2008 may actually be lower than planned expenditures for 2007.1036 This is in part due to the extra-budgetary allocation of some
700 million, intended to fund Italy’s 2008 contribution to the Global Fund (
130 million), as well as a
220 million contribution to various UN agencies, including UNIFEM, in November 2007. 1037 Nevertheless, the 2008-2011 Documento di programmazione economica e finanziaria or Economic and Financial Planning Document (DPEF) calls for 15% of development funds to be allocated to health projects and foresees an increase of overall development assistance to 0.7% of GDP by 2015.1038 In addition to the increase in development funds allocated to health sector projects, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MAE) has proposed a widening of international cooperation such that other Ministries and State 1029 Wieczorek-Zeul: Zero tolerance for violence against women!, Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (Bonn) 23 November 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/november/pm_20071123_134.html> 1030 Wieczorek-Zeul: Zero tolerance for violence against women!, Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (Bonn) 23 November 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/november/pm_20071123_134.html> 1031 Wieczorek-Zeul: Zero tolerance for violence against women!, Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (Bonn) 23 November 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/november/pm_20071123_134.html> 1032 “Men must play their part” say Wieczorek-Zeul, Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (Bonn) 10 July 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/july/pm_20070710_83.html> 1033 “Men must play their part” say Wieczorek-Zeul, Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (Bonn) 10 July 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/press/pm/2007/july/pm_20070710_83.html> 1034 Salute: Rapporto ONG, da Italia pochi fondi e gestiti male, AGI e la Cooperazione Italiana allo Sviluppo (Rome) 18 September 2007. Date of access: 22 December 2007. <http://cooperazione.agi.it/in-primo-piano/notizie/200709181743-cro-rt11162-art.html> 1035 Salute: Rapporto ONG, da Italia pochi fondi e gestiti male, AGI e la Cooperazione Italiana allo Sviluppo (Rome) 18 September 2007. Date of access: 22 December 2007. <http://cooperazione.agi.it/in-primo-piano/notizie/200709181743-cro-rt11162-art.html> 1036 Documento di Pogrammazione Economica e Finanziaria per gli Anni 2008-2011, Ministerio dell’Economia e delle Finanze (Rome) 28 June 2007. Date of access: 22 December 2007. < http://www.mef.gov.it/web/apri.asp?idDoc=17881> 1037 Cooperazione: Sentinelli, radoppiati I fondi alle ONG, AGI e la Cooperazione Italiana allo Sviluppo (Rome) 3 November 2007, page 106. Date of access: 22 December 2007. < http://cooperazione.agi.it/in-primo-piano/notizie/200711031748-pol-r012355-art.html> 1038 Cooperazione italiana: attività e risultati del primo anno di Governo, Ministerio d’Affari Esteri (Rome) June 2007. Date of Access: 22 December 2007. <http://www.cooperazioneallosviluppo.esteri.it/pdgcs/italiano/Pubblicazioni/pdf/Attivita_risultati_2006-07.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 137 bodies may participate in international projects directly, rather than through the MAE. Suggestions have included international health projects led by the Ministry of Health and gender-equality projects directed by the Ministry of Equal Opportunities.1039 Neither of the two Ministries, however, has announced plans to engage in projects aimed at sexual and reproductive education in Africa. Indeed, the same document that announced these developments contained the admission that, although some progress has been made in addressing a broad range of gender-related topics, “the re-launch of cooperation in matters relating to gender has … been primarily economic, particularly in conflict areas of Afghanistan.”1040 Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of -1 for its lack of initiatives in the area of sexual and reproductive education. Analyst: Michael Erdman Japan: 0 The Japanese government has partially complied with its sexual and reproductive education commitment as agreed at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. On 20 June 2007, the Government of Japan and the UN offered approximately US$2 billion through the Trust Fund for Human Security to the Lokichokio, Kakuma and Dadaab Host Community Project in the Republic of Kenya. This project will increase school enrolment of girls by providing school feeding, operating mobile schools and raising awareness on girl-child education.1041 Under the control of Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteer (JOCV), Japan extended assistance to 33 000 HIV/AIDS patients and their families by offering vocational training, and agricultural and small-scale business in Malawi on 7 December 2007.1042 On 31 December 2007, the Japanese Social Development Fund (JSDF) further provided a grant of US$1.5 million for supporting Ethiopia to address emergency access to health services to improve the “human security” of its people, especially for women and children in Amhara and the Southern Nations.1043 In May 2008, Japan will co-host the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV) with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Japan is expected to take leadership in a stronger engagement of the international community in global health.1044 In addition to the presentation of the Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize, which will help various efforts among African institutions and researchers, the government also plans to reach agreement on new guidelines aimed at reducing mortality rates among infants, pregnant women and new mothers, and tackle infectious diseases.1045 Thus, Japan has earned a score of 0 for its contributions to educational campaigns to combat HIV/AIDS and emergency relief programs, and for prospects of continued Japanese support in the near future. Analyst: Miho Takaya and Dasha Frolova 1039 Cooperazione italiana: attività e risultati del primo anno di Governo, Ministerio d’Affari Esteri (Rome) June 2007. Date of Access: 22 December 2007. <http://www.cooperazioneallosviluppo.esteri.it/pdgcs/italiano/Pubblicazioni/pdf/Attivita_risultati_2006-07.pdf> 1040 Cooperazione italiana: attività e risultati del primo anno di Governo, Ministerio d’Affari Esteri (Rome) June 2007. Date of Access: 22 December 2007. <http://www.cooperazioneallosviluppo.esteri.it/pdgcs/italiano/Pubblicazioni/pdf/Attivita_risultati_2006-07.pdf> 1041 Assistance by the United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security project “Lokichokio, Kakuma and Dadaab Host Community Project,” The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 20 July 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/7/1174526_830.html> 1042 Assistance through the World Food Programme (WFP) to HIV/AIDS Affected and Infected People in Malawi, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 12 December 2007. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/12/1176618_840.html> 1043 Ethiopia: Japan Provides $1.5 Mln to Support Health Sectors, The Daily Monitor (Addis Ababa) 1 January 2008. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. <http://allafrica.com/stories/200801020162.html> 1044 Japan and Tanzania: Partners towards a Vibrant Africa Speech by H.E. Mr. Masahiko Koumura, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 4 January 2008. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/africa/tanzania/speech0801.html> 1045 TICAD IV (28-30 May, 2008), The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) November 2007. Date of Access: 5 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/africa/ticad/ticad4/outline.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 138 Russia: -1 The Russian Federation has failed to comply with its sexual and reproductive education commitment. The Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Alexandr Yakovenko has declared that education is one of Russia’s foreign policy priorities and an important dimension in African development.1046 However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has provided no information about actions undertaken to support education programs, which target girls and promote knowledge about sexuality and reproductive health, and the prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of -1. Analyst: Igor Churkin United Kingdom: +1 The United Kingdom has fully complied with its Heiligendamm commitment to extend support for sexual and reproductive health education programs in Africa. On 18 October 2007, the United Kingdom’s continued focus on providing support for sexual and reproductive health programs in Africa was demonstrated at the Women Deliver conference on maternal health. International Development Secretary Douglas Alexander announced that the United Kingdom would donate GBP100 million to the United Nations Population Fund.1047 Part of this contribution will help “to support governments in Africa and South Asia provide more condoms, contraceptive pills, and advice on better sexual health to poor women, girls and men.”1048 On 19 November 2007, Secretary Alexander announced that, in an effort to combat HIV/AIDS, the United Kingdom will provide GBP19 million to support a television awareness campaign in southern Africa designed to “change behaviour and encourage condom use.”1049 An additional GBP40 million will support World Bank and NGO activities to tackle HIV and AIDS in Kenya.1050 On 4 September 2007, the Department for International Development (DFID) noted that, in developing countries, the United Kingdom is “making a difference by making it easier for poor women to see a midwife or doctor, get emergency treatment during their labour and have better access to family planning services and information so they can choose when and how they become pregnant.” 1051 The United Kingdom’s commitment to supporting sexual and reproductive programs in Africa was strengthened on 5 September 2007, when Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced the launch of the International Health Partnership. As a member of the partnership, the United Kingdom committed to placing a greater emphasis on the issue of the health of children and women in developing countries, based on the Millennium Development Goals to improve maternal and childhood mortality.1052 Thus, for the substantial funding commitments that the United Kingdom has made towards a variety of sexual and reproductive education programs in Africa since the Heiligendamm Summit, it has been awarded a score of +1. Analyst: Pratima Arapakota 1046 Alexander Yakovenko: Russia will take part in the World Electronic Library creation, PolitRussia (Moscow) 29 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.politrussia.ru/life/8111.html> 1047 Address by International Development Secretary Douglas Alexander at the Women Deliver conference on maternal health (London) 18 October 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/Speeches/women-deliver.asp> 1048 UK pledges £100 million and calls on world leaders to cut maternal deaths. Department for International Development (London) 18 October 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/maternal-deaths.asp> 1049 £59 million in new funding for African HIV/AIDS awareness drive. Department for International Development (London) 29 November 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/Pressreleases/59million-fund-hiv-aids.asp> 1050 £59 million in new funding for African HIV/AIDS awareness drive. Department for International Development (London) 29 November 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/Pressreleases/59million-fund-hiv-aids.asp> 1051 Improving healthcare for mothers and pregnant women, Department for International Development (London) 4 September 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/mdg/health.asp> 1052 Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership. Department for International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 30 December 2007. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 139 United States: +1 The U.S. has fully complied with its commitment on sexual and reproductive education. In particular, it has undertaken several projects through its development assistance organization USAID.1053 In addition to these projects, the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has petitioned Congress for extra funds.1054 The program has recently expanded to include gender and sexual education issues. The majority of sexual and reproductive health programs are administered by the American government through USAID. One such program is the ACQUIRE Project, which provides women in Africa with information on family planning and reproductive health.1055 In December 2007, USAID announced a US$70 million, five-year contract with EngenderHealth to continue ACQUIRE’s Fistula Care program.1056 The program seeks to educate women in a number of African nations about fistulas and other complications that may arise in pregnancy, and to treat those who suffer from them.1057 On 20 September 2007, USAID announced a Fertility Awareness-Based Method (FAM) Cooperative Agreement. The five-year agreement with Georgetown University, worth US$38 million, is intended to improve field work cooperation on the use of “natural family planning measures,” such as the Standard Days Method, the Lactational Amenorrhea Method and the TwoDay Method. 1058 The cooperative agreement seeks to “create a supportive policy environment at all levels, building capacity in organizations and providers to offer FAM services, developing the tools to ensure quality services, and generating and applying best practices.”1059 On 12 October 2007, USAID announced a three-year, US$1.3 million agreement to implement programs in Ethiopia that seek to end the practice of child marriage.1060 The agreement will support efforts to educate villagers in the Oromiya region of the dangers of bride abductions, bride price and early marriage. Usually, the bride is raped after being abducted, causing serious risks for the contraction and spread of HIV/AIDS. The practice also has a negative impact on the schooling of adolescent girls. Many parents in the region withdraw their daughters from schooling at the age of 10 or 11 out of fear that the girls will be abducted and raped.1061 The program, called Healthy Unions, will be implemented by the organization CARE and its affiliates in the region.1062 The scope of the PEPFAR Initiative has now been broadened to include programs to increase HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention among adolescent girls.1063 The Emergency Plan, announced by President Bush in October 2007, allocates US$5.7 million to the Young Women’s Initiative: Confronting Girl’s Vulnerability to Prevent HIV.1064 The Initiative directly targets Southern African girls between the ages of 13 and 19 and will provide them with HIV/AIDS education, linkages to health care services, and other 1053 Health, USAID (Washington D.C.). Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/#> Bush wants $30B more to fight AIDS, USA Today (McLean, Virginia) 30 November 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-11-30-bush-aids_N.htm> 1055 Background, ACQUIRE Project (Washington D.C.). Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.acquireproject.org/index.php?id=270> 1056 USAID Awards Fistula Care, USAID (Washington D.C.) December 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/mch/mh/news/fistula_award07.html> 1057 Fistula, The ACQUIRE Project (Washington D.C.) 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.acquireproject.org/index.php?id=416> 1058 Fertility Awareness-Based Method (FAM) Cooperative Agreement, USAID (Washington D.C.) 20 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/pop/news/fam_award.html> 1059 Fertility Awareness-Based Method (FAM) Cooperative Agreement, USAID (Washington D.C.) 20 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/pop/news/fam_award.html> 1060 USAID Supports Efforts to End Child Marriage in Ethiopia, USAID (Washington D.C.) 12 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.usaid.gov/press/releases/2007/pr071012_1.html> 1061 USAID Supports Efforts to End Child Marriage in Ethiopia, USAID (Washington D.C.) 12 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.usaid.gov/press/releases/2007/pr071012_1.html> 1062 USAID Supports Efforts to End Child Marriage in Ethiopia, USAID (Washington D.C.) 12 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.usaid.gov/press/releases/2007/pr071012_1.html> 1063 US Presidents’ Emergency Plan for AIDS relief launches new initiative for Young Women, USAID (Washington D.C.) 29 October 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/News/young_women.html 1064 US Presidents’ Emergency Plan for AIDS relief launches new initiative for Young Women, USAID (Washington D.C.) 29 October 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/News/young_women.html 1054 G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 140 educational and economic supports. It is one of three projects currently managed by the PEPFAR Gender Technical Working Group.1065 Furthermore, the Bush Administration has recently asked for US$30 billion to continue, and extend, the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. These funds are intended for usage in the next five years in Africa.1066 The increase in funding will help continue programs that include testing of infants for HIV and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of the virus.1067 In addition, President Bush promised a visit to Africa early in 2008 to further highlight this issue.1068 Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of +1 for its continued funding of the PEPFAR Initiative and for the expansion of USAID programs targeting maternal and women’s health. Analyst: Lucia Ferrer European Union: +1 The European Union (EU) has fully complied with its sexual and reproductive education commitment made during the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. Specifically, the EU has initiated a number of important programmatic and funding initiatives in Africa for the provision of greater sexual and reproductive education to both youth and women, with special attention to young girls. At the second EU-Africa Summit in Lisbon, December 2007, the European Commission announced a new funding partnership for thirty-one countries in sub-Saharan Africa.1069 Specifically,
8 billion will be disbursed between 2008 and 2013 through the European Development Fund (EDF) according to African country strategy papers detailing specific priorities. 1070 In the First Action Plan (2008-2010) for the Implementation of the Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, the EU identified the importance of realizing the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) through the Good Health for All initiative.1071 Specifically, the EU recognized "improved access to prevention, for … sexual and reproductive health ….and health education"1072 as priorities in the achievement of health targets. The EU focuses on health education for young people as a funding priority by identifying the "promot[ion and] integration of life skills for HIV/AIDS and health education into curricula at all levels"1073 as a strategic goal in its attempt to accelerate the achievement of broader educational targets in Africa. Recognizing the gendered dimension of this health education, the EU has also prioritized female participation in educational curricula, focusing on "increase[ing] the enrolment and completion rate of girls at all levels of education."1074 1065 US Presidents’ Emergency Plan for AIDS relief launches new initiative for Young Women, USAID (Washington D.C.) 29 October 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/News/young_women.html 1066 Bush wants $30B more to fight AIDS, USA Today (McLean, Virginia) 30 November 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-11-30-bush-aids_N.htm> 1067 Bush wants $30B more to fight AIDS, USA Today (McLean, Virginia) 30 November 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-11-30-bush-aids_N.htm> 1068 Bush wants $30B more to fight AIDS, USA Today (McLean, Virginia) 30 November 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-11-30-bush-aids_N.htm> 1069
8 billion: A Great Step Forward for Development and Ambitious Partnerships for 31 States in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Commission, European Commission (Brussels) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/1880&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 1070
8 billion: A Great Step Forward for Development and Ambitious Partnerships for 31 States in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Commission, European Commission (Brussels) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/1880&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 1071 First Action Plan (2008-2010) For the Implementation of the Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, European Commission (Brussels) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010_en.pdf#zoom=10> 1072 First Action Plan (2008-2010) For the Implementation of the Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, European Commission (Brussels) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010_en.pdf#zoom=10> 1073 First Action Plan (2008-2010) For the Implementation of the Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, European Commission (Brussels) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010_en.pdf#zoom=10> 1074 First Action Plan (2008-2010) For the Implementation of the Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, European Commission (Brussels) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010_en.pdf#zoom=10> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 141 Thus, the EU has been awarded a score +1 for its pledges at the Lisbon EU-Africa Summit, which prioritize sexual and reproductive education among African youth. Analyst: Jennifer Pollock G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 142 16. Africa: Health Systems [264] Commitment “We will work with African states to address the different causes of this lack of human resource capacity within the health sector, including working conditions and salaries with the aim of recruiting, training and retaining additional health workers.”1075 Growth and Responsibility in Africa Background Two important trends have diminished available health staff in Africa: AIDS infections and emigration. 1076 The former of these is generally addressed through wider initiatives to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa. The second, however, has exposed a conflict between domestic and international priorities of the G8 countries. While the increasing need for health care staff in the developed world has led many governments to seek foreign, including African, practitioners to staff hospitals and clinics in the developed world, African health facilities are often woefully staffed and require greater personnel in order to adequately service the needs of the local community. 1077 The ‘brain drain’ results from a massive underinvestment in health systems, a lack of professional training opportunities, inadequate compensation, unmanageable workloads, and inadequate attention to the health workforce. Health professionals working in difficult conditions often look abroad to find more sustainable work. The NGO Physicians for Human Rights estimates that the cost of doubling the African health workforce by 2010 is US$2 billion in 2006, rising to about US$7.7 billion by 2010. 1078 Although researchers have revealed that the HIV/AIDS epidemic claims more health service professional in Africa than emigration, ‘brain drain’ is an increasingly important topic in discussions between African nations and the countries of the G8. The G8 leaders first discussed the migration of African medical professional at the Gleneagles Summit in 2005, where they agreed to help “Africa train and retain doctors, nurses, and community health workers.”1079 They recognized that such actions would in turn encourage donors to invest in African health systems and expand their capacity. At the Gleneagles Summit, the G8 countries pledged to provide “universal treatment access by 2010.”1080 Although the topic was not discussed at the St. Petersburg Summit in 2006, several nations reported on their actions to help encourage growth in the African health service’s capacity. In particular, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy have all engaged in development projects aimed at strengthening the health care systems of the African community. Team Leader: Christopher VanBerkum 1075 Growth and Responsibility in Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-africa.pdf> 1076 Health Action AIDS - Strengthening Africa’s Health Workforce, Physicians for Human Rights (Cambridge, Massachusetts) 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.physiciansforhumanrights.org/hiv-aids/issues/health-workforce/> 1077 Health Action AIDS - Strengthening Africa’s Health Workforce, Physicians for Human Rights (Cambridge, Massachusetts) 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.physiciansforhumanrights.org/hiv-aids/issues/health-workforce/> 1078 Health Action AIDS - Strengthening Africa’s Health Workforce, Physicians for Human Rights (Cambridge, Massachusetts) 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.physiciansforhumanrights.org/hiv-aids/issues/health-workforce/> 1079 Africa, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/index.html> 1080 Africa, Gleneagles Summit Documents, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/index.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 143 Assessment Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Interim Compliance Score Lack of Compliance Work in Progress -1 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 0 +1 0 0 +1 +1 +1 0 +0.56 Canada: +1 Canada has fully complied with its commitment on health care systems in Africa. Notable progress has been made since the 2007 Heiligendamm Summit, which includes the launch of “The Initiative to Save a Million Lives” by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper on 26 November 2007,1081 and Canada’s participation in the International Health Partnership on 5 September 2007.1082 On 26 November 2007, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced the launch of the Canadianled “Initiative to Save a Million Lives” during an official visit to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.1083 The initiative is a joint partnership with UNICEF, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the World Health Organization, the World Bank, and other donor countries, and aims to improve the health care of impoverished women and children in Africa and Asia.1084 Canada will contribute CAD105 million over five years to train over 40 000 “front-line health workers” who will provide health services to pregnant women and children.1085 The initiative is one of the central components of the ten-year Africa Health Systems Initiative announced by Stephen Harper at the 2006 St. Petersburg G8 Summit, a priority of which is to support the “train[ing], equip[ping], and deploy[ing] of new and existing African health workers.”1086 Canada is one of seven donor countries to sign the new International Health Partnership, launched at a press conference led by British Prime Minister Gordon Brown on 5 September 2007.1087 The partnership brings together the donor countries and eleven international health agencies to help build national health systems in seven developing countries.1088 Five of the seven developing nations are African: Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, and Zambia. 1089 Great Britain’s Secretary of State for International Development, Douglas Alexander, stated to the press that “[the partnership aims to] “accelerate progress on health by doing three things: providing better coordination among donors; focusing on improving health 1081 PM launches Initiative to Save a Million Lives, Office of the Prime Minister (Ottawa) 26 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1911> 1082 The International Health Partnership Launched Today, United Kingdom Department for International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/ihp/default.asp> 1083 PM launches Initiative to Save a Million Lives, Office of the Prime Minister (Ottawa) 26 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1911> 1084 PM launches Initiative to Save a Million Lives, Office of the Prime Minister (Ottawa) 26 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1911> 1085 Backgrounder – The Initiative to Save a Million Lives, Office of the Prime Minister (Ottawa) 26 November 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1912> 1086 Backgrounder – The Initiative to Save a Million Lives, Office of the Prime Minister (Ottawa) 26 November 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1912> 1087 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1088 Building health services in the world’s poorest nations, Canadian Medical Association Journal (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/9/1016> 1089 Building health services in the world’s poorest nations, Canadian Medical Association Journal (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/9/1016> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 144 systems as a whole; and by developing and supporting countries’ own health plans.” 1090 The new partnership will seek to address “training doctors and nurses” as part of building stronger national health systems.1091 In addition, donors to the International Health Partnership have agreed to provide both “longerterm and more predictable funding” to developing countries.1092 This will address, in particular, the current problems of paying the salaries of health care workers, building and maintaining clinics and hospitals, and training new health care workers.1093 The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) has provided CAD7 million for the Tanzania Zonal Rollout of Essential Health Interventions project (ZoRo) between 2006 and 2009. ZoRo will play an integral role in the distribution of the health-intervention tools across the country.1094 In Zambia, CIDA will contribute CAD2.4 million by 2010 to support the Human Resources for Health Strategic Plan, which will support improvements in training, incentives for improved performance of health staff, retention schemes for critical staffing groups, and increased recruitment or staff.1095 CIDA, in partnership with the WHO, has also allocated CAD5 million for the 2006-2011 funding period for the Global Health Workforce Alliance. This funding has helped to establish the African Health Workforce Observatory, which in turn, has supported setting up national observatories in Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania and Zambia.1096 Finally, Health Canada, CIDA, and the Canadian Institutes of Health and Research are funding a CAD5 million initiative through to 2011, to support an African-Canadian Research program with the intention of funding African research partnerships to find solutions to relevant operational issues and African health systems programming problems.1097 Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of +1 for its efforts to address the issues underlying the health care staff shortages in Africa as well as the issues at hand in Africa and the developed world. Analyst: Claire Chow France: 0 France has partially complied with its commitment on health care systems in Africa. Despite robust and longstanding policy action on the issue1098 and French participation in the EU-Africa Summit in December 2007, France has failed to make any serious contributions to address the issue of strengthening African health systems. During his address to the EU-Africa Summit on 8 December 2007, French President Nicholas Sarkozy stressed political and economic themes, with little mention of health-related topics. 1099 Indeed, in an interview with the Spanish newspaper El Mundo on 27 December 2007, President Sarkozy defined 1090 Building health services in the world’s poorest nations, Canadian Medical Association Journal (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/9/1016> 1091 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1092 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1093 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1094 African Health Systems Initiative, Canadian International Development Agency (Ottawa) 6 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/acdicida.nsf/En/JUD-824143542-PTE> 1095 African Health Systems Initiative, Canadian International Development Agency (Ottawa) 6 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/acdicida.nsf/En/JUD-824143542-PTE> 1096 African Health Systems Initiative, Canadian International Development Agency, (Ottawa), 6 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/acdicida.nsf/En/JUD-824143542-PTE> 1097 African Health Systems Initiative, Canadian International Development Agency, (Ottawa), 6 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/acdicida.nsf/En/JUD-824143542-PTE> 1098 Renforcement des systèmes de santé, Ministère d’affaires étrangers (Paris) 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/sante_913/politique-sanitaire_914/politique-cooperation-france_918/renforcement-systemessante_4126.html> 1099 Discours de M. le Président de la République, Presidency of the European Union : Portugal 2007 (Lisbon) 8 December 2007. Date of Access : 7 January 2008. <http://www.eu2007.pt/NR/rdonlyres/6E968E22-1F01-42D1-96DF-92254473EE35/0/20071209France.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 145 France’s primary concerns for Africa to be the conflict in Darfur and its effects on the neighbouring Republic of Chad.1100 France is one of seven donor countries to sign the new International Health Partnership, launched at a press conference in London on 5 September 2007.1101 The partnership brings together the seven donor countries and eleven international health agencies to help build national health systems in seven developing countries.1102 Five of the seven developing nations are African: Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, and Zambia.1103 The partnership aims to “accelerate progress on health by doing three things: providing better coordination among donors; focusing on improving health systems as a whole; and by developing and supporting countries’ own health plans,” Great Britain’s Secretary of State for International Development, Douglas Alexander, stated at the press conference. 1104 The major issues that the new partnership will address include “training doctors and nurses”, as part of the solution for building stronger national health systems. 1105 In addition, donors have agreed to provide both “longer-term and more predictable funding” to developing countries, which will address in particular the current problems of paying health care workers’ salaries, building and maintaining clinics and hospitals, and training new health care workers.1106 Despite a lack of action by the Presidency of the Republic, the Ministry of Health, Youth and Sports and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs have contributed funds towards improvement of African health systems’ response to the HIV/AIDS crisis. On 27 September 2007, the two Ministries announced a contribution of
