Loanwords, Language contact & change

Luvian is the language of Anatolian hieroglyphic inscriptions and a close relative of Hittite. This book explores the Luvian ethnic history through sociolinguistic methods, with an emphasis on the interpretation of contacts between Luvian and its linguistic neighbors, such as Hittite, Hurrian, and Greek. It is concluded that Luvian was originally spoken in the central part of Anatolia. Subsequent Luvian migrations were connected with the expansion of the Hittite state, where Hittite was the socially dominant language, but the Luvian speakers were more numerous. The unstable balance between the Hittite and the Luvian speakers continued to shift in favor of the second group, to the point that the Hittite elites were fully bilingual in Luvian.

1 (English) The spread of English as the Lingua Franca of international communication has given rise to meaningful language contact phenomena in the world's languages like loanwords and pseudo-loanwords, namely, words from one language (the donor language) are adopted by another language (the recipient language) sometimes becoming naturalized (Gusmani 1973). From this perspective, it is thus interesting to observe their behaviour in real language use. In particular, this study investigates Anglicisms and pseudo-Anglicisms found in the newspaper discourse of Brexit by way of a bilingual corpus collected from two Italian newspapers, i.e. La Repubblica and Il Corriere della Sera and two British newspapers, i.e. The Independent and The Guardian selected for both their authoritativeness and their extensive readership. The exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union was chosen because it is a widely covered topic both in the Italian and in the British press, thus providing abundant material for comparative analysis, as well as offering useful data in order to explore linguistic variation. It was useful for building an electronic corpus which was retrieved from the digital archives of the newspapers' websites in order to carry out an automated text analysis. The corpus includes articles collected during the periods that both preceded and followed the Brexit referendum. In order to carry out the analysis, corpus-driven methodology was used, namely an approach that lets hypotheses emerge from corpus observation (Tognini-Bonelli 2001). The investigation was carried out by way of the software TalTac2, and the automated text analysis, as a result, turned out to be invaluable in order to investigate and monitor the newspapers' vocabulary which included technical terms from the fields of politics, economics and finance as well as general language words. In order to design and sample a representative corpus, the parameters proposed by Biber (1993) were used to identify descriptive criteria so as to select and balance the population. The aim of this study is to get an overview of the Brexit discourse as used in the two countries' newspapers' vocabulary and terminology (of the two countries) by using text mining to compare and categorize the whole corpus as a collection of texts and, then, to cluster documents on the basis of the lexical similarity of the vocabulary to establish semantic fields or conceptual areas. Furthermore, by way of the lexical and textual analysis, this study also investigates Anglicisms and pseudo-Anglicisms in the Italian newspapers, identifying and analyzing a list of English words used in Italian. The two British newspapers serve as a reference corpus to compare to the list of Anglicisms extracted from the Italian corpus. The articles retrieved from the British newspapers serve to find out which words are typical of each corpus and to identify pseudo-anglicisms, namely new words that seem to be English forms, even though they do not exist in English, or if they do exist, they have a clearly different meaning. Lastly, the data gathered from the bilingual corpus analysis were later compared with other wider corpora included in SketchEngine and on the Brigham Young University platform in order to make generalizations about the distribution of Anglicisms and pseudo-Anglicisms in general language corpora. Abstract 2 (Italian) La diffusione e l'affermazione dell'inglese come lingua franca della comunicazione internazionale ha generato fenomeni significativi di contatto linguistico come i prestiti e i falsi prestiti, ossia parole originariamente nate in una lingua modello che entrano a far parte di un'altra lingua (lingua replica) alla quale vengono talvolta assimilate e adattate (Gusmani 1973). È quindi interessante osservarne l'uso e l'andamento in testi autentici che presentano la lingua nel suo uso corrente. Questo studio analizza gli anglicismi e i falsi anglicismi nel discorso giornalistico della Brexit, attraverso un corpus tratto dai quotidiani italiani La Repubblica e Il Corriere della Sera e dai quotidiani britannici The Guardian e The Independent, che sono stati selezionati per la loro diffusione 2 VALERIA FIASCO JADT 2018 : 14 es Journées internationales d'Analyse statistique des Données Textuelles e la loro autorevolezza. La scelta della tematica dell'uscita del Regno Unito dall'Unione Europea è stata dettata da diversi fattori, tra i quali l'ampia diffusione dell'argomento nella stampa italiana e in quella britannica, dando la possibilità di creare un corpus per realizzare un'analisi comparativa attraverso l'esplorazione della variazione linguistica. Dal momento che queste riviste offrono una versione online che mette a disposizione un archivio digitale consultabile, sono particolarmente adatte per creare un corpus che può essere esaminato attraverso l'analisi automatica del testo. Il corpus è composto da articoli raccolti durante il periodo che precede e segue il referendum della Brexit e la metodologia utilizzata per condurre l'analisi è di tipo corpus-driven, ossia un approccio esplorativo in cui, partendo dall'osservazione del corpus, si arriva alla formulazione delle ipotesi (Tognini-Bonelli 2001). Il software TalTac2 e l'analisi automatica dei testi sono stati estremamente preziosi per esaminare e monitorare il lessico della stampa che include termini tecnici della politica, dell'economia e della finanza, insieme a parole che fanno parte del lessico comune. Per progettare il corpus, sono stati utilizzati i parametri proposti da Biber (1993) con lo scopo di identificare i criteri descrittivi per selezionare e bilanciare la popolazione all'interno del corpus. L'obiettivo di questa ricerca è offrire un'analisi del lessico e della terminologia utilizzata nel discorso sulla Brexit nei quotidiani italiani e inglesi attraverso il text mining per raffrontare i testi che compongono il corpus, categorizzarli e raggrupparli sulla base di somiglianze lessicali per individuare i campi semantici e le aree concettuali. Inoltre, l'analisi lessicale e testuale ha consentito l'identificazione degli anglicismi e dei falsi anglicismi nei quotidiani italiani, mentre il corpus dei quotidiani britannici ha svolto la funzione di corpus di riferimento per paragonare la lista degli anglicismi estratta dal corpus italiano con i dati raccolti nel corpus britannico, capire quali parole sono tipiche di ogni lingua e identificare i falsi anglicismi, vale a dire parole che presentano una forma inglese, che però non esistono nel vocabolario originario o nel caso in cui esistano, il loro significato è completamente differente. Infine, i dati raccolti dall'analisi del corpus bilingue sono stati successivamente confrontati con altri corpora più ampi, consultabili su SketchEngine e sulla piattaforma della Brigham Young University con lo scopo di fare delle generalizzazioni sulla distribuzione degli anglicismi e dei falsi anglicismi in corpora non specialistici.

