Military

Military is a profession which is mostly dominated by men. Often the words like combat, war and bravery are used for men folk. However, the scenario has changed in last few decades and women have also been commissioned in the forces in many countries. Despite the induction of women in forces they are mostly assigned desk jobs and not taken for combat role or command positions. Since their induction, women are having only 15% or less representation in forces worldwide. They continue to strive to achieve professional competence in the field. Women today are excelling in every field but military is a field where their potential has not been recognised yet. The current paper presents a review of relevant studies in order to investigate the root of gender variance in forces and provides an in-depth understanding into the issues and challenges in achieving gender equality in forces. Various psychological theories along with supporting studies have been discussed to critically analyse the pros and cons of employing women in combat role. It is recognized that armed forces need the fittest and finest, irrespective of gender. Hence, a competency based approach in deployment for combat role is recommended as it will give women equal opportunity to prove their competency and serve in combat role.

One of the principal themes the NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO) is fostering in 2017 is "Military Decision Making using the tools of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI)". Simulation might play a significant role to play in these developments as it can act as a testbed for such concepts and support the military decision makers in future operations that are enhanced by AI. Simulation is already making a significant impact in the development of AI outside of the defence sector. Companies such as DeepMind and Nvidia are using computer games and simulations to " train " AI and autonomous systems, analogous to humans training in simulations. The rate of progress is high, driven by increases in computing power, availability of data and improved algorithms. AI can now " beat " humans at many computer and board games and is moving towards tackling more strategic games that have parallels with military C2. If such developments translate into the defence sphere then we could foresee humans and autonomous systems training in the same simulation systems, both separately and together, and the AI in the autonomous system being the same as that in the simulation. As autonomous systems proliferate across the nations, M&S technology and techniques might be used to improve the interoperability of autonomous systems. To maximise such synergies, it will be essential that NATO embraces all communities that have an interest in AI. Assessing the risks of potential adversary's use of AI and commercial autonomous systems is also necessary. Despite recent advances, AI development still faces significant technological and ethical challenges and these must be monitored and addressed as necessary.

The effective and sustainable environmental performance of a business is a result of various factors and most important the integrated outcome of the environmental management. Likewise, the integration of environmental protection into the armed forces functions has also gain interest for the military sector internationally. Therefore, the environmental management system (EMS) is recognized as one of the most widely used tools. This study provides a review on environmental management issues related to the military activities and their assessment globally. The multitasking characteristics of the defence sector result in the need for the eco-friendly related issues to be directed in a holistic and integrated way, with the help of a certified environmental management system. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) itself and NATO countries, like USA, UK, Canada, Holland, Denmark, Czech Republic, Greece, as well as non-NATO countries like Sweden and Australia have an environmental management system structure in place to assist military environmental management and studies reveal that the armed forces could anticipate positive outcomes from environmental management system. A case-by-case approach, of the above, is examined and based on the results, appropriate recommendations are presented, which may contribute to the environmental management system considerations as the most important tool for effective management framework and most importantly to evaluate its effectiveness as a structure for the defence sector's activities.

Cet article revient sur une enquête réalisée dans une école militaire. L’enquêtrice, alors doctorante et fille d’un officier, avait alors particulièrement répondu aux attentes associées au statut de « fille de … » que les enquêtés lui avait reconnu. Cet article revient sur les conditions de l’enquête, sur les usages qui ont été faits de la filiation militaire et du genre de l’enquêtrice et plus particulièrement sur la façon dont les dominants du corps ont mobilisé les ressources tout à la fois familiales, scolaires et « militaires » de l’apprentie sociologue pour alimenter les stratégies de distinction et les hiérarchies implicites dans le corps des officiers.

“I have just finished reading Lessons Not Learned: The U.S. Navy’s Status Quo Culture and highly recommend it to anyone who truly cares about the Navy’s present and future ability to support and defend our nation's interests. I wish I could say that I enjoyed the read, but, as is often the case in confronting unpleasant reality, it was a disquieting experience. And, reality it is. I can vouch for the accuracy of the author’s observations and the validity of his conclusions. I was a first hand witness during my own career that spanned destroyer, diesel submarine, and nuclear submarine service. Whether we can ever change the culture of the U. S. Navy from one characterized by institutionalized parochial self interest to one that rewards commitment to the national best interest based upon enlightened prediction of future warfare requirements is, at best, an open question. Certainly, it cannot happen unless the highest levels of the Defense Department and the Navy recognize and understand the Lessons Not Learned. I thank Roger Thompson for producing a book that should be required reading for all those incumbents from the Secretary of Defense down to Navy Junior Officers.”