3.75 million to the ESTHER foundation for the year 2008.1107 The ESTHER foundation, co-founded by the current Minister of Foreign Affairs Bernard Kouchner, aims, among other objectives, to strengthen the capacities of health systems in Africa to treat patients infected with HIV. 1108 The amount for 2008 represents a decrease of almost 50% from the sum contributed in 2007. The Ministers noted that the reduction of funds was due to a surplus of unused funding credits from previous fiscal years.1109 Thus, despite some steps towards strengthening African health systems, the French government has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of direct action. Analyst: Michael Erdman Germany: +1 Germany has fully complied with its commitment on health care systems in Africa. The German government has called for comprehensive action to strengthen health care systems in poor countries through its Action Plan to Implement the Strategy of the Federal Government to Fight HIV/AIDS. The Action Plan was co-authored by the Federal Ministries for Health, Economic Cooperation and Development, and Education and Research and was revised in November 2007, after its initial release in 1100 Entretien du Président de la République avec le quotidien espagnol « El Mundo », Présidence de la République française (Paris) 27 December 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <www.elysee.fr/download/?mode=press&amp;filename=Itw_el_mundo.pdf> 1101 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1102 Building health services in the world’s poorest nations, Canadian Medical Association Journal (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/9/1016> 1103 Building health services in the world’s poorest nations, Canadian Medical Association Journal (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/9/1016> 1104 Building health services in the world’s poorest nations, Canadian Medical Association Journal (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/9/1016> 1105 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1106 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1107 Le GIP ESTHER: une nouvelle direction, des nouvelles ambitions, Ministère de la Santé, de la Jeunesse et du Sport (Paris) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.sante-jeunesse-sports.gouv.fr/actualite-presse/presse-sante/communiques/gip-esther-nouvelle-directionnouvelles-ambitions.html> 1108 Les Objectifs du GIP ESTHER, ESTHER (Paris). Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.esther.fr/articles.php?id=13> 1109 Le GIP ESTHER: une nouvelle direction, de nouvelles ambitions, Ministère de la Santé, de la Jeunesse et du Sport (Paris) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.sante-jeunesse-sports.gouv.fr/actualite-presse/presse-sante/communiques/gip-esther-nouvelle-directionnouvelles-ambitions.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 146 March 2007.1110 Among other recommendations, the Action Plan suggests the continued exchange of specialist health professionals by the German government with partner institutions in the developing world through the Esther Network for Therapeutic Solidarity.1111 The Ministries have also called for health systems to be addressed in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers of the World Bank.1112 Germany is one of seven donor countries to sign the new International Health Partnership, launched at a press conference led by British Prime Minister Gordon Brown on 5 September 2007.1113 The partnership brings together the donor countries and eleven international health agencies to help build national health systems in seven developing countries.1114 Five of the seven developing nations are African: Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, and Zambia. 1115 Great Britain’s Secretary of State for International Development, Douglas Alexander, stated to the press, “[the partnership aims to] “accelerate progress on health by doing three things: providing better coordination among donors; focusing on improving health systems as a whole; and by developing and supporting countries’ own health plans.” 1116 The new partnership will seek to address “training doctors and nurses” as part of building stronger national health systems.1117 In addition, donors to the International Health Partnership have agreed to provide both “longerterm and more predictable funding” to developing countries.1118 This will address, in particular, the current problems of paying the salaries of health care workers, building and maintaining clinics and hospitals, and training new health care workers.1119 On 22 August 2007, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and German Chancellor Angela Merkel issued a joint press release on the importance of the health MDGs. The two leaders recognized that, without substantive improvements to the health systems of poor nations, large increases in development aid targeted at health concerns would be ineffective.1120 PM Brown and Chancellor Merkel noted that “we know that weak systems - the lack of health workers, clinics, supplies of essential medicines and lack of sustainable health financing systems - are the main barriers to making more rapid progress in improving health outcomes.”1121 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of +1 for its multi-layered approach to the task of strengthening health systems in Africa. Analyst: Michael Erdman Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with its commitment on health care systems in Africa. 1110 Action Plan to Implement the Strategy of the Federal Government to Fight HIV/AIDS, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) 12 November 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/service/infothek/buerger/AIDS.pdf> 1111 Action Plan to Implement the Strategy of the Federal Government to Fight HIV/AIDS, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) 12 November 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/service/infothek/buerger/AIDS.pdf> 1112 Action Plan to Implement the Strategy of the Federal Government to Fight HIV/AIDS, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Berlin) 12 November 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.bmz.de/en/service/infothek/buerger/AIDS.pdf> 1113 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1114 Building health services in the world’s poorest nations, Canadian Medical Association Journal (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/9/1016> 1115 Building health services in the world’s poorest nations, Canadian Medical Association Journal (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/9/1016> 1116 Building health services in the world’s poorest nations, Canadian Medical Association Journal (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/9/1016> 1117 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1118 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1119 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1120 Joint Statement with German Chancellor Angela Merkel on International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 22 August 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page12904.asp> 1121 Joint Statement with German Chancellor Angela Merkel on International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 22 August 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page12904.asp> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 147 Since the 2007 Heiligendamm Summit, Italy’s primary success has been its participation in the International Health Partnership on 5 September 2007.1122 Italy is one of seven donor countries to sign the new International Health Partnership, launched at a press conference in London on 5 September 2007.1123 The partnership brings together the seven donor countries and eleven international health agencies to help build national health systems in seven developing countries.1124 Five of the seven developing nations are African: Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, and Zambia.1125 The partnership aims to “accelerate progress on health by doing three things: providing better coordination among donors; focusing on improving health systems as a whole; and by developing and supporting countries’ own health plans,” Great Britain’s Secretary of State for International Development, Douglas Alexander, stated at the press conference.1126 The major issues that the new partnership will address include “training doctors and nurses”, as part of the solution for building stronger national health systems.1127 In addition, donors have agreed to provide both “longer-term and more predictable funding” to developing countries, which will address in particular the current problems of paying health care workers’ salaries, building and maintaining clinics and hospitals, and training new health care workers.1128 Although Italy has addressed the issue of health worker migration out of Africa in a multilateral forum, these first steps do not completely address the underlying causes of migration or the spread of HIV/AIDS, which warrants a score of 0. Analyst: Claire Chow Japan: 0 Japan has partially complied with its commitment on health care systems in Africa. Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan Masahiko Koumura remarked at the Tokyo International Conference that “Japan will take up and call for a stronger engagement of the international community in Global Health.”1129 Japan has pursued an agenda that promotes a comprehensive approach to promoting research and development and strengthening health systems, including human resource and retention.1130 Minister Koumura has stated that the “‘disease specific approach’ and the ‘comprehensive approach’ complement each other. Striking a good balance between them will be at the core of international framework for action that we aim to develop at Toyako.”1131 The Japanese government has made additional efforts in preparation of the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV), including the call for NGO actors and the business sector, private foundations, and ‘knowledgeable people’.1132 Furthermore, the Japanese approach to African 1122 The International Health Partnership Launched Today, United Kingdom Department for International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/ihp/default.asp> 1123 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1124 Building health services in the world’s poorest nations, Canadian Medical Association Journal (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/9/1016> 1125 Building health services in the world’s poorest nations, Canadian Medical Association Journal (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/9/1016> 1126 Building health services in the world’s poorest nations, Canadian Medical Association Journal (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/9/1016> 1127 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1128 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1129 Address by Mr. Masahiko Koumura, Minister for Affairs of Japan Global Health and Japan’s Foreign Policy, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 25 November 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/health_c/address0711.html> 1130 Address by Mr. Masahiko Koumura, Minister for Affairs of Japan Global Health and Japan’s Foreign Policy, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 25 November 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/health_c/address0711.html> 1131 Address by Mr. Masahiko Koumura, Minister for Affairs of Japan Global Health and Japan’s Foreign Policy, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, (Tokyo), 25 November 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/health_c/address0711.html> 1132 Address by Mr. Masahiko Koumura, Minister for Affairs of Japan Global Health and Japan’s Foreign Policy, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 25 November 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/health_c/address0711.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 148 health systems is multi-layered and addresses a number of different fields, including access to fresh water, gender equality, and transportation infrastructure.1133 Despite a small effort to extend assistance to 33 000 people affected with HIV/AIDS in Malawi by providing vocational training and income-generating opportunities,1134 Japanese efforts to ameliorate the health care staff shortages have been minimal. However, there is no evidence to suggest that Japan has taken efforts to encourage the migration of health care staff from Africa to Japan. Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of comprehensive and direct action to address health care staff shortages in Africa. Analysts: Christopher VanBerkum and Dasha Frolova Russia: +1 Russia has partially complied with its commitment on health systems in Africa. The Government of Russia signed an agreement with the World Bank Group (WB) and the World Health Organization (WHO) pledging to contribute US$20 million to malaria control in Africa on 19th October 2007. The Russia-WB-WHO initiative includes US$4 million in support of training programs and capacity building programs for malaria control in Africa to be administered by the WHO Global Malaria Program, and US$1 million for a staff development program related to the initiative.1135 After the announcement of Russia’s contribution was made, Dr. Hiroki Nakatani, WHO Assistant Director-General for AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, commented that “The Russian Federation's leadership in funding training and capacity development is a critical contribution that will ensure effective planning, management and implementation of malaria control programs on the ground where it counts.”1136 At the meeting with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia, Seyoum Mesfin, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov affirmed that Russia would increase its role in African development. Minister Lavrov stressed the importance of global involvement in fighting infection diseases in Africa and said that Russia would extend support for health related issues. The Ministers also discussed support for Russian Red Cross hospital in Addis Ababa.1137 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of +1 for the support it has provided to health systems in Africa. Analyst: Igor Churkin United Kingdom: +1 The United Kingdom has fully complied with its commitment on health systems in Africa. 1133 Address by Mr. Masahiko Koumura, Minister for Affairs of Japan Global Health and Japan’s Foreign Policy, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 25 November 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/health_c/address0711.html> 1134 Assistance through the World Food Programme (WFP) to HIV/AIDS affected and infected people in Malawi, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 12 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/12/1176618_840.html> 1135 Russia Contributes US$20 Million to Malaria Control in Africa, The World Bank (Washington D.C.) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/RUSSIANFEDERATIONEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21519756~pagePK:149761 8~piPK:217854~theSitePK:305600,00.html> 1136 Russia Contributes US$20 Million to Malaria Control in Africa, The World Bank (Washington D.C.) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/RUSSIANFEDERATIONEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21519756~pagePK:149761 8~piPK:217854~theSitePK:305600,00.html> 1137 Stenograph of the presentations and answers to questions by Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia S.V. Lavrov on the results of discussions with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Democratic Federative Republic of Ethiopia S. Mesfin, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia (Moscow) 7 November 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/sps/57A666AE720D907DC325738C00529AAF> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 149 The United Kingdom is a founding member the new International Health Partnership, launched at a press conference led by British Prime Minister Gordon Brown on 5 September 2007.1138 The partnership brings together the donor countries and eleven international health agencies to help build national health systems in seven developing countries.1139 Five of the seven developing nations are African: Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, and Zambia.1140 Great Britain’s Secretary of State for International Development, Douglas Alexander, stated to the press, “[the partnership aims to] “accelerate progress on health by doing three things: providing better coordination among donors; focusing on improving health systems as a whole; and by developing and supporting countries’ own health plans.”1141 The new partnership will seek to address “training doctors and nurses” as part of building stronger national health systems.1142 In addition, donors to the International Health Partnership have agreed to provide both “longer-term and more predictable funding” to developing countries.1143 This will address, in particular, the current problems of paying the salaries of health care workers, building and maintaining clinics and hospitals, and training new health care workers.1144 On 22 August 2007, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and German Chancellor Angela Merkel issued a joint press release on the importance of the health MDGs. The two leaders recognized that, without substantive improvements to the health systems of poor nations, large increases in development aid targeted at health concerns would be ineffective.1145 PM Brown and Chancellor Merkel noted that “we know that weak systems - the lack of health workers, clinics, supplies of essential medicines and lack of sustainable health financing systems - are the main barriers to making more rapid progress in improving health outcomes.”1146 Thus, the UK has been awarded a score of +1 for its leadership role in the International Health Partnership. Analyst: Vivian Lo United States: +1 The United States has fully complied with its commitment on health systems. The President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) provides funding, in some recipient countries, targeted at building capacity in both national and local health services. For example, of the US$32 921 203 allocated for treatment in Côte D’Ivoire for Fiscal Year 2007, an unspecified amount was to be used for “strengthen[ing] key systems that are critical for scale-up of high quality, sustainable treatment services: … pre-service and in-service training for health professionals; capacity building for decentralized health authorities; and the establishment of a laboratory network supported by the CDC/Project RETRO-CI laboratory, which provides a majority of national HIV testing and monitoring.”1147 1138 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1139 Building health services in the world’s poorest nations, Canadian Medical Association Journal (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/9/1016> 1140 Building health services in the world’s poorest nations, Canadian Medical Association Journal (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/9/1016> 1141 Building health services in the world’s poorest nations, Canadian Medical Association Journal (Ottawa) 23 October 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/9/1016> 1142 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1143 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1144 Press Release: Prime Minister launches new International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/pressreleases/ihp.asp> 1145 Joint Statement with German Chancellor Angela Merkel on International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 22 August 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page12904.asp> 1146 Joint Statement with German Chancellor Angela Merkel on International Health Partnership, United Kingdom Department of International Development (London) 22 August 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page12904.asp> 1147 Côte D’Ivoire FY2007 Country Operational Plan (COP), PEPFAR (Washington D.C.). Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.pepfar.gov/about/82453.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 150 PEPFAR supports similar projects to reinforce the health care sector in Ethiopia. Of the US$62 556 764 allocated for care and support for Fiscal Year 2007, an unspecified sum is to be used to ensure that a “continuum of care activities will expand throughout the health network, and the Emergency Plan will increase investments in human resource capacity. For example, case managers will be deployed to help refer patients to community services, and then track them to ensure follow-up.”1148 On 30 November 2007, President Bush requested an additional allocation of US$30 billion from Congress to fund PEPFAR’s activities for FY2008.1149 It is still unclear, however, what percentage of these funds will be used to further strengthen health systems in Africa. Although the American development agency USAID has declared health systems to be one of its priority areas of concern, the majority of USAID-funded initiatives in the realm of health system capacity building are conducted by affiliate, non-governmental organizations.1150 Indeed, most activities conducted in Africa are organized by groups like the Capacity Project, which has worked to strengthen the Rwandan health sector,1151 and the Leadership, Management and Sustainability (LMS) Program, which provides training for management-level workers in the health sector from developing countries.1152 The last USAID-owned project directed at African health systems was the expansion of a hospital in Juba, Sudan, announced 17 April 2007.1153 The US could therefore improve its compliance with the commitment on health systems by reinvigorating USAID’s approach to strengthening African health sectors. Nevertheless, the United States has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive support of health systems in a number of African nations. Analyst: Michael Erdman European Union: 0 The European Union has partially fulfilled its commitment to strengthen health systems in Africa. The issue was discussed at the EU-Africa Summit in Lisbon 7-9 December 2007.1154 The EU’s plans to help create sustainable and responsive African health systems are largely contained in the First Action Plan (2008-2010) For the Implementation of the Africa-EU Strategic Partnership.1155 Priority Action 3 of the section entitled “The Millennium Development Goals” provides an outline of activities to be undertaken by the EU, African governments and various European, African and International Agencies to realize nine different health related outcomes. The outcomes include: “[p]rogress towards to the Abuja commitments, including 15% of African national budgets devoted to the health sector”; “[i]ncreased national capacities in participatory and evidence-based health strategy planning and budgeting”; and “[i]ncreased capacity to train, retain and stimulate the return of health workers”.1156 The same document, however, pledges no new funds or strategies for the realization of these goals. Instead, it calls on members to implement the Africa Health Strategy 2007-2015 and the European program for action to tackle the shortage of health workers in developing countries (2007-2013).1157 1148 Ethiopia FY2007 Country Operational Plan (COP), PEPFAR (Washington D.C.). Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.pepfar.gov/about/82452.htm> 1149 Bush wants $30B more to fight AIDS, USA Today (McLean, Virginia) 30 November 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-11-30-bush-aids_N.htm> 1150 Overview, USAID (Washington D.C.). Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/hs/> 1151 The Whole Picture: Strengthening Health Workforce Policies and Planning in Rwanda, The Capacity Project (Washington D.C.) 29 November 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.capacityproject.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=229&Itemid=108> 1152 Home, Leadership, Management & Sustainability Program (Cambridge, Massachusetts). Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www1.msh.org/projects/lms/> 1153 U.S. Funds Expansion of Emergency Hospital Wing in Sudan, USAID (Washington D.C.) 17 April 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.usaid.gov/press/releases/2007/pr070417.html> 1154 The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, Presidency of the European Union: Portugal 2007 (Lisbon) 09 December 2007. Date of Access: 07 January 2008. <http://www.eu2007.pt/NR/rdonlyres/D449546C-BF42-4CB3-B566-407591845C43/0/071206jsapenlogos_formatado.pdf> 1155 First Action Plan for the Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, European Union (Brussels) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/development/ICenter/Pdf/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010.pdf#zoom=100> 1156 First Action Plan for the Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, European Union (Brussels) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/development/ICenter/Pdf/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010.pdf#zoom=100> 1157 First Action Plan for the Africa-EU Strategic Partnership, European Union (Brussels) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/development/ICenter/Pdf/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010.pdf#zoom=100> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 151 African health systems were not identified as a priority area in the Annual Action Programme, adopted by the European Commission on 4 December 2007.1158 Indeed, the European Union has decided to channel the bulk of its financial support for the improvement of health in the developing world through the Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. The EU will therefore support Global Fund-directed activities aimed at strengthening health sector capabilities in Africa, rather than concentrate on EU-directed and managed programs.1159 Thus, the European Union has been awarded a score of 0 for its declared support of programs to address the shortage of health workers in Africa and its lack of financial support for EU-owned projects. Analyst: Michael Erdman 1158 The Annual Action Plan: Annex A, European Union (Brussels) 4 December <http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/worldwide/health/documents/action_fiches_en.pdf> 1159 The Annual Action Plan: Annex A, European Union (Brussels) 4 December <http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/worldwide/health/documents/action_fiches_en.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. 152 17. Nonproliferation: Fissile Materials [277] Commitment “We reaffirm our support to the early commencement of negotiations on a Fissile Material CutOff Treaty”1160 Heiligendamm Statement on Nonproliferation Background At the 2006 St. Petersburg Summit, the G8 countries called for the early start of negotiations on a Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty (FMCT).1161 However, the issue of fissile material proliferation dates back to the 1950s, when governments proposed a treaty to limit the possibility of proliferation. A Commission for Disarmament was created in 1994 with the objective of building consensus for a FMCT.1162 In 1998, an ad hoc committee for the discussion of such a treaty was set up, but negotiations were ultimately postponed due to disagreement over the agenda of the committee. In spite of the fact that some G8 nations have actively sought to establish new committees or negotiations for the creation of a FMCT, none have commenced since the ad hoc committee of 1998.1163 Team Leader: Egor Ouzikov Assessment Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Interim Compliance Score Lack of Compliance Work in Progress -1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 Full Compliance +1 -0.22 Canada: 0 Canada has partially complied with its commitment on the Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty (FMCT) as agreed at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. Canada has stated that it is committed to beginning negotiations on the FMCT, but has not undertaken any special diplomatic actions to encourage the early commencement of negotiations.1164 Canada has encouraged other countries to come to a consensus on the commencement of the FMCT negotiations. While speaking at the 2008 Pugwash Conference in Nova Scotia, former Minister of Foreign Affairs Peter MacKay reaffirmed Canada’s support for the commencement of negotiations on the FMCT. 1160 Heiligendamm Statement on Nonproliferation, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-nonprolif.html> 1161 Statement on Non-Proliferation, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 16 July 2006. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2006stpetersburg/nonprolif.html> 1162 Fissile Material Cut-Off Negotiations, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 14 June 2007. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/arms/nuclear6-en.asp> 1163 Fissile Material Cut-Off Negotiations, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 14 June 2007. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/arms/nuclear6-en.asp> 1164 Fissile Material Cut-Off Negotiations, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 14 June 2007. Date of Access: 20 January 2008. <http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/arms/nuclear6-en.asp> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 153 Mr. Mackay also stated that Canada is actively engaging those states that hinder the progress toward negotiations. Nevertheless, Canada has not taken any key steps to begin negotiations. Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of 0. Analyst: Hilary Peden France: -1 France has failed to fully comply with its commitment on the FMCT. French representatives have issued no statements concerning the FMCT or completed any special diplomatic actions to encourage early commencement of negotiations on the FMCT. Thus, France has been awarded a score of -1. Analyst: Hilary Peden Germany: 0 Germany has partially complied with its commitment to support the commencement of negotiations for a Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT). Although Germany has declared itself to be in full support of the FMCT, it has not made any official statements to encourage other states to begin negotiations. Germany actively participated in the 2007 session of the Conference on Disarmament and reaffirmed its support for negotiations on the FMCT.1165 Also, in a keynote address at the Conference on Security and Cooperation in South Asia, Minister of State Gernot Erler recognized the German government’s commitment to the swift opening of negotiations on the Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty.1166 Minister Erler further identified the FMCT as a key step for progress in nuclear disarmament.1167 During a recent visit to India, German Chancellor Angela Merkel indicated that German support for the Indo-US nuclear deal would only be granted if India was willing to negotiate and sign the FMCT.1168 Germany has therefore indirectly encouraged at least one state to begin negotiations. However, Germany has not publicly committed itself to commence FMCT negotiations before the end of the current compliance cycle. Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of 0 for its support of negotiations on the FMCT, despite its lack of active diplomacy to encourage other nations to follow suit. Analyst: Kayla Pries Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with the Heiligendamm commitment on the FMCT. At the United Nations Conference on Disarmament in September 2007, Italy encouraged negotiations on a FMCT would strengthen disarmament and nonproliferation by banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other explosive devices.1169 At the conference, Ambassador Carlo Trezza noted that Italy’s 1165 Conference On Disarmament Hears From European Union, United Kingdom, Germany, Turkey, Pakistan, New Zealand And Brazil, The United Nations Office at Geneva (Geneva) 28 June 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news_media.nsf/(httpNewsByYear_en)/AE7C1D2D4AC7E892C125730800380A1D?OpenDocument> 1166 Rede von Staatsminister Erler anlässlich "Conference on Security and Cooperation in South Asia - A Global Perspective" in Berlin, Auswaertiges Amt (Berlin) 10 August 2007. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. <http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Infoservice/Presse/Reden/2007/071008-ErlerKonf-Sich-Koop-Suedasien.html?id=181566&v=2> 1167 Rede von Staatsminister Erler anlässlich "Conference on Security and Cooperation in South Asia - A Global Perspective" in Berlin, Auswaertiges Amt (Berlin) 10 August 2007. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. <http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Infoservice/Presse/Reden/2007/071008-ErlerKonf-Sich-Koop-Suedasien.html?id=181566&v=2> 1168 German Chancellor Merkel arrives and wants India to sign CTBT, The Economic Times (New Delhi) 29 October 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/German_Chancellor_Merkel_arrives__wants_India_to_sign_CTBT/articleshow/2498316.cms> 1169 Conference on Disarmament Adopts Annual Report to General Assembly and Closes 2007 Substantive Session, The United Nations Office at Geneva (Geneva) 13 September 2007. Date of access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B9C2E/(httpNewsByYear_en)/B28A2A2696A99158C12573550049BAB7?OpenDocument> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 154 main concern with regards to the FMCT was its verification rather than simple achievement of consensus. As such, Mr. Trezza suggested that verification of the treaty should be a precondition for negotiations.1170 Nevertheless, no special diplomacy has been undertaken by Italy to encourage other nations to commence early negotiations of the FMCT. Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of 0. Analyst: Olga Kesarchuk Japan: 0 Japan has partially complied with its commitment to support early commencement of negotiations on a Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty (FMCT). Ambassador and Plenipotentiary Head of the Delegation of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament at the First Committee of the 62nd Session of the General Assembly Sumio Tarui acknowledged the importance of the FMCT as a “quantitative cap to nuclear weapons”, and as an issue that “the international community should be tackling now.” 1171 Ambassador Tarui also stated at the conference that, “there is nothing preventing the commencement of FMCT negotiations without preconditions.” 1172 Although no consensus was reached at the Conference, Japan pledged to support building a consensus on the FMCT draft based on the efforts and proposals made in 2007.1173 Nevertheless, no special diplomacy has been undertaken by Japan to encourage other nations to commence early negotiations of the FMCT. Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of 0. Analysts: Gleb Zhigailo and Egor Ouzikov Russia: -1 Russia has failed to fulfill its commitment on the commencement of negotiations on a Fissile Material CutOff Treaty (FMCT). It has not made any statements about negotiations on a FCMT, but it has undertaken certain actions to cut off fissile materials. Russia and the United States are cooperating to dispose of excess plutonium accumulated from the Cold War. On 19 November 2007, Russian Federal Atomic Energy Agency Director Sergey Kiriyenko and US Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman signed a joint statement on mutual understanding concerning cooperation on the Program for the Disposition of Excess Weapon-Grade Plutonium. The joint statement outlines a plan to convert surplus plutonium from Russia’s weapons program into fuel for peaceful purposes, such as to produce clean electricity.1174 Thus, in spite of the absence of specific actions towards commencement of direct negotiations on FMCT, Russia has undertaken significant steps to dispose of its surplus weapon-grade plutonium. Nevertheless, considering that Russia has issued no statements about an early commencement of FMCT negotiations, it has been awarded a score of -1. Analyst: Yuriy Zaitsev 1170 Conference on Disarmament Adopts Annual Report to General Assembly and Closes 2007 Substantive Session, The United Nations Office at Geneva (Geneva) 13 September 2007. Date of access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B9C2E/(httpNewsByYear_en)/B28A2A2696A99158C12573550049BAB7?OpenDocument> 1171 Conference on Disarmament at the First Committee of the 62nd Session of the General Assembly, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 17 October 2007. Date of Access: December 15, 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/speech/disarm2007/disarm0710-2.html> 1172 Conference on Disarmament at the First Committee of the 62nd Session of the General Assembly, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 17 October 2007. Date of Access: December 15 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/speech/disarm2007/disarm0710-2.html> 1173 Conference on Disarmament Adopts Annual Report to General Assembly and Closes 2007 Substantive Session, The United Nations Office at Geneva (Geneva) 13 September 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B9C2E/(httpNewsByYear_en)/B28A2A2696A99158C12573550049BAB7?OpenDocument> 1174 Russia continues excess Plutonium utilization, RIA News Agency (Moscow), 22 November 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/analytics/20071122/89082986.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 155 United Kingdom: 0 The United Kingdom has partially complied with its commitment to support the commencement of negotiations on a Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT). The UK, a nuclear power, continues to recognize the importance of such a treaty in achieving the eventual goal of global nuclear disarmament.1175 The UK has shown support for the early start of negotiations on the FMCT. To that end, the UK actively participated in the September 2007 session of the Conference on Disarmament, where nonproliferation initiatives such as the FMCT were discussed.1176 In the official British statement issued at the conference, UK Representative John Stewart Duncan reiterated the UK’s longstanding support for the FMCT and expressed hope for a future consensus.1177 In November 2007, the UK hosted a conference, “Illicit Nuclear Trafficking: Collective Experience and the Way Forward.” The conference aimed to raise public awareness on the threat that nuclear materials continue to pose and to reaffirm that this issue is of top priority in its foreign policy.1178 However, aside from declaring the FMCT as top priority, the UK has yet to actively promote the commencement of negotiations on the FMCT through any special diplomatic means. Furthermore, the UK has failed to commit to the commencement of negotiations before the end of the current compliance cycle, nor to publicly encourage other states to do so. Thus, the UK has been awarded a score of 0. Analyst: Kayla Pries United States: 0 The United States has partially complied with its commitment on the commencement of discussions on a Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty (FMCT). Although the United States has actively sought the commencement of negotiations on the FMCT after the 2006 St. Petersburg Summit, no special diplomatic actions have been undertaken to encourage the early commencement of such negotiations since the 2007 Heiligendamm Summit. On 12 June 2007, the UN Ambassador of the United States announced at the 2007 session of the Conference on Disarmament that, “the United States [is] hopeful that the Conference was on the brink of starting substantive work, including the drafting of an FMCT.” 1179 This was, however, the only US statement issued on the FMCT, and the United States did not take any further steps during the conference to encourage nations to begin negotiations. Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of 0. Analyst: Ala Serafin European Union: 0 The European Union (EU) has partially complied with its commitment to support an early start to negotiations of a Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty (FMCT). 1175 UK Actions Towards Verifiable Global Nuclear Disarmament, Foreign and Commonwealth Office (London) 15 November 2007. Date of Access 12 January 2008. <http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1087554459698> 1176 Disarmament, The United Nations Office at Geneva (Geneva) 13 September 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/D5775E00BA59072EC1256F57004174FF?OpenDocument> 1177 President Of Conference On Disarmament Says Some Capitals Need More Time To Consider Proposal To Start Substantive Work, The United Nations Office at Geneva (Geneva) 21 June 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news_media.nsf/(httpNewsByYear_en)/7DB7CFE36D884AA9C1257301003914B4?OpenDocument> 1178 Nuclear Trafficking Remains Global Priority: International Effort Must Continue, Delegates At IAEA-Organized Event Conclude, International Atomic Energy Agency (Vienna) 7 December 2007. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. <http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2007/nucltrafficking.html> 1179 Final Record of the One Thousand and Seventieth Plenary Meeting, Conference on Disarmament (Geneva) 12 June 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G07/617/60/PDF/G0761760.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 156 The EU representative noted the importance of negotiating a FMCT at the 2007 United Nations Conference on Disarmament (CD) in Geneva. At the conclusion of the CD on 13 September 2007, Portugal made a statement on behalf of the EU, asserting that, “the European Union [has] attached a clear priority to the negotiation of a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons.”1180 No further special diplomatic actions were taken to encourage nations to begin negotiations on a FMCT. Thus, the EU has been awarded a score of 0. Analyst: Ala Serafin 1180 Conference on Disarmament Adopts Annual Report to General Assembly and Closes 2007 Substantive Session, The United Nations Office at Geneva (Geneva) 13 September 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B9C2E/(httpNewsByYear_en)/B28A2A2696A99158C12573550049BAB7?OpenDocument> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 157 18. Nonproliferation: Hague Code of Conduct [293] Commitment “In this regard we remain committed to implementing the Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation and call upon other subscribing States to follow suit.”1181 Heiligendamm Statement on Nonproliferation Background G8 nations have routinely used their statements to call on non-signatory states to ratify The Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation. 1182 The HCOC was finalized in 2002 in The Hague, Netherlands and, as of April 2007, 126 nations signed the HCOC.1183 The HCOC seeks to regulate and verify trade in ballistic missiles, and in delivery systems that might be used to carry weapons of mass destruction (WMD) over long distances. It calls on states to establish bilateral and multilateral systems for monitoring the proliferation of such systems.1184 The HCOC also aims to provide nations with a means of developing programs for the exploration of space with purely peaceful goals. Signatory nations gathered for the 6th Regular Conference of Subscribing States in Vienna from 31 May to 1 June 2007.1185 At the 6th Regular Conference, states agreed to strengthen confidence building measures, undertake outreach measures to increase the number of signatories, and endorse the activities of the Chairman of the Conference, Ivica Dronjic, to promote the HCOC at the International Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Non-Aligned Movement.1186 Team Leader: Vera Serdiuk Assessment Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Interim Compliance Score Lack of Compliance Work in Progress -1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 0 0 0 0.0 Canada: -1 Canada has failed to comply with the 2007 Heiligendamm commitment to continue to implement the Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation. 