This book by Nicolas Quint, researcher at the French Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), presents a detailed treatment of African el-ements in the Santiago variety of the Portuguese-lexicon creole spoken in the Cape Verde Archipelago. The book is a bilingual Portuguese–French edition. Originally, it is in fact a translation from an English contribution by Quint to the volume Black through White, edited by Angela Bartens and Philip Baker, and due to appear with Battlebridge. The edition under review additionally features an informative preface written by ManuelVeiga, until recently Minister of Education of Cape Verde.

Neste traballo estúdase a influencia do galego no léxico dispoñible do castelán de alumnos de 2º de Bacharelato de Galicia, de tal modo que o corpus de análise está constituido esencialmente polas palabras marcadas como galegas no "Léxico disponible en el español de Galicia" (LDEG), editado por Belén López Meirama en 2008. No traballo estúdanse as palabras e expresións galegas, ou nas que se percibe a presenza do galego, desde o punto de vista da súa forma e reflexiónase sobre a influencia desta lingua desde o punto de vista funcional, analizando as causas que poden explicar a presenza de formas galegas no LDEG e aplicando unha tipoloxía funcional aos datos encontrados (préstamos integrados, interferencias léxicas, lapsus bilingües e cambios de código). Finalmente, preséntanse unhas consideraciones finais relativas ao valor dos léxicos dispoñibles para analizar os fenómenos de contacto, ás dificultades para discriminar entre os distintos tipos de fenómenos e á continua e persistente interacción das linguas nunha comunidade bilingüe. O corpus de formas galegas ou con influencia do galego preséntase en Apéndice.