- Commander Kerry Gentry, USN (Ret.), Former SSBN skipper


“For a comprehensive, thoughtful and independent-minded critique of today’s U.S. Navy, I know of no work better than Professor Roger Thompson’s Lessons Not Learned: The U.S. Navy’s Status Quo Culture. I recommend the book as essential reading for anyone interested in or professionally involved in naval matters, whether officer, civilian analyst, contemporary historian, defense journalist or navy buff. It is of particular value and importance to those who are courageous enough and patriotic enough to be committed to military reform. The military reform literature is well endowed with strong critiques of American air and ground forces, but is relatively weak in insightful writings on the Navy’s ineffectiveness and waste of men and money. Thompson’s book fills that gap. Lessons Not Learned is particularly hard-hitting in documenting the evidence for the U.S. Navy’s ongoing and shocking vulnerability to diesel subs and mines. As he makes clear, both weapons systems are nearly ubiquitous in the maritime Third World and the presence of either turns U.S. control of the seas into a delusion. Equally valuable are Prof. Thompson’s blunt comparisons of the strengths and weaknesses of American naval forces vis a vis the strengths of smaller allied forces. Unsurprisingly, these disparities in combat readiness, tactical skills and exercise outcomes prove to be greatest in anti-mine warfare and anti-submarine warfare—though sadly declining American aerial tactical skills are certainly not glossed over. But Thompson’s most valuable contribution of all is the thread that runs throughout the book: the most crucial weakness of the U.S. Navy is not materiel or money. It is, plain and simply, the closed-mindedness, hubris and rampant careerism of the Navy’s leadership, greatly magnified by a mindless up-or-out personnel system. That leads to an enlisted force with inadequate skills, morale and training plus an officer corps more focused on promotion and plush retirement jobs than on building a navy competent to win wars.”

Pierre Sprey, Lead Designer of the A-10 Warthog and Co-designer of the F-16

Monday 11 January 2021, 19:00 Israel Time

Sword and Buckler in Hebrew Letters: Traces of Early Illuminated German Fight Books in Jewish Manuscripts
Prof. Sara Offenberg
Department of the Arts, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

Two manuscripts produced in early fourteenth-century German lands reflect similar iconography of fighting with Sword and Buckler (small round shield); one is the well-known fencing manual, Leeds, Royal Armouries, MS I. 33, produced ca. 1320, and the other is a Hebrew manuscript of the Bible, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France héb. 9, made in 1304, that will be the focus of this paper. I wish to demonstrate that the iconography of the masorah figurata was adapted from German Fechtbücher (fencing manuals), which are books of instructions, usually with illustrations, detailing the fencing arts. First, I relate to the realia of Jews bearing arms and Jewish fencing masters. Afterward I discuss the iconography of the fighting figures; subsequently, after examining the texts that make up the micrography, I reach a broader conclusion regarding the reason the patron commissioned this work and the meaning of the scene. This lecture intends to demonstrate how Hebrew illuminated manuscripts can shed more light on the study of fight books iconography.

Military is an arm of government authorized to use lethal force and weapons, to support the interests of the state and some or all of its citizens. Navy, Air force and Army are the branches of military which altogether form a huge group of people with diversified professionals and spending a good portion of the countrys GDP. Military leaders, therefore, are very important assets of the military. In order for military commanders to be good leaders, they are supposed to follow a strict path of training and practical experiments for quite long time while in services. The need for the military leaders to be more transformational has been publicly discoursed in recent years, the aim is to allow more transparency in balancing the public spending without affecting the military efficiency and readiness. Are charismatic and transformation traits contradicting? Why military always produces good leaders and which leadership style is best fit into military situation were the main exploration in this paper. The results showed that, charismatic and transformational are not contradicting but rather overlapping and in fact, charismatic is one of the important traits of the transformational leadership style. Progressive, sophisticated and expensive trainings together with indispensable powers given to the military commanders are the main factors which make them good leaders compared to other leaders at the same level. Finally, the paper concluded that, the choice of the leadership style in the military is the discretion of the leaders taking into account nature of tasks, people, resources available and time needed to accomplish the task.
Keywords: Military,Transformational Leadership Theory,Charismatic Leadership Style,Transactional Leadership Style,Inspiration Motivation,Intellectual Simulation,Individual Consideration&Idealised Influence