1181 Heiligendamm Statement on Non-Proliferation, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 18 January <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-nonprolif.html> 1182 Statement on Non-Proliferation, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 16 July 2006. Date of Access: 18 January <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2006stpetersburg/nonprolif.html> 1183 Hague Code of Conduct Against Ballistic Missile Proliferation, The Austrian Foreign Ministry (Vienna). Date of Access: 18 January <http://www.bmeia.gv.at/view.php3?f_id=54&LNG=en&version=> 1184 Hague Code of Conduct Against Ballistic Missile Proliferation, The Austrian Foreign Ministry (Vienna). Date of Access: 18 January <http://www.bmeia.gv.at/view.php3?f_id=54&LNG=en&version=> 1185 Hague Code of Conduct Against Ballistic Missile Proliferation, The Austrian Foreign Ministry (Vienna). Date of Access: 18 January <http://www.bmeia.gv.at/view.php3?f_id=54&LNG=en&version=> 1186 Hague Code of Conduct Against Ballistic Missile Proliferation, The Austrian Foreign Ministry (Vienna). Date of Access: 18 January <http://www.bmeia.gv.at/view.php3?f_id=54&LNG=en&version=> 2008. G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 158 2008. 2008. 2008. 2008. 2008. Canada continues to belong to non-proliferation regimes such as the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Zangger Committee, the Australia Group, the Wassenaar Arrangement and the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). These regimes aim to regulate the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and related technologies.1187 Nevertheless, Canada has not made any declaration to the HCOC detailing the measures it has taken to abide by the Code since 31 March 2006. The last declaration issued by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade covered 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2005.1188 Beyond confirming its membership in various non-proliferation regimes, it is not possible to assess what Canada has done to implement the HCOC, or determine how it has promoted the HCOC among non-signatories. Thus Canada has registered an interim compliance score of -1 for not undertaking any new initiatives in terms of verifying trade in ballistic missiles, delivery systems or establishing systems for monitoring proliferation. Analyst: Matthew Willis France: 0 France has partially complied with its commitment to the Hague Code of Conduct. The French government has not been publicly active in expressing its commitment against the international proliferation of ballistic missiles. In October, French Minister for Foreign and European Affairs, Bernard Kouchner, voiced concern about ballistic missile proliferation in the context of France’s position on missile defense.1189 France has continued its support of the HCOC through its membership in the European Union and the Missile Technology Control Régime (MTCR). On 19 October 2007, the EU reiterated its support for the HCOC in a speech to the First Committee of the 62nd Session of the General Assembly.1190 Furthermore, as a member of the MTCR, France attended the 22nd MTCR Plenary Meeting in November. In concert with the other MTCR member countries, France reiterated its support for UNSCR 1540 and reconfirmed its commitment to exercise effective export controls “to prevent the transfer of any items, materials, goods and technology that could contribute to WMD ballistic missile programs of proliferation concern.”1191 On 18 September 2007, the Council of the European Union released a new set of guidelines for the export of dual-use technologies, including those technologies that may be employed in the construction of ballistic missiles.1192 The document was passed with the support of the French government and applies to the export of all dual-use technologies by French nationals. The guidelines refer specifically to the export of missiles, missile components and launching equipment; and they explicitly address those technologies that may be 1187 Canadian Annual Declaration to the HCOC: 31 March 2006, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 15 June 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/arms/Canadian-Declaration-en.asp> 1188 Canadian Annual Declaration to the HCOC: 31 March 2006, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 15 June 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/arms/Canadian-Declaration-en.asp> 1189 CFE Treaty : joint article by Mr Bernard Kouchner and his German counterpart Frank-Walter Steinmeier, released in the newspapers "Le Figaro" and "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 29 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 December 2007. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/european-union_157/european-policies_2190/freedom-justice-and-security_2460/cfe-treaty-joint-article-by-mrbernard-kouchner-and-his-german-counterpart-frank-walter-steinmeier-released-in-the-newspapers-figaro-and-frankfurter-allgemeine-zeitung29.10.07_10189.html?var_recherche=ballistic> 1190 EU Presidency Statement - United Nations 1st Committee: Other Weapons of Mass Destruction, European Union (Brussels) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_7424_en.htm> 1191 22nd MTCR Plenary Athens 2007 - Press Release, Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Athens) 14 November 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/Articles/el-GR/141107_F1537.htm> 1192 ALLEGATO I: Elenco dei prodotti e delle tecnologie a duplice uso modificato, da ultimo, Ministero del Commercio Estero (Rome) 18 Septmeber 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/dualuse/dualuse_norme/reg_1183_07_en.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 159 used in space exploration.1193 The document represents a revision of the EU’s earlier rules on the export of dual-use technology that date from 2000.1194 Thus, France has been awarded a score of 0 for its limited support of the HCOC. Analyst: Pascale Latulippe Germany: 0 Germany has partially complied with its commitment on the Hague Code of Conduct. Germany has continued to express its support for the HCOC through the European Union. On 19 October 2007, the EU urged all non-signatories at the United Nations to sign the HCOC. The EU Representative to the UN referred to the HCOC as a fundamental step in addressing the problem of missile proliferation. Furthermore, the EU encouraged all signatories to remain strongly committed to the implementation of the HCOC.1195 In partnership with the EU, Germany remains committed to providing assistance to other countries who aim to fulfill the HCOC obligations.1196 On 18 September 2007, the Council of the European Union released a new set of guidelines for the export of dual-use technologies, including those technologies that may be employed in the construction of ballistic missiles.1197 The document was passed with the support of the German government and applies to the export of all dual-use technologies by German nationals. The guidelines refer specifically to the export of missiles, missile components and launching equipment; and they explicitly address those technologies that may be used in space exploration.1198 The document represents a revision of the EU’s earlier rules on the export of dual-use technology that date from 2000.1199 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of 0 for its recognition of the HCOC as an important component of the non-proliferation régime and its failure to implement provisions of the Code. Analyst: Sophie Langlois Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with its commitment on the Hague Code of Conduct. Although the government has taken no overt actions to address the issue of ballistic missile proliferation, it fully participated in the creation of new EU guidelines on the export of dual-use technologies. On 18 September 2007, the Council of the European Union released a new set of guidelines for the export of dual-use technologies, including those technologies that may be employed in the construction of ballistic missiles.1200 The document was passed with the support of the Italian government and applies to the export of all dual use technologies by Italian nationals. The guidelines refer specifically to the export of missiles, missile components and launching equipment; and they explicitly address those technologies that may be 1193 ALLEGATO I: Elenco dei prodotti e delle tecnologie a duplice uso modificato, da ultimo, Ministero del Commercio Estero (Rome) 18 Septmeber 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/dualuse/dualuse_norme/reg_1183_07_en.pdf> 1194 ALLEGATO I: Elenco dei prodotti e delle tecnologie a duplice uso modificato, da ultimo, Ministero del Commercio Estero (Rome) 18 Septmeber 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/dualuse/dualuse_norme/reg_1183_07_en.pdf> 1195 EU Presidency Statement - United Nations 1st Committee: Other Weapons of Mass Destruction, European Union (Brussels) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_7424_en.htm> 1196 EU Presidency Statement - United Nations 1st Committee: Other Weapons of Mass Destruction, European Union (Brussels) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_7424_en.htm> 1197 ALLEGATO I: Elenco dei prodotti e delle tecnologie a duplice uso modificato, da ultimo, Ministero del Commercio Estero (Rome) 18 Septmeber 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/dualuse/dualuse_norme/reg_1183_07_en.pdf> 1198 ALLEGATO I: Elenco dei prodotti e delle tecnologie a duplice uso modificato, da ultimo, Ministero del Commercio Estero (Rome) 18 Septmeber 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/dualuse/dualuse_norme/reg_1183_07_en.pdf> 1199 ALLEGATO I: Elenco dei prodotti e delle tecnologie a duplice uso modificato, da ultimo, Ministero del Commercio Estero (Rome) 18 Septmeber 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/dualuse/dualuse_norme/reg_1183_07_en.pdf> 1200 ALLEGATO I: Elenco dei prodotti e delle tecnologie a duplice uso modificato, da ultimo, Ministero del Commercio Estero (Rome) 18 Septmeber 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/dualuse/dualuse_norme/reg_1183_07_en.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 160 used in space exploration.1201 The document represents a revision of the EU’s earlier rules on the export of dual-use technology that date from 2000.1202 Italy is an active member of the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) and the Missile Technology Control Régime (MTCR). The MTCR has issued no new press releases since its last Plenary Session in Copenhagen 2-6 October 2006.1203 The PSI, on the other hand, updated the schedule of its meetings to include an Operational Experts Group Meeting in Greece in October 2007 and a New Zealand-led PSI exercise in the Asia-Pacific region in early 2008.1204 It is unclear, however, what role Italy played or will play in either of these events. Italy has continued commitment to the HCOC through its membership to the EU. The EU reiterated its support for the HCOC in a speech to the First Committee of the 62nd Session of the General Assembly on 19 October 2007.1205 Thus, Italy has received a score of 0 for its participation in the tightening of EU export controls for dual-use technologies and for its lack of international efforts to promote the HCOC. Analysts: Matthew Willis and Michael Erdman Japan: 0 Japan has partially complied with its Heiligendamm commitment to implement the Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation. Japan has actively advocated the HCOC internationally, and demonstrated consistency and determination in its independent effort to promote ballistic missile nonproliferation. Since the Heiligendamm Summit, Japan met with both Iran 1206 and Pakistan 1207 to hold bilateral consultations on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation issues. In these talks, Japan asked Pakistan to refrain from cooperating with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in affairs of missile and missile-related technology.1208 Japan urged Pakistan to sign and ratify both the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).1209 Japan has frequently expressed its concern over the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s missile capabilities1210 and reiterated its appeal to the DPRK to comply with the provisions of the UNSCR 1718.1211 1201 ALLEGATO I: Elenco dei prodotti e delle tecnologie a duplice uso modificato, da ultimo, Ministero del Commercio Estero (Rome) 18 Septmeber 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/dualuse/dualuse_norme/reg_1183_07_en.pdf> 1202 ALLEGATO I: Elenco dei prodotti e delle tecnologie a duplice uso modificato, da ultimo, Ministero del Commercio Estero (Rome) 18 Septmeber 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/dualuse/dualuse_norme/reg_1183_07_en.pdf> 1203 Plenary Session of the Missile Technology Control Régime, Missile Technology Control Régime (Copenhagen) 6 October 2006. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. http://www.mtcr.info/english/press/copenhagen.html 1204 PSI Upcoming Events, Proliferation Security Initiative. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. http://www.proliferationsecurity.info/meetings.html 1205 EU Presidency Statement - United Nations 1st Committee: Other Weapons of Mass Destruction, European Union (Brussels) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_7424_en.htm> 1206 The Seventh Japan-Iran Consultation on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Issues, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 20 July 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/7/1174529_830.html> 1207 Statement by H.E. Mr. Sumio Tarui at the First Committee of the 62nd Session of the General Assembly, Delegation of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament (New York) 8 October 2007. Date of Access: 29 December 2007. <http://www.disarm.embjapan.go.jp/statements/Statement/071008UNGA.htm> 1208 Japan-Pakistan Consultation on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 1 August 2007. Date of Access: 11 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/8/1174753_832.html> & Japan asks Pakistan to end missile cooperation with North Korea, Daily Times (Lahore) 26 July 2007. Date of Access: 12 December 2007. <http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C07%5C26%5Cstory_26-7-2007_pg7_11> 1209 Japan-Pakistan Consultation on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 1 August 2007. Date of Access: 11 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/8/1174753_832.html> 1210 Talks Between Minister for Foreign Affairs Masahiko Koumura and US Defence Secretary Robert Gates, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 8 Novmber 2007. Date of Access: 11 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/fm_press/2007/11/1108.html> 1211 Statement by H.E. Mr. Sumio Tarui at the First Committee of the 62nd Session General Assembly, Delegation of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament (New York) 8 October 2007. Date of Access: 29 December 2007. <http://www.disarm.embjapan.go.jp/statements/Statement/071008UNGA.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 161 In his speech to the First Committee of the 62nd session of the General Assembly on 8 October 2007, H.E. Mr. Sumio Tarui, plenipotentiary Head of Delegation for Japan to the Conference on Disarmament, emphasized Japan’s determination to be a driving force in international efforts of nuclear disarmament. Mr. Tarui announced that Japan would once again “submit a draft resolution that maps out concrete measures towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons.”1212 Furthermore, in direct response to concerns about the proliferation risks of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and their delivery systems, Mr. Tarui voiced support for the work of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and their Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement and Additional Protocols. He also urged all states to be vigilant in strengthening their export controls in compliance with the UNSCR 15401213. Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of 0 for its international activities to promote non-proliferation of missile technology and its lack of domestic initiatives to implement the HCOC. Analyst: Pascale Latulippe and Gleb Zhigailo Russia: +1 Russia has complied with its Heiligendamm commitment to implement the Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation. The HCOC includes a wide range of components and Russia has managed to implement most of them encouraged other countries to follow suit. After the 2007 G8 Summit in Heiligendamm, Russia undertook significant steps to launch discussions on creating clear mechanisms for information collecting about missile settings in the Near and Middle East.1214 Joint and unbiased assessments of dangers and risks to European countries, and definitive of ways of responding to these threats were prominent subjects of discussion. Russia is prepared to provide the USA and European countries relevant information about its southern Gabalinskaja radar system in Azerbaijan; and, in the short run, building radar in Armavir.1215 Russia suggested establishing a Russian-American analytical center in Moscow and an analogous center in one of the European countries. The Russian government insisted that the United States reconsider setting up an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system in Europe. Instead, Russia suggested placing such a system in outer space. Russia insisted that decisions to establish ABM systems should be taken only after careful consideration of real threats. Russia is ready for serious cooperation with all countries interested in an ABM system that would create capacity for an adequate response to missile threats, but one that would not cause damage to any existing agreements and one that would not jeopardize global stability1216. On 21 August 2007, the press service of the Russian missile forces of strategic destination announced that, in compliance with the Treaty on Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, Russia had done away with nine decommissioned “Topol” launchers.1217 Russia confirmed its intention to reduce strategic offensive armaments to the lowest possible levels and to explore new arrangements that would reflect the Treaty on Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms.1218 1212 Statement by H.E. Mr. Sumio Tarui at the First Committee of the 62nd Session General Assembly, Delegation of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament (New York) 8 October 2007. Date of Access: 29 December 2007. <http://www.disarm.embjapan.go.jp/statements/Statement/071008UNGA.htm> 1213 Statement by H.E. Mr. Sumio Tarui at the First Committee of the 62nd Session General Assembly, Delegation of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament (New York) 8 October 2007. Date of Access: 29 December 2007. <http://www.disarm.embjapan.go.jp/statements/Statement/071008UNGA.htm> 1214 An interview of Minister of foreign affairs Sergey Lavrov to Itogy magazine. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (Moscow), 26 November 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.ln.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/sps/31EC0BE66CC08F97C325739F0028CA78> 1215 An interview of Minister of foreign affairs Sergey Lavrov to Itogy magazine. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (Moscow), 26 November 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.ln.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/sps/31EC0BE66CC08F97C325739F0028CA78> 1216 An interview of Minister of foreign affairs Sergey Lavrov to Itogy magazine. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (Moscow), 26 November 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.ln.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/sps/31EC0BE66CC08F97C325739F0028CA78> 1217 Russia made away nine written off launchers “Topol”, RIA News Agency (Moscow) 21 August 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/defense_safety/weapons/20070821/72745142.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 162 On 29 August 2007, during bilateral consultations in Tokyo, representatives from the Russian and Japanese foreign ministries discussed arms reduction and non-proliferation.1219 On 25 October 2007, Russia and the United States addressed the UN General Assembly calling upon all countries to join their Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate and Short-Range Missiles. They emphasized the global significance of the non-proliferation regime and expressed their willingness to cooperate with interested parties.1220 On 23 November 2007, First Vice-Premier Sergey Ivanov held a meeting of governmental committee for export control to discuss implementation of the weapons of mass destruction (WMD) non-proliferation program. Ivanov asserted that non-proliferation of the WMD and surrounding technologies was one of the priorities of Russian foreign policy. According to him, non-proliferation of WMD remains an area where the long-term interests of most of countries are consistent, and he emphasized the importance to acting collectively in order to achieve common goals.1221 On 5 December 2007, the UN General Assembly adopted a draft of the resolution on “measures for transparency and strengthening trust in space cooperation”, which was initiated and developed by Russia and China. In light of the transition towards a new technological level of armament developments, this initiative was designed to prevent expansion of destabilizing types of armament in outer space Approval of the project resolution by the General Assembly should be considered an important step towards strengthening the trust, transparency and predictability of countries’ military activity in outer space.1222 In compliance with a component of the HCOC that calls for the exchange of pre-launch notifications on its Ballistic Missile and Space Launch Vehicle launches and test flights, Russia regularly publishes relevant information on the official web-site of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,1223 as well as in other official information sources, such as the Russian news and information agency RIA Novosti.1224 Thus Russia has implemented almost fully the components of Hague Code of Conduct and thus can be assigned a score of +1. Analyst: Yuriy Zaitsev United Kingdom: 0 The United Kingdom has partially complied with its HCOC commitment. Although the United Kingdom is a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), which spearheads the HCOC, it has not undertaken any concrete actions to implement the HCOC since the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. Furthermore, the United Kingdom has not actively promoted the HCOC among non-signatory states. 1218 Russia and USA have proved their plans to elaborate new arrangements on SNV treaty, RIA News Agency (Moscow) 3 July 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/world/foreign_russia/20070703/68267899.html> Consultations on the issue of reduction of arms in Tokyo. RIA News Agency (Moscow), 30 August 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/defense_safety/weapons/20070830/75718184.html> 1220 Russia and USA called upon to joint their bilateral treaty on reduction of small and middle distance missiles, RIA News Agency (Moscow) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/defense_safety/20071025/85501803.html> 1221 Governmental committee will discuss weapons of mass destruction non-proliferation program, RIA News Agency (Moscow) 23 November 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/defense_safety/weapons/20071123/89227049.html> 1222 On adoption of project of resolution on “Measures for transparency and strengthening trust in space cooperation” by UN General Assembly on its 62 session, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (Moscow) 10 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.ln.mid.ru/bl.nsf/78b919b523f2fa20c3256fa3003e9536/67599e7fdc39a575c32573ae004d1f26/$FILE/11.12.2007.doc> 1223 Spacecraft Launch Schedule of a Military Satellite. Information of the Defense Ministry Space Forces Headquarters (Moscow) 7 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. < http://www.mid.ru/Nsdvbr.nsf/a84cf38ed768735943256ccc003bcff1/a492492ee8db6818c32573aa00327027?OpenDocument> 1224 See, e.g.: http://en.rian.ru/search/?p=0&query=russia+ballistic+missile+launch&s_type=and&start_day=01&start_mounth=07&start_year=2004&end_day=31&en d_mounth=12&end_year=2008&within=&q=0; http://en.rian.ru/search/?p=0&query=russia+military+satellite+launch&s_type=and&start_day=01&start_mounth=07&start_year=2004&end_day=31&en d_mounth=12&end_year=2008&within=&q=0. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. 1219 G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 163 On 25 June 2007 at a Carnegie Endowment speech in Washington D.C., British Foreign Secretary Margaret Beckett, downplayed the centrality and importance of the HCOC in non-proliferation efforts. Beckett stated that to attain a world free of nuclear weapons, “verification…will need to place more emphasis on the warheads themselves than the current arrangement which focuses primarily on delivery systems.”1225 However, the UK has continued its commitment to the HCOC through its membership in the EU and the MTCR. The EU reiterated its support for the HCOC through a speech to the First Committee of the 62nd Session of the General Assembly on 19 October 2007, and urged all non-signatories to sign the HCOC as a fundamental step towards combating ballistic missile proliferation.1226 On 18 September 2007, the Council of the European Union released a new set of guidelines for the export of dual-use technologies, including those technologies that may be employed in the construction of ballistic missiles.1227 The document was passed with the support of the British government and applies to the export of all dual-use technologies by British nationals. The guidelines refer specifically to the export of missiles, missile components and launching equipment; and they explicitly address those technologies that may be used in space exploration.1228 The document represents a revision of the EU’s earlier rules on the export of dual-use technology that date from 2000.1229 Thus, the United Kingdom has received a score of 0 for its lack of robust support for the HCOC. Analyst: Hugues Létourneau United States: 0 The United States has partially complied with its HCOC commitment. On 13 November 2007, the President signed into law Bill H.R.3222 (Department of Defence Appropriations Act, 2008), which includes several provisions on non-proliferation and on the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program. The Bill commits US$428 048 000 to Cooperative Threat Reduction program activities including the elimination of WMDs; the safe and secure transportation of weapons; appropriate storage of weapons; and the establishment of programs to prevent proliferation of weapons1230. This is an increase of US$56 million, or 15%, over similar allocations in the 2006 appropriations bill1231. On 2 August 2007, the President signed into law Bill H.R. 1 (Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007), which includes a section to strengthen and expand the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI).1232 The bill instructs the President of the United States to provide detailed plans of PSI activities and funding for a three-year period and to report these activities to Congress.1233 H.R. 1 also requires the President to provide assistance to American allies and those states that cooperate with the United States under the Arms Export Control Act and the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.1234 1225 Address by Foreign Secretary Margaret Beckett at the Carnegie Endowment, Foreign and Commonwealth Office (London) 25 June 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2007. <http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029391647&a=KArticle&aid=1181134008127> 1226 EU Presidency Statement - United Nations 1st Committee: Other Weapons of Mass Destruction, European Union (Brussels) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_7424_en.htm> 1227 ALLEGATO I: Elenco dei prodotti e delle tecnologie a duplice uso modificato, da ultimo, Ministero del Commercio Estero (Rome) 18 Septmeber 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/dualuse/dualuse_norme/reg_1183_07_en.pdf> 1228 ALLEGATO I: Elenco dei prodotti e delle tecnologie a duplice uso modificato, da ultimo, Ministero del Commercio Estero (Rome) 18 Septmeber 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/dualuse/dualuse_norme/reg_1183_07_en.pdf> 1229 ALLEGATO I: Elenco dei prodotti e delle tecnologie a duplice uso modificato, da ultimo, Ministero del Commercio Estero (Rome) 18 Septmeber 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/dualuse/dualuse_norme/reg_1183_07_en.pdf> 1230 H.R. 3222: Department of Defence Appropriations Act, 2008, GovTrack (Washington D.C.) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 13 December 2007. <http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h110-3222> 1231 H.R. 5631: Department of Defence Appropriations Act, 2007, GovTrack (Washington D.C.) 26 September 2006. Date of Access: 13 December 2007. <http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h109-5631> 1232 H.R. 1: Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, GovTrack (Washington D.C.) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h110-1> 1233 H.R. 1: Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, GovTrack (Washington D.C.) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h110-1> 1234 H.R. 1: Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, GovTrack (Washington D.C.) 9 December 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h110-1> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 164 On 25 October 2007, the United States issued a joint statement with the Russian Federation on the Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles at the UN General Assembly. In this statement, the US reaffirmed its support for the treaty and expressed its concern with the ongoing proliferation of ballistic missiles and missile production technologies. The US also called on all member states to join the anti-proliferation regime and to renounce intermediate range and shorter-range ballistic missiles1235. Finally, in order to confront the threat posed by ballistic missile proliferation, the Bush Administration has pursued the development of an anti-ballistic missile National Missile Defence program in addition to its non-proliferation efforts.1236 Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of 0 for its limited efforts to promote the HCOC internationally and for funding threat-reduction programs. Analyst: Isaac Apter European Union: 0 The European Union has partially complied with its commitment to implement and promote the Hague Code of Conduct. Although the EU has not acted in a concrete manner to implement all the provisions of the HCOC, it has reaffirmed its commitment to the Convention and it has promoted adherence to the HCOC among the non-signatory states. On 19 October 2007 at a UN First Committee meeting (Disarmament and International Security), the European Union, represented by the Portuguese ambassador Pereira Gomes, reiterated its trust in the HCOC as the most “concrete” initiative in the fight on ballistic missile proliferation. The ambassador reasserted the importance of remaining “committed to implementing the HCOC.”1237 Gomes urged all states to adhere to the HCOC and to implement it.1238 On 18 September 2007, the Council of the European Union released a new set of guidelines for the export of dual-use technologies, including those technologies that may be employed in the construction of ballistic missiles.1239 The document was passed with the support of the national governments and applies to the export of all dual-use technologies by nationals and firms governed by EU law. The guidelines refer specifically to the export of missiles, missile components, and launching equipment; and they explicitly address those technologies that may be used in space exploration.1240 The document represents a revision of the EU’s earlier rules on the export of dual-use technology that date from 2000.1241 Thus, the European Union has been awarded a score of 0 for its limited promotion of the HCOC and its new export controls. Analyst: Hugues Létourneau 1235 Joint U.S.-Russian Statement on the Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles at the 62nd Session of the UN General Assembly, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 13 December 2007. <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/oct/94141.htm> 1236 Missile Defence Agency, Department of Defence (Washington D.C.) Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.mda.mil/mdalink/html/mdalink.html> 1237 nd Address by ambassador José Julio Pereira Gomes, Portugal on behalf of the European Union at the United Nations 62 session, First Committee, European Union (Brussels) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 December 2007. <http://europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_7424_en.htm> 1238 Address by ambassador José Julio Pereira Gomes, Portugal on behalf of the European Union at the United Nations 62nd session, First Committee, European Union (Brussels) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 December 2007. <http://europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_7424_en.htm> 1239 ALLEGATO I: Elenco dei prodotti e delle tecnologie a duplice uso modificato, da ultimo, Ministero del Commercio Estero (Rome) 18 Septmeber 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/dualuse/dualuse_norme/reg_1183_07_en.pdf> 1240 ALLEGATO I: Elenco dei prodotti e delle tecnologie a duplice uso modificato, da ultimo, Ministero del Commercio Estero (Rome) 18 Septmeber 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/dualuse/dualuse_norme/reg_1183_07_en.pdf> 1241 ALLEGATO I: Elenco dei prodotti e delle tecnologie a duplice uso modificato, da ultimo, Ministero del Commercio Estero (Rome) 18 Septmeber 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/dualuse/dualuse_norme/reg_1183_07_en.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 165 19. Regional Security: Darfur [295] Commitment “We reiterate our commitment to continue to provide humanitarian assistance and will undertake, in coordination with the African Union and the United Nations, to identify options for improving humanitarian access.” G8 Statement on Sudan/Darfur Background Located in a drought-prone area of western Sudan, the Darfur region has been ravaged by its current wave of violence since 2003. The people of Darfur generally fall into two groups: sedentary farming groups and pastoral nomadic groups.1242 Although ethnic divisions were historically very fluid, today pastoral nomadic groups are typically considered "Arab" while farming groups are considered "non-Arab."1243 Starting in the mid-1980s, increasing land and water scarcity led to tensions between the two socioeconomic groups.1244 Those tensions were manipulated by Sudanese, Libyan and Chadian politicians and resulted in the creation of Arab militias that began attacking non-Arab communities. A low intensity conflict in the region in the late 1980s was ostensibly ended in 1990, but the Sudanese government disarmed only the non-Arab forces, leaving the Arab militias, commonly known as the Janjaweed, intact. With Khartoum's tacit approval and in some cases outright assistance, those militias launched a series of escalating offensives against non-Arab farmers in Darfur throughout the 1990s. 1245 Those attacks eventually led to the formation of non-Arab rebel groups called the Sudanese Liberation Army/Movement (SLA/M) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), who accused the Arab dominated regime in Khartoum of discriminating against and marginalizing non-Arabs in Darfur.1246 The crisis began in 2003 when the SLA/M and the JEM launched a series of attacks on government military installations. With few troops in the area, the government responded by expanding and further arming the Janjaweed, and launching a campaign backed by the Sudanese military against non-Arab communities. 1247 Four years later, civilians continue to suffer as the Sudanese government and their Janjaweed proxies raze villages, abduct children, and engage in a campaign of mass rape, and murder men and boys, seen as potential rebels. Since the outbreak of hostilities, the crisis in Darfur has resulted in well over 400 000 largely civilian deaths, the displacement of more than two million people, and the suffering of millions more.1248 Darfur first appeared on the G8’s agenda at the 2004 Sea Island Summit. A joint statement with the African Union (AU) renewed the G8’s focus on Sudan at the 2005 Gleneagles Summit.1249 The statement expressed a renewed commitment to end the Darfur conflict and to support the work of the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) and the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS). AMIS was established in February 2004 to monitor a ceasefire between the Sudanese government and the JEM and SLM.1250 Its mandate has grown to include providing security for humanitarian aid delivery and facilitating the return of refugees and 1242 Mohamed Suliman, Warfare in Darfur: The desert versus the oasis syndrome, Institute for African Alternatives, 1993. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.ifaanet.org/ifaapr/wardar.htm> 1243 Background on the Conflict in Darfur, STAND Canada. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.standcanada.org/index.php/learn/crisis_history> 1244 Suliman, Mohamed. Warfare in Darfur: The desert versus the oasis syndrome, Institute for African Alternatives, 1993. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.ifaanet.org/ifaapr/wardar.htm> 1245 Entrenching Impunity: Government Responsibility for International Crimes in Darfur, Human Rights Watch (New York) December 2005. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://hrw.org/reports/2005/darfur1205/> 1246 Entrenching Impunity: Government Responsibility for International Crimes in Darfur, Human Rights Watch (New York) December 2005. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://hrw.org/reports/2005/darfur1205/> 1247 Entrenching Impunity: Government Responsibility for International Crimes in Darfur, Human Rights Watch (New York) December 2005. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://hrw.org/reports/2005/darfur1205/> 1248 Annan welcomes extension of African Union mission in Darfur, UN News Service (New York) 21 September 2006. Date of Access: 13 January 2007. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=19948&Cr=sudan&Cr1 1249 Statement by the G8 and AU: Sudan, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/sudan.pdf> 1250 Entrenching Impunity: Government Responsibility for International Crimes in Darfur, Human Rights Watch (New York) December 2005. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://hrw.org/reports/2005/darfur1205/> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 166 internally displaced persons (IDPs). UNMIS was established in March 2005 to support the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) between the Sudanese government and the SPLM/A.1251 The CPA, signed in January 2005, ended a twenty-one year civil war between the two sides that caused an estimated 1.5 million deaths. Beyond the CPA, UNMIS is mandated to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian aid and the return of refugees and IDPs. On 5 May 2006, the Sudanese government and Darfur’s largest rebel group, the SLM, signed the Darfur Peace Agreement.1252 The agreement contains provisions for the sharing of power and wealth and security arrangements. In the short term, responsibility for enforcing the agreement falls to AMIS. However, on 10 March 2006, responding to widespread criticism that it is ineffectual, the AU decided to support the transition of AMIS into a UN peacekeeping operation “at the earliest possible time.” UN Security Council Resolution 1769, passed on 31 July 2007, approved the creation of the African Union/United Nations Hybrid operation in Darfur (UNAMID) and authorized it to bring stability to the war-torn Darfur region of Sudan while peace talks on a final settlement continue.1253 Attacks on peacekeepers and aid workers have underlined the difficulty and danger of delivering humanitarian assistance in Darfur. Peacekeepers have suffered attacks from both Janjaweed and Darfuri rebels.1254 The difficulty of delivering aid has been exacerbated by instability in border regions of Chad and by allegations that the Sudanese government has been airlifting arms to pro-government militias in Darfur. Violence in Darfur has also spread over the border to Chad and the Central African Republic.1255 However, on 15 November 2007, after numerous failed conferences, nine rebel groups signed a Charter of Unification and agreed to operate under the name of SLM/A henceforth.1256 On 30 November 2007, it was announced that Darfur's rebel movements had united into two large groups and were now ready to negotiate in an orderly structure with the government.1257 However, UNAMID will not likely be operational until 2008 and the civilians of the region remain in desperate need of assistance.1258 Team Leader: Erin Fitzgerald Assessment Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Interim Compliance Score Lack of Compliance Work in Progress -1 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 +1 +1 0 +1 0 +1 +1 +1 +0.78 1251 Entrenching Impunity: Government Responsibility for International Crimes in Darfur, Human Rights Watch (New York) December 2005. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://hrw.org/reports/2005/darfur1205/> 1252 Darfur's Fragile Peace Agreement, International Crisis Group (Brussels) 20 June 2006. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4179&l=1> 1253 Darfur - UNAMID - Facts and Figures, Department of Peacekeeping Operations (New York) Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unamid/facts.html> 1254 Sudan “begins new Darfur attacks”, BBC News (London) 18 Nevember 2006. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6161692.stm> 1255 Country profile: Chad, BBC News (London) 17 October 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068700.stm> 1256 Nine Darfur rebel factions reunite under one structure , The Sudan Tribune (Juba) 15 November 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article24751> 1257 Darfur rebel groups form two movements in Juba, The Sudan Tribune (Juba) 30 November 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article24965> 1258 Darfur's New Security Reality, International Crisis Group (Brussels) 26 November 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5180&l=1> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 167 Canada: +1 Canada has fully complied with the commitment that it made regarding the Darfur region of Sudan at the 2007 G8 Summit in Heiligendamm. The Government of Canada has offered significant funding to aid missions in Darfur, in addition to adding Canada’s diplomatic support, alone and through the United Nations, in calling for a political solution and end to the disaster in Darfur. On 2 August 2007, then Foreign Minister Peter McKay announced that Canada welcomed the UN Security Council decision to establish the African Union-UN hybrid peace mission in Darfur (UNAMID). To support the transition of the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) to the hybrid mission, Minister McKay announced Canada’s intention to provide AMIS with over US$48 million.1259 The Minister stated that this money would “ensure the provision of helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft and aviation fuel that is critical in allowing the AU to move troops and supplies around Darfur.”1260 On 25 June 2007, Foreign Minister McKay attended a ministerial meeting on Darfur in Paris. He also called upon other members of the international community to make their own contributions to AMIS in order to facilitate the transition to the UNAMID hybrid force.1261 The Permanent Representative of Canada to the UN, John McNee, has been particularly vocal on the need for action in Darfur. In a statement on 22 June 2007 he called for a political solution through UNAMID and urged the Government of Sudan to cooperate with the International Criminal Court and comply with Resolution 1591 by ceasing “offensive military flights” over Darfur.1262 On 18 October 2007, he reiterated this point by calling on all parties in Darfur to return to peace negotiations.1263 Mr. McKay’s successor as Foreign Minister, Maxime Bernier, has made similar requests. In a speech to the UN General Assembly on 28 September, he called for the rapid deployment of the UNAMID force.1264 Most recently, on 9 January 2008, Minister Bernier called on all parties in Darfur to make greater efforts towards reaching a peace agreement. He also urged Sudan to respect its commitment to UN Security Council Resolution 1769 regarding the deployment of UNAMID.1265 Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of +1 for its funding of humanitarian assistance in Darfur and its active support of international cooperation to end the conflict. Analyst: Andrew Wright 1259 Canada Welcomes Establishment of Hybrid AU-UN Peacekeeping Mission in Darfur and Contributes Additional $48 Million, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 2 August 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://w01.international.gc.ca/minpub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&publication_id=385345&Language=E&docnumber=105> 1260 Canada Welcomes Establishment of Hybrid Au-UN Peacekeeping Mission in Darfur and Contributes Additional $48 Million, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 2 August 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://w01.international.gc.ca/minpub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&publication_id=385345&Language=E&docnumber=105> 1261 Minister MacKay to Attend Conference on Darfur in Paris on June 25, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 22 June 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://w01.international.gc.ca/minpub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&publication_id=385257&Language=E&docnumber=86> 1262 CANZ statement to the Security Council on protection of civilians in armed conflict, Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations (New York) 22 June 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://geo.international.gc.ca/canada_un/new_york/whats_new/default-en.asp?id=9897> 1263 Statement by Ambassador McNee to the General Assembly on the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations (New York) 18 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://geo.international.gc.ca/canada_un/new_york/whats_new/default-en.asp?id=11133&content_type=2> 1264 Canada Addresses Challenges to Global Stability and Security at UN General Assembly, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 28 September 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://w01.international.gc.ca/MinPub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&publication_id=385466&docnumber=132&bPrint=False&Year=2007&ID=1 49&Language=E> 1265 Canada Calls for Full Implementation of Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa) 9 January 2008. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://w01.international.gc.ca/minpub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&publication_id=385753> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 168 France: +1 France fully complied with its commitment regarding Darfur as agreed at the 2007 Heiligendamm Summit. On 31 July 2007, acting through the UN Security Council, France voted in favor Resolution 1769, which approved the creation of the African Union/United Nations Hybrid operation in Darfur (UNAMID) and authorized it to stabilize to the war-torn Darfur region of Sudan while peace talks on a final settlement continued.1266 France and the UK jointly prepared the text of the resolution.1267 Through the Security Council, France also approved the deployment of a joint UN-EU force in eastern Chad and the Central African Republic.1268 Approved on 25 September, the goal of the force is to improve security in camps for Darfuri refugees and to help create lasting stability in Darfur.1269 In addition to its work at the UN, France headed a ministerial meeting of the contact group on Darfur on 25 June 2007. The meeting included France’s Minister of Foreign and European Affairs, Bernard Kouchner, and the State Secretary of Human Rights, Rama Yade.1270 Minister Kouchner later publicly condemned the attacks against African Union soldiers in a statement on 30 September.1271 France was also represented by its Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries at the AU-UN peace negotiations for Darfur on 27 October 2007 in Sirte, Libya.1272 French President Nicholas Sarkozy has also been personally involved with this commitment. In a speech to the US congress on 7 November 2007, Mr. Sarkozy stated that “Europe must step up its efforts” in Sudan.1273 Finally, he spoke with the Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir at the European Summit on 9 December 20071274 and again by phone on 29 December 2007.1275 Thus, France has been awarded a score of +1 for its funding of humanitarian assistance in Darfur and its active support of international cooperation to end the conflict. Analyst: James Aufricht Germany: +1 Germany has fully complied with its commitment to continue providing humanitarian assistance for the crisis in Darfur. 1266 Darfur - UNAMID - Facts and Figures, Department of Peacekeeping Operations (New York) Date of Access: 13 January 2008. <http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unamid/facts.html> 1267 Resolution creating UNAMID, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 31 July 2007. Date of access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/conflicts-and-crisis_1959/darfur_3538/resolution-unamid-31.07.07_9599.html> 1268 Adoption of the Resolution 1778, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 25 September. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/conflicts-and-crisis_1959/darfur_3538/adoption-of-the-resolution-1778-security-council-approvesun-presence-in-eastern-chad-and-north-eastern-central-african-republic-25.09.07_10036.html> 1269 Adoption of the Resolution 1778, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 25 September. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/conflicts-and-crisis_1959/darfur_3538/adoption-of-the-resolution-1778-security-council-approvesun-presence-in-eastern-chad-and-north-eastern-central-african-republic-25.09.07_10036.html> 1270 Paris Brings Together the Parties to the Darfur Crisis, Office of the Prime Minister (Paris), 25 June 2007. Date of Access: 31 November 2007. <http://www.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/en/information/latest_news_97/paris_brings_together_the_56729.html> 1271 Sudan/Darfur: Attack against African Union Soldiers, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 30 September 2007. Date Accessed: 14 December 2007. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files_156/sudan_248/france-and-sudan_5307/sudan-darfur-attack-against-african-union-soldiersseptember-29-2007_10049.html> 1272 Syrte Negotations on Darfur, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Paris) 27 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 December 2007. <http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/conflicts-and-crisis_1959/darfur_3538/syrte-negotiations-on-darfur-27.10.07_10184.html> 1273 Speech by M. Nicholas Sarkozy, the President of the Republic, before the Congress of the United States of America, Embassy of the Republic of France (Washington D.C.) 7 November 2007. Date Accessed: 14 December 2007. <http://www.ambafrance-ng.org/article.php3?id_article=729> 1274 Conference de presse a l’issue du sommet europeenne de Lisbonne, La Présidence de la République (Paris) 9 December 2007. Date of Access 10 December 2007. <http://www.elysee.fr/documents/index.php?lang=fr&mode=view&cat_id=3&press_id=770> 1275 Entretien telephonique de M. President de la Republique avec M. Omar el-Bechir, La Présidence de la République (Paris) 29 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.elysee.fr/documents/index.php?mode=view&lang=fr&cat_id=5&press_id=842> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 169 In July 2007, Germany pledged
25 million to AMIS.1276 In addition to this contribution, the German Foreign Minister Frank Walter Steinmeier announced in August that Germany would provide financial support to UN logistics in Darfur by contributing US$32 million for UNAMID.1277 In July 2007, with finances provided by the Foreign Office and the Ministry for Economic Cooperation, Germany partially funded the work of NGOs and UN bodies working within Darfur. It contributed
400 000 to the German Red Cross for Darfur health provisions and
500 000 to the United Nations Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs to strengthen humanitarian work in Darfur.1278 More recently, in January 2008, Germany became the first country to donate money to the Darfur Community Peace and Stability Fund, which supports programs in Darfur, aimed at improving livelihoods and security. 1279 The German ambassador to the United Nations, Thomas Matussek, announced that Germany would donate
350 000 to this fund.1280 Germany has fulfilled its commitment by seeking to identify options to improve humanitarian access. On 26 August 2007, German Chancellor Angela Merkel travelled to China for a three day visit to discuss the violence in the Darfur region with Chinese President Hu Jintao.1281 During their meeting, Chancellor Angela Markel pressed President Jintao for more help to end the crisis in Darfur.1282 Despite this progress, there are areas in which Germany has fallen short in its commitment to Darfur. On 30 July 2007, Chancellor Angela Merkel’s office announced the German government welcomes the UN deployment of 26 000 UN forces, but declined to contribute forces to this mission because German forces were strained.1283 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of +1 for its financial contributions to humanitarian assistance in Darfur and its active diplomacy on the issue. Analyst: Nike Adebowale Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with its commitment in Darfur. Despite the fact that it has increased aid to the region, its contributions were less than those of some other G8 members. The Directorate General for Development Cooperation, a department of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, arranged three flights from the UN Base in Brindisi to deliver humanitarian aid to Darfuri refugees in eastern Chad on 17 July 2007. The flights carried approximately 40 tons of aid valued at a total cost of approximately
300 000.1284 Italian NGOs operating in the field distributed the delivery.1285 1276 The Darfur Conflict - How the Federal Government is Helping, Federal Foreign Office (Berlin) 8 August 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Aussenpolitik/RegionaleSchwerpunkte/Afrika/SudanDarfur.html> 1277 Germany to Provide 32 Mln Dollars for Hybrid UN Force in Darfur: FM, Relief Web (Abuja) 2 August 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SODA-75Q3AJ?OpenDocument&query=germany%20darfur> 1278 German Emergency Aid in Sudan, Germany Embassy Khartoum (Khartoum). Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.khartum.diplo.de/Vertretung/khartum/en/03/Nothilfe__Unterbereich.html> 1279 Germany Gives 350,000 Euros to Darfur Fund, Federal Foreign Office (Berlin) 8 January 2008. Date of Access: 10 January 2007. <http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/WillkommeninD/D-Informationen/Nachrichten/080108-1.html> 1280 Germany Gives 350,000 Euros to Darfur Fund, Federal Foreign Office (Berlin) 8 January 2008. Date of Access: 10 January 2007. <http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/WillkommeninD/D-Informationen/Nachrichten/080108-1.html> 1281 Germany's Merkel in China for Darfur, Human Rights Talks, VOA News (Washington D.C.) 26 August 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-08/2007-08-26-voa20.cfm?CFID=184611319&CFTOKEN=66666381> 1282 Germany's Merkel in China for Darfur, Human Rights Talks, VOA News (Washington D.C.) 26 August 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-08/2007-08-26-voa20.cfm?CFID=184611319&CFTOKEN=66666381> 1283 Volkery, Carsten and Florian Gathmann. Germany Rules Out Troops for Darfur, Spiegel Online (Hamburg) 1 August 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,497682,00.html> 1284 Humanitarian Aid to the People of Chad, Ministerio d’Affari Esteri (Rome) 17 July 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Stampa/Sala_Stampa/Comunicati/2007/07/20070717VoliPopolazioniCiad> 1285 Italian Government In-Kind Contribution of Humanitarian Aid on Behalf of Chadian Idps, ReliefWeb (Abuja) 16 July 2007. Date of Access: 4 January 2007. <http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACIO-757DEM?OpenDocument> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 170 An Italian delegation visited Darfur on 10 July 2007. It met with AMIS and UN leadership, representatives of the non-signatories of the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) and representatives of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in an effort to review the situation in Darfur.1286 Minister D’Alema met with the Foreign Minister of Sudan, Lam Ako, in Rome on 14 September 2007. The Italian minister commended Lam Ako on his intention to accept the deployment of a UN force in Sudan and to declare a ceasefire at the beginning of the peace talks with the rebels.1287 Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of extensive foreign aid contributions and for its diplomatic efforts. Analyst: Olga Tonkonojenkova Japan: +1 Japan has fully complied with the commitments that it made regarding the Darfur region of Sudan at the 2007 G8 Summit in Heiligendamm. The Government of Japan has offered monetary and material assistance to various humanitarian organizations in Darfur and has engaged in discussions with the UN to improve the humanitarian situation in that region. In coordination with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) the Government of Japan offered assistance in kind for 10 000 people (10 000 blankets, 10 000 sleeping mats, 10 000 water containers and 4000 plastic sheets) on 6 November 2007.1288 Japan expected that this assistance would improve the living conditions for the inhabitants of Darfur and create a better environment for peace negotiations.1289 On 19 November 2007, Ken Mukai, the counselor of the Permanent Mission of Japan to the UN, made a speech at the 62nd session of the UN General Assembly that outlined Japan’s support and suggestions for UNAMID.1290 These suggestions included: making maximum use of the assets and skills in the various UN funds, programs and agencies; gradual phasing in of staff as needed; and reducing the budget by US$151 million as recommended by the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ) of the UN Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts.1291 Japan’s Senior Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs, Takeshi Iwaya, attended an Enlarged International Contact Group Meeting on Darfur in Paris from 24 to 26 June 2007 to discuss the political process towards a solution in Darfur as well as humanitarian and security issues.1292 The Government of Japan also attended a UN-hosted meeting in New York on the issue of Darfur1293 and the Darfur Peace Talks in Sirte, Libya on 27 October.1294 1286 Italian Parliamentary Delegation Visits AMIS Forward Force Headquarter in Darfur, AMIS website (Khartoum) 12 July 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.amis-sudan.org/Press%20Release/PR%2020070712%20Italian%20Parliamentary%20delegation%20visits%20Darfur.pdf> 1287 Minister D’Alema Meets with Foreign Minister of Sudan Lam Ako, Ministerio d’Affari Esteri (Rome) 14 September 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Stampa/Sala_Stampa/News/2007/09/20070917_Dalema_LamAkol> 1288 Assistance in Kind for the Afflicted in Sudan, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 6 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/11/1176150_838.html> 1289 Assistance in Kind for the Afflicted in Sudan, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 6 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/11/1176150_838.html> 1290 Statement by Mr. Ken Mukai, Counsellor, Permanent Mission of Japan on agenda item 161: Financing of the African Union – United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) for the period from 1 July 2007 to 20 June 2008, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 19 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/speech/un2007/un0711-4.html> 1291 Statement by Mr. Ken Mukai, Counsellor, Permanent Mission of Japan on agenda item 161: Financing of the African Union – United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) for the period from 1 July 2007 to 20 June 2008, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 19 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/speech/un2007/un0711-4.html> 1292 Mr. Takeshi Iwaya, Senior Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, to attend Enlarged International Contact Group Meeting on Darfur, Ministry of Foreign Affais (Tokyo) 22 June 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.jp/announce/event/2007/6/1174187_850.html> 1293 Mr. Itsunori Onodera, Senior Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs, to Visit Bahrain and Attend High-level Meeting concerning Darfur Issue, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 20 September 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/event/2007/9/1175554_856.html> 1294 Assistance in Kind for the Afflicted in Sudan, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 6 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/11/1176150_838.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 171 In an address to the General Assembly of the UN on 8 October Japan’s Permanent Ambassador to the UN, Yukio Takasu, expressed his government’s support for the establishment of the UNAMID. He also pledged that “Japan will strengthen its contribution for the consolidation of peace and stability in Africa.”1295 While not specifically allocated to the Darfur region of Sudan, on 26 June 2007 the Government of Japan donated US$4 million to the UNHCR, UNICEF and ICRC with the aim of improving conditions for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) from Darfur in eastern Chad and the north-east of the Central African Republic.1296 In a similar vein, the Japanese government offered over US$9 million to the World Food Program in Sudan, while recognizing the need for food assistance in Darfur, on 19 December 2007.1297 Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of +1 for its funding of humanitarian assistance in Darfur and its active support of international cooperation to end the conflict. Analysts: Andrew Wright and Arina Shadrikova Russia: 0 Russia has partly complied with its commitment on the conflict in Darfur. Notwithstanding the fact that Russia has not provided humanitarian assistance to people of Darfur, it has cooperated with representatives of the UN, the African Union and other stakeholders in identifying options for improving humanitarian access. Russia has recognized the strained situation in the region and emphasized the role of the international community in overcoming the crisis. Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs Alexander Jakovenko represented Russia at the meeting of the Enlarged International Contact Group Meeting on Darfur on 25 June 2007. At the meeting much attention was paid to the mobilization of the international community in cooperation with the Sudanese government to improve the extremely troubled humanitarian situation in Darfur, and to increase food, medical and other types of assistance to the civilian population. In this context, all participants of the Enlarged Contact Group supported the plan, outlined by Special Representatives of the UN General Secretary and the Presiding Commission of the African Union, for further negotiations between the Government of Sudan and the Darfuri opposition. Russia shares the anxiety of the international community over the conflict and humanitarian crises in Darfur and considers the Paris meeting to be an important step towards promoting multilateral participation in resolution of the crisis under the auspices of the UN and the African Union.1298 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of humanitarian assistance to the people of Darfur and its cooperation with various stakeholders to improve humanitarian access. Analyst: Yuriy Zaitsev United Kingdom: +1 The United Kingdom has fully complied with its commitment on Darfur. Over the past three years, it has provided more than GBP275 million to the refugees in Sudan, GBP75 million of which was earmarked for 1295 Address by H.E. Mr. Yukio Takasu, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Japan On the Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 8 October 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/speech/un2007/un0710-2.html> 1296 Emergency Assistance for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Chad and Central African Republic Caused by the Darfur Conflict, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 26 June 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/6/1174193_828.html> 1297 Exchange of Notes for Grant Aid (Food Aid) through the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) for the Republic of the Sudan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tokyo) 19 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/12/1176749_840.html> 1298 About the meeting of expanded contact group for Darfur problem in Darfur. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (Moscow) 26 June 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.ln.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/sps/6784D55F84F4FFA7C32573060026D7A4> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 172 African peacekeepers in Darfur. 1299 The Department for International Development (DFID) is also developing a Country Assistance Plan for Sudan for the period of 2008-2013.1300 The UK was one of the UN’s international partners in the launch of the Darfur Community Peace and Stability Fund in October 2007.1301 The Fund will implement recovery and development activities in areas where the local government guarantees the provision of security and commits to diplomatic negotiations. 1302 On 27 October 2007, Douglas Alexander, the Secretary of State for International Development, confirmed that the UK would give GBP5 million to the Darfur Community Peace and Stability Fund. The money will be used for grassroots development, including water points, health clinics and schools.1303 The UK will not be contributing troops to the UNAMID mission, but will pay GBP73 million for troop salaries, food, ground fuel and military and police advisers.1304 Prime Minister Gordon Brown stated that the UK will likely provide technical assistance and support to African countries that are contributing to the force.1305 In addition, the UK Special Representative for Sudan, Rod Pullen, met AU, UN and regional representatives in Tripoli on 15-16 July 2007 to discuss moving the political process forward. Finally, the Secretary of State for International Development, Douglas Alexander, visited Sudan on 18-19 July 2007 to observe the current situation in Darfur.1306 Thus, the United Kingdom has been awarded a score of +1 for its funding of humanitarian assistance in Darfur and its active support of international cooperation to end the conflict. Analyst: Olga Tonkonojenkova United States: +1 The United States has fully complied with its commitment on Darfur as made at the 2007 Heiligendamm Summit. The United States Budget for the 2008 fiscal year states that “the United States continues to be the world’s leader in providing food, shelter, water, sanitation, and other assistance to the people of Sudan.”1307 The American government has provided over US$4 billion in aid to the Sudanese people (including Darfuris), of which US$339 million has been for food aid and US$400 million has been used to continue the operations of 34 AMIS bases.1308 On 1 November 2007, US President George Bush declared an extension of the national emergency with respect to the situation in Sudan.1309 1299 PM Pledges to Work "Tirelessly" on Darfur, 10 Downing Street (London) 21 December 2007. Date of Access: 24 December 2007. <http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page14093.asp> 1300 Country Profile: Sudan, Foreign & Commonwealth Office (London) 2 January 2007. Date of Access: 24 December 2007. <http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=10206878 52749> 1301 Country Profiles: Africa, Department for International Development (London). Date of Access: 24 December 2007. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/countries/africa/sudan-darfur.asp> 1302 UN and Partners Establish Darfur Community Peace and Stability Fund. ReliefWeb (New York) 24 October 2007. Date of Access: 24 December 2007. <http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/AMMF-78AGZX?OpenDocument> 1303 UN and Partners Establish Darfur Community Peace and Stability Fund. ReliefWeb (New York) 24 October 2007. Date of Access: 24 December 2007. <http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/AMMF-78AGZX?OpenDocument> 1304 Attack on Peacekeeping Forces in Darfur, Foreign & Commonwealth Office (London) 1 January 2002. Date of Access: 4 January 2007. <http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029391638&a=KArticle&aid=1188495578555& year=2007&month=2007-09-01> 1305 World Service Newshour Interview with Gordon Brown on Darfur, BBC News UK Edition (London) October 16 2007. Date of Access: 27 December 2007. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/09_september/16/darfur.shtml> 1306 Secretary of State Visit to Sudan, Department for International Development (London) July 23 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2007. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/sos-sudan.asp> 1307 Department of State and Other International Programs, Office of Management and Budget (Washington D.C.) Accessed: 3 January 2007. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2008/state.html> 1308 U.S. Support for the People of Sudan, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 20 November 2007. Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/p/af/rls/fs/2007/95812.htm> 1309 Notice: Continuation of National Emergency with Respect to Sudan, The White House (Washington D.C.) 1 November 2007. Date Accessed: 19 December 2007. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/11/20071101-7.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 173 On 31 December 2007, President Bush signed the “Sudan Accountability and Divestment Act.” 1310 Designed to pressure the Sudanese government into ending violence in Darfur and cooperating with the UN, the Act makes it easier for mutual funds to sell their investments in companies that do business in Sudan. In addition, companies seeking contracts with the US government must now certify that they are not doing business in Sudan.1311 The United States has also been vocal advocate on taking action to alleviate the situation in Darfur. After condemning the attack on a UN convoy on 7 January 2007, a spokesman for the White House asserted there is a need for a stronger arms embargo against Sudan.1312 In a statement on 8 January 2008, President Bush stated that he remains “firmly committed to the rapid deployment of an effective peacekeeping force coupled with serious political dialogue between the parties.”1313 Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of +1 for its funding of humanitarian assistance in Darfur and its active support of international cooperation to end the conflict. Analyst: James Aufricht European Union: +1 The European Union has fully complied with its commitment to continue to provide humanitarian support for the crisis in Darfur. On 22 December 2007, the European Commission announced that it would provide
3 million in support of the peace process in Darfur.1314 The
3 million will be used by the joint United Nations and African Union mediators for peace negotiations.1315 The funds will be collected from EU members and will make the European Union the largest donor to the Darfur peace process.1316 In November 2007, the European Union announced its intention to dispatch 4 300 troops within the coming weeks to work alongside the United Nations in Chad, in order to prevent the spill-over of the Darfur conflict and to assist and protect Darfuri refugees.1317 During the EU-Africa Summit held In Lisbon from 7 to 12 December 2007, partners discussed security concerns in the Darfur region. European leaders implored Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir to allow the deployment of UN-led peacekeeping forces in Darfur in an attempt to improve humanitarian access.1318 Thus, the European Union has been awarded a score of +1 for its funding of humanitarian assistance in Darfur and its active support of international cooperation to end the conflict. Analyst: Nike Adebowale 1310 Statement by the President, The White House (Washington D.C.) 31 December 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008 <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/12/20071231.html> 1311 Bush signs Bill allowing Sudan Divestment, The New York Times (New York) 1 January 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/01/world/africa/01sudan.html> 1312 Attack on UNAMID convoy in Darfur, U.S. Department of State (Washington D.C.) 9 January 2008. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/jan/98954.htm> 1313 Statement by the President on Progress Toward and Challenges to Lasting Peace in Sudan, The White House (Washington D.C.) 8 January 2008. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080108.html> 1314 European Union donates 3 Mln euros to Darfur peace mediation, Sudan Tribune (Brussels) 23 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article25289> 1315 European Commission to Boost EU Support for the Peace Process in Darfur with
3 Million, Relief Web. 19 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/AMMF-7A2F9H?OpenDocument&query=EU%20darfur> 1316 European Commission to Boost EU Support for the Peace Process in Darfur with