Det svenska sammandraget (1½ sida) och den svenska resumén (20 sidor) av min doktorsavhandling, som behandlar frågor kring de skandinaviska språkens ljudhistoria från 200-talet till 1200-talet e.Kr., belysta delvis av deras kontakter med samtida förstadier till finska och av gamla ortnamn från kontaktzonen, och delvis av teoretisk ljudhistorisk rekonstruktion. I två uppsatser granskas etymologier för ortnamn i södra och sydvästra Finland som belyser tidig språkkontakt. I etymologiska fallstudier behandlas namnen Kjulo och Tavastland. Namnet Karis jämförs med isländska sagornas Herdalar och förklaringen av hur fi. ruotsi 'svensk' hör ihop med ~ fsv. rōþ-och rȳtzẹr 'ryss' problematiseras. Flera farledsnamn diskuteras som är upptagna i det s.k. " Danska itinerariet " liksom ett större urval namn som kunde vara gamla i en Åländsk kontext: Eckerö, Geta, Jomala och Lemland, och därtill Järsö, Skedholm, Styrsö, Slemmern och Lemböte. De allra äldsta förhistoriska alternativen för att förklara namnen Åland och Ahvenanmaa problematiseras och ett nytt förslag framförs. I den första uppsatsen undersöks ett urval av lånord bevarade i finskan och dess närmaste släktspråk och särskilt vad deras ljuddräkter kan avslöja om förändringar i urnordiskans ljudsystem. T.ex. ordet fi. leikata 'att klippa, skära' återförs på en urfinsk form *lɤikka-med bakvokaliskt uttal, som har lånats tidigt från ett urnordiskt original *blaikijan 'göra blek, avhugga en bläcka', innan *blaik-frontades till *blaeik-. En tillrättalagd analys av många etymologier tidsbestämmer de granskade lånen till tiden före det nordiska i-omljudet. De två sista uppsatserna föreslår en ny ljudhistorisk beskrivning av 500/600-talens övergångsnordiska då de flesta omljudda vokalerna, såsom t.ex. nusvenskt y och ö, uppkom, vilket medförde växlingar illustrerade av svenska dölja/döljer/dolde, mat/mätt och duga/dygd. Generationer av ljudhistoriker har allt sedan Rasmus Rask och Jacob Grimm under nästan 200 år gäckats av ett otal problem som gäller när, hur och med vilka slutresultat omljuden från början verkade. I den fjärde uppsatsen visas att de senaste förklaringarna som erbjudits beträffande frontningsomljudet inte är hållbara. Ett nytt förslag presenteras för att förklara en större mängd ohanterliga data med färre allmängiltiga antagen. Problemet som den sista uppsatsen siktar på att lösa är hur frontningsomljudet, vokaliskt framkallad brytning (som t.ex. i svenska mjöd) och rundningsomljud (som t.ex. i svenska dugg av dagg) kan förklaras inom en och samma analys.

2003 UPenn dissertation: Viking Pronouns in England
Chapter 3: Pronoun Forms and Uses: Etymologies and Attested Paradigms
Summary: I provide evidence bearing on two of the principal questions posed by the Scandinavian to English pronoun transfer: whether the English demonstrative was a factor in the rise of some of the th- forms, and when the Scandinavian forms appeared in English. The problematic identity of “English” is discussed, along with the possibility that insular “Scandinavian” differed from continental varieties. The pronoun paradigms of runic Scandinavian, Old Norwegian, and Old Danish on the one hand, and of Anglian and early Middle English on the other hand, are described.  The Scandinavian forms differ significantly from the Old Icelandic ones usually cited, and therefore traditional assumptions abut the modifications of the Scandinavian forms (such as loss of -r and monophthongization) are invalid. I discuss the implications of both the early-transfer hypothesis and the late-transfer hypothesis.