Bachelor Thesis about Julian the Apostate’s 'imperial tradition', being a combination of his policy, ideas and representation thereof, it contains an analysis of the effectiveness of these topics in regard to later emperors as well as a comparison with predecessors in regard to what extent Julian's imperial tradition is itself a continuation on the policies of his predecessors. The thesis deals with the following subjects in four chapters, 'representation on coinage', 'the military', 'imperial administration and economy' and 'religion'.

This thesis was graded with an 8.0/10.0.

For further information or questions, contact me.

This study examines the role of political factors in attitudes toward World War II in contemporary Ukraine. The question under examination is which factors determine public views of the principal warring sides and their leaders in Ukraine. This paper uses a representative national survey specifically designed for this research project and conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in 2012. It analyzes the roles of regionalism, political party preferences, ethnicity, language, age, and sex in attitudes toward the Red Army, Soviet partisans, the German Army (Wehrmacht), and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) during the war, as well as toward the wartime leaders of the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and the UPA. The analysis of the survey data shows that regional values, political party preferences, ethnicity, language, and age have significant effects on views of the Soviet Army and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army during the war and attitudes toward the wartime activities of Joseph Stalin and Roman Shukhevych. Public perceptions of the German Army and Adolf Hitler in Ukraine do not vary much across regions, political parties, and ethnic, language, age, and sex groups.

Right-wing violence and terrorism have slowly gained more academic and public attention in recent years, with an increase in anti-immigration and anti-government organised violence from the extreme right in most Western countries. Some evidence exists that right-wing extremists have attempted to infiltrate the military in their home countries to gain access to tactical training, weapons, and to recruit highly skilled new members. Research about the extent and impact of extreme right-wing links to the military is, however, scarce. In addition to the lack of insight into potential right-wing (or other forms of) extremism problems in the military, most armed forces have not developed effective countering violent extremism (CVE) tools. In this way, the incorporation of CVE in the military lags far behind the use of CVE in other aspects of counter-terrorism in the West. As the military, next to the police and intelligence, is a critical part of a country’s security infrastructure, it must also include specially designed mechanisms to protect it from infiltration and abuse from violent extremists and those planning terrorist activities. This Policy Brief will discuss available knowledge about extreme right-wing links to the military in Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. It will conclude by formulating concrete recommendations for handling this potential threat.

Sidi Rezegh and Tobruk are the largest disasters suffered by South Africa in its military history. Yet, despite their enormity, Sidi Rezegh and Tobruk are little understood and hardly remembered. South Africa declared war on Germany on the 6 September 1939, after a bitter internal debate, amounting to a conflict between Afrikaner nationalists and those who supported the British Empire. South Africa’s political ambivalence and disunity ran parallel to her unpreparedness for war in every important department from the lack of vital coastal defences to the miniscule size of her army and air force and complete lack of a navy. The first six months of 1941 saw the South Africans play a significant part in completely defeating the Italian colonial forces in East Africa. However, the campaign was poor preparation for what the South Africans were to encounter in the North African Desert months later. South African troops spent their time rebuilding fortifications in Egypt rather than in essential training to acclimatise this “bush war” army to harsh desert conditions. In a reluctant political decision, the unprepared South Africans were committed to Operation Crusader. The inexperienced South Africans met up with the battle hardened Afrika Korps at Sidi Rezegh on 23 November 1941 and were annihilated in the face of overwhelming odds. In revisiting this forgotten battle, it has been found, using primary and secondary sources, that the South Africans extracted an enormous price on the German armour in what may have been the true turning point of Operation Crusader. In May 1942, Rommel’s Afrika Korps sallied forth in a series of lightning moves that demonstrated the Axis grip on combined operations and managed to isolate the vital port of Tobruk commanded by an inexperienced South African, Major General H. B. Klopper. His surrender in one day is often compared to the previous siege endured under similar circumstances, where the Australians managed to hold Rommel at bay for 244 days until the siege was lifted. Klopper’s surrender of Tobruk resulted in a political crisis for Winston Churchill and for Jan Smuts, as the fiasco caused considerable tension within the Allied camp and within South Africa. On re-examination, interesting facts have emerged from the primary source material, as to the state of the Tobruk defences and of its unfortunate commander and how the United Kingdom, acting in concert with South Africa, sought to suppress the true facts. Immediate post-war memory has been shaped and distorted by sensitive political considerations that affected relations between South Africa and the United Kingdom. Thereafter, the memory of Sidi Rezegh and Tobruk was relegated first by a nationalistic Afrikaner government and then since by a democratically elected government, both of which have seen very little use in incorporating these two milestones into the national memory.