3 Million, Relief Web. 19 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/AMMF-7A2F9H?OpenDocument&query=EU%20darfur> 1317 Central African Republic: Detailed Update on UN/EU Peacekeeping Mission to Prevent Darfur Violence Spill, Relief Web. 14 November 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/EGUA-78YPS3?OpenDocument&query=EU%20darfur> 1318 Summit ends with disputes on trade and human rights (Lisbon) 10 December 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://europafrica.org/2007/01/09/summit-ends-with-disputes-on-trade-and-human-rights/> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 174 20. Counter-Terrorism: Transport Security [314] Commitment “Furthermore, we aim to improve passenger screening programs and techniques, port facility security audits, security management systems and transportation security clearance programs.”1319 G8 Summit Statement on Counter Terrorism – Security in the Era of Globalization Background Since the September 11 terrorist attacks on the U.S., transport safety has been a recurrent item on the G8 policy agenda. The 2003 Evian Summit contained a G8 Action Plan to counteract the threat to civilian aviation by Man Portable Air Defence System (MANPADS), or shoulder-fired missiles.1320 At the 2004 Sea Island Summit the US unveiled the Secure and Facilitated Travel Initiative (SAFTI) to consolidate and harmonize G8 efforts to make civilian transport, travel documents, and airports more secure.1321 SAFTI measures are designed to address the current lacunas in the global integration of information systems. They are intended to not only share data on travellers, but also to exchange information on commercial shipments and prevent the shipment of illicit weapons material that could threaten international security. Soon after the 2001 terrorist attacks and the subsequent crackdown on border control in the US, the American government announced it would be phasing in the issuance of bio-metric/smart-chip passports to its citizens that would contain personal information such as fingerprints or retina scans. 1322 More importantly, as a part of the campaign to control exactly who enters and exits the US, the US Congress passed legislation demanding that all 27 countries currently exempted from requiring visas to enter the United States implement biometric passports for their nationals or lose their visa-waiver status. 1323 Although the implementation date was set for October 2004, the US Congress extended the deadline to October 2005 after hearing testimony from Secretary of State Colin Powell who recommended a two-year extension to the deadline.1324 A progress report tracking the implementation of SAFTI was delivered at the 2005 Gleneagles Summit. 1325 Although the British G8 Presidency had hoped to shift focus away from security and terrorism and toward Africa and climate change, the July 7 terrorist attacks in London forced the creation of a G8 Declaration on Counter-Terrorism.1326 The short time period involved in the drafting of the Declaration, however, resulted in no new initiatives on the issue of transport security. Similarly, and despite a heavy emphasis on security and terrorism, there was again little mention made of transport security at the St. Petersburg Summit in 2006. Leaders merely commented on reports made to the Ministerial Conference on International Transport Security in Tokyo on 12 and 13 January 2006.1327 The current commitment reflects the resurgence of an issue that has often been a sore point in relations between the United States and its G8 partners. Team Leader: Gabriel De Roche 1319 G8 Summit Statement on Counter Terrorism – Security in the Era of Globalization, G8 Information Centre (Toronto), 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-ct.pdf> 1320 G8 Action Plan to Enhance Transport Security and Control of Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS), G8 Information Centre (Toronto), 2 June 2003. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2003evian/transport_en.html> 1321 G8 Secure and Facilitated International Travel Initiative, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 9 June 2004. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2004seaisland/travel.html> 1322 U.S. Biometric Requirements and Other Issues Affecting Visitors from Visa Waiver Countries, Remarks by Asa Hutchinson, Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Border and Transportation Security (Washington D.C.) 17 August 2004. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://fpc.state.gov/fpc/35247.htm> 1323 U.S. Biometric Requirements and Other Issues Affecting Visitors from Visa Waiver Countries, Remarks by Asa Hutchinson, Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Border and Transportation Security (Washington D.C.) 17 August 2004. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://fpc.state.gov/fpc/35247.htm> 1324 U.S. Delays Biometric Passport Deadline until 2005, Charlene Porter, US Department of State (Washington D.C.) 10 August 2004. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://usinfo.state.gov/gi/Archive/2004/Aug/11-995406.html> 1325 Secure and Facilitated International Travel Initiative Summit Progress Report, G8 Information Centre (Toronto), 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/safti.pdf> 1326 G8 Statement on Counter-Terrorism, G8 Information Centre (Toronto), 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/counterterrorism.pdf> 1327 G8 Summit Declaration on Counter-Terrorism, G8 Information Centre (Toronto), 16 July 2006. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2006stpetersburg/counterterrorism.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 175 Assessment Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Lack of Compliance -1 Work in Progress 0 0 0 0 0 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 0 +1 0 +0.22 Canada: 0 Canada has partially complied with its commitment on transport security. Some improvements have been made in the areas of passenger screening programs and transportation security clearance programs for both marine and air transport. However, progress was largely due to the implementation of pre-existing initiatives. In addition, Canada has failed to address all aspects of the commitment, especially port facility security audits and security management systems. On 18 June 2007, Transport Canada began its Passenger Protect program. This includes new screening regulations for anyone above 12 years of age and the implementation of a Specified Persons List, which can be used to deny individuals who could pose a threat to security the right to board an aircraft.1328 Upon implementation, a temporary exemption for those under the age of 18 was allowed1329 and on 14 September 2007, it was announced that this exemption would be extended.1330 There have been two improvements in transport security clearance programs since the Heiligendamm Summit. The first applied to Canada’s marine transportation security. On 13 December 2007, the Minister of Transport, Infrastructure and Communities announced that, starting 15 December 2007, security clearance will be required by workers at the ports of Montreal, Halifax, Vancouver, Fraser River, North Fraser River, and at the St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation. This is the first phase of the Marine Transport Security Clearance Program. The Minister stated that “the program will further secure Canada’s ports against terrorist and organized crime activities.” The second phase will extend security clearance requirements to additional Canadian ports throughout 2008.1331 The second development in transport security clearance was an announcement on 10 January 2008 by the Canada Air Transport Security Authority regarding the creation of a Screening Contractor Qualification Program. This program creates additional requirements for organizations pursuing airport security screening contracts.1332 Thus, Canada has been awarded a score of 0 for its progress on two aspects of the commitment. Analyst: Amadeus Domaradzki 1328 Passenger Protect Program, Transport Canada (Ottawa) 6 August 2007. Date of Access: 8 December 2007. <http://www.tc.gc.ca/vigilance/sep/passenger_protect/menu.htm>; and As many as 2,000 names on no-fly list: Cannon, CTV (Toronto) 19 June 2007. Date of Access: 8 December 2007. <http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070619/cdn_no_fly_list_070619/20070619?hub=Canada> 1329 In Depth: Airport Security, CBC news (Toronto) 15 June 2007. Date of Access: 8 December 2007. <http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airportsecurity/> 1330 Extension of Exemption and Review of ID Requirements for Air Travelers Under 18, Transport Canada (Ottawa) 14 September 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.tc.gc.ca/mediaroom/releases/nat/2007/07-H174e.htm> 1331 December 15 Security Clearance Deadline for Port Workers, Transport Canada (Ottawa) 13 September 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.tc.gc.ca/mediaroom/releases/nat/2007/07-h173e.htm> 1332 Notice of Intent: Screening Contractor Qualification Program, Canada Air Transport Security Authority (Ottawa) 10 January 2008. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.catsa-acsta.gc.ca/english/media/qualification/notice.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 176 France: 0 France has partially complied with its commitment on transport security. Although France has attended international meetings on the security of port facilities and cargo security, it has inadequately addressed the other elements of the transport security commitment. On 29-31 October 2007, France participated in the 5th special meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee, which took place in Nairobi. Issues such as aviation and maritime security were discussed. 1333 Regarding port facilities and cargo-screening capabilities, the United Nations’ Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme, in which France plays an important role, announced that its programme on maritime security will remain a priority: “The IMO representative underlined his organization’s determination to pursue its strategy of preventing and punishing terrorism at sea by implementing the safety and security measures discussed during the session.” 1334 With regards to cargo-screening capabilities specifically, France participated in discussions on the World Customs Organisation SAFE Framework of Standards that “covers all areas of customs control, from the point of packing in the country of export to clearance in the country of import.” 1335 In a private interview, Pierre Deroi, in charge of security at the Port of Marseille, says that two kinds of audits took place over the last seven months: (1) one organized by the European Union ; and (2) another organized by Medad, the Ministry of Environmental Affairs (newly re-structured by the Sarkozy government). M. Deroi says that the audits were undertaken in order to address the numerous international obligations created by the ISPS code, which was designed to detect security threats and implement security measures.1336 On 18 July 2007, the European Union, of which France is a member, signed an agreement with the United States to ensure that any PNR data contained in the reservation systems of air carriers operating passenger flights in foreign air transport to or from the United States will be made available to the United States Department of Homeland Security. Information is to be used strictly for the purpose of preventing and combating terrorism and related crimes.1337 Thus, France has been awarded a score of 0 for its progress on port facilities and cargo screening. Analyst: Charlotte Ranelli Germany: 0 Germany has partially complied with its commitment on transport security. The Federal Government of Germany has taken several important steps to improve transport security through enhancing passenger screening programs and techniques, but did not advance its efforts to address the other priority areas of the commitment. Beginning on 1 November 2007, fingerprints of German citizens are to be recorded in order to implement second-generation electronic passports. The introduction of electronic passports represents a key 1333 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), United Nations (New York) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/pdf/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization.pdf> Working Group on Maritime Security, United Nations (New York) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/pdf/Maritime_Security.pdf> 1335 Working Group on Cargo Security. United Nations (New York) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/pdf/Cargo_Security.pdf> 1336 Personal interview with Pierre Deroi, Mission Défense et plans de secours Capitainerie – Port autonome de Marseille, conducted by email on 9 January 2008. 1337 Agreement Between the European Union and the United States of America on the Processing and Transfer of Passenger Name Record (PNR) Data by Air Carriers to the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Council of the European Union (Brussels) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 29 November 2007. <http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/07/st11/st11595.en07.pdf> 1334 G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 177 component of the European Union’s (EU) measures to combat identity fraud and international terrorism. 1338 In addition, on 19 September 2007, the Federal Cabinet of Germany adopted the draft Act Ratifying the Passenger Name Records Agreement (PNR Agreement) between the EU and the United States. The PNR Agreement established the legal guidelines for the transfer of data for passenger flights to and from the US, as well as the use of the data by American authorities.1339 The analysis of passenger data represents an effort to counter international terrorism and organized crime, and requires the approval of all 27 EU member states. Information is to be used strictly for the purpose of preventing and combating terrorism and related crimes.1340 Germany has also improved anti-terrorism measures of transport security within the framework of the European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection (EPCIP). On 17 July 2007, the German Parliamentary State Secretary Peter Altmaier attended the second meeting on the EPCIP in Berlin. 1341 Securing critical infrastructure, of which transportation is an integral component, is crucial to an effective counter-terrorism strategy and prevention. The German Federal Government has welcomed the European Commission’s (EC) efforts to implement and strengthen the EPCIP.1342 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of 0 for its progress in passenger screening and techniques. Analyst: Julia Muravska Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with its commitment on transport security. Italian representatives have been actively participating in meetings on the issue of transport security, but still need to address the four areas of the commitment in greater detail. On 29-31 October 2007, Italy participated in the fifth special meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee, which took place in Nairobi. Issues such as aviation and maritime security were discussed. 1343 Regarding port facilities and cargo-screening capabilities, the Integrated Technical Co-operation Programme announced that its program on maritime security will remain a priority.1344 With regards to cargo-screening capabilities specifically, Italy was involved in the discussions on the World Customs Organisation’s SAFE Framework of Standards, which “covers all areas of customs control, from the point of packing in the country of export to clearance in the country of import.” 1345 On 18 July 2007, the European Union, of which Italy is a member, signed an agreement with the United States to ensure that PNR data contained in the reservation systems of air carriers operating passenger flights in foreign air transport to or from the United States will be made available to the United States 1338 The German E-Passport, Federal Ministry of the Interior (Berlin). Date of Access: 17 December 2007. <http://www.bmi.bund.de/cln_012/nn_1016300/Internet/Navigation/EN/Topics/Travel__ID__Documents/Travel__ID__Documents__node.html__nnn=tr ue> 1339 2007 Passenger Name Records Agreement, Federal Ministry of the Interior (Berlin) 19 September 2007. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. <http://www.bmi.bund.de/cln_012/nn_1016300/Internet/Content/Themen/Terrorism/DataAndFacts/Fluggastdaten__Abkommen__2007__en.html> 1340 Agreement Between the European Union and the United States of America on the Processing and Transfer of Passenger Name Record (PNR) Data by Air Carriers to the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Council of the European Union (Brussels) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 29 November 2007. <http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/07/st11/st11595.en07.pdf> 1341 European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection, Federal Ministry of the Interior (Berlin). Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.bmi.bund.de/cln_012/nn_1016300/Internet/Content/Themen/Terrorism/DataAndFacts/European__Programme__for__Critical__Infrastructu re__Protection__engl.html> 1342 European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection, Federal Ministry of the Interior (Berlin).Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.bmi.bund.de/cln_012/nn_1016300/Internet/Content/Themen/Terrorism/DataAndFacts/European__Programme__for__Critical__Infrastructu re__Protection__engl.html> 1343 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), United Nations (New York) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/pdf/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization.pdf> 1344 Working Group on Maritime Security, United Nations (New York) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/pdf/Maritime_Security.pdf> 1345 Working Group on Cargo Security. United Nations (New York) 31 October 2007. Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/pdf/Cargo_Security.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 178 Department of Homeland Security. Information is to be used strictly for the purpose of preventing and combating terrorism and related crimes.1346 On 6 November 2007, Italian Foreign Minister Franco Frattini, as Vice-President of the European Commission, presented a proposal which emphasised the value of sharing passenger information. According to Frattini, this would be a “better way to discourage and to detect terrorists.” He continued: “I suggest that all member states should equip themselves with a PNR [passenger name record] system and share information with others when relevant.”1347 Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of 0 for its participation in international forums on the issue of transport security. Analyst: Charlotte Ranelli Japan: 0 Japan has partially complied with its commitment on transport security. Although Japanese ministers have attended several conferences on related topics, few significant announcements were made and improvement was only seen in port entry screening techniques. On 20 November 2007, a new program came into effect in Japan whereby all foreigners entering the country are fingerprinted and photographed at air and marine ports.1348 Japan is the second country in the world to introduce such a system. The program is a part of revisions to the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Law.1349 On 2 November 2007, at the conclusion of the 5th ASEAN and Japan Transport Ministers Meeting in Singapore, a statement was made acknowledging progress in the implementation of ongoing transport security projects and the introduction of a new initiative, the ASEAN-Japan Regional Road Map For Aviation Security. It “sets a collaborative framework to further enhance aviation security through improvement plans and support activities for their implementation”.1350 Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of 0 for its progress on passenger screening and aviation security. Analysts: Amadeus Domaradzki and Katya Prokhorova Russia: +1 Russia has fully complied with its commitment on transport security. On 14 August 2007, a new federal law concerning transport security came into effect. The key objectives of this law include: strengthening the system of transport; securing it from the threat of terrorism; determining the organizations and legal entities responsible for security of passengers and shipments during transportation; and analyzing the level of safety of transport systems.1351 1346 Agreement Between the European Union and the United States of America on the Processing and Transfer of Passenger Name Record (PNR) Data by Air Carriers to the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Council of the European Union (Brussels) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 29 November 2007. <http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/07/st11/st11595.en07.pdf> 1347 EU counter-terrorism strategy, European Parliament (Strasbourg) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/07/505&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 1348 Foreign Arrivals get Biometric Scan, The Japan Times (Tokyo) 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 8 December 2007. <http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20071121a1.html> 1349 Will Entry Checks Cross the Line, The Japan Times (Tokyo) 8 November 2007. Date of Access: 8 December 2007. <http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20071108f1.html> 1350 The Fifth ASEAN and Japan Transport Ministers Meeting Joint Ministerial Statement (Singapore) 2 November 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2007. <http://www.aseansec.org/21026.htm> 1351 The new federal transport security law, Gassudarstvyennaya Duma (Moscow) 9 February 2007. Date of access: 20 December 2007. <www.akdi.ru/gd/proekt/097501GD.SHTM> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 179 The Ministry of Transport continued to complete legal texts as well as inter-agency and agency-level precepts that were necessary for the implementation of this law. Deputy Transport Minister B.M. Korol held several round tables devoted to this subject.1352 Russia participated in various international transport security conferences. In September 2007 a conference in the framework of a Russia-EU dialog of transport security took place in St. Petersburg. 1353 On 24 August 2007, restrictions on liquids permitted on airplanes, similar to those imposed in Europe and the United States, came into force in Russia. Yevgeny Bachurin, head of the federal air transportation agency, said inspection times might increase, but that passengers would not suffer any additional financial burden over the new rules.1354 On 6 December 2007, the Ministry of Transport put forward a proposal on strengthening the control and security of ports. Obligatory insurance and facility security audits of all types of crafts were stressed.1355 Russia continued its large-scale program of issuing passports with biometric features. In November 2007, the Head of the Federal Migration Service, Fedor Karpovez, announced the results of this program in Moscow. Over 40 000 passports had been distributed to date and over 50 000 additional requests had been made.1356 On 1 January 2008, nearly all departments of the Federal Migration Service will be equipped to issue biometric passports.1357 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive improvements to transport security. Analyst: Julia Ovchinnikova United Kingdom: 0 The United Kingdom (UK) has partially complied with its commitment on transport security. The UK has enhanced transport security clearance programs and security management systems, but has made no significant progress in either passenger screening programs or port security audits. On 1 July 2007, the British Department for Transport’s regulations on The Carriage of Dangerous Goods and Use of Transportable Pressure Equipment Regulations came into force.1358 The regulations stem from new security requirements enshrined in international agreements regarding the transport of dangerous goods by road and rail, and are intended to secure Great Britain’s borders from international terrorism.1359 In addition, on 9 July 2007 the Department for Transport declared the opening of bids for finances to fund projects in the North Sea region within the framework of the European Union’s plan to establish “Motorways of the Sea.”1360 Motorways of the Sea was originally proposed by the European Commission in 2001, and is intended to be a system of key routes between the ports of EU member states, as well as 1352 Vaprosy transportnoy bezapastnosti, Ministry of Transport (Moscow) 17 August 2007. Date of Access: 11 December 2007. <http://www.mintrans.ru/Pressa/Security/Trans_Security_VV.htm> 1353 Vaprosy transportnoy bezapastnosti, Ministry of Transport (Moscow) 17 August 2007. Date of Access: 11 December 2007. <http://www.mintrans.ru/Pressa/Security/Trans_Security_VV.htm> 1354 Russia imposes flight restrictions following Europe, U.S., RIA News Agency (Moscow) 24 August 2007. Date of Access: 5 December 2007. <http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070824/74363076.html> 1355 The Ministry of Transport suggests to strengthen the control over the security of navigation and the security of the marine environment, Prime-Tass (Moscow) 6 December 2007. Date of Access: 8 December 2007. <www.prime-tass.ru/news/show.asp?id=740993&ct=news> 1356 The residents of Moscow receiving actively new biometric passports, Biometrics.ru (Moscow) 29 November 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <www.biometrics.ru/document.asp?group_id=65&nItemID=2771&sSID=3.64> 1357 From 2008 biometric passports will receive everyone, Biometrics.ru (Moscow) 13 December 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <www.biometrics.ru/document.asp?group_id=65&nItemID=2771&sSID=3.64> 1358 The Carriage of Dangerous Goods and Use of Transportable Pressure Equipment Regulations 2007 (CDG2007), Department for Transport (London) 7 June 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/freight/dgt1/domesticregulations/pdfcarriagedangoods071> 1359 Transport Security, Department for Transport (London). Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/security/> 1360 Motorways of the Sea Get Under Way, Department for Transport (London) 9 July 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.gnn.gov.uk/environment/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=297668&NewsAreaID=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=False> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 180 certain third countries by 2010.1361 The new waterway routes will relieve pressure on road networks and will provide better alternatives for transporting dangerous goods and heavy cargo. On 18 July 2007, the European Union, of which the United Kingdom is a member, signed an agreement with the United States to ensure that PNR data contained in the reservation systems of air carriers operating passenger flights in foreign air transport to or from the United States will be made available to the United States Department of Homeland Security. Information is to be used strictly for the purpose of preventing and combating terrorism and related crimes.1362 The United Kingdom has also improved anti-terrorism measures in transport security within the framework of the European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection (EPCIP). On 3-5 October 2007, a UK delegation attended the Second International Workshop on Critical Information Infrastructures Security (CRITIS), which also included the Information Technology for Critical Infrastructure Protection Conference (ITCIP).1363 The ITCIP focused on the use of information and communication technology to improve critical infrastructure’s resilience and dependability.1364 Securing critical infrastructure, of which transportation is an integral component, is crucial to an effective counter-terrorism strategy. Thus, the United Kingdom has been awarded a score of 0 for its progress in transport security clearance and security management systems. Analyst: Julia Muravska United States: +1 The United States has fully complied with its commitment on transport security. Improvements could be realized, however, in the area of port facility security audits. On 23 August 2007, the Transport Security Administration (TSA) proposed the implementation of the Secure Flight program. This program will allow the government to assume the responsibility of comparing passenger names against the watch list, and will align domestic and international passenger pre-screening. The program will allow for better-focused enhanced passenger screening efforts on individuals likely to pose a threat, and facilitate the secure and efficient travel of the majority of the traveling public.1365 In addition, the TSA has indicated that it will continue to expand layers of security throughout the airport environment, including placing specially trained Transport Security Officers at the front of the checkpoint to review travel documents in order to find fraudulent identifications and observe behavior.1366 The Department of Homeland Security has implemented the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 and will submit a report on the performance and effectiveness of the TSA’s Surface Transportation Security Inspection Program’s (STSI) inspectors by 30 September 2008. This will address concerns regarding the size of the STSI force and identify security gaps.1367 On 18 July 2007, the United States signed an agreement with the European Union to ensure that PNR data contained in the reservation systems of air carriers operating passenger flights in foreign air transport to or 1361 White Paper—European Transport Policy for 2010: Time to Decide, European Commission (Brussels) 12 September 2001. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/transport/white_paper/documents/doc/lb_texte_complet_en.pdf> 1362 Agreement Between the European Union and the United States of America on the Processing and Transfer of Passenger Name Record (PNR) Data by Air Carriers to the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Council of the European Union (Brussels) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 29 November 2007. <http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/07/st11/st11595.en07.pdf> 1363 nd 2 International Workshop on Critical Information Infrastructures Security, Universidad de Málaga (Malaga) 5 October 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://critis07.lcc.uma.es/> 1364 Welcome to the ITCIP 2007 Conference on Information Technology for Critical Infrastructure, Information Technology for Critical Infrastructure Protection (Malaga), 5 October 2007. Date of Access: 6 January 2008. <http://www.itcip.eu/> 1365 Statement of Kip Hawley Assistant Secretary, US Department of Homeland Security Transportation Security Administration (Washington D.C.) 16 October 2007. Date of Access: 17 December 2007. <www.tsa.gov/assets/pdf/10-16-07_Testimony_SCST.pdf> 1366 Statement of Kip Hawley Assistant Secretary, US Department of Homeland Security Transportation Security Administration (Washington D.C.) 16 October 2007. Date of Access: 17 December 2007. <www.tsa.gov/assets/pdf/10-16-07_Testimony_SCST.pdf> 1367 Fiscal Year 2008 Annual Performance Plan, US Department of Homeland Security (Washington D.C.) 6 December 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.dhs.gov/xoig/assets/OIG_APP_FY08.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 181 from the United States will be made available to the United States Department of Homeland Security. Information is to be used strictly for the purpose of preventing and combating terrorism and related crimes.1368 President Bush issued an updated National Strategy for Homeland Security on 9 October 2007, in which the importance of a comprehensive Homeland Security Management System was emphasized. The proposed system is based on a “continuous, mutually reinforcing cycle of activity across four phases – guidance; planning; execution; and assessment and evaluation”.1369 Although the Federal government is instructed to lead the operation of this system, governments at the State and local levels are encouraged to implement complementary and corresponding methods and practices. The National Strategy also calls for the development of multidisciplinary education opportunities which will allow for the further development of a community of homeland security professionals.1370 On 16 October 2007, the Transportation Security Administration Assistant Secretary Kip Hawley stated that random screening of airport workers at unexpected locations has proved to be practical and effective, and that 100% screening of all airport workers unnecessarily diverts resources from higher risk operations without providing significant improvements in security.1371 Enrollment for the Transport Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) began 16 October 2007; as a result, biometric transportation security credentials will be issued to any individual with unescorted access to secure areas of facilities and vessels.1372 Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive transport security initiatives. Analyst: Nicole Staszczak European Union: 0 The European Union has partially complied with its commitment on transport security. Although it has made great strides in passenger and cargo screening, the EU needs to place additional focus on the other areas of the commitment. Franco Frattini, the Vice President of the European Commission, proposed the Passenger Name Record (PNR) system to the EU’s Executive Commission on 6 November 2007. The PNR system recommends the establishment of a procedure in which information on airline passengers flying into the 27-nation bloc will be collected. The plan allows EU governments to retain and exchange information on airline passengers with other member-states when appropriate.1373 The purpose of the proposal is to have air carriers make PNR information available to law enforcement authorities in EU Member States.1374 On 18 July 2007, the European Union signed an agreement with the United States to ensure that PNR data contained in the reservation systems of air carriers operating passenger flights in foreign air transport to or from the United States will be made available to the United States Department of Homeland Security. 1368 Agreement Between the European Union and the United States of America on the Processing and Transfer of Passenger Name Record (PNR) Data by Air Carriers to the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Council of the European Union (Brussels) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 29 November 2007. <http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/07/st11/st11595.en07.pdf> 1369 Fact Sheet: National Strategy for Homeland Security, the White House (Washington D.C.) 9 October 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/homeland/> 1370 Fact Sheet: National Strategy for Homeland Security, the White House (Washington D.C.) 9 October 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/homeland/> 1371 Statement of Kip Hawley Assistant Secretary, US Department of Homeland Security Transportation Security Administration (Washington D.C.) 16 October 2007. Date of Access: 17 December 2007. <www.tsa.gov/assets/pdf/10-16-07_Testimony_SCST.pdf> 1372 Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC), Transportation Security Administration (Washington D.C.). Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <www.tsa.gov/what_we_do/layers/twic/index.shtm> 1373 EU plans anti-terror screening for air passengers, Euractiv (Brussels) 5 November 2007. Date of Access: 1 December 2007. <www.euractiv.com/en/transport/eu-plans-anti-terror-screening-air-passengers/article-168103> 1374 Proposal for a Council Framework Decision on the Use of Passenger Name Record (PNR) for law enforcement purposes, European Union (Brussels) 6 November 2007. Date of Access: 16 December 2007. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/07/449&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 182 Information is to be used strictly for the purpose of preventing and combating terrorism and related crimes.1375 The European Parliament called for a review of legislation regarding liquid restrictions on air travel, arguing that the regulations increased costs for airports, operators and passengers. 1376 The European Commission rejected the proposal, saying that restrictions could not be relaxed so long as there was a threat that liquid explosives would be used for terror attacks on planes.1377 Liquid restriction regulations will continue to be upheld in the interest of security. On 11 January 2008, an agreement on common rules in the field of civil aviation security was reached in which the principle of one-stop security was established. The Council and the European Parliament agreed that, “passengers, baggage, cargo and aircraft, having undergone the necessary security controls in a third country which has aviation security standards equivalent to the EU law do not need to repeat these security controls.”1378 The European Maritime Safety Agency implemented RuleCheck, a system that enables ship inspections to be performed more efficiently and effectively on 11 December 2007. Port State Control Officers (PSCOs) are able to produce checklists of relevant rules and procedures applicable to certain vessels.1379 This will ensure that the different rules for various vessels are applied properly. Thus, the EU has been awarded a score of 0 for its progress in passenger and cargo screening. Analyst: Nicole Staszczak 1375 Agreement Between the European Union and the United States of America on the Processing and Transfer of Passenger Name Record (PNR) Data by Air Carriers to the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Council of the European Union (Brussels) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 29 November 2007. <http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/07/st11/st11595.en07.pdf> 1376 MEPs call for liquids on planes legislation to be repealed, European Parliament Press Releases (Brussels) 05 September 2007. Date of Access: 12 November 2007. <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/expert/infopress_page/062-10003-246-09-36-910-20070823IPR09766-03-09-2007-2007false/default_en.htm> 1377 EU spurns MEP plea on liquid ban, BBC News UK Edition (London) 5 September 2007. Date of Access: 13 November 2007. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6980208.stm> 1378 Agreement on common rules in the field of civil aviation security, Parliament and Council Conciliation Committee (Brussels) 11 January 2008. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/misc/98046.pdf.> 1379 EMSA Launches RuleCheck PSC system, EMSA Press Releases (Brussels) 11 December 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.emsa.europa.eu/Docs/press_releases/pr20071212.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 183 21. Counter-Terrorism: Financial Action Task Force [318] Commitment “We commend the efforts of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and reaffirm our commitment to implement and promote internationally its 40 Recommendations on Money Laundering and nine Special Recommendations on Terror Finance.”1380 G8 Summit Statement on Counter Terrorism: Security in the Era of Globalization Background The FATF was established at the G7 Summit in Paris in 1989 and released its first set of 40 Recommendations in 1990.1381 The mandate of the FATF is to ensure that national financial systems are not used for illegal purposes. The FATF was charged by the G7 nations with the task of reviewing their national and international financial rules and regulations with the goal of identifying possible areas to be strengthened against money laundering and criminal enterprise.1382 The 40 Recommendations were revised in 1996 and again in 2003 to ensure that they remain current and relevant.1383 In 2001, the FATF added the problem of terrorism financing to its primary scope of activities. In 2004, it released a further 9 Special Recommendations in order to comply with its new goal of combating terrorism financing. 1384 Some of the Recommendations include specific actions to be undertaken by national authorities, while others insist on the ratification and implementation of UN Conventions and Treaties. 1385 As of 2007, 32 nations and 2 regional bodies (including all members of the G8 plus the European Union) were members or observers of the Financial Action Task Force.1386 Team Leader: Vera Serdiuk Assessment Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Interim Compliance Score Lack of Compliance Work in Progress -1 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 +1 0 +1 0 0 +1 +1 +1 +0.67 1380 G8 Summit Statement on Counter Terrorism: Security in the Era of Globalization, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 17 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-ct.html> 1381 About the FATF, Financial Action Task Force (Paris). Date of Access: 17 January 2008. <http://www.fatfgafi.org/pages/0,3417,en_32250379_32236836_1_1_1_1_1,00.html> 1382 About the FATF, Financial Action Task Force (Paris). Date of Access: 17 January 2008. <http://www.fatfgafi.org/pages/0,3417,en_32250379_32236836_1_1_1_1_1,00.html> 1383 About the FATF, Financial Action Task Force (Paris). Date of Access: 17 January 2008. <http://www.fatfgafi.org/pages/0,3417,en_32250379_32236836_1_1_1_1_1,00.html> 1384 9 Special Recommendations (SR) on Terrorism Financing (TF), Financial Action Task Force (Paris). Date of Access: 17 January 2008. < http://www.fatf-gafi.org/document/9/0,3343,en_32250379_32236920_34032073_1_1_1_1,00.html> 1385 9 Special Recommendations (SR) on Terrorism Financing (TF), Financial Action Task Force (Paris). Date of Access: 17 January 2008. < http://www.fatf-gafi.org/document/9/0,3343,en_32250379_32236920_34032073_1_1_1_1,00.html> 1386 Members and Observers, Financial Action Task Force (Paris). Date of Access: 17 January 2008. <http://www.fatfgafi.org/pages/0,3417,en_32250379_32236869_1_1_1_1_1,00.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 184 Canada: +1 Canada has fully complied with its commitment on the FATF as agreed at the June 2007 Heiligendamm Summit. On 7 June 2007, the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) And Terrorist Financing Act (Bill C-25) was finalized. A limited portion of Bill C-25 came into affect on 23 June 2007.1387 The implemented sections represent the partial enforcement1388 of Recommendation 7, which calls for financial institutions to take additional steps beyond normal due diligence with respect to cross-border correspondent banking and similar relationships.1389 The amendments that came into affect do not include a requirement for financial institutions to assess the respondent institution’s anti-money laundering and terrorist financing controls as stipulated by Recommendation 7(c).1390 On 23 June 2008, the remaining amendments will come into force, making Canada compliant with Recommendations 5, 6, 8, 13, 22, 33, 34, and Special Recommendations IV and IX.1391 On 27 July 2007, the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI) issued an advisory to all federally regulated financial institutions summarizing the regulatory changes that came into affect pursuant to Bill C-25. It urged a timely transition to regulations, scheduled to begin in June 2008.1392 The OSFI Report also referred to the FATF Guidance on The Risk-Based Approach To Combating Money Laundering And Terrorist Financing and advised financial institutions to use the FATF’s document when evaluating their anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing programs.1393 In July 2007, the Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units (FIU) established its permanent secretariat in Toronto,1394 for which the Federal Government covered initial costs.1395 The Egmont Group is the coordinating body for over 100 national FIUs that cooperate to promote and enhance international antimoney laundering and anti-terrorism financing efforts.1396 The permanent secretariat represents the Egmont Group's transition from operating on an ad hoc basis to permanent legal status as an international organization. On 19 October 2007, the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the G7 Nations met in Washington D.C. for their fall Ministerial Meeting. Their press release praised the efforts of the FATF, particularly with regards to the funding of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and for the FATF’s 1387 RE: Coming into force of Bill C-25: Amendments to the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (PCMLTFA); and Regulations Amending Certain Regulations Made Under the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (2007–1); and related matters, Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada (Ottawa) 27 July 2007. Date of Access: 9 December 2007. http://www.osfibsif.gc.ca/app/DocRepository/1/eng/notices/osfi/2007_07_27_bc25_e.pdf 1388 RE: Coming into force of Bill C-25: Amendments to the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (PCMLTFA); and Regulations Amending Certain Regulations Made Under the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (2007–1); and related matters, Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada, (Ottawa) 27 July 2007. Date of Access: 9 December 2007. http://www.osfibsif.gc.ca/app/DocRepository/1/eng/notices/osfi/2007_07_27_bc25_e.pdf 1389 The 40 Recommendations, Financial Action Task Force (Paris) Date of Access: 9 January 2008. http://www.fatf-gafi.org/document/28/0,3343,en_32250379_32236930_33658140_1_1_1_1,00.html#40recs 1390 The 40 Recommendations, Financial Action Task Force (Paris) Date of Access: 9 January 2008. http://www.fatf-gafi.org/document/28/0,3343,en_32250379_32236930_33658140_1_1_1_1,00.html#40recs 1391 RE: Coming into force of Bill C-25: Amendments to the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (PCMLTFA); and Regulations Amending Certain Regulations Made Under the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (2007–1); and related matters, Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada, (Ottawa) 27 July 2007. Date of Access: 9 December 2007. http://www.osfibsif.gc.ca/app/DocRepository/1/eng/notices/osfi/2007_07_27_bc25_e.pdf 1392 RE: Coming into force of Bill C-25: Amendments to the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (PCMLTFA); and Regulations Amending Certain Regulations Made Under the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (2007–1); and related matters, Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada (Ottawa) 27 July 2007. Date of Access: 9 December 2007. <http://www.osfibsif.gc.ca/app/DocRepository/1/eng/notices/osfi/2007_07_27_bc25_e.pdf> 1393 RE: Coming into force of Bill C-25: Amendments to the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (PCMLTFA); and Regulations Amending Certain Regulations Made Under the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (2007–1); and related matters, Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada (Ottawa) 27 July 2007. Date of Access: 9 December 2007. <http://www.osfibsif.gc.ca/app/DocRepository/1/eng/notices/osfi/2007_07_27_bc25_e.pdf> 1394 Egmont Group Appoints Head of New Permanent Secretariat, Executive Secretary Press Release, 17 May 2007. Date of Access: 10 December 2007. <http://www.egmontgroup.org/ExecSecPR.pdf> 1395 FINTRAC 2007 Annual Report, Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada (Ottawa) Date of Access: 7 December 2007. <http://www.fintrac.gc.ca/publications/ar/2007/menu-eng.asp> 1396 Financial Intelligence Units of the World, The Egmont Group. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.egmontgroup.org/list_of_fius.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 185 dialogue with the private sector.1397 They called on the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to continue their cooperation with the FATF.1398 Lastly, the Ministers and Governors drew special attention to the FATF’s treatment of money laundering and terrorist financing activities related to the Iranian financial system.1399 Analyst: Daniel Seleanu France: +1 France has fully complied with its commitment on the FATF as agreed at the June 2007 Heiligendamm Summit. In June 2007, the Banque de France completed the implementation of a new reporting system to meet the requirements of COREP (Common Reporting) and FINREP (Financial Reporting) framework for all French banks.1400 The new reporting framework is used by TRACFIN, France's financial intelligence unit (FIU), which shares intelligence about money laundering and terrorism financing with its international partners in the Egmont group of FIUs.1401 Pursuant to the FATF declaration that, “Iran’s lack of a comprehensive anti-money laundering / combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) regime represents a significant vulnerability within the international financial system,”1402 French foreign minister, Bernard Kouchner, announced that he will pressure large French companies to refrain from investing in Iran.1403 As of 1 November 2007, the Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF) finalized the transposition of the EU's Directive on Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing1404 for “the prevention of the use of the financial systems for the purpose of money laundering and terrorism financing”.1405 New regulations stipulate that investment services providers “shall have organizational structures and procedures that enable them to comply with the vigilance and disclosure requirements provided for in... the Monetary and Financial Code relating to the fight against money laundering and terrorist financing.”1406 As of January 2008, France had still not ratified the Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism.1407 In addition to domestic compliance with the FATF's 40+9 Recommendations, France continued to help other states implement FATF policies. In November 2007, senior French officials, including the Governor of the Banque de France, met with a delegation from the UAE Central Bank’s National Anti-Money Laundering Committee and signed a memorandum of understanding to enhance cooperation in anti-money 1397 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1398 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1399 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1400 General Regulation Book III – Service Providers, Autorité des Marchés Financiers, 11 September 2007. Date of Access: 9 December 2007. <http://www.amf-france.org/documents/general/7553_1.pdf> 1401 Financial Intelligence Units of the World, The Egmont Group. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.egmontgroup.org/list_of_fius.pdf> 1402 FATF Statement On Iran, Financial Action Task Force (Paris), 11 October 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.fatfgafi.org/dataoecd/1/2/39481684.pdf> 1403 Kouchner's Kingdom, The Economist (Paris), 11 October 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1107> 1404 AMF Working Program on Regulation 2007-2008, Autorité des Marchés Financiers (Paris) February 2007. Date of Access: 8 December 2007. <http://www.amf-france.org/documents/general/7689_1.pdf> 1405 Directive on Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing, Council of The European Union (Brussels) 20 September 2005. Date of Access 10 January 2008. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=PRES/05/240&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 1406 General Regulation Book III – Service Providers, Autorité des Marchés (Paris) 11 September 2007. Date of Access: 9 December 2007. <http://www.amf-france.org/documents/general/7553_1.pdf> 1407 Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism, Council of Europe, 16 May 2005. Date of Access: 10 December 2007. <http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=198&CM=7&DF=12/11/2007&CL=ENG> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 186 laundering and anti-terrorism financing efforts.1408 In August 2007, France ratified an agreement with Mexico to exchange information about financial operations by intermediary financial institutions.1409 On 19 October 2007, the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the G7 Nations met in Washington D.C. for their fall Ministerial Meeting. Their press release praised the efforts of the FATF, particularly with regards to the funding of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and for the FATF’s dialogue with the private sector.1410 They called on the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to continue their cooperation with the FATF.1411 Lastly, the Ministers and Governors drew special attention to the FATF’s treatment of money laundering and terrorist financing activities related to the Iranian financial system.1412 Thus, France has been awarded a score of +1 for its extensive efforts to both implement the FATF’s 40+9 Recommendations domestically and promote them internationally. Analyst: Daniel Seleanu Germany: 0 Germany has partially complied with its commitment on the Financial Action Task Force as agreed at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. Despite reviews of German structures to combat money laundering and terrorism financing, there has been little action on the part of the government to address these issues. The Second Periodical Report on Crime and Crime Control in Germany, published on 8 August 2007 by the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of the Interior, admits that previous legislative packages aimed at controlling money-laundering and other aspects of organized financial crime have not had their desired effects.1413 The Report notes, however, that legislation put in place to monitor cross-border movements of cash is having a positive effect on prosecutions.1414 It also makes mention of the fact that the Federal government is currently finalizing a reform of the 2002 Money Laundering Act that will ease asset seizures, a measure that the Ministries believe will greatly aid in the prosecution of money laundering offenses.1415 On 27 November 2007, the German Central Bank released its report on the characteristics of the German remittance system. Remittances, in particular the hawala system common in the Middle East and South Asia, have long been cited as a problem area is the fight against terrorist financing. Although the Bundesbank’s report concentrated on the cost of remittance services, it also called for greater transparency at all levels of the remittance industry in order to enhance the abilities of financial regulators.1416 1408 UAE Central Bank & FCB in Cooperation on Anti-Money Laundering, FINWIRE 19 November 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.financialplaces.com/actemem/ms/news/2007/11/19/uae-central-fcb-in-cooperation-on-anti-money-laundering-2/> 1409 LOI n° 2007-1153 du 1er août 2007 autorisant l'approbation de l'accord de coopération mutuelle entre le Gouvernement de la République française et le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis du Mexique pour l'échange d'informations relatives à des opérations financières effectuées par l'entremise d'institutions financières pour prévenir et combattre les opérations provenant d'activités illicites ou de blanchiment d'argent, La Service Public De La Diffusion du Droit (Paris) 2 August 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=MAEX0400142L> 1410 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1411 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1412 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1413 Second Periodical Report on Crime and Crime Control in Germany, Ministry of the Interior (Berlin) 8 August 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.bmi.bund.de/Internet/Content/Common/Anlagen/Broschueren/2007/Second__Periodical__Report__on__Crime__and__en,templateId=raw,p roperty=publicationFile.pdf/Second_Periodical_Report_on_Crime_and_en.pdf> 1414 Second Periodical Report on Crime and Crime Control in Germany, Ministry of the Interior (Berlin) 8 August 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.bmi.bund.de/Internet/Content/Common/Anlagen/Broschueren/2007/Second__Periodical__Report__on__Crime__and__en,templateId=raw,p roperty=publicationFile.pdf/Second_Periodical_Report_on_Crime_and_en.pdf > 1415 Second Periodical Report on Crime and Crime Control in Germany, Ministry of the Interior (Berlin) 8 August 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.bmi.bund.de/Internet/Content/Common/Anlagen/Broschueren/2007/Second__Periodical__Report__on__Crime__and__en,templateId=raw,p roperty=publicationFile.pdf/Second_Periodical_Report_on_Crime_and_en.pdf> 1416 The German Remittance Market – An Overview, Bundesbank (Frankfurt) 27 November 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/cln_04/nn_3790/DE/Internationale__Beziehungen/Informelle__Gremien__der__Zusammenarbeit/G7__G8/008 __e__anl,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 187 On 19 October 2007, the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the G7 Nations met in Washington D.C. for their fall Ministerial Meeting. Their press release praised the efforts of the FATF, particularly with regards to the funding of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and for the FATF’s dialogue with the private sector.1417 They called on the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to continue their cooperation with the FATF.1418 Lastly, the Ministers and Governors drew special attention to the FATF’s treatment of money laundering and terrorist financing activities related to the Iranian financial system.1419 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of new initiatives on the issues of money laundering and terrorism financing. Analysts: Rasta Daei and Michael Erdman Italy: +1 Italy has fully complied with its commitment on the Financial Action Task Force as agreed at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. In addition to a number of new measures designed to make the domestic fight against money laundering and terrorism financing more efficient, Italy has also promoted the fight against money laundering abroad. On 21 November 2007, the Italian government issued a decree concerning the application of new rules and regulations targeting money laundering and other illegal financial activities.1420 In particular, the document clarified the application of reporting and monitoring procedures dating from 2006 with respect to provision of information on money transfers.1421 The rule stems directly from Special Recommendation VII of the FATF’s Special Recommendations on Terrorism Financing. The decree seeks to tighten the requirements for information on individuals sending funds (both euro and US dollar denominated amounts) to recipients outside the country.1422 The 21 November 2007 decree also identifies the Ministry of the Economy and Finance as responsible for relations with other European Union countries on matters of terrorist financing and money laundering.1423 It provides for the creation of a financial information unit (FIU) at the country’s central bank, the Banca d’Italia. The FIU is charged with the analysis of financial events that might be the result of money laundering or terrorist financing activities; the receipt of tips on possible illegal activities from the appropriate private entities and the initiation of investigations of the information provided; and the passage of collected information to the appropriate authorities.1424 The FIU is also empowered by the decree to freeze the activities of suspect organizations for 5 days, provided this does not unduly prejudice the 1417 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1418 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1419 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1420 Decreto Legislativo 21 Novembre 2007 N.231, Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze (Rome) 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.dt.tesoro.it/Aree-Docum/Prevenzion/Antiriciclaggio/Normativa-/decreto-legislativo-di-recepimento-della-III-Direttiva-CEantiriciclaggio.pdf> 1421 Decreto Legislativo 21 Novembre 2007 N.231, Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze (Rome) 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.dt.tesoro.it/Aree-Docum/Prevenzion/Antiriciclaggio/Normativa-/decreto-legislativo-di-recepimento-della-III-Direttiva-CEantiriciclaggio.pdf> 1422 Decreto Legislativo 21 Novembre 2007 N.231, Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze (Rome) 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.dt.tesoro.it/Aree-Docum/Prevenzion/Antiriciclaggio/Normativa-/decreto-legislativo-di-recepimento-della-III-Direttiva-CEantiriciclaggio.pdf> 1423 Decreto Legislativo 21 Novembre 2007 N.231, Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa (Rome) 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.consob.it/main/documenti/Regolamentazione/normativa/dlgs231_2007.htm?hkeywords=riciclaggio&docid=1&page=0&hits=12> 1424 Decreto Legislativo 21 Novembre 2007 N.231, Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa (Rome) 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.consob.it/main/documenti/Regolamentazione/normativa/dlgs231_2007.htm?hkeywords=riciclaggio&docid=1&page=0&hits=12> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 188 activities of the organization in question. The 21 November 2007 decree provides similar powers to special financial task forces in the judiciary and the police force.1425 The Italian government is also involved in a protracted campaign against organized criminality, often involving the mafia, camorra, ‘ndrangheta and other regional criminal enterprises. The campaign has important effects on Italian efforts to combat money laundering and other financial crimes. On 20 October 2007, the Ministry of the Interior announced that a series of new measures to combat illegal acts and organized crime had been passed by the Council of Ministers.1426 One measure included in the package sought to make electronic payment of government and other receipts easier in order to eliminate the dangers inherent in the use of cash for official transactions. Representatives of the Ministry claimed that this would have important effects on the fight against money laundering.1427 According to the budget of the Ministry of Economy and Finance,
1 million have been allocated for the 2008 fiscal year for various programs targeted at the prevention of money laundering, terrorist financing and the freezing of bank accounts and other funds implicated in the aforementioned crimes.1428 Details on the exact programs that will benefit from these funds have not been released. Moreover, Italy has promoted agreements against money laundering internationally. On 11 July 2007, the Governor of the United Arab Emirates Central Bank, Sultan Nasser As-Suwaidi, visited Italy and met various representatives of the Banca d’Italia and the Ministry of the Economy and Finance.1429 After bilateral discussions, representatives of the two countries signed agreements on the sharing of information and programs for the training of officials charged with leading the fight against money laundering.1430 On 19 October 2007, the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the G7 Nations met in Washington D.C. for their fall Ministerial Meeting. Their press release praised the efforts of the FATF, particularly with regards to the funding of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and for the FATF’s dialogue with the private sector.1431 They called on the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to continue their cooperation with the FATF.1432 Lastly, the Ministers and Governors drew special attention to the FATF’s treatment of money laundering and terrorist financing activities related to the Iranian financial system.1433 Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of +1 for its wide-reaching domestic legislative projects against money laundering and terrorist financing and for its international efforts to promote these goals. Analysts: Rasta Daei and Michael Erdman 1425 Decreto Legislativo 21 Novembre 2007 N.231, Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa (Rome) 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.consob.it/main/documenti/Regolamentazione/normativa/dlgs231_2007.htm?hkeywords=riciclaggio&docid=1&page=0&hits=12> 1426 Approvato in Consiglio dei ministri il “Pachetto sicurezza”. Via libera a cinque disegni di leggi, Ministero dell’Interiore (Rome) 30 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.interno.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/it/sezioni/sala_stampa/notizie/sicurezza/0893_2007_10_30_pacchetto_sicurezza.html> 1427 Approvato in Consiglio dei ministri il “Pachetto sicurezza”. Via libera a cinque disegni di leggi, Ministero dell’Interiore (Rome) 30 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.interno.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/it/sezioni/sala_stampa/notizie/sicurezza/0893_2007_10_30_pacchetto_sicurezza.html> 1428 Bilancio di previsione 2008 per capitoli, Ministero dell’Economie e delle Finanze (Rome) 2 January 2008. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.rgs.mef.gov.it/VERSIONE-I/Finanza-Pu/Bilancio-d/2008/Bilancio-di-previsione-2008-per-capitoli.pdf> 1429 Money Laundering Committee Visits Italy, UAE Interact (Abu Dhabi) 11 July 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://uaeinteract.com/docs/Money_Laundering_Committee_visits_Italy/26104.htm> 1430 Money Laundering Committee Visits Italy, UAE Interact (Abu Dhabi) 11 July 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://uaeinteract.com/docs/Money_Laundering_Committee_visits_Italy/26104.htm> 1431 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1432 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1433 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 189 Japan: 0 Japan has partially complied with its FATF commitment as agreed at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. On 1 April 2007, Japan implemented the “Law for Prevention of Transfer of Criminal Proceeds,” which will come into effect on 1 April 2008.1434 Once fully enforced, the law will increase significantly Japan’s compliance with the FATF recommendations as it: (1) requires measures such as customer identification, retention of transaction records, and report of suspicious transaction by a larger scope of business operators; (2) relocates the Japan Financial Intelligence Center from the Financial Services Agency to the National Police Agency, which simplifies the enforcement process of anti-money laundering policies; and (3) specifies the forfeiture or collection of equivalent value on criminal proceeds.1435 On 10 August 2007, the Financial Services Agency (FSA) of Japan published the Basic Policy and Plan for Financial Inspections in Program Year 2007. In the Basic Policy, the FSA demonstrated its intention to “examine the status of financial institutions' establishment of systems for dealing with money laundering at their domestic branches and the management of anti-money laundering efforts at overseas branches by their divisions in charge of supervising international business operations.”1436 Furthermore, the FSA expects to “examine whether financial institutions take appropriate measures to deal with the changes in the regulatory environment, such as an expansion of the range of services for which customer identity verification is necessary and the establishment of the Law for Prevention of Transfer of Criminal Proceeds.”1437 On 19 October 2007, the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the G7 Nations met in Washington D.C. for their fall Ministerial Meeting. Their press release praised the efforts of the FATF, particularly with regards to the funding of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and for the FATF’s dialogue with the private sector.1438 They called on the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to continue their cooperation with the FATF.1439 Lastly, the Ministers and Governors drew special attention to the FATF’s treatment of money laundering and terrorist financing activities related to the Iranian financial system.1440 Finally, Japan anticipates an inspection by the FATF of its financial systems in the spring of 2008 and is currently making progress towards full compliance with its commitment to the FATF 40+9 recommendations.1441 Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of 0 for the progress it has made in implementing the FATF’s 40+9 Recommendations. Analysts: Kenta Hatamochi and Arina Shadrikova 1434 Law for Prevention of Transfer of Criminal Proceeds, Japan Financial Intelligence Center (Tokyo) 1 April 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.npa.go.jp/sosikihanzai/Jafic/horei/Lawptcp.pdf> 1435 Law for Prevention of Transfer of Criminal Proceeds, Japan Financial Intelligence Center (Tokyo) 1 April 2007. Date of Access: 9 January 2008. <http://www.npa.go.jp/sosikihanzai/Jafic/horei/Lawptcp.pdf> 1436 The Basic Policy and Plan for Financial Inspection in Program Year 2007, Financial Services Agency (Tokyo) 1 April 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.fsa.go.jp/en/news/2007/20070810.html> 1437 The Basic Policy and Plan for Financial Inspection in Program Year 2007, Financial Services Agency (Tokyo) 1 April 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.fsa.go.jp/en/news/2007/20070810.html> 1438 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1439 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1440 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1441 The Basic Policy and Plan for Financial Inspection in Program Year 2007, World Times Japan (Tokyo) 18 December 2007. Date of Access: 22 December 2007. <http://www.worldtimes.co.jp/news/world/kiji/071218-065023.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 190 Russia: 0 Russia has partially complied with its Financial Action Task Force commitment. Russia has made significant efforts to implement the FATF 40+9 Recommendations. In 2007, Russia continued to bring its national legislation in line with FATF Recommendations. The Federal Law “On money laundering and terrorist financing” 1442 was amended, whereby the list of organizations obliged to combat money laundering and terrorist financing was extended to commercial organizations that conclude factoring agreements as fiscal agents. Controls over the clearance and transfer of large sums of money were strengthened. Also, the State Duma is now considering a law that will require all lending institutions to report transactions of their clients of RFR600 000 (approximately US$23 000) and more to a central authority.1443 In February 2007, Sergei Ignatyev, Chairman of the Russian Central Bank, commented that “[o]perations to debit cash for allegedly legal purposes are the most widespread type of fictitious banking transactions. In reality, cash goes to pay ‘gray’ wages, offer bribes and carry out other illegal deals.”1444 Efforts are therefore taken to block the flow of dirty money through banks. For this reason, the Central Bank of Russia has been withdrawing licenses from banks for the violation of the law on money laundering and banking legislation since 2005, especially when violations were repeated within one year (70 banks in total as of February 2007). 1445 This practice was also continued throughout the second half of 2007.1446 The activities of several Russian banks whose licenses have been rescinded are reported to lack clear economic sense. According to Chairman Ignatyev, the actions of the Central Bank are in line with the 40 Recommendations of the FATF.1447 The opinion of the FATF itself about the progress of Russia will soon be known. FATF auditors are currently auditing Russia’s system of financial regulation. Expectations of many Russian officials are quite positive. Prime Minister Viktor Zubkov, who was previously successful in having Russia removed from the FATF’s blacklist, commented that “Russia may get a high score.”1448 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of 0 for its domestic implementation of some of the FATF’s 40+9 Recommendations. Analyst: Tatyana Lanshina United Kingdom: +1 The United Kingdom has fully complied with its commitment on the FATF as agreed at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. The UK has demonstrated a strong commitment to implement and promote the 40+9 Recommendations proposed by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) on both the domestic and international levels. On 24 July 2007, HM Treasury released the Money Laundering Regulations document, which went into effect 15 December 2007, in line with the EU’s Third Money Laundering Directive. UK legislation 1442 Senators have approved amendments to the law on combating money laundering, RIA Novosti (Moscow) 16 November 2007. Date of Access: 6 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/politics/20071116/88369919.html> 1443 Duma will consider a law on control over the residents’ cash dealings, RIA Novosti (Moscow) 14 November 2007. Date of Access: 6 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/economy/20071114/87954032.html> 1444 Russia loses $19-30 bln a year from fictitious deals – CBR, RIA Novosti (Moscow) 20 November 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070220/61011207.html> 1445 CB RF has withdrawn license from the Moscow KB Bank, RIA Novosti (Moscow) 20 November 2007. Date of Access: 6 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/economy/20071120/88760942.html> 1446 CBR has recalled licenses from 3 Moscow region banks, RIA Novosti (Moscow) 27 November 2007. Date of Access: 6 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/economy/20071127/89732958.html> 1447 Russia loses $19-30 bln a year from fictitious deals – CBR, RIA Novosti (Moscow) 20 November 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070220/61011207.html> 1448 Russia may get high scores from the FATF, in 2007, Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (Moscow) 17 August 2007. Date of Access: 10 December 2007. <http://minfin.rinet.ru/Interview/2007/Interview08/170807zubkov.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 191 enforces a stricter “know your customer” policy by requiring enhanced customer due diligence (CDD) on high-risk customers, including politically exposed persons (PEP’s), non-financial business and professions (DNFBPs), and all transactions not conducted in person. 1449 The issuance of the Money Laundering Regulations marks the first time that monitoring of money laundering activity is extended to all businesses in the regulated sector, including “credit institutions; financial institutions; auditors, insolvency practitioners, external accountants and tax advisers; independent legal professionals; trust or company service providers; estate agents; high value dealers; casinos.” 1450 The new legislation empowers the Treasury to prevent any relevant person from entering into a business relationship or from furthering said relationship or transaction if the customer is “situated or incorporated in a non-EEA state to which the Financial Action Task Force has decided to apply counter-measures.”1451 The FATF Mutual Evaluation Report, released on 1 August 2007, reported that the United Kingdom “has a comprehensive legal structure to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.”1452 The Evaluation commended the UK’s “comprehensive powers to restrain, confiscate, and recover proceeds of crime, and to freeze and seize terrorist-related assets.”1453 In July 2007, James Sassoon, who represents the UK at the FATF, was appointed to the Presidency of the FATF. The UK attended the first Plenary Session held under Sassoon’s presidency in Paris in October 2007. At the Session, British representatives collaborated with other nations to encourage Iran to urgently strengthen its anti-money laundering financing controls. They also agreed to implement measures that will strengthen the participation of the private sector in the fight against money laundering and terrorist financing. During the Plenary Session, the United Kingdom committed to “produce a regular global threat assessment setting out key issues of criminal and terrorist financing concern.”1454 On 19 October 2007, the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the G7 Nations met in Washington D.C. for their fall Ministerial Meeting. Their press release praised the efforts of the FATF, particularly with regards to the funding of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and for the FATF’s dialogue with the private sector.1455 They called on the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to continue their cooperation with the FATF.1456 Lastly, the Ministers and Governors drew special attention to the FATF’s treatment of money laundering and terrorist financing activities related to the Iranian financial system.1457 Thus, the United Kingdom has been awarded a score of +1for the implementation of the Money Laundering Regulations, its presidency of the FATF and the reaffirmation of its strong commitment to the 40+9 Recommendations set forth by the FATF. Analyst: Ivana Jankovic 1449 HM Treasury: The Money Laundering Regulations 2007, HM Treasury (London) 24 July 2007. Date of Access: 15 November 2007. <http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/F/1/money_laundering_regulations2007.pdf> The Money Laundering Regulations 2007: Summary (London) 24 July 2007. Date of Access: 15 November 2007. <http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2007/pdf/uksi_20072157_en.pdf> 1451 The Money Laundering Regulations 2007: Summary (London) 24 July 2007. Date of Access: 15 November 2007. <http://www.hmtreasury.gov.uk/media/F/1/money_laundering_regulations2007.pdf> 1452 FATF: Third Mutual Evaluation Report. Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Financial Action Task Force (Paris) 29 June 2007. Date of Access: 10 November 2007. <http://www.fatfgafi.org/dataoecd/55/29/39064399.pdf> 1453 FATF: Third Mutual Evaluation Report. Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Financial Action Task Force (Paris) 29 June 2007. Date of Access: 10 November 2007. <http://www.fatfgafi.org/dataoecd/55/29/39064399.pdf> 1454 Financial Action Task Force: Chairman’s Summary Paris Plenary, Financial Action Task Force (Paris) 12 October 2007. Date of Access: 30 October 2007. <http://www.fatf-gafi.org/dataoecd/0/23/39485130.pdf> 1455 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1456 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1457 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1450 G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 192 United States: +1 The United States has fully complied with its commitment on the FATF. Although American authorities have not passed new measures to combat money laundering and terrorism finance, they have sought to implement aggressively existing frameworks designed to tackle these two issues. In particular, since 8 June 2007, the US Treasury has targeted the financial networks of Colombian drug traffickers1458 and the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC),1459 the assets of a known Mexican money launderer,1460 and a U.S.-based charity chaneling funds to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), an organization recognized as a terrorist group in the US and Sri Lanka.1461 The US has actively encouraged foreign countries to implement the FATF regulations by participating in anticorruption conferences. On 29 October 2007, the U.S. participated in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Anticorruption Conference and showed its commitment to work with the APEC partners to “ensure that [they] have in place proper regulatory measures to counter money laundering.”1462 The US has taken numerous measures to compel other states to comply with the FATF’s 40+9 Recommendations. On 25 October 2007, the US government implemented several measures “to counter Iran's bid for nuclear capabilities and support for terrorism by exposing Iranian banks, companies and individuals that have been involved in these dangerous activities and by cutting them off from the US financial system.”1463 On 19 October 2007, the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the G7 Nations met in Washington D.C. for their fall Ministerial Meeting. Their press release praised the efforts of the FATF, particularly with regards to the funding of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and for the FATF’s dialogue with the private sector.1464 They called on the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to continue their cooperation with the FATF.1465 Lastly, the Ministers and Governors drew special attention to the FATF’s treatment of money laundering and terrorist financing activities related to the Iranian financial system.1466 Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of +1 for its implementation of almost all of the 40+9 Recommendations and its active pressure on foreign countries to follow suit. Analyst: Kenta Hatamochi European Union: +1 The European Union has fully complied with its commitment on the Financial Action Task Force’s 40+9 Recommendations. 1458 Treasury Targets Financial Network of Ramierz Abadia, U.S. Treasury (Washington D.C.) 15 August 2007. Date of Access: 1 February 2008. <http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp535.htm> 1459 Treasury Targets 15 Leaders of Colombian Narco-Terrorist Group, U.S. Treasury (Washington D.C.) 1 November 2007. Date of Access: 1 February 2008. <http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp661.htm> 1460 Treasury Designates Financial Empire of Key Mexican Money Launderer Blanca Margarita Cazares Salazar, U.S. Treasury (Washington D.C.) 12 December 2007. Date of Access: 1 February 2008. <http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp729.htm> 1461 Treasury Targets Charity Covertly Supporting Violence in Sri Lanka, U.S. Treasury (Washington D.C.) 15 November 2007. Date of Access: 1 February 2008. <http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp683.htm>) 1462 The Fight Against High-Level Corruption: Ending Impunity, U.S. Department of State (Washington) 29 October 2007. Date of Access: 23 November 2007. <http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rm/94406.htm> 1463 Designation of Iranian Entities and Individuals for Proliferation Activities and Support for Terrorism, U.S. Department of the Treasury (Washington D.C.) 25 October 2007. Date of Access: 14 December 2007. <http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/hp644.htm> 1464 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1465 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> 1466 Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm071019.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 193 Cash controls at points of entry to EU member states came into effect on 15 June 2007.1467 The regulations are a concentrated effort to minimize money launderers’ ability to smuggle illicit funds across the national borders of EU member states. The new controls require the travelers to declare importation or exportation of cash and securities in excess of