This article deals with the history and word formation of the Icelandic word for ‘police’, i.e. lögregla. The word constitutes an interesting case of word formation in that said lexeme is a dvandva compound whose creation is related to the expression að halda uppi lögum og reglu ‘to maintain law and order’. Moreover, it is argued that the word has arisen in the wake of the Icelandic purist movement in the first half of the 19th century, and that its creator is Konráð Gíslason, who was at the time a
member of the Icelandic Literary Society (Hið íslenzka bókmenntafélag) and editor of the journal Fjölnir. According to the sources, the word, lögregla, cannot have been formed as an independent lexical item. In fact, the word appears first in a compound with maður ‘man’, meaning ‘policeman’ or, more precisely, ‘a man who is in charge of maintaining
law and order’. It is argued that lögregla has in fact been created in order to gradually substitute the Danish loanword pólití, first in compounds such as pólitímaður and pólitíþjónn ‘policeman’, and then as a single lexeme. The Danish loanword pólití had a twofold meaning: ‘policeman’ and ‘police’. Moreover, it is argued that lögregla, as an unbound lexeme, was initially a shortened form for lögreglumaður, and later assumed
the general meaning ‘police force’ by means of synecdoche (pars pro toto).

(= Slavonic names for mosque with special regard to Polish, Silesian, Czech and Slovak data). -- Abstract: Even though mosques are a typical element of the Islamic culture the channels through which their designations came into Slavonic (as well as some other European languages) are not really well known. This author divides Slavonic reflexes of the Arabo-Turkic word into eight groups and discusses the reasons for their various shapes. The essay is composed of three parts: (1) Background and Western European data; (2) Slavonic and German; (3) Results and questions. The most interesting aspect is that of a semantic difference between two types of words (meczet ~ mešita ~ mošeja and džamija) and its importance for the etymology, as well as some comments on the source of the Czech and Slovak word on the one hand and the Russian term on the other. In the end of part (2) particular attention is paid to the question whether the Silesian name was borrowed from Polish or from Czech.

Pichi, an Afro-Caribbean English-lexifier Creole spoken on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea, features four types of reiteration. Amongst them, reduplication and repetition can be distinguished on formal and semantic grounds. Reduplication is a derivational operation consisting of self-compounding and tone deletion. It is restricted to dynamic verbs and yields iterative, dispersive and attenuative meanings. Repetition occurs with all major word classes, renders more iconic meanings and is analyzed as semi-morphological in nature. A comparison with verbal reiteration in a cross-section of West African languages and two of its sister languages in the Caribbean allows the conclusion that Pichi reduplication reflects an areal pattern. I conclude further that Pichi reduplication is not exceptionally iconic nor specifically “creole” in nature.

При изучении языковых контактов в специальной литературе процессам калькирования традиционно уделяется меньше внимания, чем лексическим заимствованиям. Несмотря на малоизученность данной проблемы, в русском языке последних десятилетий количество калькированных иноязычных слов и выражений заметно возрастает. В различных сферах жизни (в политической, экономической и компьютерной терминологии) преобладают сочетаемостные и семантические кальки, главным источником которых является американский вариант английского языка. В настоящей статье рассматриваются два типа калькированных английских терминов в современном русском языке: 1) кальки, содержащие зоологические названия и 2) кальки, включающие цветообозначения. Выбор этих двух лексических групп является не случайным, поскольку разнообразные наименования животных и названия цвета часто подвергаются метафорическому переосмыслению в процессе формирования отдельных терминов.

The article contributes to the discussion about the voiced plosives b, d and g in Finnish. These plosives were originally unknown in Finnish but are now used in the orthography of new loan words. The plosive d also appears in indigenous Finnish words. Pronunciation of the graphemes <bdg> is studied here using a dataset of free spoken Finish. The data comprises material from 40 different speakers divided into ten age-groups.

