Perspective

Ironic language is typically more difficult to process and interpret than a literal equivalent, hence is assumed to serve several social and emotional functions not achieved by literal communication (such as politeness or introducing humor). Several factors may influence emotional responses to irony, such as the perspective from which the utterance is encountered (e.g., speaker vs. target) and the tone of voice (prosody) used. To examine these issues, we conducted two event-related brain potential (ERP) studies in which participants listened to scenarios describing emotional responses to either literal criticism or ironic criticism. Ironic criticism was delivered with either natural or ironic prosody. Scenarios either described an emotional response the speaker expected to elicit from the target (speaker perspective), or the target’s actual emotional response (target perspective). Expected or actual emotional responses were described as either “amused” (Experiment 1) or “hurt” (Experiment 2). ERPs were calculated time-locked to the end of the ironic or literal statements, and to the audio presentation of the critical emotion words. Results showed a significant effect of perspective for amused conditions, reflected by a larger late posterior positivity for the target than speaker conditions, indicating amused responses are more expected from speaker than target perspective. This effect was not seen for hurt conditions, suggesting these are equally expected from target and speaker perspectives. The data also revealed a more negative-going ERP waveform specifically for ironic criticism delivered with ironic prosody, reflecting prosodic processing. This suggests prosody may be able to speed the identification of irony.

1. Recent national and international policy initiatives have aimed to reduce the exposure of humans and wildlife to lead from ammunition. Despite restrictions, in the UK, lead ammunition remains the most widespread source of environmental lead contamination to which wildlife may be exposed. 2. The risks arising from the use of lead ammunition and the measures taken to mitigate these have prompted intense and sometimes acrimonious discussion between stakeholder groups, including those advancing the interests of shooting, wildlife conservation, public health and animal welfare. 3. However, relatively little is known of the perspectives of individual ammunition users, despite their role in adding lead to the environment and their pivotal place in any potential changes to practice. Using Q-methodology, we identified the perspectives of ammunition users in the UK on lead ammunition in an effort to bring forward evidence from these key stakeholders. 4. Views were characterised by two stat...

While virtual tours have been around for some time, the ability to get a true sense of the location has not been adequately developed. As part of a partnership between our department and the Vatican, we have created a virtual tour of the Sistine Chapel using multiple locations and interactive menus to allow users to feel as though they are actually there. Not only does the virtual tour give users a true sense of the place, but also it offers information about the chapel as well as the biblical history of paintings on the wall. The innovative aspect of this tour is the degree of attention given to maintaining viewer perspective at all times, so that movement appears both smooth and intuitive. In this paper, we discuss the overall development process of this virtual tour, and focus on the perspective maintaining techniques that were devised and evaluated.

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling study is undertaken integrating the air-fired and oxy-fuel combustion cases for chemical reactions, radiative heat transfer, and gas compositions into a 3-D hybrid unstructured grid CFD code. A swirl injection system is used to achieve the flame stability of the turbulent non-premixed combustible gases. An Eddy Breakup (EBU) combustion model with appropriate empirical coefficients is employed for this study. Validation and comparison of both combustion cases with the experimental data, which conducted on a 100 kW facility unit, were made by comparing the temperature distribution levels and species concentration levels. The oxy-fuel combustion case showed that the flame is obviously concentrated in the central region, and it is not spread inside the furnace compared to the air-fired flame. The swirl effect is certainly used to enhance the turbulent mixing and to achieve the internal recirculation of flames. By switching to oxy-fuel fired...

NIETZSCHE AND THE PROBLEM OF SUBJECTIVITY
Edited by João Constâncio, Maria João Mayer Branco and Bartholomew Ryan
Published by de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston: 2015

Nietzsche's critique of the modern subject is often presented as a radical break with modern philosophy and associated with the so-called ‘death of the subject’ in 20th century philosophy. But Nietzsche claimed to be a ‘psychologist’ who was trying to open up the path for ‘new versions and sophistications of the soul hypothesis.’ Although there is no doubt that Nietzsche gave expression to a fundamental crisis of the modern conception of subjectivity (both from a theoretical and from a practical-existential perspective), it is open to debate whether he wanted to abandon the very idea of subjectivity or only to pose the problem of subjectivity in new terms.

The volume includes 26 articles by top Nietzsche scholars. The chapters in Part I, “Tradition and Context”, deal with the relationship between Nietzsche's views on subjectivity and modern philosophy, as well as with the late 19th century context in which his thought emerged; Part II, “The Crisis of the Subject”, examines the impact of Nietzsche's critique of the subject on 20th century philosophy, from Freud to Heidegger to Dennett, but also in such authors as Deleuze, Foucault, Derrida, or Luhmann; Part III, “Current Debates - From Embodiment and Consciousness to Agency”, shows that the way in which Nietzsche engaged with such themes as the self, agency, consciousness, embodiment and self-knowledge makes his thought highly relevant for philosophy today, especially for philosophy of mind and ethics.

By thinking through our relationship with what we look out onto, by considering the frames we encounter the world through from specific domestic sites of kinship, I work to examine love’s propositional quality and the structures that frame its endurance.