10 000 at any point of entry or exit. They also empower customs officials to search the person and baggage of any travelers suspected of transferring such sums into or out of the EU.1468 On 27 June 2007, Europol released the European Union Organized Crime Threat Assessment (OCTA) 2007, which “identifies and assesses the main organized crime trends in the European Union.”1469 The report is an attempt by the commission to educate member states about money laundering trends. On 2-3 November 2007, the European Commission held a “Tackling Money Laundering” conference in Utrecht. During the conference, representatives from the IMF, World Bank and national agencies discussed the methodology of tackling money laundering and discussed preventative measures.1470 The Council of Europe’s Moneyval Committee has held numerous plenary meetings and mutual evaluations with the FATF to jointly examine and assess the compliance of member states with the FATF 40+9 Recommendations. Moneyval and FATF undertook the examination of the Third Rounds of Evaluation Reports of Liechtenstein, the Czech Republic, Moldova, Malta, and Andorra on 10-14 September 2007.1471 From September to November 2007, the FATF and Moneyval completed two onsite visits to the Russian Federation in order to assess Russia’s anti-money laundering and terrorist financing systems. The draft report, detailing the visit and evaluating Russia’s Anti-Money Laundering (AML) system according to the FATF recommendations, is scheduled to be released in July 2008.1472 On 2-6 December 2007, Moneyval examined an evaluation report of Monaco, Latvia, Lithuania and Montenegro.1473 The European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen) will be conducting a research project during 2008 that will examine trade-based money laundering. The project will utilize statistical methods on trade transactions data provided by the member states with the intention of “detect[ing] specific transactions that may be instances of trade based money laundering.”1474 Thus, the EU has been awarded a score of +1 for its implementation of FATF Recommendations and its promotion of measures to counter money laundering abroad. Analyst: Ivana Jankovic 1467 European Commission: Taxation and Customs Union - Cash Controls, European Union (Brussels) 20 June 2007. Date of Access: 10 November 2007. <http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_controls/cash_controls/index_en.htm> 1468 European Commission: Taxation and Customs Union - Cash Controls, European Union (Brussels) 20 June 2007. Date of Access: 10 November 2007. <http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_controls/cash_controls/index_en.htm> 1469 Organised crime: Europol's threat assessment, Europol (The Hague) June 2007. Date of access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.europol.europa.eu/publications/European_Organised_Crime_Threat_Assessment_(OCTA)/OCTA2007.pdf> 1470 Research: "Tackling Money Laundering" Conference, Universiteit Utrecht (Utrecht) 2007. Date of Access: 20 November 2007. <http://www2.econ.uu.nl/users/unger/conference.html> 1471 Moneyvel Mutual evaluation: Andorra, Czech Republic, Malta and Moldova, Council of Europe (Strasbourg) 14 January 2008. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/legal_cooperation/combating_economic_crime/5_money_laundering/Evaluations/Reports_summaries3.asp#TopOfPage> 1472 FATF/MONEYVAL/EAG on site-visits in the Russian Federation, Council of Europe (Strasbourg) 14 January 2008. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.coe.int/T/E/Legal_affairs/Legal_co-operation/Combating_economic_crime/5_Money_laundering/Default_moneyval.asp> 1473 Mutual evaluations on AML systems: assessments by Moneyval and the FATF, European Union (Brussels) 2007. Date of Access: 22 December 2007. <http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/company/docs/financial-crime/aml-news-122007_en.pdf> 1474 The Joint Research Centre: trade-based money laundering, European Union (Brussels) 20 December 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/company/docs/financial-crime/aml-news-122007_en.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 194 22. Trade [327] Commitment “We remain fully committed to the development dimension of the DDA, promoting progressive trade liberalization, helping developing countries to better integrate into the multilateral trading system and providing support to the poorest countries in order to enable them to benefit from the significant opportunities of globalisation.”1475 G8 Trade Declaration Background On 9-14 November 2001, the Fourth WTO Ministerial Conference was held, resulting in a new trade round based on the Doha Development Agenda (DDA). Its goal is to establish a fair and market-oriented trading system by preventing restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets. 1476 The Fifth WTO Ministerial Conference was held on 10-14 September 2003 in Cancun, Mexico. The Ministerial collapsed after the QUAD countries (US, EU, Japan and Canada) failed to reach an agreement with the G-20 bloc of developing countries (including Brazil, India and China). Nevertheless, leaders of the G8 countries maintain the importance of assisting less-developed countries in their trade capabilities in order to promote economic growth and alleviate poverty. To this end, they have made a commitment to resume negotiations and meet extended deadlines.1477 On 1 August 2004, WTO members adopted a General Council decision on the Doha Work Programme, informally known as the July Package, which established a framework for placing the DDA on track for completion by 2006. The Programme was negotiated by the ‘Group of Interested Parties’, comprised of the US, EU, Australia (from the Cairns Group), Brazil and India (from the G20). Under the Programme, industrialized countries agreed to major concessions which they had previously resisted in Cancun: the EU agreed to place all agricultural subsidies on the table for discussion; wealthy countries agreed to an immediate 20% reduction in total current agricultural subsidies; Less-Developed Countries (LDCs), including approximately 25 African states, received an agreement in principle to receive increased market access while maintaining the right to shelter their domestic industries; and three Singapore Issues (foreign investment, competition policy, and government procurement) were dropped from the DDA with the fourth (trade facilitation) kept on in the understanding it would result in a clarification and simplifying of current agreements. In exchange, developing countries agreed to further open their markets to manufactured imports and to continue negotiations on a deal in trade in services.1478 The conclusion of the Sixth WTO Ministerial Conference, held in Hong Kong on 13-18 December 2005, displayed progress in establishing a credible commitment to eliminate export subsidies by 2013. No timeline was established for the elimination of trade-distorting domestic support.1479 As of June 2007, negotiations within the DDA have been stalled following an impasse between the US and the EU, representing rich state interests, and India and Brazil, representing the developing world. 1480 Talks collapsed after both sides complained about the unfair demands.1481 Team Leader: Mila Khodskaya 1475 G8 Trade Declaration, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-trade.html> 1476 Trade: WTO Doha Development Agenda, 2004 Final Compliance Report, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) June 2004. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/evaluations/2004seaisland_final/04_2004_seaisland_final.pdf> 1477 Trade: WTO Doha Development Agenda, 2004 Final Compliance Report, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) June 2004. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/evaluations/2004seaisland_final/04_2004_seaisland_final.pdf> 1478 Trade: WTO Doha Development Agenda, 2004 Final Compliance Report, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) June 2004. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/evaluations/2004seaisland_final/04_2004_seaisland_final.pdf> 1479 Trade: 2006 Final Compliance Report, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) June 2006. Date of Access: 18 December 2008. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/evaluations/2005compliance_final/2005-g8compliance-final.pdf> 1480 Potsdam G4 meeting ends with no agreement on industrial tariff cuts, European Commission (Brussels) 21 June 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2007/june/tradoc_135087.pdf> 1481 G4 talks collapse, throw trade round into doubt, Reuters (New York) 21 June 2007. Date of Access: 26 January 2008. <http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSL2179513320070621> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 195 Assessment Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Interim Compliance Score Lack of Compliance Work in Progress -1 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 -1 0 0 +1 0 +1 +1 0 +0.33 Canada: +1 Canada has fully complied with its Heiligendamm Trade commitment. Canada has promoted progressive trade liberalization, assisted developing countries to better integrate into a multilateral trading system and has announced additional financial support to help the poorest countries in benefiting from the significant opportunities of globalization. On 19 July 2007, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced new free trade negotiations between Canada and the states of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).1482 Mr. Harper supported the initiative by stating that it is an “indispensable foundation on which to build national and regional endeavours which can lead to fair and sustainable growth and prosperity.”1483 The negotiations are ongoing and “Canada is committed to negotiating a modern trade agreement with CARICOM Members that will take into account differing levels of development, vulnerabilities associated with island states, and trade-related capacity challenges.”1484 Ottawa has shown its interest to promote trade liberalization by appealing to other states to re-evaluate their agricultural policies. Canada made an official request to the WTO dispute settlement panel on 8 November 2007 in order to resolve the issue of U.S. trade-distorting agricultural subsidies.1485 In the interests of supporting the Doha negotiations, Minister of International Trade David Emerson stated that “Canada believes that the United States has breached its international obligations by providing agricultural subsidies that exceed the levels allowed by the WTO.”1486 Canada, along with Brazil, is most affected by these subsidies. On 12 December 2007, Minister of Agriculture Gerry Ritz expressed his disappointment over the European Union’s decision to continue the use of export subsidies for certain pork products, referring to it as a “…stark contrast to its [the EU’s] stated commitment in the current round of World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations to end export subsidies on agricultural products, including pork.”1487 1482 Prime Minister Harper urges CARICOM nations to embrace free trade as the path to prosperity, Office of the Prime Minister (Ottawa) 19 July 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1762> 1483 Prime Minister Harper urges CARICOM nations to embrace free trade as the path to prosperity, Office of the Prime Minister (Ottawa) 19 July 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1762> 1484 Canada-Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Free Trade Negotiations, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada (Ottawa) 14 January 2008. Date of Access: 14 January 2008. <http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/caricom.aspx?lang=en> 1485 Canada Requests New WTO Panel on U.S. Agricultural Subsidies, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada (Ottawa) 8 November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://w01.international.gc.ca/minpub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&publication_id=385576&language=E&docnumber=156> 1486 Canada Requests New WTO Panel on U.S. Agricultural Subsidies, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada (Ottawa) 8 November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://w01.international.gc.ca/minpub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&publication_id=385576&language=E&docnumber=156> 1487 Government of Canada denounces European Union’s Re-Introduction of Export Refunds for Pork Products, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (Ottawa) 12 December 2007. Date of Access: 14 January 2008. <http://www.agr.gc.ca/cb/index_e.php?s1=n&s2=2007&page=n71212a> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 196 In September 2007, Canada announced its intention to provide CAD19.2 million to the Enhanced Integrated Framework over five years to further enable LDCs to build their productive capacities such that they can take advantage of emerging global market opportunities.1488 On 9 September 2007, at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Forum, Prime Minister Harper, together with the other APEC leaders, stressed the importance of the Doha Round and the crucial role that discussions on industrial and agricultural goods played in the potential success of the Round.1489 Thus, Canada has earned a score of +1 for its support of the three components of the trade commitment. Analyst: Mila Khodskaya France: -1 France has failed to comply with its Heiligendamm Trade commitment. France failed to actively endorse the three priority topics as part of its stance on the trade negotiations within the DDA. In addition, France has made statements undermining the three priorities. On 11 September 2007, at the International Trade Fair for Livestock in Rennes, French President Nicholas Sarkozy announced plans to reform the European Union’s
30 billion farming subsidies during France’s EU Presidency in July 2008.1490 He plans to modernize the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) by creating a better EU framework for achieving food security and food sovereignty rather than promoting trade liberalization. 1491 The “European preference” approach favours EU products and greater export subsidization.1492 President Sarkozy stated that it may be necessary to kill the DDA in order to save the CAP.1493 On 21 September 2007, Minister of Agriculture Michel Barnier reaffirmed President Sarkozy’s position by arguing for “custom protections” against products which enter Europe “without any consideration for the ecology or health and safety.”1494 According to Barnier, France intends to maintain import tariffs while implementing tougher food safety and quality standards as protection from “unfair competition”. He elaborated on the possibility of eventually replacing import tariffs with non-tariff barriers in what he describes as “the European model.”1495 On 20 December 2007, under the auspices of the European Union, France adopted the Economic Partnership Agreement Regulation. This Regulation formalized the offer of 100% duty- and quota-free market access to the European Union with improved rules of origin for African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries that had signed WTO-compatible agreements.1496 Thus, France has been awarded a score of -1. Analyst: Anna Chen 1488 CIDA’s Statement at the World Trade Organization Aid for Trade Global Review, World Trade Organization (Geneva) 22 November 2007. Date of Access: 22 February 2008. <http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/a4t_e/stat_rostami_e.doc> 1489 Statement on WTO Negotiations, Fifteenth APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting (Sydney) 9 September 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://203.127.220.67/etc/medialib/apec_media_library/downloads/news_uploads/2007aelm.Par.0008.File.tmp/07_aelm_WTONeg.pdf> 1490 Nicolas Sarkozy pledges reform of European Farming Subsidies, Times Online (Paris) 12 September 2007. Date of Access: 21 December 2007. <http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2434567.ece> 1491 Speech by Prime Minister Sarkozy at the International Trade Fair for Livestock, Office of the Prime Minister (Paris) 11 September 2007. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. <http://www.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/en/information/press_871/international_trade_fair_for_57535.html> 1492 Nicolas Sarkozy pledges reform of European Farming Subsidies, Times Online (Paris) 12 September 2007. Date of Access: 21 December 2007. <http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2434567.ece> 1493 Nicolas Sarkozy pledges reform of European Farming Subsidies, Times Online (Paris) 12 September 2007. Date of Access: 21 December 2007. <http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2434567.ece> 1494 Michel Barnier: ‘we won’t be naïve about agriculture’, Cafebabel.com (Paris) 21 September 2007. Date of Access: 20 December 2007. <http://www.cafebabel.com/en/article.asp?T=T&Id=12231> 1495 Paris for ‘protection, not protectionism’, Financial Times Online (Paris) 24 October 2007. Date of Access: 5 December 2007. <http://search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=%22Michel+Barnier%22&id=071024000553&ct=0&nclick_check=1> 1496 Latest Updates on Economic Partnership Agreements, Department for International Development (London) 20 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/aboutdfid/organisation/epas-progress-update.asp> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 197 Germany: 0 Germany has partially complied with its Heiligendamm Trade commitment. Germany has encouraged multilateral trade by co-hosting the conference on “Central Asia and Europe: a New Economic Partnership for the 21st Century” with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). Germany failed to actively reach out and help LDCs to better integrate into the multilateral trade system. On 27 June 2008, Claudia Dörr, the Director-General for European Policy in the German Ministry of Economics and Technology, reaffirmed the commitments of both Germany and the EU in “opening markets through bilateral and regional free trade agreements.” The Director-General added that “it is impossible for Europe to stem the tide of globalisation by resorting to protectionism.”1497 On 6 November 2007, Federal President Horst Köhler highlighted the benefits of free trade in the opening speech at the Club of Rome Conference on “Policy Changes in the Next Phase of Globalization.” President Köhler noted that “it is more profitable for a country to open up to international trade because it is anything but a zero-sum game.”1498 On 13 November 2007, German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier reiterated Germany’s support for Central Asian countries and their respective bids for WTO membership. Minister Steinmeier spoke at the conference on “Central Asia and Europe: A New Economic Partnership for the 21st Century,” held in Berlin. The Minister also publicized German intent for assistance in implementing any “necessary tradelaw and customs-law reforms.”1499 On 20 December 2007, under the auspices of the European Union, Germany adopted the Economic Partnership Agreement Regulation. This Regulation formalized the offer of 100% duty- and quota-free market access to the European Union with improved rules of origin for African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries that had signed WTO-compatible agreements.1500 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of 0 for its policy pronouncements in favour of trade liberalization. Analyst: Anna Chen Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with its Heiligendamm Trade commitment. Italy has failed to elaborate any policy on the Doha Round of negotiations since June 2007, apart from their country’s support for the European Commissioner for External Trade, Peter Mandelson. Nevertheless, it has provided some support to low-income nations to help them to integrate better into the multilateral trading system. In a press release on 21 June 2007, Minister for International Commerce Emma Bonino noted that there was no “miracle” to help restart the negotiations of the G4 (the European Union, the United States, India and Brazil).1501 Minister Bonino continued to note the positive aspect of an increase in global trade volumes, 1497 Speech by Claudia Dörr, Director-General for European Policy in the German Ministry of Economics and Technology at the Conclusion of Germany's EU Council Presidency, Federal Ministry for Economics and Technology (Berlin) 27 June 2007. Date of Access: 26 November 2007. <http://www.bmwi.de/English/Navigation/Press/speeches-and-statements,did=209494.html> 1498 Address by Federal President Horst Köhler at the opening of the Club of Rome conference on "Policy Changes in the Next Phase of Globalisation", Office of the President (Berlin) 6 November 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.bundespraesident.de/en/-,5.642739/Address-by-FederalPresident-H.htm> 1499 Address by Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier at the conference on “Central Asia and Europe: A New Economic Partnership for the 21st Century”, Office of the President (Berlin) 13 November 2007. Date of Access: 1 January 2008. <http://www.auswaertigesamt.de/diplo/en/Infoservice/Presse/Rede/2007/071112-Zentralasienkonferenz.html> 1500 Latest Updates on Economic Partnership Agreements, Department for International Development (London) 20 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/aboutdfid/organisation/epas-progress-update.asp> 1501 WTO, Bonino “Non c’è stato il miracolo, adesso seria riflessione”, Ministero di Commercio Estero (Rome) 21 June 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/news/news2007/giugno/cs210607b.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 198 but did not make any pronouncements on trade policy or the importance of the Doha Development Agenda.1502 During a speech to the 3rd National Italy Latin America Caribbean Conference in Rome on 16 October 2007, Minister of Foreign Affairs Massimo D’Alema noted that, while he is in favour of a trade deal emerging from the Doha Round of negotiations, he fears that the Round will end without agreement.1503 He stressed this point as a reason why Latin American nations should seek bilateral agreements with the European Union. 1504 Again, no mention was made of Italy’s policy objectives for the Doha Round. Similarly, in an earlier speech in New Delhi, Minister D’Alema stressed the importance of the success of the Doha Round, but gave no indication of Italy’s goals for multilateral negotiations on trade.1505 Italy has, nonetheless, made financial contributions toward the integration of low-income states into the multilateral trading system. On 8 October 2007 the World Trade Organization announced that Italy had donated
200 000 to the Doha Development Agenda Trust Fund (DDATF).1506 The donation will aid the DDATF in providing technical assistance to developing nations. On the same date, it was also announced that Italy would donate
100 000 to the to the Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF), a body jointly managed by the World Trade Organization, the World Health Organization, the World Organization for Animal Health and the Food and Agriculture Organization.1507 On the occasion of the two donations, Italy’s Ambassador to the WTO remarked that “[w]ith these new contributions, Italy wishes to enhance the WTO’s technical assistance programmes and to contribute to the common goal of allowing developing countries to make full use of the multilateral trading system and gain easier market access.”1508 On 20 December 2007, under the auspices of the European Union, Italy adopted the Economic Partnership Agreement Regulation. This Regulation formalized the offer of 100% duty- and quota-free market access to the European Union with improved rules of origin for African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries that had signed WTO-compatible agreements.1509 Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of 0 for addressing only one of the three aspects of the Heiligendamm commitment on trade. Analyst: Michael Erdman Japan: +1 Japan has fully complied with its Heiligendamm Trade commitment. Japan has actively sought to integrate developing states into the multilateral trade system and has supported the continued liberalization of trade in accordance with the commitments of 2007 G8 Trade Declaration. The Japanese government has donated CHF525 913 to the Doha Development Agenda Trust Fund (DDATF), making its total contribution to the fund more than CHF5 million since the creation of the DDATF. Japan’s contribution is aimed at assisting developing and less-developed countries to adapt their 1502 WTO, Bonino “Non c’è stato il miracolo, adesso seria riflessione”, Ministero di Commercio Estero (Rome) 21 June 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.mincomes.it/news/news2007/giugno/cs210607b.htm> 1503 Intervento del Ministro D’Alema alla III Conferenza Nazionale Itali America Latina Caraibi, Ministero d’Affari Esteri (Rome) 16 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Ministero/Ministro/Interventi/2007/10/20071115_interventodalema> 1504 Intervento del Ministro D’Alema alla III Conferenza Nazionale Itali America Latina Caraibi, Ministero d’Affari Esteri (Rome) 16 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Ministero/Ministro/Interventi/2007/10/20071115_interventodalema> 1505 Intervento del Ministro D’Alema presso il Consiglio degli Affari Mondiali indiano, Ministero degli Affari Esteri (Rome) 10 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Ministero/Ministro/Interventi/2007/10/20071010_Dalema_ConsiglioAffariIndiano> 1506 Italy donates EUR300 000 to two WTO development programmes, World Trade Organization (Geneva) 8 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres07_e/pr496_e.htm> 1507 Italy donates EUR300 000 to two WTO development programmes, World Trade Organization (Geneva) 8 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres07_e/pr496_e.htm> 1508 Italy donates EUR300 000 to two WTO development programmes, World Trade Organization (Geneva) 8 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres07_e/pr496_e.htm> 1509 Latest Updates on Economic Partnership Agreements, Department for International Development (London) 20 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/aboutdfid/organisation/epas-progress-update.asp> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 199 economies to the global trading system. 1510 Japanese Ambassador Ichiro Fujisaki stated that “[t]his contribution reflects our strong commitments to provide assistance to developing countries to help them better participate in the multilateral trading system by assisting to promote a better understanding of the WTO rules.”1511 Japan has intensified its pursuit of economic partnership agreements around the world. On 20 August 2007, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and Indonesian President Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono signed the JapanIndonesia Economic Partnership Agreement (JIEPA). The agreement aims to strengthen cooperation between the two countries and to liberate trade and investment with respect to the objectives of the DDA negotiations.1512 Similarly, the Free Trade Agreement between Japan and Chile was implemented on 3 September 2007. The FTA seeks to remove the restrictions on the flow of trade between the two countries.1513 In November 2007, Japan negotiated two more regional trade agreements. The Economic Partnership Agreement between Japan and the Kingdom of Thailand, which was implemented on 1 November 2007, aims to promote the development and further liberalization of trade between the two countries.1514 On 21 November 2007, Japan and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) concluded the ASEANJapan Comprehensive Economic Partnership (AJCEP), which is intended to “provide a strong impetus for further invigoration of trade and investment.”1515 On 9 September 2007, leaders from the APEC group, including Japan, further endorsed the statement on the Doha Development Agenda made by their respective Ministers for trade.1516 The statement, dated 6 July 2007, reiterated the participants’ support for trade liberalization and the inclusion of all states in the multilateral trading system.1517 It did not, however, provide guarantees of support for low-income countries to fully benefit from the opportunities of globalization.1518 Japanese Ministers Norihiko Akagi and Akira Amari pledged to remain committed to supporting the DDA so that the round can be successfully concluded.1519 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has reaffirmed its willingness to cooperate with the WTO member states to ensure a positive outcome of the DDA.1520 Thus, Japan has been awarded a score of +1 for its efforts in promoting the DDA. Analysts: Ece Yagman and Katya Prokhorova 1510 Japan Offers a Further CHF525,913 to the WTO Training Programme for the Benefit of Developing Countries, World Trade Organization (Geneva) 26 June 2007. Date of Access: 27 December 2007. <http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres07_e/pr484_e.htm> 1511 Japan Offers a Further CHF525,913 to the WTO Training Programme for the Benefit of Developing Countries, World Trade Organization (Geneva) 26 June 2007. Date of Access: 27 December 2007. <http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres07_e/pr484_e.htm> 1512 Joint Statement at the Signing of the Agreement Between Japan and the Republic of Indonesia for an Economic Partnership, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 20 August 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/indonesia/epa0708/joint.html> 1513 Joint Statement on the Entry into Force of the Agreement between Japan and the Republic of Chile for a Strategic Economic Partnership, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 3 September 2007. Date of Access: 21 January 2008. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/chile/joint07093.html> 1514 Joint Press Statement on the Inaugural Meeting of Japan-Thailand Joint Committee on Economic Partnership, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 1 November 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/thailand/joint0711.html> 1515 Joint Statement on the Conclusion of the Negotiations for the ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 21 November 2007. Date of Access: 27 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asiapaci/asean/conference/joint0711.html> 1516 Statement on WTO Negotiations, Fifteenth APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting (Sydney) 9 September 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://203.127.220.67/etc/medialib/apec_media_library/downloads/news_uploads/2007aelm.Par.0008.File.tmp/07_aelm_WTONeg.pdf> 1517 Meeting of the APEC Ministres Responsible for Trade: Statement on Doha Development Agenda, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (Singapore) 6 July 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.apec.org/apec/ministerial_statements/sectoral_ministerial/trade/2007_trade/wto_dda_negotiations.html> 1518 Meeting of the APEC Ministres Responsible for Trade: Statement on Doha Development Agenda, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (Singapore) 6 July 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.apec.org/apec/ministerial_statements/sectoral_ministerial/trade/2007_trade/wto_dda_negotiations.html> 1519 Joint Statement on DDA From Norihiko Akagi, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and Akira Amari, Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Tokyo) 22 June 2007. Date of Access: 11 January 2007. <http://www.meti.go.jp/english/information/downloadfiles/WTO/2007-6-22JointStatement.pdf> 1520 Japan’s Initial Response to the Issuing of the Chairs’ Texts on Draft Modalities of Agriculture and NAMA in the DDA, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 19 July 2007. Date of Access: 27 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/7/1174520_830.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 200 Russia: 0 Russia has partially complied with its Heiligendamm Trade commitment. Russia has demonstrated interest in promoting trade liberalization but has not yet taken any concrete steps. Russia is an observer to the Doha Round of negotiations. On 2 July 2007, at the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in Geneva, Deputy Foreign Minister Alexander Yakovenko stated Russia’s interest for “active participation in multilateral trade negotiations.” 1521  emphasized that while Russia currently acts as a “spectator during the Doha negotiations,” it is ready to promote negotiations within the frameworks of the DDA, and to stimulate the removal of barriers to international trade.1522 On 4 September 2007, the APEC group of finance ministers called for urgent action to save the Doha Round negotiations and insisted that an open and rules-based trade system was crucial for sustaining regional growth. The group, which includes the US, Japan, China, Russia, Canada and Australia, called for domestic reforms to ease trade flows and promised to work towards barrier-free trading in financial services, which has thus far been resisted by many countries in the region.1523 Nevertheless, the European Trade Commissioner Peter Mandelson stressed that there were two key obstacles blocking Russia’s access to the multilateral trade system: “Moscow's imposition of export duties on lumber and a year-old ban on imports of meat from Poland, an EU member since 2004.”1524 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of 0 for the policy pronouncements it has made in favour of the DDA. Analyst: Julia Ovchinnikova United Kingdom: +1 The United Kingdom has fully complied with its Heiligendamm Trade commitment. British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and the British government have continued to affirm the UK’s commitment to trade liberalization as outlined in the DDA. Prime Minister Brown has highlighted three priority areas of the commitment through bilateral negotiations and in public speeches, urging the G8 members, in particular the US and the EU, to cooperate fully in order to achieve these goals quickly. In his speech to the United Nations General Assembly, Prime Minister Brown comment that he “accept[s] an immediate obligation on world leaders to address protectionism and work to make what we promised - the development trade round - happen this year.”1525 In a speech to Parliament, the Prime Minister clearly restated the UK’s position by confirming British commitment to free trade and openness: “The priority is securing a successful outcome to the Doha trade round, which would deliver gains to the global economy approaching 200 billion dollars by 2015, equivalent to 0.6 per cent of global income and bringing significant benefits to rich and poor countries alike. We will also promote better EU-US trade links.”1526 In a joint statement with Hungary’s Prime Minister, Ferenc Gyurcsány, 1521 Lamy says relatively small concessions needed for reaching Doha agreement, World Trade Organization (Geneva) 3July 2007. Date of Access: 3 December 2007. <http://www.wto.ru/ru/news.asp?msg_id=20566> 1522 Lamy says relatively small concessions needed for reaching Doha agreement, World Trade Organization (Geneva) 3 July 2007. Date of Access: 3 December 2007. <http://www.wto.ru/ru/news.asp?msg_id=20566> 1523 Asia-Pacific finance ministers warn of growth threat from protectionism, World Trade Organization (Geneva) 4 September 2007. Date of Access: 5 December 2007. <http://www.wto.ru/en/press.asp?msg_id=20979> 1524 Doha round, Russia WTO entry "doable": Lamy, World Trade Organization (Geneva) 13 June 2007. Date of Access: 10 December 2007. <http://www.wto.ru/en/press.asp?msg_id=20381> 1525 In full: Brown’s speech at UN, BBC News (London) 31 July 2007. Date of Access: 21 January 2008. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6924570.stm> 1526 British PM Outlines European Union Priorities, Scoop Independent News (Auckland) 17 December 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0712/S00922.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 201 Prime Minister Brown reiterated that it was a priority for the European Union to display leadership in the Doha talks, in order to bring about a successful outcome.1527 On 24 September 2007, the United Kingdom donated GBP200 000 to the WTO Trade Facilitation Needs Assessment trust fund. UK Ambassador Nick Thorne commented that “the UK is strongly supportive of developing countries’ efforts to strengthen their trade capacity and take best advantage of trading opportunities. He added that the UK “will carry on assisting them so that they can better benefit from the multilateral trading system.”1528 On 20 December 2007, under the auspices of the European Union, Britain adopted the Economic Partnership Agreement Regulation. This Regulation formalized the offer of 100% duty- and quota-free market access to the European Union with improved rules of origin for African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries that had signed WTO-compatible agreements.1529 The UK has also been pushing members of the WTO for greater co-operation and resolution of their differences in order to substantially progress on the DDA. The International Development Committee urged the EU and the US specifically, to come to agreement on the level of liberalization of their respective agricultural sectors; including export subsidies, import tariffs and production quotas.1530 Thus, the UK has been awarded a score of +1 for its efforts to promote all three aspects of the trade commitment. Analyst: Hiba Sha’ath United States: +1 The United States has fully complied with its Heiligendamm Trade commitment. The American government remains committed to free trade and the Doha Round of negotiations. The United States has sought to provide financial support for the integration of low-income states into the multilateral trade system. On 12 October 2007, President George Bush told an audience in Miami that his government was supporting a global push for the completion of the Doha round of negotiations.1531 Much of the President’s speech, however, focused on the importance of bilateral trade agreements for the American economy, particularly those with Latin American states.1532 On 9 September 2007, the American President, together with the other leaders of the APEC Forum, stressed the importance of the Doha Round of negotiations and the crucial role that discussions on industrial and agricultural goods played in the potential success of the Round.1533 They further endorsed the statement on the Doha Development Agenda made by their respective Trade Ministers (including the United States Trade Representative).1534 The statement, dated 6 July 2007, reiterated the participants’ support for trade liberalization and the inclusion of all states in the multilateral trading 1527 Joint Statement with Prime Minister of Hungary, 10 Downing Street (London) 12 November 2007. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page13732.asp> 1528 The United Kingdom offers GBP200,000 to the WTO development programmes, The World Trade Center (Geneva) 24 September 2007. Date of Access: 16 January 2008. <http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres07_e/pr492_e.htm> 1529 Latest Updates on Economic Partnership Agreements, Department for International Development (London) 20 December 2007. Date of Access: 15 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/aboutdfid/organisation/epas-progress-update.asp> 1530 UK panel urges rich states to save trade talks, Reuters UK Edition (London) 3 December 2007. Date of Access: 13 January 2008 <http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKL0345389820071204> 1531 Remarks by the President on Trade Policy, United States Department of Commerce (Washington D.C.) 12 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.commerce.gov/NewsRoom/PressReleases_FactSheets/PROD01_004243> 1532 Remarks by the President on Trade Policy, United States Department of Commerce (Washington D.C.) 12 October 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.commerce.gov/NewsRoom/PressReleases_FactSheets/PROD01_004243> 1533 Statement on WTO Negotiations, Fifteenth APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting (Sydney) 9 September 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://203.127.220.67/etc/medialib/apec_media_library/downloads/news_uploads/2007aelm.Par.0008.File.tmp/07_aelm_WTONeg.pdf> 1534 Statement on WTO Negotiations, Fifteenth APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting (Sydney) 9 September 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://203.127.220.67/etc/medialib/apec_media_library/downloads/news_uploads/2007aelm.Par.0008.File.tmp/07_aelm_WTONeg.