In this paper we would like to report on a study of gender assignment of English loanwords borrowed into Danish, Swedish and Norwegian. 1 Gender in the Scandinavian languages has proved to be a lively area of research, which is demonstrated by a range of recent publications. 2 Several important questions remain to be answered: most importantly, to what degree gender assignment can in these languages be regarded as regular. If it is regular, then we would like to know what formal and semantic features of the nouns are relevant in gender assignment, and how important they are with regard to one another. We want to suggest that given proper analytical tools gender assignment, while not completely regular, can to a large degree be attributed to individual criteria. Therefore we would like to validate statistically the contribution of these criteria, and measure their relative importance in the three languages. We begin with a brief description of the gender systems in the analysed languages and of the postulated gender assignment criteria. This is followed by an overview of the corpus of English loanwords and the types of analysis used in the study. The paper concludes with a discussion of the results for the three languages.

U radu se istražžuju sekundarne promene u adaptaciji anglicizama na morfološškom i semantičkom nivou na korpusu sakupljenom na drušštvenoj mrežži Fejsbuk u komunikaciji o rijaliti-programima. U okviru morfološške adaptacije razmatraju se razlčiti oblici reči dobijeni dodavanjem domaćih afiksa na imenice, glagole i prideve poreklom iz engleskog jezika. Cilj je da se utvrde vrsta i broj afiksa te najčešši motivi za derivaciju. Na planu semantike analiziraju se anglicizmi koji su dužžom upotrebom u srpskom jeziku proširili obim značenja ili stekli dodatno značenje. Razmatraju se i značenjske promene nastale kao rezultat delovanja metafore, pejorizacije i elipse u srpskom jeziku. Analizom ovog zasad nedovoljno istražženog aspekta adaptacije anglicizama otkriće se obrasci i tendencije u sekundarnoj adaptaciji.

The present article deals with the comparative method as applied to the Semitic cognate sets with phonological correspondences. It demonstrates how one with help of comparative Semitic approach and certain principles of analysis can establish a Proto-phoneme, how to reconstruct it and how to distinguish between true cognates and borrowed ones, illustrated through a set of case studies within the framework of phonological correspondences. For this task, historical linguistics prefer cognates from basic vocabulary (body parts, close kinship terms, and the like), since such terms are considered to resist borrowing more than other sorts of vocabulary. Applying this to the Semitic languages and looking for potential Semitic true cognates I have chosen cognate sets denoting body parts as the basic illustrative examples for my investigation, which in the course of discussion is widened to
include other illustrative examples.

The present article considers lexis which is indicative of the language contacts between the Russian and Baltic-Finnish languages. Etymologies of the fish species names are considered and updated taking into account the new etymological data, the ichthyological lexis of the Baltic-Finnish origin in the Russian North European subdialects is given. Considering the morphological traits of the fish species, the etymology of the lexical item nel’ma has been proposed and etymology of the names kilets and parik confirmed. Basing on the lexis analyses the authors conclude that there is no Baltic-Finnish substrate in the lexis of Russian literary language whilst there is substrateadstrate Baltic-Finnish influence of the Veps-Karelian type on the Russian subdialects in the Lake Onega region and the considerable Russian influence on the territorially detached subdialects of the Karelian language.

В настоящей статье рассмотрена лексика, свидетельствующая о языковых контактах русского языка с прибалтийско-финскими. С учетом новых лексикографических данных рассмотрены и дополнены этимологии наименований рыб прибалтийско-финского происхождения в русском языке, а также приводится ихтиологическая лексика прибалтийско-финскогопроисхожденияв русских говорах Европейского Севера и лексика русского происхождения в прибалтийскофинских языках.

С учетом биологических особенностей рыб предложена этимология лексемы нельма и подтверждается этимология лексем килец и парик. На основе анализа лексики сделаны выводы об отсутствии прибалтийско-финского субстрата в лексике русского литературного языка, наличии субстратно-адстратного прибалтийско-финского влияния вепсско-карельского типа на русские говоры Обонежья, значительного русского влияния на территориально обособленные говоры карельского языка.