Believers say he preaches a new, modern form of Islam. Critics charge he is a power hungry wolf in sheep's clothing preparing to convert secular Turkey into an Islamic republic; a conspirator who has created a state within the state and attempted this weekend to topple democratically elected Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan in a failed military coup.

That was not how past Turkish governments or for that matter Mr. Erdogan in his first eight years as prime minister saw Fethullalh Gulen, the leader of one of the world’s largest and wealthiest Islamic movements.

In memoriam of an extraordinary Vietnamese national hero and a friend of mine.
My piece covers Đặng Văn Việt, a young Vietminh colonel and his military commander and mentor, General Võ Nguyên Giáp, who helped shape Vietnam's recent history. I also was honored to meet General Giáp. 
Đặng Văn Việt led the regiment that inflicted the first great defeat on France's colonial army in 1950. It was a huge shock to France and the prelude to its final defeat as colonial power at Dien Bien Phu just four years later.

This monograph considers how a classical challenge that commanders face in war—namely, making critical decisions on the basis of limited and often unreliable information—has been exacerbated in the era of big data. Data overload complicates the intelligence community’s efforts to identify and exclude disinformation, misinformation, and deception, and thus hampers its ability to deliver reliable intelligence to inform decision-makers in a timely manner. The military commander remains responsible for making a final decision, yet the great wealth of data now available through the intelligence cycle amplifies the risk of decision paralysis. With this in mind, technological solutions tend to be considered the most appropriate response for managing data overload and disinformation. While these remain relevant, they alone may be insufficient to equip the military commander with the necessary insight to guide decisions through the uncertainty of the big data environment. Rather, the militar...

In several studies of women in the Norwegian Armed Forces, we have found an assertion that female groups are so riddled with conflicts and enmity that it is preferable to keep women few in number and mixed up with men, even in dormitories (Hellum 2014; Lilleaas and Ellingsen 2014; Rones 2015). Yet, when the Norwegian Special Operations Command (NORSOC) organized an all-female Special Reconnaissance Platoon, the NORSOC leadership would conclude that they had seen “almost disappointingly little of the conflicts that allegedly should occur in groups of females” (Rones and Steder 2017). Accordingly, this article will critically explore the assertion that women are often so quarrelsome that it is preferable to keep them few in number and mixed with men 24/7.It will be argued that women’s alleged tendency towards enmity is a myth that is made ‘true’ by ‘queen bee behavior’. Queen bee behavior is seen as an act of recognition, whereby women comply with existing gender stereotypes, evaluate...

Objectives: This study evaluates what type of patient prepares a birth plan, identifies common requests made, and determines how closely these are followed during labor. Methods: Patients who were admitted in labor with birth plans during a 3.5-year period ...

Maintenance works upon aircraft is complicated and involve the use of myriad body parts of the personnel that actuate maintenance. It’s imperative for workers to be physically fit as this affects the output of the work and safety. This paper proposed a physical exercises framework that could be used by Aircraft Maintenance Students where this framework could be used by the Territorial Army to train the students that are involved in the Territorial Army.