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 202 system.1535 It did not, however, provide guarantees of support for low-income countries to fully benefit from the opportunities of globalization.1536 In a statement made on 17 July 2007, United States Trade Representative (USTR) Spokesperson Gretchen Hamel stressed the need for the American government to concentrate on all three “pillars” of the Doha negotiations: agriculture, non-agricultural market access and services.1537 Although Representative Hamel did not stress American support for low-income countries, she did note that the USTR wished to ensure that the “revised texts defined a clear path for an ambitious and balanced result that generates economic growth and development through new trade flows and new market opportunities.”1538 The United States has provided limited monetary assistance to developing states through the World Trade Organization. On 28 September 2007, The American government announced that it had donated US$150 000 to the Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF), a body jointly managed by the World Trade Organization, the World Health Organization, the World Organization for Animal Health and the Food and Agriculture Organization.1539 The donation will by used to further the work of the STDF and its sanitary and physiosanitary standards program, which “help[s] developing countries analyze and implement international standards on food safety and animal and plant health.”1540 Thus, the United States has been awarded a score of +1 for addressing all three aspects of the trade commitment made at the Heiligendamm Summit. Analyst: Michael Erdman European Union: 0 The European Union has partially complied with its Heiligendamm Trade commitment. Although it has repeatedly reaffirmed its commitment to the DDA, it has not been successful in implementing any to date. The European Union concluded several Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA’s) with many African and Caribbean Pacific (ACP) countries by the end of December 2007.1541 The EPAs formalized the EU’s offer of 100% duty- and quota-free market access to the European Union, with improved rules of origin for African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries that had signed WTO-compatible agreements.1542 The EU had set the end of 2007 as a deadline for negotiating new agreements with these countries in order to replace a pre-existing waiver of trade restrictions for products originating in ACP countries. Many African countries, however, did not reach a deal with the EU, which resulted in harsh penalties on their exports into the European Union stemming from the expiration of the previous waiver program on 1 January 2008.1543 1535 Meeting of the APEC Ministres Responsible for Trade: Statement on Doha Development Agenda, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (Singapore) 6 July 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.apec.org/apec/ministerial_statements/sectoral_ministerial/trade/2007_trade/wto_dda_negotiations.html> 1536 Meeting of the APEC Ministres Responsible for Trade: Statement on Doha Development Agenda, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (Singapore) 6 July 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.apec.org/apec/ministerial_statements/sectoral_ministerial/trade/2007_trade/wto_dda_negotiations.html> 1537 Statement from Gretchen Hamel, USTR spokeswoman, regarding draft texts released today, Office of the United States Trade Representative (Washington D.C.) 17 July 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/July/Statement_from_Gretchen_Hamel,_USTR_spokeswoman,_regarding_draft_texts_released _today.html> 1538 Statement from Gretchen Hamel, USTR spokeswoman, regarding draft texts released today, Office of the United States Trade Representative (Washington D.C.) 17 July 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2007/July/Statement_from_Gretchen_Hamel,_USTR_spokeswoman,_regarding_draft_texts_released _today.html> 1539 US gives $150k for food, animal and plant health standards projects in 2008, World Trade Organization (Geneva) 28 September 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres07_e/pr494_e.htm> 1540 US gives $150k for food, animal and plant health standards projects in 2008, World Trade Organization (Geneva) 28 September 2007. Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres07_e/pr494_e.htm> 1541 European Union cements market access for ACP countries; takes important step in EPA negotiations, European Comission (Brussels) 17 December 2007. Date of Access: 21 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/bilateral/regions/acp/pr201207_en.htm> 1542 Latest on Economic Partnership Agreements, Department for International Development, (London) 15 January 2008. Date of Access: 19 January 2008. <http://www.dfid.gov.uk/aboutdfid/organisation/epas-progress-update.asp> 1543 European Union cements market access for ACP countries; takes important step in EPA negotiations, European Comission (Brussels) 17 December 2007. Date of Access: 21 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/bilateral/regions/acp/pr201207_en.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 203 The failure to negotiate a regional EPA for all African nations represents a blow to the DDA, and its goal of increasing trade liberalization. On 22 November 2007, in a joint article to the International Herald Tribune, Manuel Pinho, the Trade Minister of Portugal, along with Peter Mandelson, the EU trade commissioner, reiterated the importance of free and fair trade in the multilateral system by stating that the policy should “…be 10 words long. Resist protectionism at home. Open markets abroad. Defend fair trade.”1544 Mariann Fischer Boel, the EU Commissioner for Agriculture and Rural development, recently announced that agricultural negotiations in Geneva had stalled and would not progress until the end of January at the earliest;1545 the goals that the G8 set out in accordance with the DDA have not been broken down into comprehensive steps for the gradual liberalization of the market. In a new development, at the Bali Trade Ministers Meeting, Peter Mandelson and United States Trade Representative Susan Schwab called for trade ministers to agree on the need to create a more open flow in global trade in green goods and services.1546 They stated that “to truly fulfill its potential, a bold initiative on environmental goods and services should help green technology and skills flow between developed and developing countries and between the economies of the developing world.”1547 The proposal comes as another level for integration of developing states into the multilateral trade system. Thus, the European Union has been awarded a score of 0 for its policy pronouncements in favour of the DDA and its failure to prevent the imposition of market access restrictions on some LDCs. Analyst: Hiba Sha’ath 1544 Defending Europe’s Interests, International Herald Tribune (Paris) 22 November 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2007. <http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/11/22/opinion/edmandelson.php?page=2> 1545 2834th Council meeting of Agriculture and Fisheries, Europa (Portugal) 26 November 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=PRES/07/264&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> 1546 Working towards an open global market in green technology, European Commission (Brussels) 7 December 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2007/december/tradoc_137152.pdf> 1547 Working towards an open global market in green technology, European Commission (Brussels) 7 December 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2007/december/tradoc_137152.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 204 23. Global Partnership Against Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction [328] Commitment “We reaffirm our commitment to the Global Partnership against the Proliferation of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction as set out in the 2002 Kananaskis G8 Summit documents.”1548 Report on the G8 Global Partnership Background Introduced at the 2002 Kananaskis Summit, the Global Partnership against the Proliferation of WMD is aimed at assisting Russia and former member states of the USSR in decommissioning excess nuclear, biological and chemical weapon stocks.1549 This initiative was spearheaded by the United States under the auspices of threat reduction measures intended to minimize the potential of rogue states and terrorist organizations to acquire access to large, often poorly guarded, stocks of weapons of mass destruction, or the materials needed to develop such weapons. Given that these weapons stocks are improperly or insufficiently secured primarily due to prohibitive disarmament costs, G8 member states pledged to collectively raise US$20 billion over ten years to fund Global Partnership program initiatives. At the Gleneagles Summit in 20051550 and again at St. Petersburg in 2006 the G8 member states renewed their commitment to their 2002 pledge.1551 The following is a chart of the contributions agreed by each participant at the 2002 Kananaskis Summit, to be provided by 2012: Member State Original Currency 2002 US Dollars Canada CAD1 billion $637 million* France
1 billion $941 million* Germany
1.5 billion $1.4 billion* Italy
1 billion $941 million* Japan USD200 million $200 million Russia USD2 billion $2 billion United Kingdom
750 million $706 million* United States USD10 billion $10 billion European Union
1 billion $941 million* * According to IMF’s 2002 average exchange rate † According to average Bank of Canada exchange rate for 02.01.2007 to 26.10.2007 ‡ According to average ECB exchange rate for 02.01.2007 to 26.10.2007 . Team Leader: Gabriel De Roche 2007 US Dollars $917 million† $1.35 billion‡ $2.03 billion‡ $1.35 billion‡ $200 million $2 billion $1.01 billion‡ $10 billion $1.35 billion‡ 1548 Report on the G8 Global Partnership, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 6 January <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2007heiligendamm/g8-2007-gp-report.pdf > 1549 Statement by G8 Leaders on The G8 Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction, G8 Information (Toronto) 27 June 2002. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2002kananaskis/arms.html> 1550 Gleneagles Statement on Non-Proliferation, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 8 July 2005. Date of Access: 18 January <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/nonprolif.pdf> 1551 Report on the G8 Global Partnership, G8 Information Centre (Toronto) 17 July 2006. Date of Access: 18 January <http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2006stpetersburg/gp_report.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 2008. Centre 2008. 2008. 205 Assessment Country Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States European Union Average Score Interim Compliance Score Lack of Compliance Work in Progress -1 0 0 0 Full Compliance +1 +1 0 -1 +1 0 +1 0 +0.22 Canada: 0 Canada has partially complied with its commitment on the Global Partnership as reaffirmed at the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007. Although Canada has traditionally been an enthusiastic partner, this compliance cycle has yet to see sufficient spending on the part of Canada to fulfill its CAD1 billion commitment. Nevertheless, plans for additional spending have been announced. On 30 August 2007, Canadian officials announced the opening of a bridge which Canada helped finance, at the Shchuch’ye facility for the destruction of chemical weapons in Russia. Canada’s contribution to the Shchuch’ye facility has totaled over CAD100 million since 2002.1552 On 1 October 2007, the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade announced plans to spend up to an additional CAD100 million on improvements to the Kizner facility for the destruction of chemical weapons. 1553 Transfer of the pledged funds will constitute full compliance with Canada’s commitment to the Global Partnership. Also on 1 October 2007, Canadian ambassador to Russia Ralf Lisishin and the Head of shipyard “Zvyozdochka,” Vladimir Nikitin, signed the act on the completion of the 3rd stage of the Program on Russian nuclear-powered submarines utilization in Severodvinsk (Arkhangelsk region). This program, which is part of the Global Partnership, consists of four stages and encourages cooperation between Russia and Canada on the utilization of 12 “Victor” nuclear-powered submarines.1554 Analyst: Gabriel De Roche France: 0 France has partially complied with its commitment to the Global Partnership. France has announced a contribution of
40 million to the fund set up by the European Commission and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development for the dismantlement of decommissioned Russian submarines.1555 1552 Canada-United States cooperation under the Global Partnership - The destruction of chemical weapons, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa), 1 October 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/library/canada-us-en.aspx> 1553 Canada-United States cooperation under the Global Partnership - The destruction of chemical weapons, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Ottawa), 1 October 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/library/canada-us-en.aspx> 1554 Head of “Zvezdochka” Center for ship repair and Canadian Ambassador in Russia will sign an agreement, RIA News Agency (Moscow), 1 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/economy/20071001/81730194.html> 1555 Global Partnership France- main achievements in the nuclear field. International Atomic Energy Agency (Vienna) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/NEFW/CEG/documents/plenary21_4E.pdf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 206 France continued its monetary contributions toward the construction of the new sarcophagus for the Chernobyl nuclear power plant throughout 2007. This included the announcement, in September 2007, that a French firm has signed a contract with the Ukrainian government to build a shield over the main Chernobyl reactor. 1556 In cooperation with Rosatom, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Norway, the US, and Canada, France is currently participating in the rehabilitation of the former naval base at Gremikha (Russia), as well as at the Severodvinsk solid nuclear waste incinerator.1557 As a member of a special Contact Expert Group (CEG) for International Radwaste Projects in the Russian Federation, France was represented at the plenary meeting held under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on 3-5 September 2007 in Bruges, Belgium.1558 Thus, France has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of new projects associated with the Global Partnership. Analyst: Iryna Lozynska Germany: +1 Germany has fully complied with its commitment to the Global Partnership. The preliminary budget of the German state for 2007 until 2011 includes a pledge of
45 million in 2008 for the dismantling and temporary storage of Russian nuclear submarines under the auspices of the Global Partnership.1559 In addition, the budget mentions that
300 million will be made available between 2008 and 2014 for a new centre for the disposal of nuclear waste.1560
10 million will be spent on the Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership Funds, which is working on the disposal of military nuclear waste in Northwest Russia.1561 The German government continues to support the joint German-Russian project of a long-term and radioactive waste storage facility at Sayda Bay in the Murmansk Region of the Russian Federation. 1562 Germany plans to provide
300 million to the project, which aims to establish conditions that will allow for secure storage of 150 submarine reactor compartments in an interim storage facility for up to 70 years. The project also includes the construction of a processing and storage facility for all low- and mediumradioactivity nuclear waste from nuclear submarines and other radioactive elements.1563 In June 2007 and September 2007, an additional 21 dismantled reactor compartments will be transported to the long-term interim storage facility considered exemplary by other members of the G8 Global Partnership.1564 Germany has also awarded contracts for more than
40 million of the
57 million that it has appropriated for 2007. An extension of the project, with the construction of a regional processing and storage facility for 1556 Yushchenko approves work plan of Chernobyl closure by 2012, Itar-Tass (Moscow) 15 January 2008. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. < http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=12258439&PageNum=0> 1557 Global Partnership France- main achievements in the nuclear field. International Atomic Energy Agency (Vienna) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/NEFW/CEG/documents/plenary21_4E.pdf> 1558 Global Partnership France- main achievements in the nuclear field. International Atomic Energy Agency (Vienna) 19 October 2007. Date of Access: 2 January 2008. <http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/NEFW/CEG/documents/plenary21_4E.pdf> 1559 Finanzplan des Bundes 2007 bis 2011, Federal Ministry of Finance (Berlin). Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/cln_03/nn_4314/DE/Service/Broschueren__Bestellservice/Bundeshaushalt/30000,templateId=raw,property=pu blicationFile.pdf> 1560 Finanzplan des Bundes 2007 bis 2011, Federal Ministry of Finance (Berlin). Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/cln_03/nn_4314/DE/Service/Broschueren__Bestellservice/Bundeshaushalt/30000,templateId=raw,property=pu blicationFile.pdf> 1561 Globale Partnerschaft, Federal Ministry of Defence (Berlin) 5 November 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.bmvg.de/portal/a/bmvg/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4k38QgCSYGZbub6kTCxoJRUfVP_NxUfW_9AP2C3IhyR0dFRQAUTwLM/delta/base64xml/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SVVFLzZfRF80SFI!?yw_contentURL=%2FC1256F1200608B1B%2 FW277FGBF517INFODE%2Fcontent.jsp> 1562 German Ministry of Economics and Technology project for the dismantlement of nuclear powered submarines, Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Berlin). Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.bmwi.de/English/Navigation/energy-policy,did=131408.html> 1563 Description of the project, Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Berlin). Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.bmwi.de/English/Navigation/energy-policy,did=131454.html> 1564 Project results, Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Berlin). Date of Access: 7 January 2007. <http://www.bmwi.de/English/Navigation/energy-policy,did=131414.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 207 radioactive nuclear submarine waste, is being planned, with construction slated to begin in 2008.1565 A meeting of the Russian-German Coordination Technical Committee concerning the construction of this long-term storage facility in Sayda Bay took place in Murmansk on 24 September 2007.1566 Germany has further demonstrated its support for new projects under the Global Partnership with a pledge of up to
140 million for the construction of an incineration plant for reactor-masses and other crude materials in Potschep in the region of Brjansk.1567 This plant is to prevent the proliferation of fissile material and will be run in coordination with Rosatom and the Russian Federal Ministry of Defence.1568 The project is scheduled to be operational by the spring of 2009.1569 Thus, Germany has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive support of Global Partnership projects. Analyst: Sandro Gianella Italy: 0 Italy has partially complied with its commitment to the Global Partnership. Italy has been slow in fulfilling its financial pledge of
1 billion set forth in 2002. Italian spending to date on the Global Partnership is estimated by the Global Partnership Working Group to be only three percent of that total.1570 Although Italy’s spending towards the Global Partnership commitment in 2007 has been minimal, it has made contributions elsewhere, such as at the September 2007 G8 Global Partnership meetings in Murmansk. The main focus of the meetings was the current procedures involved with radioactive waste handling. Italian and Russian officials began talks on a contract involving radiation situation improvement, specifically with shelters in Andreyeva Bay, and the possibility of building a new solid radioactive waste storage facility.1571 Representatives from the SOGIN (Società gestione impianti nucleari) were also present to discuss possible energy solutions. Thus, Italy has been awarded a score of 0 for its slow progress in contributing to the Global Partnership. Analyst: Killian Thomson Japan: -1 Japan has failed to comply with its commitment on the Global Partnership. Japan has not allocated new funds to prevent the proliferation of weapons and materials of mass destruction in the former Soviet bloc. The last financial contribution to the commitment was announced on 12 September 2006, when Deputy Foreign Minister Shintaro Ito announced that Japan had allotted JPY20 billion (US$173.8 million) to the Star of Hope program. The Star of Hope aims to dismantle five Victorclass nuclear submarines by 2010.1572 1565 Project results, Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Berlin). Date of Access: 7 January 2007. <http://www.bmwi.de/English/Navigation/energy-policy,did=131414.html> 1566 G8 Global Partnership meetings in Murmansk, Bellona, (Oslo) 2 October 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.bellona.org/news/murmanskmeetings> 1567 Globale Partnerschaft, Federal Foreign Office (Berlin) 4 July 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.diplo.de/diplo/de/Aussenpolitik/Themen/Abruestung/GlobalePartnerschaft.html> 1568 Globale Partnerschaft, Federal Foreign Office (Berlin) 4 July 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.diplo.de/diplo/de/Aussenpolitik/Themen/Abruestung/GlobalePartnerschaft.html> 1569 Globale Partnerschaft, Federal Foreign Office (Berlin) 4 July 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.diplo.de/diplo/de/Aussenpolitik/Themen/Abruestung/GlobalePartnerschaft.html> 1570 GPWG Annual Report 2007: Consolidated Report Data (Annex A), German Presidency of the G8 (Berlin) 8 June 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.g-8.de/nsc_true/Content/EN/Artikel/__g8-summit/anlagen/gp-report-annex,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/gp-reportannex> 1571 G8 Global Partnership Meetings in Murmansk, Bellona (Oslo), 2 October 2007. Date of Access: 18 January 2008. <http://www.bellona.org/news/murmanskmeetings> 1572 Donor Factsheet: Japan, Strengthening the Global Partnership Project (Washington D.C.) 9 January 2007. Date of Access: 3 January 2008. <http://www.sgpproject.org/Donor%20Factsheets/Japan.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 208 Japan has not participated in new programs that combat proliferation in former Soviet Union territories. Despite the lack of participation, Japanese Ambassador to the Conference on Disarmament Sumino Tarui remarked that “Japan is paying close attention to the talks between the U.S. and Russia concerning arrangements after the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START).”1573 START aims to reduce strategic nuclear forces in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine.1574 Thus, Japan has earned a score of -1 for its lack of recent participation in Global Partnership programs. Analysts: Denitza Koev and Gleb Zhigailo Russia: +1 Russia has fully complied with its commitment on the Global Partnership. Russia has provided its requisite funding to the Global Partnership as agreed at the Kananaskis Summit in 2002.Within the framework of the Global Partnership program, Russia is cooperating with 16 foreign partner countries as well as with the European Union on technical and financial issues.1575 On 16 September 2007, Head of Federal Atomic Energy Agency Sergey Kirienko and representatives of Nuclear and Energy authorities of 15 other countries signed a statement of the basic principles of the Global Nuclear-Energy Partnership in Vienna. This document allows all countries to implement nuclear energy development plans for peaceful purposes with compulsory assurance of nonproliferation. According to Mr. Kirienko, the Global Partnership also gives an opportunity to work out appropriate technologies for treatment of spent nuclear fuel on a global scale through the joint efforts of the countries.1576 On 1 October 2007, Canadian ambassador to Russia Ralf Lisishin and the Head of shipyard “Zvyozdochka,” Vladimir Nikitin, signed the act on the completion of the 3rd stage of the Program on Russian nuclear-powered submarines utilization in Severodvinsk (Arkhangelsk region). This program, which is part of the Global Partnership, consists of four stages and encourages cooperation between Russia and Canada on the utilization of 12 “Victor” nuclear-powered submarines.1577 Valeriy Birukov, Head of the Global Partnership Department of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, noted that the framework of the Global Partnership initiative plays a significant role in the implementation of the Convention on Chemical Weapons.1578 On 18 December 2007, at a press conference on the results of a meeting of the State Committee on Chemical Disarmament, Deputy Director of Federal Industry Agency Victor Holstov declared that RFR28.3 billion will be allocated from the Federal Budget for implementation of the Federal Targeted Program on chemical weapons destruction in 2008.1579 Thus, Russia has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive support of Global Partnership activities. Analyst: Yuriy Zaitsev 1573 Statement by H. E. Mr. Sumio Tarui Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Head of the Delegation of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Tokyo) 17 October 2007. Date of Access: 13 December 2007. <http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/speech/disarm2007/disarm0710-2.html> 1574 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), Defence Threat Reduction Agency (Lexington, Virginia) Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.dtra.mil/oe/osi/programs/ops/start/index.cfm> 1575 Support for self-capacity, Rossijskaja Gazeta (Moscow) 8 November 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.rg.ru/2007/11/08/opora.html> 1576 Basic Priniples of Atomic-Energy Partnership were adopted in Vienna. RIA News Agency (Moscow) 16 September 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/world/world_community/20070916/78939016.html> 1577 Head of “Zvezdochka” Center for ship repair and Canadian Ambassador in Russia will sign an agreement, RIA News Agency (Moscow), 1 October 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.rian.ru/economy/20071001/81730194.html> 1578 Support for self-capacity, Rossijskaja Gazeta (Moscow) 8 November 2007. Date of Access: 15 December 2007. <http://www.rg.ru/2007/11/08/opora.html> 1579 In 2008 28,3 billion rubles will be allotted by Russia on destruction of chemical weapons stock, Open Internet Journal “Chemical Weapons” (Moscow) 18 December, 2007. Date of Access: 23 December 2007. <http://www.chemicaldisarmament.ru/article/1155.html> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 209 United Kingdom: 0 The United Kingdom has partially complied with its commitment on the Global Partnership. The promotion of the Partnership’s principles is prominent in UK foreign policy. At the Lord Mayor’s Banquet Speech on 12 November 2007, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown emphasized the need to be “at the forefront of meeting the challenge of preventing nuclear weapons proliferation.”1580 The UK has identified the elimination of stocks of WMD-related materials, and the prevention of scientists who were formerly employed in WMD programs from using their skills to assist in nuclear proliferation, as its priorities within the Global Partnership.1581 The UK’s total financial contribution (pledged and spent) to the Global Partnership is GBP82 million for the period ending 31 March 2012.1582 As part of the UK-Russia (CIS) Closed Nuclear Cities Partnership (CNCP) the UK is involved in 90 projects aimed at providing over 1,000 sustainable jobs for former weapons scientists and technicians.1583 The 3rd Annual Conference of the CNCP was held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan 24-27 September 2007. Although representatives of the British government were present, no new initiatives or programmes were announced, either under the auspices of the CNCP or as part of the wider Global Partnership.1584 On 18-19 September 2007, the CNCP organized a conference on energy efficiency in Moscow.1585 The conference was organized, in part, by the UK Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR) and sought to discuss means of channeling scientists who had formally worked on WMD projects into projects addressing energy efficiency and related topics. Again, no new initiatives were announced at the conference.1586 In addition, the UK urged a widening of the priorities of the Global Partnership outside the Kananaskis outline. On the 21st plenary meeting of the Contact Group (CEG) for International Radwaste Projects in the Russian Federation, the UK has called for “an unbiased qualitative and quantitative assessment of the Global Partnership.”1587 Furthermore, the UK has initiated the expansion of the Global Partnership into other countries. In particular, projects for redirection of scientists and work on enhancement of nuclear security are being implemented in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia and Tajikistan.1588 Thus, the UK has been awarded a score of 0 for its lack of new projects under the auspices of the Global Partnership. Analyst: Iryna Lozynska United States: +1 The United States has partially complied with its commitment on the Global Partnership. 1580 Lord Mayor’s Banquet Speech. PM Gordon Brown identifies British foreign policy priorities, Office of the Prime Minister (London) 12 November 2007. Date of Access: 22 November 2007. <http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page13735.asp> 1581 Background and Progress During 2006, Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (London) October 2007. Date of Access: 22 November 2007. <http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file36634.pdf> 1582 Non-Proliferation-Global Threat Reduction Programme, Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (London) July 2007. Date of Access: 21 November 2007. <http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/non-proliferation/global-threat-reduction/index.html> 1583 Closed Nuclear Cities Programme, Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (London). Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/non-proliferation/global-threat-reduction/portfolio/cncp/index.html> 1584 The 3rd Annual Conference of CNCP in Tashkent, September 2007, British Closed Nuclear Centers Program (Moscow) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://cncp.ru/cis/eng/news/program20086.shtml> 1585 Energy Efficiency Workshop, September 2007, British Closed Nuclear Centers Program (Moscow) 19 September 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://cncp.ru/eng/news/program20085.shtml> 1586 Energy Efficiency Workshop, September 2007, British Closed Nuclear Centers Program (Moscow) 19 September 2007. Date of Access: 22 January 2008. <http://cncp.ru/eng/news/program20085.shtml> 1587 UK Global Partnership Programme to the Global Partnership Working Group, Department of Trade and Industry (London) July 2007. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. <http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/environment/soviet-nuclearlegacy/index.html> 1588 Third Annual Report, Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (London) July 2007. Date of Access: 23 November 2007. <http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file38791.rtf> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 210 On 12 December 2007, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a fiscal 2008 spending bill that sets overall funding for non-proliferation activities in former Soviet states at US$428 million.1589 Over US$178 million is allotted to the “Nunn-Lugar” Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Initiative.1590 The CTR provides funds and expertise for states in the former Soviet bloc to decommission nuclear, biological and chemical weapon stockpiles.1591 The proposed US$178 million is significantly lower than the US$348 million requested for FY 2008.1592 The CTR funds for 2008 are also lower than the US government’s traditional US$450 million allocations.1593 On 17 July 2007, the U.S. House of Representatives approved a bill that would increase spending for the Nuclear Material Protection Cooperation (MPC&A) program in Russia to over US$127 million.1594 This is US$67 million more than the White House initially requested in a draft Department of Energy budget for 2008.1595 The program focuses on developing and strengthening nuclear material security.1596 On 13 December 2007, U.S. Secretary of Defence Robert M. Gates and Ambassador of the Republic of Kazakhstan Erlan Idrissov finalized and signed an extension of their bilateral CTR agreement.1597 First signed in 1993, the CTR program has been ratified for another seven years.1598 On 19 November 2007, a new plan to dispose of 34 metric tons of Russian weapon-grade plutonium was signed by U.S. Secretary of Energy Samuel W. Bodman and Russian Federal Atomic Energy Agency Director Sergei Kirivenko.1599 The agreement outlines the use of BN-600 and BN-800 fast reactors to dispose of the Russian weapons plutonium. Both reactors will be able to dispose of approximately 1.5 metric tons of weapon-grade plutonium per year. Thus, despite lower contributions to the Global Partnership than in previous years, the United States has been awarded a score of +1 for its comprehensive support of programs in various former Soviet states. Analyst: Denitza Koev European Union: 0 The European Union has partially complied with its commitment to the Global Partnership. Until 31 December 2006, EU assistance in nuclear safety to the countries of the European Neighbourhood Policy was provided under the TACIS programme.1600 From 1 January 2007 onwards, as part of the reform of EU assistance instruments, the funds for the pledge to Global Partnership will be organized and provided 1589 U.S. House Authorizes $178 million for Russian Nuclear Safety, RIA Novosti (Moscow), 13 December 2007. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. <http://en.rian.ru/world/20071213/92225020.html> 1590 U.S. House Authorizes $178 million for Russian Nuclear Safety, RIA Novosti (Moscow) 13 December 2007. Date of Access: 4 January 2008. <http://en.rian.ru/world/20071213/92225020.html> 1591 Cooperative Threat Reduction, Defence Threat Reduction Agency (Lexington, Virginia) Date of Access: 10 January 2008. <http://www.dtra.mil/oe/ctr/index.cfm?More> 1592 Cooperative Threat Reduction Annual Report to Congress Fiscal Year 2008, Defence Threat Reduction Agency (Lexington, Virginia) 31 December 2006. Date of Access: 5 January 2008. <http://www.dtra.mil/documents/oe/ctr/FY08%20CTR%20Annual%20Report%20to%20Congress.pdf> 1593 Charles Digges, Putin moves Duma a step closer to ratifying CTR Umbrella Agreement, Bellona, (Oslo), 2 March 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.bellona.org/articles/putin_CTR> 1594 U.S. House backs closer ties with Russia on nuclear materials, Global Security (Washington D.C.) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 23 December 2007. <http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/russia/2007/russia-070718-rianovosti03.htm> 1595 U.S. House backs closer ties with Russia on nuclear materials, Global Security (Washington D.C.) 18 July 2007. Date of Access: 23 December 2007. <http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/russia/2007/russia-070718-rianovosti03.htm> 1596 Renewing the Partnership Recommendations for Accelerated Action to Secure Nuclear Material In the Former Soviet Union, Partnership for Global Security (Washington D.C.) August 2000. Date of Access: 11 January 2008. <http://www.ransac.org/Issues/U.S.Russian%20Nonproliferation%20Programs/Threat%20Reduction%20Status%20and%20Issues/mpca2000-exec.html> 1597 The United States Extends Strategic Nonproliferation partnership with Kazakhstan, U.S. Department of Defence (Washington D.C.) 13 December 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=11560> 1598 US to grant $64 million within Nunn-Lugar program, Kazinform (Astana) 10 January 2008. Date of Access: 12 January 2008. <http://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=159138> 1599 Russia, U.S. agree to dispose of Russian weapon-grade plutonium, Global Security (Washington D.C.) 20 November 2007. Date of Access: 28 December 2007. <http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/russia/2007/russia-071120-rianovosti02.htm> 1600 Nuclear safety and non-proliferation, External cooperation programmes, European Commision (Brussels) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/worldwide/nuclear-safety/index_en.htm> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 211 by the Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation (INSC) and by the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument.1601 For the budgetary period of 2007 until 2013,
524 million in EU funds have been earmarked to support the INSC, although it is not specified how many of these funds will be spent directly on projects linked to the Global Partnership.1602 In 2008, the European Union is planning to spend
71 million for the Nuclear Safety Programme.1603 Overall, the EU claims that it is currently well on its way to meeting its initial pledge made in 2003 with around
800 million committed and more than
400 million spent.1604 The European Commission continuously stresses that support for improving nuclear safety will remain a priority of major importance, bearing in mind the need for continued coordination with international funding mechanisms in this field.1605 The EU has maintained its support for ISTC/STCU former weapons scientist assistance, a program intended to prevent the proliferation of the expertise and technologies of weapons of mass destruction.1606 As part of the official programme of the Finnish Chairmanship of the Nordic Council of Ministers, the Finnish Ministry of Education held a conference on the Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership (NDEP) on 8 and 9 October 2007.1607 This Partnership is partly funded by the EU and is working to diminish the threat of nuclear waste in the Northern Dimension Area. The conference brought together experts from the European Commission, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communication of the Russian Federation and the Nordic Council of Ministers.1608 Thus, the EU has been awarded a score of 0 for its support of non-proliferation programs in general, including the Global Partnership and its constituent initiatives. Analyst: Sandro Gianella 1601 Nuclear safety and non-proliferation, External cooperation programmes, European Commision (Brussels) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/worldwide/nuclear-safety/index_en.htm> 1602 Nuclear safety and non-proliferation, External cooperation programmes, European Commision (Brussels) 27 September 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/worldwide/nuclear-safety/index_en.htm> 1603 2008 Preliminary Draft Budget, European Commission (Brusels) 2 May 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/budget/library/documents/annual_budgets_reports_accounts/2008/sec_2007_500_apb_2008_doc_1_en.pdf> 1604 Foreign Policy and External Security, European Commission’s Delegation in Russia (Moscow) May 2007. Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.delrus.ec.europa.eu/en/p_228.htm> 1605 Towards a new Tacis concept and regulation: outline of issues for web-based consultation, External Relations, European Commission (Brussels). Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/consultations/cswp_tacis.htm> 1606 ISTC/STCU: peaceful research for weapons scientists, European Commission (Brussels). Date of Access: 8 January 2008. <http://ec.europa.eu/research/nis/en/istc.html> 1607 Northern Dimension Conference in Kajaani, Finland, Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership (London). Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.ndep.org/news.asp?type=nc&pageid=14&additionid=737&cont=newsarticle&show=article> 1608 Northern Dimension Conference in Kajaani, Finland, Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership (London). Date of Access: 7 January 2008. <http://www.ndep.org/news.asp?type=nc&pageid=14&additionid=737&cont=newsarticle&show=article> G8 Research Group 2007 Interim Compliance Report 212