Aquest article explora i il·lustra de forma contrastiva els diferents mecanismes i estratègies a què recorren diverses llengües romàniques (català, espanyol, italià, portuguès europeu i portuguès del Brasil) a l’hora d’incorporar paraules manllevades d’altres llengües, sobretot de l’anglès. D’entre aquestes estratègies, s’investiguen la importació diferencial o no reparació, l’adaptació a la fonologia nativa, la reparació divergent, la reparació innecessària, l’emergència del no marcat, i la interacció de fenòmens en un mateix manlleu. En l’article es consideren tant les adaptacions que ocorren en el nivell segmental (adaptacions vocàliques i consonàntiques), les adaptacions condicionades pel context dins de la paraula (per exemple, la posició final), com les adaptacions que ocorren en el nivell suprasegmental (estructura sil·làbica i accentuació en el domini del mot simple i del mot compost). L’article acaba reflexionant sobre de quina manera el comportament fonològic dels manlleus transcendeix en l’aprenentatge i producció de segones llengües i llengües estrangeres.

The complexity and plurality of scripts and writing devices, such as auxiliary text or "ruby," used in nonconventional writing in Japan are outlined, and various aspects, such as the use of loan scripts, are shown to parallel aspects of spoken language contact. The complexity of Japanese writing overall is attributed to "indirect" language contact with languages encountered predominantly in written form, especially Literary Chinese in the past and English nowadays, to which the concept of "total availability" that R. A. Miller (1967) uses to characterize neologism in Japan is applied. Specific choices of script are described in terms of cultural stereotypes and Jakobson's (1960) functions of language. Advertising and manga are identified as the major sources of many nonconventional practices that then spread into youth writing and even popular fiction. In each point, there is a parallel between choices in spoken language and in script choice.

The discussion of Uralic theonyms in this 2012 conference paper have been significantlu developed and discussed in more detail in "Language and Mythology" (2017): https://www.academia.edu/35369652/Language_and_Mythology_Semantic_Correlation_and_Disambiguation_of_Gods_as_Iconic_Signs

The discussion of internal developments in Finnic mythology are discussed with emphasis on the epic Sampo-Cycle in "Confluence, Continuity and Change in the Evolution of Mythology" (2012): https://www.academia.edu/3687105/Confluence_Continuity_and_Change_in_the_Evolution_of_Mythology_The_Case_of_the_Finno-Karelian_Sampo-Cycle
and with emphasis on the role of the ritual specialist in "Shamans, Christians and Things in between":
https://www.academia.edu/4049431/Shamans_Christians_and_Things_in_between_From_Finnic_Germanic_Contacts_to_the_Conversion_of_Karelia

Pichi belongs to the African branch of the family of Afro-Caribbean English-Lexifier Creoles. It is spoken on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. Pichi is an offshoot of Krio, which first arrived in Bioko, the former Fernando Po, with African settlers from Freetown, Sierra Leone in 1827. It is the most widely used language of Bioko next to Spanish. No official figures exist but by extrapolation from population data, there is reason to assume that Pichi is used by at least a 100’000 people as a first and second language.

This exploration of medieval language contacts focuses on the impact of the Viking and Norman invasions on the English language of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The book provides background information on post-Conquest society, culture and language, and presents a contact linguistic framework and a description of research methods. The attestations, uses and statuses of Norse-derived and French-derived words in a broad set of early Middle English texts are discussed at length. TOC: 1 Introduction, 2 England in the 'long twelfth century', 3 English in transition: from Old to Middle English, 4 Lexical borrowing and the contact situation, 5 Studying loanwords: methods and approaches, 6 Loanwords in the Early ME corpus, 7 Loanwords in use in an Early ME prose text, 8 Conclusion, Bibliography, Appendices. 316 pp.