This work seeks to understand the realities experienced by transgender people in Brazilian society, especially within the country's armed forces. In this way, will be employed a qualitative research, based on the normative study of the Brazilian Government, which extended the
compulsory military conscription for transgender people, since carried out their changes in civil records. Despite the State's initiative, the investigation will seek answers to see if that measure, created
for the collective of trans people, really hit your goal as integrationist alternative, or if a restricted action, disguised as the affirmative. In disguise, it was, supposedly, granting only the enlistment/waiver
of transgender men, but not the actual incorporation as a military.

Implementation of E-government Military Institutions This research has developed a comprehensive literature review for the regarding the research topic. This literature review contained theoretical framework that included the underpinning theories and the related theories, as well as conceptual framework. This research has proposed a model to be tested in the study, the model contained one independent variables (e-readiness rank) and one dependent variable (implementation of e-governance). One hypothesis was developed to analyse the proposed model. The descriptive analytical approach was used in this study; it is one of the most used methods in the study of social and human phenomena, and because it fits the phenomenon under study. It also examines an existing phenomenon or issue from which information can be answered to answer study questions, without the intervention of the researcher. The population of this research was the Yemeni military stakholders. The sample of the research were 367 participants. Smart PLS has been used to conduct statistical analysis from the primary data. Several tests have been conducted for the collected data. The main results found that there is a positive and significant relationship between E-readiness rank and the Implementation of E-Governance in the Yemeni military institutions. It is recommended to face e-readiness barriers to access electronic government platforms, for the Yemeni population, the implementation of cultural programs that promote the use of new technologies through education, several initiatives of virtual classrooms, community talks could also be given, introducing the use of technologies in the customs of the members of the military, at least so that the advantages they bring beyond being used as simple consultation platforms or means of the interaction of social networks.

El presente artículo es resultado de investigación del proyecto “Análisis de la educación militar y su proyección al siglo XXI” que pertenece a la Línea de Investigación de Educación Militar, Liderazgo y Doctrina del ESDEGUE-SIIACEESEDEN1. La investigación se realizó en dos partes: 1. Fundamentación
teórica y 2. Trabajo de campo desarrollado con Oficiales, alumnos de la Escuela Superior de Guerra.

Durante el desarrollo de la primera parte, se observó la necesidad de crear mecanismos propios para promover aprendizajes significativos, por ello, el objetivo del proyecto de investigación fue diseñar un modelo de estudio de casos, como estrategia de aprendizaje significativo, propicio para el contexto militar. Este artículo describe los pasos que se siguieron para fundamentar, diseñar y evaluar el modelo. Se determinó como objetivo general, diseñar el modelo de estudio de casos para las Fuerzas Militares.

En comparación con el viejo continente que había vivido las revoluciones políticas y las luchas religiosas -con sus efectos positivos y negativos- para cambiar el componente sociológico de la sociedad, y posibilitando así una nueva manera de establecer las relaciones diplomáticas y la noción de guerra, Estados Unidos, como país naciente formado por inmigrantes, en un corto espacio de tiempo ha podido imponer sus valores como la referencia de la democracia moderna y el motor que mueve las instituciones en base a sus intereses y el contexto de la geopolítica mundial. De ahí a lo largo de las distintas administraciones, sin importar el color del partido reinante, la Política Exterior siempre se había enfocado en la defensa de los intereses vitales del país. Por eso, aun planteando Obama un nuevo paradigma, lo cierto es que, las relaciones que establece el país con el resto del mundo fueron y seguirán basándose en la imposición de la “democracia”, y el país actuando como el gendarme mundial. Pero lo novedoso aquí es que, con Obama, África dejó de ser visto como un campo peligroso, sino reconociendo sus avances democráticos mediante la cooperación.

Norway has based its security on aid from great military powers, and is therefore a useful site for examining the idea of complicit masculinities: a position that benefits from the current social order, and thus complying with dominant group interests and hegemonic ideals. This chapter illustrates how such a position led Norway to take an active part in Western interventionism, resulting in a military transformation that challenged national identity, the traditional hegemonic masculinity ideal and the established gender order. This caused a struggle over military identity. By examining this identity struggle the chapter contributes to the broader debates of masculinities, how they work, how they are linked to hierarchical social structures, and how military masculinity is challenged by women’s bodies.