How does a physical perspective, out of the window for example, created as a framed perspectival view, change one’s cognitive perspective on the world? How are these co-constituted and co-constituting? More specifically, what is considerable in considering the idea of love and the notion of this spatial and ideational perspective?

What follows is an effort to consider the relational condition of the window as a condition of and a contributor to love’s perspective. Conceptually the chapter works through Erwin Panofsky’s notion of perspective as “seeing through,” with the “entire picture transformed … into a ‘window,’” alongside the historiography of Le Corbusier and Perret’s confrontation regarding the historical change from portrait-style windows to modernist landscape “cinematic” windows, and finally
through Wittgenstein’s note 115, which reminds us that the propositional “this is how things are” is akin to thinking one is “tracing the outline of the thing’s nature over and over again.”

"Everything is in motion. "Inertness" arises from (approximative) repetition, that is, through rotation or an alternation that delineates a focus of consciousness. This focus of consciousness, in turn, must also move/alternate (the two differ only in continuity). If its alternation seems to go too far - physically, psychically or intellectually - it reaches into the
subconscious. In this way, interconnection is established by the alternation of the focus of consciousness. Therefore, in a world in which everything is interconnected, all focuses must
reciprocally transition into each other. "Reality" is a common "goal", a focus which all participants can switch into and which is conscious to them as such, as a potential one. Its
"degree of reality" is the probability of its fully becoming conscious (or more simply: its current degree of consciousness). Thus, a reality is created when all participants increase its probability or, respectively, their consciousness of it."

The aim of this research and creative application was to systematize the interrelations between point of view, space and image, in order to get awareness of the conditions for visual perception in designing Architecture. We analyzed perspective concepts and different kinds of anamorphoses with their historical background, but also actual implementations in art, Design and advertisements.

482 pp. ACMRS (Medieval & Renaissance Texts and Studies) – To students and practitioners of anamorphic art, the name of Jean-François Niceron is more than preeminent; it has become iconic. La Perspective Curieuse was first published in 1638. An augmented version was then translated into Latin by Mersenne in 1646. A newly amended and augmented version was retranslated into French by Roberval in 1652. This book is an English translation of the 1652 text, with reference to the 1638 and 1646 versions.
Considering the continued high reputation of the book, the mathematics have been checked for correctness and consistency, and the authors have provided a full commentary, pointing out the most difficult turns of the 17th-century French, the respective contributions of Niceron, Mersenne and Roberval, and explaining Niceron's greatest insights and weaknesses.

Das islamische Reich al-Andalus gilt schon lange als Vermittler antiken Wissens an die Höfe Italiens. Archäologische Untersuchungen einer Gartenanlage bei Córdoba lassen nun vermuten, dass das neue Menschenbild der Renaissance zudem von muslimischen Errungenschaften inspiriert war.

ABSTRACT Public health nursing practice is rooted in the core value of social justice. Nursing faculty whose expertise is in public health are often the content experts responsible for teaching this essential, yet potentially controversial, value. Contemporary threats to academic freedom remind us that the disciplinary autonomy and academic duty to teach social justice may be construed as politically ideological. These threats are of particular concern when faculty members guide students through a scientific exploration of sociopolitical factors that lead to health-related social injustices and encourage students to improve and transform injustices in their professional careers. This article (a) reviews recent challenges to academic freedom that influence social justice education, (b) explores academic freedom and duty to teach social justice within the discipline of nursing, and (c) proposes a praxis-based approach to social justice education, which is grounded in transformative pedagogy.

The Bakhtiyari tribe is one of thelargest indigenous tribes in the Southwest of Iran which hashad a great impact on the geopolitical and social development of the region.The Bakhtiyari Tribe's vast repertoire of folklore, poetry, music and culturehas fascinated travelers to this land for centuries, yet only sparseinformation can be gleaned from the existing foreign sources about the originsand role of the Bakhtiyari tribe in the development of the history of Iran. Themajority of sources containing such information are in Persian and have yet tobe translated. The purpose of this paper is to provide a historical andunbiased perspective regarding the origins of the Bakhtiyari tribe and their documented role in the history of Iranup to the early 20th century ; in addition to the introducing of thePersian sources containing such references.

These banners and flags along with containers and barricades guarded with policemen do effect the passers as it “exhibits” and reinforces the idea of who is in power and that the citizens are entering the area of those who are powerful and so they must conform to a certain behavior as they are being watched. This can be connected to the model of Panopticisim; a circular prison with cells arranged around a central tower, from which prisoners could at all times be observed.

The imagery involved in remembering past episodes in one’s life often involves visual points of view. In this chapter we discuss the phenomena of perspectival memory. While surveying the field, we suggest that visual perspective alone is not a guide to the truth or falsity of memory, and that genuine memories can be recalled from an observer perspective. Such memories can satisfy conditions placed on genuine memory. Observer perspectives can satisfy factivity constraints, and can stand in appropriate causal connections to the past. In the first section we identify the phenomena and provide an overview of some of the empirical evidence related to point of view in personal memory. We articulate some doubts about remembering from an observer perspective, before responding to these worries. We suggest that observer perspectives may retain other forms of internal imagery: there is no neat division between internal and external perspectives. We suggest that external perspectives may help in understanding the past, and question the primacy of egocentricity.