This paper is a part of a broader research1 which seeks to explore the status of the Turkish variety used by the members of the bilingual in Greek and Turkish Muslim community of Rhodes. More specifically, we investigate the modes of encoding causativity in the grammar of this variety and the possible interference from Greek. Our study has revealed that the members of the community exhibit competence in the morphological manifestation of causativity. However, interference from Greek does occur with certain types of causative constructions that correspond to the pure syntactic functions of causativity in Turkish. As a result the members of the community fail to morphologically manifest only these types of causatives.

'Origin of the vocabulary of the western subgroup of the Estonian Coast dialect in the light of Finnish loanwords'

Tutkimus tarkastelee viron rantamurteen länsiryhmän sanastoa leksikologian ja etymologian välinein. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää nimenomaan tälle murteelle ominaisen sanaston alkuperä ja sitä kautta tarkentaa kuvaa murteen kehityksestä sekä virolaisten ja suomalaisten välisistä kontakteista uudella ajalla aina 1900-luvun alkuvuosikymmeniin asti. Etymologiset esitykset pyrkivät läpinäkyvyyteen ja suhteuttavat mahdollisia aiempia näkemyksiä uuden analyysin tuloksiin; samalla selvitetään sanaston suhdetta itämerensuomalaisten kielten murteiden jatkumoon. Analyysi kiinnittää huomiota myös tarkasteltavalle murteelle ominaisiin morfofonologisiin piirteisiin ja siihen, kuinka vieraan kielen sanat lainattaessa mukautetaan lainansaajamurteen rakenteeseen sopiviksi. Sanasemantiikan keinot sekä kulttuurihistoriallinen ja kansatieteellinen tieto valottavat Viron pohjoisrantalaisten maailmaa sanojen takana.

Aineisto koostuu 225 sanasta, jotka esiintyvät viron rantamurteen länsiryhmän pitäjistä (Jõelähtme, Kuusalu, Haljala) kahdessa tai niissä kaikissa kolmessa. Sana-aineisto on peräisin viron murresanakirjaa varten kerätystä aineistosta ja materiaalia on koottu lisäksi suomen ja viron murteiden sana-arkistoista Helsingissä ja Tallinnassa.

Työ esittää yhteensä 41 kokonaan uutta lainaetymologiaa, 11 parannettua etymologiaa sekä kolme lainautumisalueensa osalta tarkennettua etymologiaa. Nämä lainat on saatu suomen kielestä lukuunottamatta yhdeksää ruotsalaista lainaa. Tutkitusta sana-aineistosta huomattavan paljon, n. 38 %, on lainaa suomesta, eikä aiemmassa tutkimuksessa ole käsitelty aineistoa, jossa suomalaislainojen osuus olisi näin suuri. Kaikkiaan yli puolet sana-aineistosta on lainasanoja. Lähes kaikki muiden kielten lainasanat käsittelevät merta, merenkulkua ja kalastusta, mutta suomalaislainojen aihepiiri on yhtä laaja kuin rantamurteen omaperäisen sanaston. Lisäksi suomalaislainoja on kaikista sanaluokista, ja deskriptiiviverbien, adjektiivien ja adverbien lainautuminen kertoo läheisistä kosketuksista. Lähes kaikki suomen kielestä lainatut sanat tunnetaan Kymenlaaksossa ja Etelä-Karjalassa; neljänneksellä sanoista on levikki vain näillä alueilla tai niistä toisella. Ruotsin kielen lainalähteistä osa esiintyy vain Itä-Uudenmaan murteissa.

Tutkimus tukee käsitystä virolaisten ja suomalaisten kontaktien tiiviiydestä. Tutkimus osoittaa, että rantamurteen länsiryhmän alueen virolaiset ovat olleet tekemisissä erityisesti suomen Kymenlaakson ja Etelä-Karjalan murteiden puhujien kanssa. Käsitellyn aineiston perusteella aiemmin esitettyä hypoteesiä virolaisten kontakteista hämäläisten kanssa ei kuitenkaan voi pitää mitenkään ensisijaisena.