Apresenta um estudo sobre o processo de recrutamento e seleção de pessoal para constituir um Contingente Nacional a ser enviado para uma Operação de Manutenção de Paz (OMP) da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), visando, especialmente, otimizar os critérios adotados para a escolha dos cabos e soldados. Para tanto, este Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso foi desenvolvido de fevereiro de 2004 a agosto de 2005, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, do tipo exploratória, cujo material foi colhido nas bibliotecas da Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais (EsAO) e da Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército (ECEME), bem como outras fontes bibliográficas relacionadas ao tema em tela.
São apresentados, entre outros assuntos, a Organização das Nações Unidas, a história e a missão da Polícia do Exército (PE), a tradição brasileira em participar de operações de paz sob a égide de organismos internacionais, a execução de uma seleção de pessoal e os critérios de avaliação utilizados pela Força Terrestre (F Ter).
Na conclusão, as idéias apresentadas ao longo do trabalho são ratificadas, sendo destacados critérios claros e bem definidos que visam otimizar o processo de seleção de cabos e soldados para uma Operação de Manutenção de Paz, fornecendo várias ferramentas para auxiliar a definição de novos contingentes.

Palavras-chave: Operações de Manutenção de Paz. Seleção de Pessoal. Polícia do Exército.

The paper offers analysis of the discourses on the Great War (World War I) and of the practices of the culture of remembrance in interwar Lithuania. The research addresses the scope and the nature of literary fiction dealing with the theme of the Great War in interwar Lithuania (with the focus on the literary merits of translated works by foreign authors and of those by local authors, the ‘upsurge’ of and changes in the fiction on war), and the significance of the war to the public at large; the research also expands on the practices of the commemoration of the Great War and on the maintenance of military cemeteries in interwar Lithuania. On the one hand, literature on war in interwar Lithuania was an object of analysis, while, on the other hand, it represented a field of publishing industry with the works by foreign authors translated and local authors published. The Great War was a landmark event for a whole generation. It changed people’s lives and attitudes to war, and opened up new horizons for war fiction. Multitudes of young gifted people had to spend several years at the front because of universal conscription. Later they wrote books often based on their own experience, or even their diaries, that became literary classics. In Lithuania translated works came first: the publication of the novel
All Quiet on the Western Front can be considered a turning point that was followed by the works of Lithuanian authors. In a sense, the 1930s were a time of a breakthrough for the literature on the subject of the Great War in Lithuania. Certain episodes of the Great War, such as its outbreak and causes, the German occupation, and the military actions reflecting the war experience of the Lithuanians (1914 in East Prussia, the battle of Augustów in 1915, and the fall of Kaunas Fortress)
were actualised in interwar Lithuania. Such a situation stemmed from geographical and national reasons: the said operations took place on the ‘Lithuanian lands’ with numerous involvement of the Lithuanians. There were controversial judgements on the war: on the one hand, it had caused heavy casualties and immense material losses leading to moral decay and changes in the heretofore familiar mode of life and mindset. On the other hand, the war ‘woke up’ the Lithuanian nation and created
conditions for the restoration of the Lithuanian state, which was straightforwardly referred to as a true miracle and was thought impossible were it not for the Great War (followed by the fall of three European empires). The casualties of the Great War therefore came to be seen as a sacrifice on the ‘altar of freedom’ of Lithuania and this
claim was further reinforced by the fact that a great number of Lithuanian soldiers took part in the Great War serving in the armies of other countries (in particular those of Russia, Germany, and the United States) and many of them perished on various fronts.

This article is a response to Anthony King’s ‘‘Women Warriors: Female Accession
to Ground Combat.’’ King rightly asserts that the accession of women to combat
roles is a notable historical departure in warfighting. He critiques Brownson’s
conceptual ideal of ‘‘equivalency’’ as a potentially profound force of transformation
of gender relations in the military. While conceptually progressive, he errs in framing
the potential transformation within the concept of ‘‘patriarchy.’’ Further, King is
unable to recast binary gendered language to acknowledge fully the concept of
‘‘kinship.’’ For females to maximally succeed in the military, and particularly in
combat roles, patriarchy as the defining explanation for male–female interaction
must be discarded and the enabling concepts of equivalency and kinship must be
embraced. The continued strength of military organizations and the individuals
within them emerges from the reciprocity of these two concepts.