El Pichi es uno de los idiomas de la isla de Bioko, Guinea Ecuatorial. Es el idioma predominante en los barrios más populosos de Malabo, la capital y en algunos pueblos situados a lo largo de la costa de Bioko, entre los que destaca Luba, el segundo pueblo más importante de la isla. Aunque no existen cifras oficiales, podemos aseverar que el Pichi es hoy en día el segundo idioma africano más hablado en el país, solo por detrás del Fang y seguido de cerca por el Bubi, el idioma del pueblo original de Bioko.

El Pichi pertenece a la rama africana de la vasta familia de idiomas criollos Afro-Caribeños de base lexical inglesa, idiomas entre los cuales se observan muchas similitudes léxicas y estructurales. El Pichi está relacionado más directamente con el Krio de Sierra Leona. Existen, además, suficientes evidencias lingüísticas e históricas para suponer que el pichi, el Krio y el Aku –su descendiente en Gambia– comparten su origen, al menos parcialmente, con los del Nigerian Pidgin, el Cameroonian Pidgin, y el Ghanaian Pidgin English.

This is an attempt to investigate the morphological modification in Arabic words borrowed from English and French. The 100 loanwords in the study are related to cars and transportation in Jordan. Eight words are of French origin. Loanwords are used as if they are Arabic words. The analysis of the data indicated that the most important changes in the morphological aspects of the loanwords occur in gender, number, possession, word-formation and the definite article. The paper suggested further research for loanwords recently entered Arabic via communication technology.

This study posits that the translation of the Bible into the Igbo language engendered the elaboration of the language to enable it express the ideas and concepts borne in the Christian religion. Language elaboration, as used in this work, refers to the expansion of the functions of a language, i.e. use of the language in new domains, introduction of new lexical and semantic elements to the repertoire of the language. Four research questions guided the analysis carried out in the work: What lexical processes were adopted in creating new terms in Bible translation into Igbo? What strategies were employed in representing Christian concepts in the Bible translations? How have these lexical and conceptual innovations evolved across the different translations? How have the lexical and conceptual innovations spread among Igbo speakers? To answer these questions, two types of analysis are carried out: a textual analysis of a corpus of terms created and introduced into Igbo through eight Igbo Bible translations, and an analysis of a questionnaire survey on the spread of some of these new terms and concepts in contemporary Igbo usage. Findings show that the Bible translations enriched the Igbo lexicon mainly through the processes of compounding, descriptive phrases and lexical borrowing. Secondly, the translations introduced Christian concepts into Igbo mainly by appropriating existing terms for Igbo concepts and giving them new significations in the Igbo Bible. Thirdly, later translations lexically and semantically differentiated Christian concepts from traditional Igbo concepts. They also differentiated two Christian concepts by representing them with distinct terms where the earlier translations represented the concepts with the same term, thereby facilitating the emergence of an Igbo Christian register. Fourthly, some of the Biblical innovations are restricted to use within Christian religious contexts, thereby suggesting the emergence of an Igbo Christian register. However, many others have spread into Igbo beyond their use in the Bible and some have acquired new meanings in the language and also got entries in Igbo dictionaries

As mobile phones become more and more commonplace in communities across Papua New Guinea, Tok Pisin is developing linguistic resources to talk about how they work and how they are used. This paper uses recorded interviews with Tok Pisin  speakers from across the country to analyse the emerging discourse about mobile phones, investigating lexical, grammatical and semantic innovations and the degree to which they are entrenched in spoken language. These innovations are frequently based on English, and include both loanwords and loan-based creations; both material and structural borrowing; and both code-switching and true borrowing. The analysis is used to evaluate the state of Tok Pisin in response to new technology, and suggest recommendations for future Tok Pisin dictionary projects.

This paper discusses the history of the acronym A.C.A.B. in the Italian language. It examines the mechanisms that have brought the acronym from the streets to literature and the role of the Skinhead and football Ultras sub-cultures in the language contact between English and Italian.